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GPRS and PDP Session
GPRS and PDP Session
Introduction
Overview:
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) has been specified to optimize the way data is carried over GSM networks with new requirements for features, network capacity and bearer services. This chapter gives an overview of a General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) network and other Data Networks in Europe and throughout the world. This section also lists the history of GPRS, the services provided & the main benefits.
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The GSM system architecture includes, the air interface (Um), the Abis and the A Interface and others mentioned later in this document. The GSM functionality is between the Mobile station (MS), the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC).The BSS includes two types of elements: the Base Transceiver Station(BTS) which handles the radio interfaces towards the MS and the Base Station Controller (BSC) which manages the radio resource and controls handovers. A BSC can manage several BTSs. Through the MSC, the GSM system communicates to other networks such as the Public Switched Telephone DEPT OF ECE Page 2
GPRS
Network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Circuit Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN) and Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN). GSM specifies 4 databases, the Home Location Register (HLR), the Visitor. Location Register (VLR) and the Authentication Centre(AUC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR).The ETSI Standard introduces two new elements, the Serving GPRS support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)(Shown in the diagram below as shadowed objects) are introduced to create an end-to-end packet transfer mode.
Figure 1-2 GPRS System Architecture.
The HLR is enhanced with GPRS subscriber data and routing information. Two services are provided; Point-To-Point (PTP) Point-To-Multipoint (PTM) Independent packet routing and transfer within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is supported by a new logical network node called the GPRS Support Node (GSN). The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) acts as a logical interface to external packet data networks. The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of packets to the MSs within its service area. Within the GPRS network, Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are encapsulated at the originating GSN and decapsulated at the destination GSN. In between the GSNs, Internet Protocol (IP) is used as the backbone to transfer PDUs. This whole process is DEPT OF ECE Page 3
GPRS
defined as tunneling in GPRS. The GGSN also maintains routing information used to tunnel the PDUs to the SGSN that is currently serving the MS. All GPRS user related data needed by the SGSN to perform the routing and data transfer functionality is stored within the HLR. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has specified GPRS as an overlay to the existing GSM network to provide packet data services. In order to operate a GPRS service over a GSM network, new functionality has to be introduced into existing GSM Network Elements and new Networks elements have to be integrated into the existing operators GSM networks. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) of GSM is upgraded to support GPRS over the air interface. The BSS works with the GPRS Backbone System (GBS) to provide GPRS service in a similar manner to its interaction with the Switching subsystem for the circuit switched services. The GPRS backbone system manages the GPRS sessions set up between the mobile terminal and the network, by providing functions such as admission control, Mobility Management and Session Management. Subscriber and equipment information is shared between GPRS and the switched functions of GSM by the use of a common HLR and the co-ordination of data between the VLR and the GPRS support nodes of the GBS. The GBS is comprised of two new network elements, the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). GPRS will be the Industry Standard interface for mobile packet systems. The maximum data rate is 171.2 kbps gross rate.
1.2 Development/History
1.2.1 Development:
Over the last ten years, there have been numerous predictions that Mobile Data is about to explode in the marketplace and indeed, most of the data trends confirm this. With the rapidly advancing technology it does appear that mobile data will become a widespread reality, but perhaps not quite as quickly as first thought. Until now, the only GSM data services available have been the Short Message Service (SMS)and low speed bearer services for fax and data transmission at9.6kbps. The general take up of these services has been slow and only a very small percentage of mobile users (estimated at 3-5%) are enabled for data services. The current data rate for GSM is 9.6 kbps. To maintain competitive edge, modifications and enhancements will need to be made. The proposed enhancements will mean an increase in the amount of user data to be carried across the network. These have included the High-Speed DEPT OF ECE Page 4
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Circuit Switched Data (HSCD) which has data rates up to 57.6kbps and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) which has up to171.2 kbps.
1.2.2 History:
The following section lists the main development dates associated with GPRS. Date 1969 GPRS has been established at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1994 ETSI R97 was the first issue of the GPRS standards Event Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S.Department 1983 1987 of Defense (ARPA) Contract award APPnet moves to TCIP/IP National Science Foundations TCIP/IP based NET work (NSFnet) funded to provide 1991 1991 1992 1992 1993 regional sites & backbone Gopher is introduced Commercial Internet Exchange CCIX7 set up for commercial traffic First Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) specifications appear World-wide web is introduced Wireless Data Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) forum started 1994 1998 GPRS introduced to ETSI subcommittees & first commercial CDPP networks GPRS Phase 1 standards published History of GPRS
GPRS
via e-mail and also have access to Mobile Internet/Intranet Services, like Emerging services, and WWW access. It could also be used for the following: E-Commerce, Credit Card checks, Ticketing Image Transmission - Low resolution, Sketches & Images Point-To-Point (PTP) and Point-To-Multipoint (PTM) packet services.
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GPRS
The ability to profit with idle capacity that would otherwise be used only to cover peak-hour traffic. Many users can use onetime-slot simultaneously Using GPRS as a radar screen to pinpoint where potential EDGE or 3rd generation rollout could be started It is economical to the user as it supports multiple users on the same channel(s) Profitable to the operator (value added service, efficient use of channels) Packet based applications are given wide mobile support Reuse of existing network infrastructure 1.4.2 End user benefits: Optimal support for packet switched traffic. The operator can join the Internet boom with true IP connectivity The possibility to offer new, innovative services. New market segments such as telemetry of electric meters will become accessible to the operator The ability to profit with idle capacity that would otherwise be used only to cover peak-hour traffic. Multiple users can use onetime-slot simultaneously Using GPRS as a radar screen to pinpoint where potential EDGE or 3rd generation rollout could be started It is economical to the operator as it supports multiple users on the same channel(s) Profitable to the operator (value added service, efficient use of channels) Packet based applications are given wide mobile support Reuse of existing network infrastructure Due to the wide GSM coverage, GPRS will offer true global mass market wireless access to the Internet and other packet-based networks
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GPRS
CHAPTER: 2 System overview
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) Mobile - services Switching Centre (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Authentication Centre (AUC) Other Network Elements
GPRS
The SIM may be a removable module. A subscriber with an appropriate SIM can access the system using various mobile equipment. The equipment identity is not linked to a particular subscriber. Validity checks made on the MS equipment are performed independently of the authentication checks made on the MS subscriber information.
GPRS
Encryption and Decryption Burst Formation Delay Correction Modulation Demodulation
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(CCS7 a Common Channel Signaling No. 7) and BSSAP (Base Station System Application Part) Switching of speech data between the Abis-links and the M-links RF power control and handover management
GPRS
Maintaining the network clock
GPRS
Location information for call routing
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GPRS
The GBS represents the packet switching network that provides GPRS connectivity between the BSS and external packet data networks to support GPRS terminals. The GBS comprises several different types of network elements as well as the interconnecting transmission hardware (e.g. routers, repeaters) and the transmission links between them. The ETSI standards introduce new functional network elements: Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN) The SGSN provides subscriber management, mobility management, as well as session management for any mobile GPRS user that has been associated with this SGSN. In order to achieve this task, the SGSN holds interfaces to the GSM subscriber databases: HLR, VLR, AUCand EIR. The SGSNs also hold the interfaces to the BSSs, and provides the authentication and encryption services for secure transmission of user data. The GGSN provides connectivity to external Packet Data Networks(PDNs). The ETSI standards specify the Internet and X.25 networks as external PDNs. The GGSN also provides address translation services. Rate adaptation services between the GBS and external networks may also be included in the GGSN. The Border Gateway provides connectivity to another Operators GPRS network. New interfaces will be required to connect the new entities to the existing GSM network elements. These interfaces will be pre-fixed with the character G and will support both traffic and signal connections. Figure 2-1 The Principal GPRS Network Architecture
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GPRS
Unlike circuit switched services, packet services allow concurrent usage of the same resources by multiple users. In order to support GPRS in a GSM network, the BSS has to be upgraded to support packet services and a GPRS Backbone System (GBS) has to be added to the basic GSM network to provide packet connection from GPRS capable mobile stations to other packet users, both fixed and mobile. Figure 2-2 Architecture Overview :
The GPRS Backbone System (GBS) comprises of the following: A GPRS operator managed IP domain and Domain Server to map logical names for each element connected to the GBS domain to IP addresses Multiple Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) which provide packet service management for GPRS subscribers DEPT OF ECE Page 15
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Multiple Gateway GPRS Support Nodes GGSNs which provide subscribers with access to external packet data networks and Public Land Mobile Networks PLMNs A GBS Management Network Element Manager (NEM) called an Operations and Maintenance Centre for the GBS or OMC-G A Performance Gateway function that collects Measurement Data from the GSNs and forwards to a Performance Monitoring Centre A Charging Gateway function that collects Accounting Data from the GSNs and forwards to a Billing Centre The IP domain may be entirely operator provisioned or part of a larger IP network operated as a Virtual Private Network domain. The Network supporting the IP domain is called the GPRS Backbone Network (GBN).
Routing Area:
Routing Area (RA) can consist of one or more cells and is always served by only one SGSN. However, one SGSN could serve more than one Routing Area.
Location Area:
A Location Area (LA) can contain one or more Routing Areas, but one Routing Area could not span more than one Location Area.
GPRS
Management. Unlike the MSC, the SGSN additionally provides several access level options in the form of multiple Quality of Service (QoS) options and Session Management.
2.4.4 GGSN :
The GGSN is a new network element that provides access from the GBS to external packet data networks such as the Internet. The gateway is primarily an IP router. The GGSN provides routing across the GBS on GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) request from the SGSN and out onto the external network. This entity is therefore responsible for managing both routing of traffic from multiple SGSNs and access to the external network this it is connected. The GGSN provides dynamic IP addresses on request from a SGSN, if a static address is not DEPT OF ECE Page 17
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requested by the MS and manages routing of requests from external Packet Data Networks (PDN) to both PDP active and non-PDP active, GPRS attached MSs.The GGSN and the SGSN functions may be combined in a single physical unit or in different physical nodes. The connection between the GGSN and the SGSN, i.e. the G n interface, utilizes IP routing functionality and as such, standard IP routers may be found on this interface between the two GSNs (GPRS Support Nodes). When the GGSN and the SGSN reside in different locations, the connection is made via the Gp interface. The Gp interface has the same functionality as the Gn interface with additional security such as firewall.
GPRS
Figure 2-3 Placement of PCU
In the downlink direction, the Packet Control Unit (PCU) receives data from the Gb interface unit (GBIU) in the form of Logical Link Control (LLC) Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Its task is to segment them into Radio Link Control blocks (RLC) and schedule the transmission at the radio interface per slot and per mobile station. In the uplink direction, the Packet Control Unit (PCU) receives data in form of Radio Link Control blocks (RLC) from the Channel Codec Unit (CCU). Its task is to reassemble the Radio Link Control blocks (RLC) into complete Logical Link Control frames, which then are transferred via the Gb interface to the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).The Packet Control Unit (PCU) needs to do this for each mobile context established at the radio interface. Up to eight subscribers are allowed to share the same radio resource in each direction, i.e. PDCH. To achieve higher data rates for packet transfers, the Packet Control Unit (PCU) is able to assign multiple radio resources to a single user. The Packet Control Unit (PCU) is a logical, not a physical unit implemented in the Base Station System (BSS).
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GPRS
IT comprises Frame Relay (FR), Network Services (NS) and the Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP). In the downlink theGBIU receives PDUs from the SGSN and forwards them to the addressed PCU or the GSE, if it is a signaling PDU. In the uplink the GBIU receives PDUs from the PCU or the GSE and transfers them to the SGSN. The data link and sub network layer of the Gb interface is based on Frame Relay. The Gb interface allows load sharing through the usage of multiple links and provides limited protection against link failures
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Address Field: This field is the comprise of two octets. It is used to carry the Data
Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) which is needed for routing the frame between different nodes. In the address field there is also an Address Field Extension (EA) that indicates the last octet in the address field. There are also some bits to indicate whether a frame has encountered some congested resources, the Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN)and the Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN).Another bit, the Discard Eligibility bit (DE) is used in case of congestion in a network to indicate a specific frame that can be discarded. Information Field: The purpose of this field is to carry the user information Frame Check Sequence: The purpose of this field is to determine any errors that may have occurred during transmission. In Frame Relay there is only a error detection not a error correction !Frame Relay Frame Relay Structure Legend: EA Address field extension bit C/R Command response bit (not used) FECN Forward explicit congestion notification BECN Backward explicit congestion notification DLCI Data link connection identifier DE Discard eligibility indicator
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End of 2
GPRS
Figure 3-1 Transmission Plane
GPRS
This protocol tunnels user data and signaling between GPRS support nodes in the GPRS backbone network.
GPRS
3.3.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP):
The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is the protocol between GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) in the GPRS backbone network. It includes both signaling and data transfer procedures. GTP is defined both for the Gn interface between GSNs within a PLMN, and the Gp interface between GSNs in different PLMNs. In the signaling plane, GTP specifies a tunnel control and management protocol which allows the SGSN to provide GPRS network access for a MS. Signaling is used to create, modify and delete tunnels. In the transmission plane, GTP uses a tunneling mechanism to provide a service for carrying user data packets. The choice of path is dependent on whether the user data to be tunneled requires a reliable connection or not. The GTP protocol is implemented only by SGSNs and GGSNs. No other system entities need to be aware of GTP. GPRS MSs are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP. Figure 3-2 LLC Frame Number
All fields in the GTP header shall always be present but the content of the fields differs depending on if the header is used for signalling messages or T-PDUs.
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UDP carries GTP Protocol Data Units (PDUs) for protocols that do not need a reliable connection (for example IP). UDP provides protection against corrupted GTP PDUs. UDP can be found in the TCP/IP suite.
3.3.4Internet Protocol:
This is the GPRS backbone network protocol used for routing user data and control signalling. The GPRS backbone network may initially be based on the IP version 4 (IPv4) protocol. Ultimately, IP version 6(IPv6) shall be supported. IP can be found in the TCP/IP suite
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GPRS
Network layer protocols are intended to be capable of operating over services derived from a wide variety of sub networks and data links.GPRS supports several network layer protocols providing protocol transparency for the users of the service. Introduction of new network layer protocols to be transferred over GPRS shall be possible without any changes to GPRS. Therefore, all functions related to transfer of Network layer Protocol Data Units(N-PDUs) shall be carried out in a transparent way by the GPRS network entities. This is one of the requirements for GPRS SNDCP. Another requirement for the Sub Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) is to provide functions that help to improve channel efficiency. This requirement is fulfilled by means of compression techniques.
The set of protocol entities above SNDCP consists of commonly used network protocols. They all use the same SNDCP entity, which then performs multiplexing of data coming from different sources to be sent using the service provided by the LLC layer.
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The Network Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) is an index to the PDP context of the PDP that is using the services provided by SNDCP. Each active NSAPI shall use the services provided by the Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) in the LLC layer. Several NSAPIs may be associated with the same SAPI.
3.4.3 SN-DATA:
The request primitive is used by the SNDCP user for acknowledged transmission of NPDU. The successful transmission of SN-PDU shall be confirmed by the LLC layer. The request primitive conveys NSAPI to identify the PDP using the service. The indication primitive is used by the SNDCP entity to deliver the received N-PDU to the SNDCP user. Successful reception has been acknowledged by the LLC layer.
3.4.4 SN-UNITDATA:
The request primitive is used by the SNDCP user for unacknowledged transmission of N-PDU. The request primitive conveys NSAPI to identify the PDP using the service and protection mode to identify the requested transmission mode. The indication primitive is used by the SNDCP entity to deliver the received N-PDU to the SNDCP user.
GPRS
compression method is specific to the particular network layer or transport layer protocols in use. Figure: 3-5 Transmission Flow through SNDCP
Compression of redundant user data at the transmitting entity and decompression at the receiving entity. Data compression is performed independently for each SAPI, and may be performed independently for each PDP context. Segmentation and re-assembly. The output of the compression functions is segmented to the maximum length of LL-PDU.These procedures are independent DEPT OF ECE Page 30
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of the particular network layer protocol in use. Negotiation of the XID parameters between peer SNDCP entities using XID exchange. The order of functions is as follows: Protocol control information compression. User data compression. Segmentation of compressed information into SN-DATA or SN-UNITDATA PDUs. The order of functions is vice versa in the reception flow: Re-assembly of SN-PDUs to N-PDUs. User data decompression. Protocol control information decompression.
For SNDCP headers used for SN-UNITDATA, some additional are added. This comprises the segment number field, the extension (E) bit and the N-PDU number field which is used to identify a particular N-PDU. The SNDCP header contains the following fields:
GPRS
The LLC layer provides reliable transfer of data between the MS and the SGSN, retransmission during handovers and flow control between the MS and the SGSN.
Figure 3-7 LLC Frame Format
Control field:
The control field typically consists of between one and three octets although may under some circumstances be comprised of up to 36 octets. The control field identifies the type of frame. Four types of control field formats are specified: I format - confirmed information transfer. S format - supervisory functions. UI format - unconfirmed information transfer. U format - control functions.
Figure 3-8 Control Field
The format of the control field is as follows: llc DEPT OF ECE Page 32
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A - Acknowledgement request bit E- Encryption function bit Mn- Unnumbered function bit N(R) - Transmitter receive sequence number N(S) - Transmitter send sequence number N(U) - Transmitter unconfirmed sequence number P/F - Poll bit, when issued as a command, Final bit, when issued as a response PM - Protected mode bit Sn - Supervisory function bit X - Spare bit
Information field:
The information field of a frame, when present, follows the control field.
GPRS
Figure 3-9 BSSGP Service Model
GMM provides functions associated with GPRS mobility management between an SGSN and a BSS. GMM functions deal with paging, radio status and radio access capabilities etc. NM provides functions associated with Gb-interface and BSS-SGSN node management. NM functions deal with flow control, status and resets etc.
GPRS
interface. To travel across the Gb interface, the PDU requires further modification. This is carried out by the Sub network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP), the Logical Link Protocol (LLC) and the Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) before being carried towards the BSS on the Gb interface via a Frame Relay network.
Figure 3-10 SGSN Activity
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Radio Link Control (RLC) layer:
The RLC function is responsible for the following: RLC provides service primitives for the transfer of LLC PDUs between the LLC layer in the SGSN and the MAC layer. RLC performs segmentation and re-assembly of LLC PDUs into RLC/MAC blocks. RLC provides a Backward Error Correction (BEC) for reliable data transfer and enables the selective retransmission of unsuccessfully delivered RLC/MAC blocks.
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The physical layer consists of two sub-layers: Physical RF layer. Physical link layer.
Physical RF layer:
The physical RF layer performs the modulation of the physical waveforms based on the sequence of bits received from the physical link layer. The physical RF layer also demodulates received waveforms into a sequence of bits which are transferred to the physical link layer for interpretation. The GSM physical RF layer is used as a basis for GPRS.
BSS Activity:
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Data and signalling messages arrive at the BSS via the Gb interface. The frames arriving at the Packet Control Unit (PCU) pass through BSSGP where the information and signalling messages are separated into LLC frames, GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) information and Network Management (NM) information. With regards to data and signalling messages destined for the GPRS MS, the LLC frames pass through a relay entity (LLC relay) before entering the RLC and the MAC layer respectively. The RLC/MAC layer provides services for information transfer over the physical layer.
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GPRS
Packet Access Grant Channel (PAGCH) For downlink only PAGCH is used in the packet transfer establishment phase to send resource assignment to an MS prior to packet transfer. It is used to allocate one or several PDTCHs. Packet Notification Channel (PNCH) For downlink only PNCH is used to send a Point To Multipoint (PNCH will be standardized in the future) - Multicast (PTM-M) notification to a group of MSs prior to a PTM-M packet transfer. A PTM-M new message indicator may optionally be sent on all individual paging channels to inform MSs interested in PTM-M when they need to listen to PNCH. The PNCH will be standardized in the future.
GPRS
PDTCH is a channel allocated for data transfer. It is temporarily dedicated to one MS or to a group of MSs in the Point To Multipoint- Multicast (PTM-M) case. In multislot operation, one MS may use multiple PDTCHs in parallel for individual packet transfer. All packet data traffic channels are uni-directional: Uplink (PDTCH/U), for a mobile originated packet transfer. Downlink (PDTCH/D), for a mobile terminated packet transfer.
3.8.1 52-Multiframe:
The mapping in time of the logical channels is defined by a multiframe structure. The 52-multiframe structure for PDCH consists of 52 TDMA frames, divided into 12 blocks (of 4 frames), 2 idle frames and 2 frames used for the PTCCH.
Figure 3-15 52 Multiframes:
GPRS
The figure below gives an example of a possible channel configuration. Note that the BCCH channel is transmitted in time-slot 0 on the first defined frequency. It must always be present to enable the mobile stations to find the broadcast channels more easily
Figure 3-16 Time-Slot Configuration
1. Channels that can be assigned to GPRS only (not supported by Lucent) 2. Channels that can be dynamically assigned to either GPRS or circuit switched service 3. Channels that can be assigned to circuit switched services only
GPRS
USF is using an uplink channel. The USF is either pointing to the next uplink Radio Block or the sequence of four uplink Radio Blocks starting with the next uplink Radio Block.
GPRS
High precedence (high priority) this service commitments will be maintained prior to all other precedence levels Normal precedence (normal priority) this service commitments will be maintained prior to all Low priority users Low precedence (low priority) This service commitments will be maintained after all the other service precedence have been completed. Mapping of packet data logical channels
3.10 Reliability:
The Reliability parameters indicate the different transmission characteristics that are required by an application. There are four different reliability parameters: Probability of loss of Service Data Units (SDUs) Duplication of SDUs Mis-sequencing of SDUs Corruption of SDUs
3.11 GPRS MS
3.11.1 Mobile Station Equipment:
The current market view on GPRS terminals is that Class B and C MSs will be available in Q2 2000. This is the general view held by all terminal manufacturers. Three types of terminal class will be supported: Class A Mobile Station (MS) These will support simultaneous attach, activation, monitor, invocation and traffic. I.e. A subscriber will be able to make and/or receive calls on the two services (GSM and GPRS) simultaneously, subject to Quality of Service) QoS subscribed to by the end user. Class B MS These will support simultaneous attach, activation and monitor. They will only support limited simultaneous invocation such that GPRS virtual circuits will not be cleared down due to the presence of circuit switched traffic. Under these circumstances, DEPT OF ECE Page 45
GPRS
the GPRS virtual connection is then busy or held. Simultaneous traffic is not supported as in the Class A MS. Subscribers can make calls on either service but not at the same time, but selection of the appropriate service is automatic by the MS. Class C MS These will support only non-simultaneous attach, alternate use only. If both services are supported then the subscriber can make and / or receive calls only from the manually or default selected service. Status of the service not selected is detached or not reachable during the session. The ability to send and receive SMS messages is optional. closely with terminal manufacturers with regards to compatibility and availability of GPRS terminals.
End of 3
Chapter 4
GPRS PROCEDURES
4.1Mobility Management
4.1.1 IDLE TO READY STATE:
For the mobile to move from the idle to ready state, it must first perform a GPRS Attach. Once attached, the mobile will be known to the network i.e. the SGSN. The Mobility Management will be active at the Mobile Station and the SGSN following the attach sequence. When in the ready state, the PDP context is activated which establishes a packet data session (and the packet data networks) with the mobile. With a valid PDP context DEPT OF ECE Page 46
GPRS
Protocol Data Units (PDU) may be transferred. For every LLCPDU received in the SGSN, a ready timer is re-started. There are two timers, one in the MS which is activated when a packet is sent and one in the SGSN when a packet is received.
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In GPRS, the attach is made to the SGSN. In this attach procedure, the mobile station shall provide its identity and an indication of which type of attach that is to be executed. The identity (provided by the network) shall be the mobiles Packet-TIMSI (PTIMSI) or IMSI. If the mobile has a valid P-TIMSI, the P-TIMSI and the Routing Area Identity (RAI) with the P-TIMSI shall be provided. The IMSI shall only be provided if the mobile does not have a valid P-TIMSI. Those different attach types are GPRS attach and GPRS / IMSI attach. After executing the GPRS attach, the mobile is in READY state and MM contexts are established in the mobile and the SGSN. The mobile or the SGSN may then activate PDP contexts. The next figure illustrates the combined GPRS / IMSI Attach procedure.
FIGURE :4-2 GPRS Attach Procedure Diagram
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be used to request optional PDP parameters from the GGSN (see GSM 09.60). PDP Configuration Options is sent transparently through the SGSN. ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Security functions may be executed. These procedures are defined in subclause Security Function. ................................................................................................................................................ 3 The SGSN validates the Activate PDP Context Request using PDP Type (optional), PDP Address (optional), and Access Point Name (optional) provided by the MS and the PDP context subscription records. The validation criteria, the APN selection criteria, and the mapping from APN to a GGSN ................................................................................................................................................ 4 The SGSN inserts the NSAPI along with the GGSN address in its PDP context. If the MS has requested a dynamic address, the PDP address received from the GGSN is inserted in the PDP context. The SGSN selects Radio Priority based on QoS Negotiated, and returns an Activate PDP Context Accept (PDP Type, PDP Address, TI, QoS Negotiated, Radio Priority, and PDP Configuration Options) message to the MS. The SGSN is now able to route PDP PDUs between the GGSN and the MS, and to start charging.
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Chapter 5
Call Management
GPRS
can use the next uplink radio block on the respective PDCH for transmission. An MS monitors the USF and according to the USF value, identifies PDCHs that are assigned to it and starts transmission. This allows efficient multiplexing of blocks from a number of MSs on a single PDCH. Additionally, the channel reservation command can be sent to the MS even before the total number of requested PDCHs is free. Thus, the status flags not only result in a highly dynamic reservation but also allow interruption of transmission in favour of pending or high priority messages. On the PCCH, one USF value is used to denote PRACH (USF=FREE). The other USF values USF=R1/R2/[0085].R7 are used to reserve the uplink for different MSs. After the blocks have been transmitted in the reserved time slots, an acknowledgment should follow from the BSS and sent to the PACCH. In the case of an acknowledgment, which includes a bitmap of correctly or erroneous received blocks, a Packet Resource Assignment for retransmission, timing advance and power control , only those blocks listed as erroneous are retransmitted.
Figure 6-1 GPRS Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer
GPRS
assignment for downlink frame transfer containing the list of PDCHs to be used Since an identifier, e.g. TFI is included in each Radio Block, it is possible to multiplex Radio Blocks destined for different MSs on the same PDCH downlink. It is also possible to interrupt a data transmission to one MS if a higher priority data or a pending control message is to be sent to some other MS. If more than one PDCH is available for the downlink traffic, and provided that the MS is capable of monitoring multiple PDCHs, blocks belonging to the same frame can be transferred on different PDCHs in parallel. The network obtains acknowledgments for downlink transmission by polling the MS. The MS sends the ACK/NACK message in the reserved Radio Block which is allocated in the polling process. In the case of a negative acknowledgment, only those blocks listed as erroneous are retransmitted. Figure 6-2 GPRS Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer
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GPRS
Chapter: 6
Future Enhancements
EDGE is a concept for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution: Higher spectral efficiency due to 8-PSK modulation (3 bits per symbol) vs. GMSK for GPRS (1 bit per symbol) Packet data service EGPRS reuses the GPRS architecture EGPRS and GPRS mobiles can be multiplexed on the same time slot
Conclusion
Based on the initial purpose of this project, we can say that the demand of high data rate is not a big problem for the GPRS/EDGE connection. As said in the beginning of the Report, the coming out of multimedia applications such as television or Internet on mobile stations, requires an optimization of the connection. Now we know that this could be reached by using additional techniques without having bad implications. Using algorithms in order to rise the CIR while having the same behavior of the throughput is a very good starting point for the optimization of the GPRS system. The work done in this project has been based on two different algorithms turned toward the interference optimization (PC and IS). After our simulations it appears clear that the implementation of different algorithms has a considerable effect on the performance of our system in terms of carried traffic and CIR level. One of the most important results is that a system in which there are no added techniques, it is the most easy to create but is also the one that shows the worst performance. On the other hand, a system with an inter-cell scheduling (which is definitely not complex to obtain) can improve the CIR of the users having a very small payment in terms of throughput. Moreover, another observation can be done about the Power Control algorithm: from our simulation it is possible to notice that the introduction of the PC do not have a big effect on the throughput behavior, and at the same time it has a very high improvement of the CIR level; it means that its implementation, even if make the system more complex, gives better results in term of interference optimization.
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