jdG dG

2008 - `g1429

G S H SHb dG dG MU IM

`Y fdG d

AjdG

dGh HdG IQGRd Xe jRdGh dGh dG M L

Y fdG d AjdG c LGeh dCJ

:dCdG d : khCG
JGdG Y H Y -2
jQdG S H Ae -4

KQdG dS H S -1
UhdG S H S -3
UdG N H e -5

:LGdG d :kfK
fGhdG S H e .O -2
jdG L H T -4
jdG gGHEG H JY -6

Y H OU H Y.O -1
dG e H dS -3
IjdG Y Se -5
HdG e H eCG -7

:fdG NOEG
SQdG dU H H dN

: TCGh QdG OGYEG

HG Uf H M

:dG bdG
TdG S H Wa

:GNEGh dG
jOdG iH

```````dG ```````b````dGh ```f``````````dG `````NOEG ```````````````Y ```

gG jd edG jjH dG FSdGh SQG dG fEG c

VdG

5
7
8

jG
J
edG

jdG

dG

:dhCG IMdG
WGh AHdG

10

Electricity and Magnetism

12

AHdG :hCG dG
Electricity

16

Electromotive Force

18
21

Resistance and Ohms law

40
41

hCG fbh ehdG (2-1)

Kirchhoffs Law

Jhc fGb (3-1)

dG M fb :(1) SG

22
28
34
38

FHdG aGdG IdG (1-1)

Capacitors
Combinations of Capacitors
Energy Stored in Charged Capacitors

dG (4-1)

G UJ W (5-1)

G G fG bdG (6-1)

Semiconductors
Semiconductor Devices

UdG TCG (7-1)

UdG TCG ILCG (8-1)

46

QhdG GQTEG :(2) SG

48

dG SCG

54

WehdG dG :fdG dG
Electromagnetic Induction

58

Induced Electromotive Force

Lenzs Law d fb (2-2)

62
66
68
75
77
82

dG FHdG aGdG IdG (1-2)

EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor

e Ue a IddG jKCdG aGdG IdG (3-2)

Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

WehdG dG Y J (4-2)

FHdG dG Y CGe tJ :(1) SG

FHdG dG Y CGe :(2) SG
dG SCG

$
jJ
,,Hh , SGh AfCG N `Y dGh IdGh , dG Q d G
G e c IG Me YQe GQJ e o dG G j f
, GQdG gh Aj ; jh dG dG jJ EG dGh HdG IQGRh S , IUG
. adG jgh , G UN dP YGe
UJ G FSdG iMEGh , dG eG SSCG FcdG e SQG dG jh
Yh . dGh SQG H FdG UdG M iMEGh , dG EG gGh , dGh , GQGh ,eG
QOG e eJ V EG IQGRdG Sh , jdGh , jdG e dH gH M a SSCG Gg
a JYV dH eCG , jG jHdG GdGh FSdGh , dG QOe cc ; iNCG dG
,YLG aKh , g FN e aGJh , jY Me c dG je Sd gQNG
Y e ,GLh e SCH YVG J VYh , G Jeh ,JLMGh , dG Wh
. VdG TCGh QdG H
gJh , d eCG GSG Y G jQH IQGRdG gG , SQG dG Ya IOjdh
,jh dH dG gPCG EG eG jEG e XJ , d MG FSdG XJ H
. bOh , VGh H YVG ; GQG eG Y gYjh
GgCG SQG dG j CG dG FHCGh , Gh , QeCG AdhCG OL JJ N e eCfh
. d eSG
f G IOdG X , bdGh , dG jHdG Jh , OGdGh adG L d dG Cf
. YQh dG M , G S H SHb dG dG MU IM

adG h dGh
dG OS H j
dGh HdG jRh

VdG

dG

:fdG IMdG
dGh fdG LdG

88

Mechanical Waves and Sound

90

fdG LdG :ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

94
94
95
96
101
102
103
106
108
109
111
113
114
116

Movement of Waves

LdG cM (1-3)

fdG LdG QfG : ( 1 ) SG

Types of Mechanical Waves

fdG LdG GfCG (2-3)

Characteristics of Wave Movement

LdG cdG FN (3-3)

Mechanical Wave and the Transfer of Energy

bdG fh fdG LdG (4-3)

Reflection of Waves

LdG SfG (5-3)

FdG LdG SfG :(2) SG

Refraction of Waves

LdG QfG (6-3)

Interference

NGdG (7-3)

FdG LdG NGJ :(3) SG

Standing Waves

abG LG (8-3)

Diffraction

OdG (9-3)

LdG OM :(4) SG
dG SCG

120

dG :HGdG dG
The Sound

124
124
126
127
128
128
132
134
139
139
141
145

Nature of Sound

dG W (1-4)

dG Cj c :(1) SG
dG fG :(2) SG
Speed of Sound dG YS (2-4)
Sound Level and Loudness

JTh dG LQO (3-4)

JTh dG OOJ :(3) SG

Spherical waves and Plane Waves

jdG LdGh jhdG LdG (4-4)

Doppler Effect

Resonance

HhO IgX (5-4)

FGdG IYCG a fdG (6-4)

fdG :(4) SG

Applications in Techniques
that uses Sound Principles

dG Oe J dG fdG Y J (7-4)
dG SCG

: hCG dG
Electricity AHdG

:fdG dG
WehdG dG
Electromagnetic Induction

:ddG dG
fdG LdG
Mechanical Waves

HGdG dG
The Sound dG

. . Y S G fHh eCG N a dh d dGh adG Lh Y dG Cfh

adG h dGh
``dD``dG
9

edG
: ddG jY
Me SQO dG dG d ke JCd , Y dG d AjdG c d f CG fj
,dSh Gk j cCG JYVe L ah b f CG eBG ,Y OG d AjdGh SSCG dG
dG SCG e ,VGh J FjdG gH HQ jW Y ,dG IOG VY N e
.edG JM dG dH YVG J HQ K ,dG
.bdG SdGh LG MG Y j v j k Y H AjdG Y W dG OGYEG YhQ d
N e ,jQdG JGSG EG J Ye dSCG dG IOG VY p o YG a Gd
e TG QGG Y a ,SQdG b Vd o Jh ddG J dG FSG SCGh aSG
Y d k eh dG Y dd I dG d AL bh .dG dG dG Q ddG
dh . ' a NG ' GY DhdG W N e dPh ,dG IOG e TG YdG
YG eCG EG aVEG ,VdG TCGh eSdG e jdG dG i MG AGKEGh bdGh
dG q V c .fdGh Gh IH HJh SQdG Ve J CG fCT e dG dG dGh
bY GP FGKEG ee gh ,''J ee ' GY OQh bdG GP eG e L
.GQNGh d VN Z SQdG V
dG bGG e OY VH b dd ,IU jb e hj dG L jM GQk hO AjdG d d
M Jee AGKEG ddG e d dhdG Jd dG dG Y IOLG MG dG
.dG YVe H
AHdG :g JMh e j hCG SGQdG d AL ,e jCGL e AjdG c j
:g JMh e jC
k G j dG SGQdG d ALh , dGh fG LGh ,WGh
Jh , a GMdG g e IMh c J M ,IQdG Ajah ,WehdG TEG
.dG YV ddG SG RJ dG SCG e Y fGh ,HGG OdG e GOY a c

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

dG Kh WG CG 1820 Y A dG cG d
We dJ CG FHdG GQd M ,FHdG GQdH
KCG cG Gg e GS Y Hh ,Y OG dG SQOe Ggh
je EGh (1878 - 1797) Joseph Henry g jRL jeCG dG
QJ dJ eEH fCG IM Y c ( 1867 -1791 ) Michael Faraday GOGQa
g Jh , WehdG G IgH IgdG g aYh .WG G e FHc
g IMdG g e dG dG VSh ,YdG AHdG dJ keg Gk QhO IgdG
.FHdG Gh FHdG dGh FHdG c dG JJ H EG aVEH IgdG

:ddG SCG Y HLEG e IMdG d SGQO AKCG J Sh

?Y jQdG a H QdG hCG JGdG bQCc eH dG RL MG S e -1
(e QJ EG dG) G fhdEG ILCG H J CG c -2
?OOe QH f dG N CG e ZdH
?FXdG IOe h G IU fhdEG ILCG GNG eCG c -3
?FHdG Gh FHdG dG H dG e -4
?LG M d H RGh JGh fG OGeEG c -5

11

hCG IMdG

WGh AHdG

Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity

AH```````````dG :hCG ````dG

WehdG ````G :`dG ````dG

Electromagnetic Induction

eG
h ,JjGH Gj AHdG GSG c eY b e cCG e dG QJ Y dG e fCG T
a BG Y fYG dG FHdG ILCGh BG eCG ,SdG e b Od EG Mk e FHdG AdG j
M dG Fg bQG hJh .JjGH a O jQdGh FGdG cG fch ,IH IOLe J
Lh ,e IGOCc AHd SGdG QfG Gg Hh BG e ef e NBH hCG H AHdG NJ
dG N e S AHdG Y HdG dG SQO SGh ,G L Yj CG
c, FGhdG J d Jhc fGbh FHdG FGhdH UG gG Y IMdG g e hCG
cJ NJ dG QSfGdG h (OjGdG) FdG UdG h c fhdEG fG Y S
.fhdEG ILCG e

hCG IMdG
Electricity and Magnetism

WGhAHdG

10

AHdG

FHdG aGdG IdG

( Q )FHdG dG

FHdG QdG IT
I=

(e.m.f)

FHdG G a

Q
t

V=

( r)NGdG ehG

W
Q

G
ehCG Z OGe
UG TCG
OjGO

hCG fb
V=IR

QSfGJ

dG
C=

Q
V

UdG W
FHdG FGhdG

FHdG G IT
E=

FHc FGhO
RGdG
GdG Y ehG UJ

RGdG Y ehG UJ

Jc fGb
13

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

GdG

V
d

``ge `WQN
hCG dG

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

12

FdG YVG
G G fG bdG 6-1
UG TCG 7-1

FHdG aGdG IdG 1-1

hCG fb h ehG 2-1
Jc fGb 3-1

UG TCG ILCG 8-1

G4-1

G UJ W 5-1

IjG dG G
Capacitance
Parallel Plates Capacitor
Permittivity
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Doping
Dopant
Diode
Light Emitted Diode (LED)
Forward Biasing
Reverse Biasing

aSG

Rectifier
Half-Way Rectifier

dG M fb :(1) SG @
QhG GQTEG :(2) SG @

Full-Way Rectifier
Smoothing
Transistor
Integrated Circuits

15

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

G S MdG RGe G FHdG MdG f Ue T OGe f Z Ue T OGe J FGT FdG UdG FdG FdG UdG eeCG UdG dG UdG QdG e
q Le f J ec Le J J QSfGJ eG FGhdG -

hCG dG
Electricity

AH```````````dG
ee

CG EG ,dG e AHdG aYo .AHdG EG G fY f dG LddG QdG dG Lj

.IdG J H JG jdG jJ c ,Y SdG dG e SGQO H JG gGdG
L J h IQfEG G NGO ef PEG ,c H edG JH Je AHdG UCG
dh ,dG hCG OdG hCG SQG AGS G QN jC
k G ef fCG c ,fhdEGh FHdG ILCG
.dG h e IG FXdG J fhdEG ILCG jJh GNG AdG a AHdG
,FGhdG J UJ W aJ h ,Jfeh FHdG FGhdG SSCG SdG dG SQO dh
UG iNCG gG H J S dG Gg h.QdG IT h G a e gG H EG aVEH
c fhdEG fG Y S c,FGhdG J d Jc fGb h FHdG FGhdH
BG SG e fhdEG ILCG e cJ NJ dG QSfGdG h (OjGdG) FdG UdGh
.gZ h bdG GedGh dG JdGh

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

14

AG fH FHdG IFGdG dG fG J j e k dZ h
Ve g c fCH e YOe H AG cM e HfCG
.(1-1) dG
a OLh H () OG EG (CG) OG e AG j
() OG e fG AG j h ,YOG H AG ie
a Y G YJ dG G OLh H (CG) OG EG
AG G g d h ,YOG H AG ie JQG

(1-1 ) dG

J ee
sJ FHdG aGdG IdG EG
FH dG b dG e Y
e dG IMd d G
dG hCG jQdc bdG Qe
Vh b W EG F H dG

dG EG d H G d c , j dG QG SG e
cM AKCG e H bW e GAk L J a ,FHdG

jW Y QGSH bdH gjhJ e H Gd ,SCG ehe H

a aJ Y j QG CG CG ,(jQdc) FHdG bd Qe
bW b dG f IFGdG f CG H FHdG G

G eCG .c G d

FHdG G dG Gg OLh dh ,d FHdG VdG

e Y s a FHdG

dHh ,FHdG IFGdG cG QGSG e dG

dG I M d cG b W
NGO he T EG cG

.IFGdG FHc QJ d

Sb IMh .FHdG IFGdG

IFGd QG dG FHdG G dG QGe j e Gk ch

V = J/C ddG g c

jJ Gd ,Qd FHdG aGdG IdH oj e g FHdG

NGO FHdG dG IMd dG FHdG bdG ' fCH (e.m.f) Qd FHdG aGdG IdG
FHc IFGO ec IQhO FHdG dG IMh d hG dG QGe ' hCG , ' QG
dc/L IMh OJ g h (V) ddG IMH SoJ h (

)edH d ejh ' FHc Qe Y

FHdG bdG e 12 J J a 12 V FHdG aGdG Jb jQH fc GPEG G S a ,(J/C)

FHc T bW OhJ jQdG fc GPEa ,IFGd jQdG e gjhJ j T d

.

17

12 x 5= 60 J

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

hJ jQdG b e G FHdG bdG QGe Ea IFGdG

Electromotive Force (e.m.f)

FHdG aGdG IdG 1-1

GPEG fCG Y h ,electrical potential energy FHdG VdG bW SQO CG h d S

,FHc Vh bW J fEa FHdG G cM G f (q) Le jQNG T c
Y LQN T H e H fEa ,FHdG G G Y jQNG dG j GPEG eCG
dG hj dG g hG dG Ea dHh ,dG J FHc Vh bW EG j
:CG CG ,FHdG VdG bW

W = 6PE = Eqd

.FHdG G IT g E :M
dG FHdG IdG hj Eq QGG h , jQNEG dG h G Qe H aG g d
. jQNG dG Y FHdG G H FDj
G eCG .G Qe e dG J be Y h dG QGe Y FHdG VdG bW J
Y QG e TdG FHdG G KCJ Y j e a electrical potential FHdG
Y kee e d FHdG VdG bW hj h G NGO e Ve Y FHc T
Electical Potential ( V ) =

PE
q

:dG J QGe
= Ed

QGe Y J h QG EG dH dG Ve Y a J FHdG G c Ea dHh

.dG
VdG bW dG hj a electrical potential differenceFHdG G a eCG
:dG J QGe Y ek e e d FHdG
Electical Potential difference = 6PE
q

,(fhdEG) FHdG dG cM EG ODj dG g FHdG G dG Gg EG

.IFGdG FHc QJ dJ EG dHh
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

16

.ehe OGR UG W OGR c M UG W - 1

,QhG cCG jM J ```fhdG Ea G M`e OGR a UG e Me - 2
.UG ehe J dHh
.UG IOe f - 3
OGG Y a j EG h ,fdG HPG fc hCG bdG M fc v SSCG kffb d hCG fb
OGH OGG g oJ h , IQGG LQO K Y a QG QdG NG e HK ehe J dG
. ehCG
g ehCG OGd UG W H G ah QdG IT H bdG CG (CG 3-1) dG e jh
.HK eha PEG ehG G e CG h ,HK e N jOW bY
I(A)

()

( CG )

I(A)

G
V(V)

V(V)

ehCG OGd G a h QdG IT H bdG ( CG ) :(3-1) dG

ehCG Z OGd G a h QdG IT H bdG ()

CG ( 3-1) dG Vj h ,ehCG Z OGe s oa a QG QdG H ehe J dG OGG eCG

e N Z jOW bY ehCG Z OGG QG QdG IT h UG d G a H bdG
e ehCG OGG Y eCG e.Ie eha PEG ehG oj G e CG h ,HK Z
kM eCG g SGQH S h ,UG TCG Y eCG a ehCG Z OGG eCG ,OG
.dG Gg

19

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

Resistance and Ohm s Law

hCG fb h ehG 2 -1

e IQG FHdG dG QGe Y IQY FHdG QdG CG Y OG dG SQO

.fhdEG EG g e dG g CG h ,IMGh fK NdG e
dHh , ' FHc Ue LG dG cM ' fCH FHdG QdG G jJ Y UG bh
g c jQd ddG dG EG jQd LG dG e j FHdG IFGdG QdG G Ea
.(2-1) dG Ve
fEa FHdG IFGdG NBG dG EG fhdEG fG Y
I

GQH J fCG EG aVEH ,fG AKCG

k H H J
h ,cM hJ bY fhdEG g bJ dHh ,f UG
R

bW e GkAL J a Gd , resistance ehH bdG g oJ

bdG Qe e fhdEG J dG bdG CG EG aVEH ,Vh
Vh bW d f h , R ehH gQhe Y ga j FHdG

(2-1 ) dG

N e HM dG FHdG G a dj fhdEG
R=

:ddG bdG

( 1-1 )

1 hCG IMH SoJ h ehG g R : M

V ddG IMH Sjo h FHdG G a V
A eCG IMH SoJ h FHdG QdG IT I
:CG Y jh ,SSCG SdG dG SQO CG h S dG hCG fH (1-1) bdG oJh

K Y UG W H G a e kjOW kSJ FHc IFGO QG FHdG QdG IT SJ '

IQGM LQO K Y a QG QdG Y J UG ehe CG NBG hCG , '' IQGG LQO
:g h eGY K Y UG ehe Jh ,UG
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

18

Kirchhoff's Laws

Jc fGb

3 -1

g FHdG FGhdG Ud jW (5-1) dG Vj

Y bh ,RGdG Y UdG jWh GdG Y UdG jW
(CG 5-1) dG Ve g c GdG Y UdG jW CG
(CG 5-1 ) dG

.bdG e (R) aG ehG oJ

R = R1+ R

( 5-1) dG Ve g c-RGdG Y UdG jW eCG

( 5-1 ) dG
1
R

1
R1

:bdG e aG ehG M

R2

e Gk J cCG FGhO oJ a Gd ,Qe e cCG RGdG Y UdG jW FHdG QdG j

.Jc fGH jo SSCG ffb j PEG , GdG Y UdG FGhO
Kirchhoff's First Law

Jd hCG fdG @

CG Y j dG dG M fb j fdG Gg
M ,f CG Y gDhdEG c ,Y e JCJ fhdEG
NGdG dG OY Ea dH h , he fK c dG OY
j h .e LQG dG OY hj IFGdG e f EG
GQG e Qe c IQG GQdG b OjEG v e fdG Gg
RGdG Y UdG jW ( 6-1 ) dG
.IFGdG G
Mf.RGdG Y Ue ehe K Vj dG (6-1) dG SQS hCG fdG t d
L d h ,GOk GQk e e c j GQJ KK e j H (a) dG e Nj I QJ g CG
:CG CG (a) dG EG NGdG I dG QdG QGe f Y S KdG GQdG
I = I 1 + I 2 + I3

21

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

( 2-1 )

H dPh ,bdG e GAk L J jC

k G jQdG CG bGdG
jQH J a dd ,NGH dG FdG YdG

internal resistance (r) NGdG ehH dG Gd ejh ,de

J dG b dG E a Gd ,(4-1) dG Ve g c
e ALh R LQG ehG e AL Oj QG e fhdEG

( 4-1 ) dG

J ee

FHdG G a j
ZdHh ,dG IOe e gG
fCG EG OG e dG CG e
e a , ehCG Z OGG e
LQO JJ dG FHc QJ
ODj e gh,ehe OGOJ h JQGM
Gkfh ,WS AH dG gJ EG
G W H G a d
Ia H a QG QdG b J
.QH UJ e ILh

= VR+Vr

: CG CG r jQd NGdG ehG

= IR + Ir

:(1) a NG

IT H bdG SGQd Y H S iLCG -1

EG Ua ehCG OGG ( V ) G ah ( I ) QdG
:ddG FdG
( I ) QdG IT

( V ) G a

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

10

2.4

12

G a

( 1-1 ) hG
4V G a hj eY R ehG b MG (CG

MGh hG VG fdG bdG SQG (

.ehG b

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

20

ehG EG M ,FHc IFGO e Qe HCG (8-1) dG Vjh

ehG gEH CG ,de jQdG CG VGaH 51 hJ (aG) dG
Ea , 3.5 V hj IFGdG FHdGaGdG IdG h ,d NGdG
I = V/R = 3.5/5 = 0.7 A

:hj IFGdG QG QdG IT

:ehe c W H G a f BGh
V = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 V
1

:31 ehG W H G a
V = 0.7 x 2 = 1.4 V : 21 ehG W H G a
2
V= 2.1 + 1.4 = 3.5 V :hj ehG H G ha GkPEG

( 8-1 ) dG

hj FHdG IFGdG G Qd (e.m.f) FHdG aGdG IdG CG Mf

:Y j dG Jd dG fdG j e Gg h ,QG dd G ha

hd G G hj e Qe CG M FHdG aGdG Id G G CG ''

.'' QG dP MG

1 +2 < IR1 - IR2 = 0

1 + 2 = IR1 + IR2

( 3-1 )

: CG CG
:hCG

.Gk U hj e Qe CG M G hd G G CG : iNCG IQH CG

:JBG IYGe e H FHdG FGhd Y

ehe

( CG )

IFGdG e Qe c QdG G h eQ j .FHdG

<

jQH

VfG S GkPEG ehG N bW J dG CG -

() N b dG EG a dG e dG c AGS ,G
a EG b dG e fG Y hCG (CG 9-1) dG ehG

( 9-1 ) dG

23

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

. -IR hj G CG CG ,dS JQTEG Sh

:Y j dG Jd hCG fdH bdG g oJh

GQdG hjo CGh H FHc IFGO e f EG NGdG GQdG EG ''

.'' dG J e LQG
:dG SH b hCG Jc fb e d

dG M fb :(1) SG
?dG M fb hCG Jc fb j c :Y GDS

.FHc e ,jQH ,SCG ,(4) OY eCG ,(3) OY ehe :OGGh GhOCG

:GAGLEG
.(7-1) dG Ve g c FHdG IFGdG U - 1
.eCG c QdG IT IAGb S- 2
A1

:dG h dG

A2
A3

, I H fQb h

I3

I2 h I1 e c b LG -

?MJ GPe
( 7-1 ) dG

?SG Gg e J GPe - 2

Kirchhoff's Second Law

Jd dG fdG @

g FHdG aGdG IdG EG M ,bdG M fb g dG Jc fb jh

bW a G ha eCG ,FHdG IFGdG T d Vh bW EG dG FHdG bdG
.he T EG T c e dG cG
FHc IFGO e Qe CG QH jh ,QG fb kfMCG dG Jc fb Y jh
.G J hO dG f Y jh jGdG H oJh ,e f e CGj
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

22

:(2) e
30 1

Qe c IQG GQdG MG Jc fGb GSH

r =1 1

40 1

.(11-1) dG VG IFGdG GQe e

2 = 45V

:`````G
1 = 80V

QJ c J h Qe c GQdG G j e H

r =1 1

I1

( 11-1 ) dG

G j `Yh ( 11-1 ) dG Ve g c QG

.hCG Jc fb e Tj I3 G j CG H

I2h

: Ea ( 11-1) dG Ve g e Mh,Jd hCG fdG Y AH

I3 = I1 + I2

(1)

Qe CG QNG feEH) :dc G GdG .jGH c a dG NCSh ahdcba QG :khCG

(NBG e
ehG N VdG bW a

-I1(30 1 ) V

jQdG N YCG G EG bCG G e fG

+ 45 V

ehG N VdG bW a

-I3(1 1) V

ehG N VdG bW a

-I3(40 1 ) V

:Jd dG fdG M
- I1(30) + 45 - I3(1) - I3(40) = 0
- 30I1 + 45 - 41I3 = 0

I3 =

25

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

45 - 30 I1
41

= 1.1 - 0.73 I1

(2)

dG EG (L YCG) a dG e fG a ,( 9-1) dG Ve g c jQdG dM

G IOjR dH fG Yh , < hj G VfG j (L bCG) b
. + hJh

:(1) e
.(10-1) dH VG IFGdG QG QdG LhCG

:`````G
GPEG h ,(10-1) dG Ve g c QdG G CG VaG GPEG
GdG Ea G abcdea QG JGh ( a ) dG e fCGH
:dc S G

( 10-1 ) dG

jQdG N YCG G EG bCG G e fG

+3V

ehG N VdG bW a

-I (5 1 )V

jQdG N bCG G EG YCG G e fG

-12 V

ehG N VdG bW a

-I (6 1 ) V

Gk U hj CG H G GdG Ea Jd dG fd kW
- I (6) - 12 - I (5) + 3 = 0
- 11 I = 9
I = -9/11 A

dG G CG h ,QdG G UH k WN c VGaG CG j Qd dS b Y dM EG
.
k U j QdG QGe CG qEG ,YdG QY G Y g Qd
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

24

:(3) e
R=4 1

b ddG IAGb fc GPEG ,(12-1) dH G IFGdG

UCG G ZEG Hh

10 V

hJ G ZEG

:MG. UdG SCG ehe gEH ,8 V hJ

. ( ) jQd FHdG aGdG IdG (CG
.G ZEG Y eCG IAGb (
. ( r ) jQd NGdG ehG (

( 12-1 ) dG

:`````G
jQd FHdG aGdG IdG hJ IFGdG ZEG b ddG IAGb (CG
= 10 V
VR

I=

VR = 8V

G ZEG H (

=2A

- VR - Ir = 0
- VR = 10 - 8
r=
I

dG Jc fb e (
= 11

:(2) a NG
abcdefga

g dG G QG j eY IFGdG GQe e Qe c QG QdG MG (2) G -1

?XY dG QG QdG G h QGe e . X dH GQJ KK G h QGe Vj fOCG dG -2

27

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

QGG

Y EG X e
X EG Y e
Y EG X e
X EG Y e

1 A (CG
1 A (
5 A (
5 A (O

Qe CG QNG feEH) :dc G GJ . a dG e jC

k G CGSh ahdefga QG :k fK
(NBG e
ehG N VdG bW a
fC I2 Qd LG IQTEG dh ehG N VdG bW a
(11-1) dG VG QdG G Y QG JG
fC I2Qd LG IQTEG dh ehG N VdG bW a
(11-1) dG VG QdG G Y QG JG

jQdG N bCG G EG YCG G e fG

-I1(30 1)

+ I2 (20)

+I2 (1 1) V

- 80V

:dc dOG S PEG

- 30I1 + ( 20 + 1 )I2 - 80 = 0
-30I1 + 21I2 - 80 = 0
I 2=

80 +30I1
21

= 3.8 + 1.4I1

(3)

(1) dOG (3) h (2) dOG e I3 h I1 b Y jdH

I1 = I3 - I2 = 1.1 - 0.73I1 - 3.8 - 1.4I1
3.13 I1 = - 2.7
I1 = - 0.86 A

d jGdG VGaG dG G Y g I1 Qd dG G CG Y J ddG IQTEG

.
k U j QGG
:Y f (3) h (2) dOG I1 b Y jdH
I2 = 3.8 + 1.4 ( -0.87 ) = 2.6 A
I3 = 1.1 - 0.73 ( -0.87 ) = 1.7 A

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

26

Capacitance

G S @

d ejo h ,H G a h MdG MCG Y fG dG H dG fCH G S s oJ

:CG CG , C edH
Q
C=

( 4 -1 )

CG qEG .OGQa je dG EG f F OGQdH IMdG g So h (C/ V) da /dc IMH SoJh

fG dG QGe CG j Ga 1 F gQGe dG fc GPEa,dG EG dH Gk L Ic OGQdG IMh
1C QGe EG . 1V G W H G a j eY 1C hj G Md e d c

`e OGQ`dG e `UCG GMh `J Gd , 1 - 20 C `e `j dG CG Y GPEG UN Gv L c

:H ( pF ) OGQadG h ( nF ) OGQaf`dG h ( +F ) OGQah`G
1 +F = 10 -6 F
1 nF = 10 -9 F
1 pF = 10 -12 F
S

Parallel Plates Capacitor

MdG RGe G@

RJ dG Ea jRGG MdG P G T j eY
( CG )

dj c ,G Md e d c S Me Y fH
dG Ve g c ,MdG H e G e FHc
:bdG e jo h ,( 15 -1)
E=

()

( 5-1 )

IMh Y dG c fCH oJ h dG ac g m :M
( 15-1 ) dG

e MdG RGe e ( CG )
MdG H e FHc ( )

29

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

.UG S e MG
.G Md e d c S Me A

Capacitors

```G

4-1

ILCG MCG Y FHdG QdG b Y fCG M d

QdG Qhe Y j dG G Ea jOGdG hCG BG SG Rc FHdG
dG Y dAJ g .v jQJ j EG h ,Qd b O ITe j Qhe Y hCG
? dP hM
edG e Id bdG H RG OGeEG j fCG h ,RG fh FHc bW g CG Y j Gg
,H oj IFGdG FHdG bdG jJ Y hDG dG EG .FHdG QdG fG H
.HH
Y dhe Ue IOe e Md CG e j WHh
k
IFGdG jQdG eQh G eQ H dG e Hh

edH FHdG IFGdG d ej

g h FHdG

UJ Yh ,dG Oe jGdG G j
dH Ve g c e IFGO jQH G
ddG dG e J fhdEG Ea ,(14-1)
fhdEG H adG Hh ,MdG MCG EG jQd
dG e fhdEG e QGG f j MdG
T gAGQh jQd LG dG EG NBG
ihj M fhdEG fG Y Jh ,Le
,jQd G a e sG W H G a
T fEG f ea ,T b G j gY

d TCG ( 13-1 ) dG

M dG MCG CG j G a Q gQGe H G
ch -Q H e NBG dGh +Q H e
Oe G j dH h ,QGG jhe dG
.dG
hCG dG
( 14-1 ) dG

Electricity

AHdG

28

J ee

G dG j H ,ddG dG e W dRdG IOG

WTJNB.ddG
dG eCG LG dG e W a dS

MG G e dG oj
f e b bQ e kjQ
k H H a YVe
SdG e bQ AZ H
b b dG e J dG hCG
dG i oJ K, fG
.dhGJ j fGSCG

jG L Y ddG dG HJ dG dRdG IOG LG dG

W J bdG f h , dG EG jQ dG e fhdEG e
aO Y LG dG H J dG dR dG IOG ddG dG
ddG dG e jG J
t EG ODj e gh ,jQdG EG fhdEG
,LG dG Y LG dG e jG J
t h ddG dG Y
.OGOJ G S CG CG ,G Md Y fG dG OGOJ dHh

.(17 -1) dG Ve g c a IOLG dRdG IOG NH G GfCG J

Fd Y j e
IOc SdG e
dRY
dhdEG e

dG e e

dRdG IOG f M G GfCG ( 17-1 ) dG

31

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

dRdG IOd FHdG MdH jo h ,MdG H dRdG IOG f Y j HK QGe g

Ea AGg hCG Ga Y IQY MdG H dRdG IOG fc GPEa . F/m IMH SoJ h permittivity
8.85 x 10-12 F/m hJh k edH d ejo FHdG MdG
G CG h ,(CG 15 -1) dG Ve g c d hJ G Md H aG fc GPEG
:hj MdG H FHdG G a GkPEG ,MdG H e FHdG
I
V = Ed =

Qd

(6-1)

: hJ MdG RGe FHdG dG Ea dHh

C=

(7-1)

:g h eGY IY Y J MdG RGe e S CG (7-1) dOG e jh

. (A)MdG H cG MG - 1
.(d) MdG H aG - 2
. ( ) dRdG IOd FHdG MdG - 3
.G S Y J dG eGdG SGQd (1) dG SQdG AGLEH b

?G S IOjR Y dRdG OGG J c :AJ b

Md H dRdG IOG VJ eYh ,vT kbQh hCG kLLR hCG kWe hCG kAGg J b dRdG OGG EG
jL e L c Ea jQH Ue e

dRYIOe

OLh SG Y d dRdG IOG

G jG
dRdG IOG
FHc L Qe

``
G Md H dRdG IOG ( 16-1 ) dG

CG CG , G Md H F H dG G
Mf kb J dR dG IOG fhdEG
Ve g c d LG dG
W MCG Y J dHh ,(16-1) dG
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

30

:(5) e
ae Jh 20 cm2 g Md e d c S Me MdG RGe e
J dG dG QGe a , 220 V aGdG Jb jQH G UJ GPEG.0.4 mm gQGe
?MdG EG
C = k

:````G

d
-12

= ( 8.85 x 10 )

20 x 10-4
0.4 x 10-3

= 44.3 pF

Q = VC = 220 x 44.3 x 10-12 = 9.75 x 10-9 C

:(3) a NG

?``J `S V , Q , C ``dG Ca ,AG GoZ K jQdG Y MdG a GPEG (4) G -1

e QGG H S a ,G
k U c NBG h G
k c c MdG MCG EG H e U GPEG -2
.HLEG a
s ?dG
2
2
C /N.m hJ ( ) dRdG IOd FHdG MdG Sb IMh CG KCG -3

33

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

:(4) e
:JM J
G (flash) Ves dG G J
jQdG J M ,aGZJdG jdG dBH
T G jh , G T Y
e .IQdG NC QdG Y dG j eY

60cm2 Md e d c S Me MdG RGe e

1.0 mm

ae ```J h AGdG ```SGH h``e gh

: MG
.G S (CG

fG dG CG g G GSG FGa
.jS H Ves dG fCG EG J CG

G a c GPEG G Md Y fG dG QGe (

,iNCG IjY ILCG G oJ c

R JG M d G fCG H k a
IYb e Y j ,SG
Hb H e QGQRCG e QR c ,QGQRCG
Md MCG dGQdG IYb c d

.G Md H FHdG G IT (

,e SCG j HdG dG H ,G
IOe H Jhd dG dG h
.dRY
J JG Md QdG Y J eY
mFY .G S a ,MdG H aG
G LQG FHdG IFGdG J
J eY V dG QdG QGQRCH
.G S

12 V hj aW H

. 1+F EG S aQ fOQCG GPEG G Md Me (O

:`````G
A
C = k
d
-12

= ( 8.85 x 10

cd Hb d
dRY IOe

60 x 10-4
1.0 x 10-3

(CG

= 53pF

Q= CV = ( 53 x 10-12 ) ( 12 ) = 6.4 x 10 -10C

E=

A=

6V
d

Cd

12
1.0 x 10

-3

4
= 1.2 x 10 V/m

( 1 x 10 -6) (1.0 x 10 -3)

8.85 x 10

-12

= 113 m2

(O

.VQCG J e f k jJ RGJ Me gh

HK d

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

32

Capacitors In Series

GdG Y G UJ :fK
k

j .GdG Y e e (19-1) dG Vj
J jQH UJYh , jGdG dG Oe G
jCG dG EG jQ d ddG dG e fhdEG
-Q + Q
+
+
+
+
C1

-Q + Q
+
+
+
+
C2

e fhdEG e he OY j HH , C1 d
dGh , C2d jCG dG EG C1 d CG dG
C2 d CG dG fhdEG e he OY QOS

e jk he GQk Ge S G c CG CG ,jQ````dG EG
( 19-1 ) dG

OG hj (V)IFGd dG G CG h ,dG
:d
V = V1 + V2 = Q + Q
C2

C1

V= Q= Q + Q
C
I =
C

35

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

C1
I + I
C1
C2

:hJ C aG dG GkPEG

C2

( 9-1 )

Combinations Of Capacitors

G UJ W

5-1

jWh GdG Y UdG jW g jH FHdG FGhdG G UJ

:jdG c aG dG M c BG SQSh ,RGdG Y UdG

Capacitors In Parallel

RGdG Y G UJ :khCG

Y ehG UJ Y fCG Y h ,FHdG IFGdG ehG UJ W kHS SQO

Y UG G EG dH dc ,jQdG L f hj ehe c Y G Ea RGdG

.H RJ dG dh ,jQdG L f j S e c Y G Ea RGdG

G Y fG dG QGe Ea dHh ,RGdG Y e e (18-1) dG Vj

C1

:hjo C1

Q1 = C1V

v
Q2 = C2 V

:hoj C2G Y fG dG QGe h

:hJ (Q) dG dG Ea dH h

C2

( 18-1 ) dG

Q = Q1 +Q2
CV = C1V +C2V

C = C 1 + C2

( 8-1 )

combined capacitance aG dG g C M

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

34

:(7) e
V

ab

= 18 V h C2 = 3 + F h C1 = 6 + F fc GPEG (21-1) dG

.aG dG (CG :Ma

.e c fG dG QGe (
.e c W H G a (

:````````G
:hJ aG dG (CG
I

I
C1

C2

I
3

C= 2 +F

( 21-1 ) dG

dG QGe hjo

C1 G

fG dG QGe GkPEG ,GdG Y Ue G CG (

:hjh

C2

G Y fG

Q=CV

= 2 x 18 = 36 +C

:hj C1 G W H G a (
V1 =

Q
C1

36

= 6V

:hj C2 G W H G a
V2 =

Q
C2

36

= 12 V

:(4) a NG

: G fc GPEG aG dG MG 4 +F e c S e KK -1
.FHc IFGO RGdG Y Ue (CG
.FHc IFGO GdG Y Ue (
37

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

:(6) e
C1
3+F

Y Ue

h C1 e (20-1) dG Vj

C3

C3
12 V

C2

1+F

RGdG Y G UJ ,GdG

MG
C2
6+F

.aG dG (CG
.e c fG dG (

:`````G
( 20-1 ) dG
I

I
C1

dG GkPEG ,GdG Y Ue
+

I
C2

I
3

I
6

C2

C1

G (CG

:hJ d aG

F-1

C= 2 +F

:hJ dG aG dG GkPEG ,

C3 e RGdG Y Ue C aG dGh

CT = C + C3
= 2 + 1 = 3 +F

G a hj aW H G a Ea dHh ,jQdH RGdG Y Ue C3G (

. 12 Vhj h jQdG W H
Q3 = C3 V = 1 x 12 = 12 +C

G a * d aG dG = C2 h

C1

G e c fG dG

Q = C x V = 2 x 12 = 24 +C
2,1

e QGG f j

C2

G h

24 + C hjo C1 G fG dG QGe CG CG

.GdG Y e fC dG
hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

36

(8) e
c Y fG dG QGe e . 12 V FHdG aGdG Jb jQH Ue 3.0 + F S e
? a fG bdG QGe e h ?G Md e d

:````G
:g fG dG QGe

Q = CV
-6

= (3.0 x 10-6 ) (12 ) = 36 x 10 C

PE =

:g G fG bdG

x CV2

2
=

( 3.0 x 10-6 ) ( 12)2 = 2.2 x 10-4 J

:(5) a NG

M M``dG `S GPEG , d ae Md H `J h Q gQGe T j MdG RGe e -1

?G fG bdG QGe Y dP KDS a . 2d H aG UCG
:bdH oJ CG G fG VdG bW CG KCG (7-1) h (6-1) dOG GSH -2
PE =

1
2

E2 Ad
V

:dhdG Jd dG dG Y ddG bGG IQjH b G Y eG e j

www.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm
www.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/pplate.html

39

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

Energy Stored In Charged Capacitor

G G fG bdG

6-1

T H e H h ,G Md EG bdG Qe e dG f Y g G T Y EG
e e c Ea e me d jQdG oJ eY .MdG EG e dG d QG pb e
f jQGM bW T Y bdG g e AL jh ,FHc bW EG J FdG bdG
.Vh bW T Y G a FHdG bdG e NBG AG eCG ,SCd NGdG ehG
T OGOJ eY g h T AKCG e Me SQS G fG VdG bW QGe h
, 6q QG G T OGOJ eY ,NBG , V QGe L a Y q + 6q EG q e G
:g dG e QGG GH G OGeE QG pb e dH RdG dG Ea
W=

6 q V = 6 PE
.VdG bW g PE M

V(V)

dG IdG N hG dG CG (22-1) dG e j
V

MG hoj q + 6q EG q e dG a OGOJ
hCG hG dG Ea dH h ,IdG J N G
dG MG hJ H G OGeEG j dG dG bdG
HG Me hJ gh , G
q

q +6 q

( 22-1 ) dG
G a H fdG bdG
fG dGh G W H

Q(C)

CG , Q EG 0 IdG e G Me hJ CG ,G
1

PE=

QV

: CG

( 10 - 1 )

: gh ,bd U Y f (5-1) bdG GSHh

PE=

1 Q2
2

PE =

( 11 - 1 )

C
CV2

( 12 - 1 )

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

38

J ee

Y Y dG dG YG FG d f

OY OGOj adG IQGM LQO

T IQ H IG fh dEG
OGOJ dHh dG Z UG
M , U dG Y JQ b

FGhdG GfCG SSCG g OGG g UCGh ,UG TCG

ILCG J e SGh , integrated circuit eG

107 d M MGh hdEG Lj

FHdG FGhdG YU h JG ILCG h SGG

T IQH H ,GQdG e

.YdG Yc G IdGh IG

hdEG Lj dG UG
.GQdG e 10 12 d M MGh

Semiconductor devices UG TCG ILCG

8-1

oH Y dG RL fe gT CG h d S g
e dG fG J Vj (23-1) dG ?Rd
,f Z Ue T OGe e Ye GhOCG Y IQY
dG g Jh ,GhOCG J M U M dh
G e UCG M ,UG T OGG FGa gCG e
Rhj H IG fhdEG fCG e jdG YU
FdG UdG GhOCG g e.Ge H M
transistorQSfGdG h diodes

Ho Y dG RL ( 23-1 ) dG

41

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

Semiconductors UG TCG

7-1

CG Yh ,dRdG OGG h UG OGG H dG Y OG dG SQO CGh S

Ea dRdG OGG eCG ,IOG N iNCG EG IQP e cG IM UG OGG fhdEG
OGGh UG OGG H OGG Y jo .IOG N jH cG Y IQdG d d fhdEG
LQO UG TCG Y FdG eCG e feG h dG jh ,UG TCG dRdG
.adG IQGM
eGY jW Y UdG Y JQb dG fCG UG TCG FN gCG iMEG e
aVEG Ea dc ,Y G AdG IT h G a h IQGG LQO : e c J e LQN
intrinsic f U e T OG e EG dopant

FG d H oJ i NCG OG e e GQP

EG dG g c J M ,UdG Y JQb dG Y YJ semiconductors

S a,UdG Y JQb IOjR EG dH h ,UG T OGG IG fhdEG OY IOjR
Ea (S GQP 106 d FT IMGh IQP ) dG IOe EG FT GQP aVEG Y G
FT GQP aVEG Y oJh ,Ge K hCG S QG UdG Y JQb IOjR EG ODj Gg
OGe dG Y H UG T OGG Y jo h doping dG H f Ue T OGe EG
.extrinsic semiconductors f Z Ue T
J C Gv L SM UG T OGG J dc
ODj fEa H QG JQGM LQO aQ a ,IQGG LQO
CG cdH jG h.c H UdG Y JQb IOjR EG
dG IQGM LQO Y dRY OGe J UG T OGG
fEa c QG JQGM LQO aQ Y fCG EG , (0oK ) G
.Ue T OGe EG dRY OGe e J

hCG dG
Electricity

AHdG

40

.OOG QdG d e IFGO (25-1) dG Vj

GQhO e a LG dG N UdG QJ
,eeCG UJ dM UdG J M OOG QdG
dG eCG ,IdG J ehG QJ dH h
dM J UdG Ea OOG QdG IQhO e ddG
Vj h ,ehG FHc QJ a Y UJ
( 25-1 ) dG

edG e (OOe QJ) QdG IT J (CG 26-1) dG

( 26-1) dG e j H ,dG Y b

g oJ Gd LG GQhdG fCG a Jh ,dG Y H ddG GQhdG fCG GfG

GQk J J dG g CG cdH jG h . half-way rectifier LG f dH dG
.G IMe f J EG hGv e

( CG )

()

( 26-1 ) dG
edGh QdG IT H bdG
dG Y H ( ) dG Y b ( CG )

43

hCG dG

AHdG Electricity

Diodes

FdG UdG @

VG edH FHdG FGhdG FdG Ud ejo

Y OdG G G j M ,(CG 24-1) dG
LG dG jo h ,OKdH jo h ddG dG
FHdG QdG Qhe G EG dG G j h , OfCH
()

( CG )

.FHdG IFGdG
G QhH Qd J fCG FdG UdG G e

( 24-1 ) dG
FHdG IFGdG FdG UdG eQ ( CG )
Y Ge HQCG gJ OjGd IQU ( )
dG M

dH Ud LG dG UJ GPEa ,a MGh
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G QdG G OM ,( 8 -2) dG c FHc We e dH YVe jFGO M:ddG G G dG
FHdG IFGdG ZEG -CG
.GK IH G ZEG H -
.FHdG IFGdG a Y -

:G

( 8-2 ) dG

QdG jS Ea Y OG dG SQO c -1
hG G vWe k dj IFGdG FHdG
dG b IYb Mh ,(CG9-2) dG G G
H khe vfhM ve fCG J) fdG dG
EG .QdG Qhe H G M HUCG H b .dG
Ea (Wd dG dG G EG oS HEG UEG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

64

cQJ dG e dG dG Y S fhdEG Ea Ud kee dG j GPEGh

H G a d f jKCJ aGO Ib OLh e H dd ,dG Le dG dG
UG S QdG Ea (11 -2) dG c UG Y dj dG c GPEG .dG W
``dG Of ``fEa ,G FHdG aG``dG IdG .(MUEG QdG) YdG QY G
.NBG dG EG ``dG GWCG``MCG ``e q dG j``d RdG
W= F.d = (qvB) (l)

:dHh ,dG IMd hG dG Y IQY FHdG aGdG IdG EG

W
q

qvBl
q

= Blv

.GOGQa fb GSH Y M dG dG f gh

:(3)e

( 13-2 ) dG

?Ic FHc aGO Ib cG IFdG J g

e e (13-2) dG c 1000 km/h YH IFW J
5.0 x 10-5 T hjh kjJ vjOY j VQCd WG G M
G W H dG (FHdG aGdG IdG) FHdG G a e
? 70 m H Y Gj jdG

:G
(4-2) dOG f .VQCd WG G N j 70 m dW Ue LCG CG Vf
:FHdG aGdG IdG OjE

= Blv = ( 5.0 x 10-5 ) ( 70 ) ( 277.78 ) = 0.97 V

.IU b a dHh

67

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor

e Ue IdG jKCdG aGdG IdG 3-2

,jKCJ aGO Ib dj G WG G CG BG J
,MG J g jKCJ aGO Ib dd iNCG jdGh
fYJ jdG gh ,(11-2) dG Ve g c
.jKCdG aGdG IdG W VJ
MG Y jOY ke vWe g sCG VaG
Veh ,(U) M T Y Ue SGH IQG

( 11-2 ) dG

dG J GPEG.(l) dW cd Hb b UG a

Ea dHh ,(6t) QGe eR 6x= vv6t gQGe ae S fEa (v) gQGe YH d

dG WG dG IOjR EG ODj e gh,( 6t) IdG N6A=l6x =lv6tQG OGOS MG
:ddG bdH J jKCJ aGO Ib g Ea GOGQa fb GSHh ,MG j

= - 6 \B = - J 6I = - J lv6t =<J lv
6t
6t
6t

f fEa Iee J GPEGh) kH H Y Iee

(4-2)

B,l,v e c fc GPEG (4-2) dOG Jh

j We j Ue jKCdG aGdG IdG EG .(kH H Y IeG Jce

motional emf

' cG jKCdG aGdG IdG ' kfMCG Y

SQO d . WehdG d GOGQa fb GSG hO (4-2) bdG SG jCG

YH B WG G e ee G j dG G G CG Y OG dG
. (F=qvB) gQGe We Id VS (v) gQGe
dG G dG j eY (11-2) dG h
Y IKDG IdG
hdEG

H kjCG S dG fhdEG Ea v YH
c Ea WG G Y jOY YdG CG h , YdG
EG gG j

(F=qvB) gQGe

Id VS hdEG

.(12 -2) dG Ve g c dG YCG

(12-2 ) dG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

66

d j Q Y e e e e j kH vFHc Gkde (15-2) dG Vj

dG WG G j LQN KDe H G GQhO Y .We b H Ve GQhdH
FHc aGO Ib dJ dHh ,G j
GPEG EG d dG QdG EG .G W H
Y LQN IFGH G W UJ
G Jh .(e e) LQN M
IG jKCdG aGdG IdG H dG
EG .LQG IFGdG EG G W H IdG

G GWCG e MGh H e M c
LQG IFGdG fe bH FHc Jh

IFGdG
LQG

(15-2 ) dG

69

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

.HdG e ITa SGH

:(4)e
Sb fEG jedG jGdG dG aJ e EG
da

( 14-2 ) dG

AGM Gf dPh ,(14 -2) dG VG GhOCG GSH

2.0 mm edG jdG b CG VaG .fe fjCG Y dG
g SG G FHdG aGdG IdGh , 0.08 T WG Gh
?dG aJ YS e , 0.1 mV

:G
IdG EG .(HG dG EG dG dG e) dG EG QdG e vaCG j WG G EG
jOY gh edG jdG e l = 2.0 mm QGe VY N KDJ IdG FHdG aGdG
:hJ v Ea dHh v h B e c Y
v=

Bl

( 1.0 x 10-4 )
(0.080) (2.0 x 10-3 )

= 0.63 m/s

WehdG G Y J

4-2

Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

dG J fCT e jW jCG Y e G FHdG aGdG Id GOGQa fb j

.WehdG G IgX Y dG dG H g hSh .G N WG
Electric Generator FHdG dG @

gh FHdG dG GSH AHdG dJ WehdG G Y dG gCG e

.FHc bW EG fG bdG j Y j RL Y IQY

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

68

G ie j eY J M G FHdG aGdG IdG J G GQhO QGSH c ceCG (cd) h (ab) dG Ojh ,IQhO f H WG G N Y vjOY
.(3) dG
aGdG IdG OGOJh ,(abcd) G d G G QdG G j GQhdG QGSH .(4) dG c IQhO

3
4

H dG b EG J M G FHdG

ke J M vjQJ G IdG G FHdG aGdG IdG J G GQhO QGSG e ,ec IQhO CG b j M ,(1) dG c G N Y vjOY G ie j eY
.OOG QdH dG QdG jh ,IQhO c dP Qjh
Ve G GQhO Y edG EG dH jKCdG aGdG IdG dG Vj dG dG SdGh
J G Y IOG VGG EG .G Gh G Gg H HdG M ,(17-2) dG
IdG J 3 h1 VG .(16-2) dG WG G G EG dH G G EG
Y vjOY G ie a j dG dG EG OJ VGG g EG M ,GkU jKCdG aGdG
.WG G G
dG EG OJ VGG gh , e cCG jKCdG aGdG IdG b a 4 h2 VG eCG
jRGe G ie a j dG
.WG G
dG e f jKCdG aGdG IdG EG

aGdG Id b bCG

jKCdG

G N G H e jhGdG G
3
t
4

(17-2 ) dG

71

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

.G ie Y OdGh WG

.(16 -2) dG Ve g c dH G GQhO MGe Sh

G b j d (ab) dG j ea ,(1) dG VG OdG VdH CGS G QdGh G FHdG aGdG IdG S dHh , G d jRGe j fC WG
.GkU
gh ,WG dG J jh G N S (ab) dG Ea G GQhO QGSH dG dG IYb M dPh ,(dcba) G M QJh M FHc aGO Ib dJ EG ODj e
G j M IQhO HQ H dG b EG J CG EG vjQJ G aGdG IdG OGOJh ,d
.(2) dG j c WG G kjRGe

N a

N d

(4) dG

N
d

(2) dG

(3) dG

(1) dG

(16-2 ) dG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

70

.OOdG g f M
LGQdG de : JM J
U hO LGQdG de jj
LGQdG Y QWEG Y j Se
QhJ LGQdG J ea . G
SG dG hO e Qhjh dG
e b kFGO kWe jj dG
J Hh . jM b M e
, FGdG Wd WG G
.G SCG AHdG dJ

Gd ;Gh QGG Gke j dG TdG G QdG Ea dHh

d ejh

alternating current

OOG QdG hCG hG QdG j

QdG j dG FHdG dG jh .(~) edH FHdG FGhdG

aGO Ib Qe CG ,(AC

generator)

hG QdG de hG
.Hhe FHc

?e QJ EG OOG QdG j g
dG e QJ g FHdG dG e dG QdG CG M d
b CG c ,d IQhO f c gG j fEG M ,Gh
CGJ K dG EG J M bdH CGJ K b YCG EG dG e jGJ

We

G e dG QdG h .Ggh cG G iNCG Ie OGOd

.b dG cJ J j Ge GQJ

GSG j M G QdG de cJ Vj (19-2) dG

j M ,f EG ee IMGh H dG fG G
' dG ' Jh G GWCG e MGh H f c
dG Yh G GQhO AKCG h .

commutator

Y Th Y jh dG EG QdG a j dG
d fe H CGj dG e f c Ea gG
dH e HS fc dG ITdH JG Y
.NBG
de

(19-2 ) dG

73

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

ASH ,(4 -2) dOG GSH FHdG dG e dG FHdG aGdG IdG b Sb h

.B Y ( v ) jOdG YdG ce NCf CG j fCG

= Blv

(cd) hCG (ab) dG W : l M

g e M , v = vsine EG dG (18-2) dG e
N G e G ie Y OdG j dG jhGdG
(18-2 ) dG

.WG G
:hJ (ab) dG IdG aGdG IdG Ea dHh

= NBlvsine
aGdG IdG Jh ,L dHh Gh QGG f d (cd) dG IdG IdG EG
:dc dG

= 2NBlvsine

G d OY :N M
:dOG e v b Y jdHh e= wt J , w gQGe e jhGR YH Qhj G c GPEG
: dHh ad hCG bc dG W h M

2NBw l (

h
2

v = wr=w (

(5 -2)

) sin wt = NB wA sin wt

.G Me

A= hl

.G d a dh G TCG L Y J dOG gh
Ib) edG e vL Ie Ib g FHdG dG e dG aGdG IdG CG dOG g e Mfh
:ddG IQdH (5-2) dOG Hc h ,(OOG G jCG Jh IOOe aGO

= NB wAsin wt = NB wAsin 2 / ft
dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

72

J ee

FHdG G Y CGe tJ :(1) SG

cJ j CG jdH d

? FHdG G Y CGe e :Y GDS

cd He FHdG G

- jQH - SdG AGM We -he S :GhOCGh OGG

M jdG eCG , FHdG dG

.a b - e

dd GOGQa GNG CG a
CG EG 1831 Y c FHdG

he S

:GAGLEG

MdG Nj FHdG G

dG c IFGdG cQ -1

Y dP Mh 1873 Y M

We

MCG CNCG eY aOG jW

IG VQG MCG dG

.(21-2)
e Mh G ZCG -2

jde H UdG a

.j

CG Gg f ch ,FHc
hCG dG J Y fG

a b
(21-2 ) dG

,dY YH dG dG G
e IOQGdG FHdG bdG CG CG

c jQdG bCG YG -3
.j e Mh ,QdG G j

cM bW EG d hCG dG

:dGh dG

Vh CG Ggh ,dG dG

.dP a ?(2) IG FHdG IFGdG ZEG Y M GPe -1

dG jdG Y jdG

?3 IG QdG G Y Y M GPe -2

.AHdG e cG WE

GQhdG EG
F

FHdG G cJ
dG cd He FHdG G cJ EG
e Vj M ,(G QdG de) FHdG
b H he Sf S e dG e

F
I

( 22-2 ) dG

75

JTa eJ dG dH G aW jh ,We

ja M f
HK ja ITa

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

(dG)

Vj (22 -2) dG .jQH H e HdG e

.H FHc vJ SQ

S G dG QdG Ea dHh
G f d dG QdG j dHh ,gG

.(CG20 -2) dG Ve g c
IMGh IQhO

e dG QdG G MJ e ZdG Yh

CG ( 20-2 ) dG

bCG EG dG e J QdG b CG EG dG
IY GSG j dG QdG b Mdh.b

M MGh e e H d e
t
( 20-2 ) dG

c dG QdG jh ,d e c Jj
.(20-2) dG Ve g

:(3) a NG

dG YdG QGe c , 21.0 cm dWh d 320 Jd OY dG He e e j H de

? 120VidG b GkL j M 0.65 T QGe We G H Qhj CG j

Electric Motor

FHdG G @

bdG jH j RL g FHdG G
QdG dJ Y kVYh .fe bW EG FHdG
We G G GSH FHdG
aGdG Id Qe SGH QdH G jhJ j fEa
J We IH G KCS dHh ,FHdG
.(Y OG dG SQO c) JQGOEG Y

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

74

Transformer

FHdG G @

gh , transformer FHdG G g WehdG G IgX Y dG gCG MCG EG

j OdG jdG RL a ,(Je hCG e) NBG OOe L EG OOG G jH j RL
d j dGh 15,000 V QGe YCG L EG

240 V QGeh RG EG NGdG OOG G G

Y d e H Gd , 9V j L EG j OdG dG SL CG c .RH QdG HfCG

.G G Gg
FGO We a hM gC Gkf ,G QdH UG OG jd G SG h
.dG

FHdG G Y CGe :(2)SG

?FHdG G Y CGe e :Y GDS

:GhOCGh OGG
- he S - hG jG e b
I

.FHc e - efL - jQH

:GAGLEG
MCG H dPh vFHc kWe UG -1
d jCG dG M d IY dG
( 24-2 ) dG
.Gh jQdH aW Uh ,jG
H aW U K ,dG e bCG GkOY jG d CG dG M dG dG d -2
.(24-2) dG c ,efG
.'' fdG G ' efH G Gh ' FGHG G ' jQdH G G S -3
.G ZEG efG TD j e Mh ,FGHG G IFGO FHdG G ZG -4
.j e Mh e eR Id TDG bG SG -5
.j e Mh efG TDe bGQh G H b -6

77

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

:FHdG G Y jW
:(23-2) dG Y FHdG G Y jW d

GQhdG EG

We IH KCj S (dcba) H G QdG Qhe EG -

d
a

dG Y YCd vjOY IdG g G jh .(kHS SQO c)

SCd vjOY IdG G j H ,dG dG IYb M (ab)

de

e QhJh ,YdG QY H G QhS Gd , (cd) dG Y

( CG )

.(CG 23-2) dG c dG
J ,WG G N Y vjOY G j eY b

QdG Qhe ba , ,dH dJG jQdH dUG TdG

Z .We IH KCj h G

I
I

Qb H dG g Rj G CG G Tc HGH e QY Y
-2 dG) .GQhdH a JGdG j ke J fCa (eCG HGH)
.(23

()

JTdG H SdG Oj eY j ceCG jJ H dGh

b

bGG OJ b (cd) h (ab) dG

e c QdG G a ,kjCG

a
d

I
I

G Tc : JM J

IYb M WG IdG Jh
G GQhO jh dG dG

Ljh ,V FHc GQJ

,e J dG dG We
c j G Gg J CGh
kfe c GPEa ,G SGH
G NGO (ke Jc ) e
dG WG G J a
QG QdG GJ QhH j
IaU WEG EG ODj e gh ,G
..QGfEG

g c YdG QY H

( )

.(23-2) dG Ve
( 23-2 ) dG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

76

H fdG G L Jj c fJ G dOeh
OY e cCG fdG G d OY c GPEa ,FGHG G
aGdG H j G Ea ( Ns > Np)FGHG G d
Np

G
FGHEG

Ns

( CG )
d aGQ

Np

Ns

ehe

G
fdG

()
d aN

H j G Ea ( Np > Ns ) fdG e cCG FGHG

Vj c ,step-down transformer d aG

ehe

G
fdG

G
FGHEG

G d OY c GPEG eCG ,step -up transformer d

.(25-2) dG
GSH N hCG aQ OOG G CG e ZdG Yh
dG IQdG Ea bdG M fb M fCG EG , G
G aCG EG .G EG NGdG IQdG e cCG J CG
Ea dHh , 99% e cCG EG JAc J CG kJ
IQdG CG fYG GPEa ,IQGM T Y S bdG e dG
(P=IV) EG Mh ,(e ) LQG IQd jhe NGdG
:Y a

( 25-2 ) dG
IpVp = IsVs
Is
Ip

79

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

Np
Ns

:hCG
(7-2)

:dGh dG
.Z h FHdG G a M e a -1
QG f GSG vY g , G Qd Qe GSH b SG Gg -2
.HLEG sa ?FHdG G

fKh ,( d Np ) Y jh FGHG g dhCG ,e dM j jM b e G j

dJ Y G QdG a ,OOG Qd Q IOY FGHG G jh .( d Ns ) Hh fdG
G h .fdG G EG d jG dG G dG Gg jh ,e We a
OG G Y j KCdG Ggh .Ie aGO Ib dJ Y G WG G S fdG
G b Y fdG G G aGdG IdG b Sh , mutual inductance
.e c dG OY M FGHG
:g fdG G (V) G hCG G FHdG aGdG IdG Ea GOGQa fb eh
Vs= Ns

6qB
6t
6qB

.WG dG dG e g
h fdG G d OY : Ns M
6t
:dN WG dG dG Jj ( Vp ) FGHG G CG c
Vp= Np

6qB
6t

.FGHG G d OY :

Np

: CG , G N WG dG a Lj fCG je HdG dOG f

Vs
Vp

Ns

(6-2)

Np

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

78

:(5) e
FHc QJ Q G Uh GPEa , 20 kV Qb H G TCG HfCG d d aGQ j
:Ma 240 V L OOe
.(FGHG G d OY EG fdG G d OY H dG ) Jd OY H dG (CG
.fdG G QG QdG LhCa 2A hj FGHG H QJ bCG c GPEG (

:G
Vs

Np

Vp
Ns

:CG ( 6-2) dOG e -CG

Ns

20 x 103

= 83.3

240

Np

:CG (7 -2) dOG e -

Ip
Is
Ip
Is

Ns
Np

= 83.3

2
= 83.3
Is
Is =

2 = 0.024 A
83.3

:(4) a NG

GPEa ,9.0 V EG 240 V QGeh G QG e dG G jOGQ RL FHc j

:Ma 400 mA JT QJ Y jOGdG jh d 30 Y j G Gd fdG G c
.FGHG G d OY -CG
.FGHG G QdG -
.LQG IQdG -

81

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

FHdG IQdG f SG EG bdG dJ e FHdG bdG jRJh f LGJ dG cG iMEG EG

.FHdG HdG T ( I2R) jQGM bW T Y IQdG a g (dEG..fGh RG)
EG M) IU (R) ehG J M GvL S Hc GSG g G d G MCG EG
,(JOe f Y kjCG J c ,e Me e vYh dW e vjOW SJ UG ehe
YJ G RdG c S HdG fc c fEG M ,e OhM j dP J dh
.cCG FfEG J dHh KCG
e CGj dG G Y d aGQ GSH dPh ,f G QdG J a NBG G eCG
e dH aN GSH fK Ie QdG IOjR QdG SG f Yh ,QdG f
.(26 -2) dG Ve g c SG

dG G N

bdG fEG
FHdG

d aN
(Ya )
d aGQ

aN
d
e

( 26-2 ) dG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

80

G G KCJ QJ fG G dj (28 -2) dG -4

:Wd () dG c GPEG SdH
.G e kHe jh vHL -CG
.G Y Gke jh vdT -
.G e kHe jh vdT -
.j h vHL -O
( 28-2 ) dG

e e dH dG aW j H Ve dG ie We SQ(29- 2) dG -5
jKCJ GkQJ Ea ,Ve dG Oj H Q M IQhO f WG jOCG GPEa ,eh e hM
:(R) ehG gG j H G IFGO dj S

( 29-2 ) dG

.IQhdG f N (a) EG (b) e -CG

.IQhdG f N (b) EG (a) e -
K hCG IQhdG HQ N (b) EG (a) e -
.dG HdG N gG j
K hCG IQhdG HQ N (a) EG (b) e -O
.dG HdG N gG j

?(dG EG QdG e ) dG Yf e ,GdG Y kUe G e kLhR Vj (30-2)dG -6

.d aN s gc -CG
.d aGQ s gc -
dGh ,d aN hCG -
.d aGQ
dGh ,d aGQ hCG -O
.d aN
( 30-2 ) dG

83

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

dG SCG
:IG FGdG H e dG HLEG NG :hCG GDdG
?FHc aGO Ib sdoj d ddG GAGLEG e CG -1
.e NGO cS We J -CG
We e IQGOEG -
.HK e M We IQGOEG -
.G e e b N We b j -O

?YdG QY G G QJ dd a j dG e (27 -2) dG -2

seEGh ,G NGO SCG EG Wd dG dG j seEG -CG
.G QN YCG EG Wd HG dG j

We

,G NGO SCG EG Wd HG dG j eEG -

.G QN EG YCG EG Wd dG dG j hCG
P

.G NGO EG SCG EG WG b e CG j -
.G QN EG YCG EG WG b e CG j -O

( 27-2 ) dG

:FHdG dG e dG FHdG aGdG IdG e jj d ddG GAGLEG e CG -3

.cCG YH G IQGOEG -CG
.dG WG Ib IOjR -
.G d OY IOjR -
.d VdG G Me J -O

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

82

.bdG M CGe d fb Vj c TG -3
G CG ,NGdG EG j We NGO EG aoj (33 -2)dG G G -4
?KCdG QdG S

(33 -2 ) dG

gMC dG dG EG H H H fH Ke We b Vh -5
CG bJ a efH e e H WG aoO GPEG .NBd HG dG fH
.HLEG a ?efG TDe j
e CG .e ce WG Vh K ,GQhO Q Y OY H We Vh -6
.HLEG Vh ?FHc dc IGOCG g GSG (34 -2) dG VG VhCG

()

()
(34 -2 ) dG

85

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

( CG )

?dG Y G fdG G e dG FHdG G a e HdG dG -7

360000V -O

160000V

12000 V -

400 V -CG

H d 1000 e FGHG G j . 240 V aGdG Jb Q kUe vde k (31 -2) dG Vj- 8

?ehG QG QdG QGe e 101 gQGe M eh jh d 50 e fdG G j

-CG
24A -
48 A -
120 A -O
1.2 A

(31 -2) dG

:ddG SCG Y LCG :dG GDdG

:ddG dG e c OQGdG CG Vh -1

j FGO e -2
Vh efH
Ve g c We
a ,(32 -2) dG
TDe GfG S
dG c efG
.(32 -2)

CG
(32 -2 ) dG

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

84

OY H dG fc GPEa 240 V FGHG d d a Y j d aN e -3

2A FG``HG `G QdG ITh (1:4) g ( Ns : Np ) FGHG G EG fdG G d
:LhCa
.fdG G W H G a -CG
.fdG G QdG IT -
.dG FHdG IQdG -

RG d FHc GSG h ,d 22 V EG j G UGbCG J RL c GPEG -4

G d OY j a ,d 500 d FGHG G d OY ch , 220 V H G QJ Y
?fdG
L GSH dG N e hR NGO e je W H 100 kW gQGe FHc IQb f -5
: 12000 V QGe
.dG N e c QG QdG IT LhCG -CG
jf Y d OG dG a

101 dG N e CG ehe fc GPEG -

?dG N e c
?dG N NGO IQGM T Y IOG IQdG QGe e -
NGO FHdG IQdG f b G GSH G aQ gCG Vh -O
.jW ae Y dG N

87

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction

WehdG G

MG ,dG Y VG fdG Y Gke ,FHc d (35 -2 ) dG Vj -7

: c f cPGh ,fdG G W H FHdG G a

6V

80
turns

80
turns

12V

fdG G

FGHEG G

FGHEG G

100
turns

50
turns

fdG G

(35 -2 ) dG

:JBG SCG Y LCG :ddG GDdG

,0.42 s N38 Wb EG -50Wb e S e d e e e WG dG j -1
?G IdG FHdG aGdG IdG b e

(36 -2 ) dG

OHCG IMGh d e e e e -2
e AL Vh ,(36 -2 ) dG Ve
, 0.55 T JT e We e
0.231 hJ d dG ehG fc GPEa
G e G jd eRdG IdG Ma
gQGe HK YH (dG EG) WG
.(HPG gEH) 3.4 m/s

dG dG

Electromagnetic
Induction WehdG G

86

:e e ek j gP EG QOJ Q dG DhdG Y S IMdG g h

? LG cM e fe e e IH HGdG FdG j GP .1
? bdG f MGh T e cCG GPEG G GUCG H f S e .2
? dG hdG SG e IM cCG dG hdG SG U j GP .3
? QgRCG e HGbG Y dG f U dj c .4

89

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

fdG IMdG

dGh fG LG

Mechanical Waves and Sound

Mechanical Waves

fG LG :ddG ````dG

The Sound dG

:HGdG ````dG

eG

RGgc ,edG JM H f hCG gGf dG gGdG e HHG cG hCG RGgG

.cG AKCG IQdG RGgG hCG YdG hH
Le T Y SdG N J CG dG fG cG bW TCG MCG g RGgGh

.ke dG Lc AGdG EG G G e fe
h .dG AWT Y gGf dG c FG LG dG fG LG TCG eh
MCGh FN e H
k SQSh ,fG Ld dG G J S IMdG g
e jdH dP Yf Sh .Y gGX e dP aGj e e JdG LG gh YGfCG
JdG fdGh QfGh Sfc LG gGdG g VJh J dG fG dG
.HhO IgXh

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

88

fG LG
fG LG GfCG

LG cM

aGJ cM
H
VG LG

ddG LG

ZJ

LG cG FN

LG dG

dG

91

ddG dG

IdG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

bdG fh fG LG

LG OOJ

abG LG

OG

QhdG edG

LG cGJ

LG QfG

NGdG

QfG ffb

dG

LG SfG

SfG ffb

``ge `WQN
ddG dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

90

FdG YVG
.LG cM 1 - 3
.LG GfCG 2 - 3
.LG cG FN 3 - 3
.bdG fh fG LG 4 - 3
.LG SfG 5 - 3
.LG QfG 6 - 3
.NGdG 7 - 3
.abG LG 8 - 3
.OG 9 -3

IjG dG G
superposition of Waves
Interference
Standing Waves

aSG
.fG LG QfG :(1)SG
.FG LG SfG :(2)SG
.FG LG NGJ :(3)SG
.LG OM :(4)SG

93

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

LG cGJ NGdG abG LG -

ddG dG

fG LG

Mechanical Waves

:ee
e edG JM Y gKCJ ch FN e Hh
k fG cG HdG dG SQO
a , LG jW Y bdG f dN e j iNCG kbW g CG EG ,bdH WJQG N
L J FQ a EG LG Jh .iNCG EG f e bdG f Y JQH Je LG
.WehdGh fG : gh LG GfCG
d Sh EG fCG Yh ,WehdG LG TdG dG SQO CG S d
.dEG Ud FdG dG je j PEG GdG N fG j IdG dG Aa ,bdG
Le g dG Le ,G S Y .bdG d kSh a fG LG eCG
. SCG hCG AGdG Y J fe
JG dGh FN e m H SGQOh fG LG UH f S dG Gg
.LG e dG Gg dG dG d VS c ,H

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

92

: GAGLEG
.AH LLdG VG CeG .1
.VG Sh dG b V .2
.gQfG cM Mh VG NGO Le MG .3
.dG b cM M .4

: `dGh dG
? SdG LG J c .1
?SdG dG b J c .2
HJ dGh HH JG dG cM J H aGJ cM g ( Ac ) SdG jL cM EG
fH j e gh ,MGREG e jv OW LQEG Ib SJ M ,GJG Ve M kHgPh k L
.g

:(1) a NG

.''H aGJ cM J Sh L cM g fG LG EG '' dH OG U

Types of mechanical waves

fG LG GfCG 2 - 3

:g FQ Yf EG fG LG J
b

:Transverse Waves VG LG @

jk OY SdG jL cM G a j dG LG gh
.LG QfG G Y
b
(CG2-3)dG

e M Y Ve Le QfG

95

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

c e M Y J dG LG J Y eCG eh
LG e dG Gg GRGgG Jh .(CG2-3)dH
.bh b T Y

Movement of Waves

LG cM 1-3

G dG j LG cM Vd dG HCG e
e g c ,SCG EGh YCG EG aW MCG e e
YH J (GVG) f dJ M ,( CG 1- 3 ) dG
.G e G dG EG IO
dG e kS Ea e H G j SG GPEGh
.(1- 3) dG NBG dG EG d G dG e j h sdj S ( HGVG )
J ( SdG ) G jL CG MS c
EGh YCG EG be f J EGh fe e
Jh ,jQhO cM J CG ,fH SCG
LG ' `H cG g Y dG LG
:fCH Jh ,'' fG
(CG1-3)dG

Y d bf Sh EG dG LG J
f hO bdG M Y IQOb Jh ,GVG
. IOd
cGh LG QfG cM H bdG OjEh
SH f S SdG j jQhdG

(1-3)dG

J ee
Z LG e MdG dG
g dG fG

:dG

.fG LG QfG :(1) SG

? e Sh fG LG J c :Y GDS
.Ae ,dG e IU b ,LLR VM : GhOCGh OGG

.WehdG LG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

94

LG J dG aG : wavelength ( h) LG dG
.LG QfG G W Y IMGdG IRGgG N edG
.de Yb hCG de b H aG : g hCG

```````MGREG

dG fG LG OY : frequency ( f ) LG OOJ
,( Hz ) JdG IMH Sjh ,edG IMh QG Kj
.IMGdG fdG dJ IMGh Le CG j Jg MGh CG M

dG

b
(4- 3)dG

dG edG fCH jC
k G j CG h ,ec IMGh IRGgG d RdG edG: period ( T ) QhdG edG
.e f ud ( h LG dW ) ec Le bJ
.GJG be Y Gk H LG dEG J MGREG cCG : amplitude (A) dG
LG J dG aG :fCH gQfG YS oJh ,QH G SdG LG Jh
,edG IMh
6d
:CG CG
v=
6t

MGh Le W gQGe ae Le c e GPEa

Ea ( CG 5-3 ) dG c , T QGe QhO eR
:bdH Y dG LG YS
v=

h
T

(CG5- 3)dG

:bdH ( f ) OOdGh ,( T ) QhdG edG H bdG Ea Y OG dG SQO ch

f=

1
T

97

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

.GJG Ve YCG LG J f YCG fCH : crest dG Jh

.GJG Ve SCG LG J f fOCG fCH : trough ```dG jh
.Gk U G Y IKDG idG a hJ dG VG dP g GJG V jh

: Longitudinal waves ddG LG @

.LG QfG kjRGe SdG jL cM G a j dG LG gh
Y eCG eh ,Jh ZJ T Y LG e dG Gg GRGgG Jh
,(2-3 )dG Veg c kWfGh kWfG fdG IdG LG ddG LG
.e Sh JdG LGh
J

ZJ

(2-3)dG
QG EGh NGdG EG v aCG fR W Y dW Le T Y f QfG

Characteristics Of Wave Movement

LG cG FN : 3- 3

Ide Ve Le cM (3-3) dG Vj
jQhO cM Y IQY cG g CG Mjo .M Y
g SGQdh.SdG N QhO H dJ fCG CG
CG FG e GOk Y QYG NCf fEa cG
g e H
k Vj (4-3) dG .dN e UJ
:dc gLf CG dG FG
(3-3)dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

96

: ( 1 )e
OOJ QGe e. 2 m LG dWh 1.5 m/s gQGe YH WdG f eOb Fe Le CG Vd
?LG g

: ````G
h= 2 m LG dWh , v = 1.5 m/s

( 1 - 3 ) dOG e

v= hf

f =

v
h

LG YS CG

1.5

-1

= 0.75 s = 0.75 Hz

: ( 2 ) e
c ( t ) QGe eR N M Y Le J
d LG dG e .(6 - 3)dG e g
?LG YS a , 4 Hz OOdG c GPEGh ?LG

: ````G
6m

(6 - 3)dG

dG CG ,de b KK H aG dG
: CG CG,L LG
2 h = 6m

de Yb H aG g h EG Mh
h=3m
v = h f = ( 3 ) ( 4 ) = 12 m/s

99

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

v=

: CG CG
(1-3)

hf

.fe Le CG Y dOG g Jh
dPh , U dGh LG dG of aGjo OOdG IOjR CG Ea ( 1 - 3 ) dOd kWh
SdG FN J CG j W MGdG SdG HK LG YS C ,HK YdG J M
FN N dPh NBG EG Sh e dfH LG YS Jh ,(IQGG LQO J e)
.SdG
fPCG EG J BG J e IQOdG JdG LG Ea Se BG Y dG Y , a
EG dBG e IQOdG JdG Ld LG GWCGh GOOdG NG EGh M ,dG f
.iNCG
( v ) gQfG YS Ea ,( 5-3 ) dG c Ohe M Y fe Le fG Yh
:gh H bH J CG jCG

v=

Tf

, G dG Ib g Tf :M

LG de

bW Qe

CG GWCG IMh c+
dhW
Se

+=
m c L

m
l

(5 - 3)dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

98

Mechanical Wave and the Transfer of Energy bdG fh fG LG

4- 3

bdG e k e GQk b JjL Jh AG S Y Le J Ae cH Gk M f eY

Ggh .cdG Y J dc bdG Ea cdG e AGLCG EG J LG CG h ,cM f
HK J AG jL EG M ,cdG NBG EG e e bdG f Y J fG LG Ea
jL RGgG jW Y J CG J bdG CG CG ,be f
.SdG
J ee
GP La ,LG JH Je e Le dG bdG QGe EG
L``e ``efJ ``Le
e J e bW GP Leh ; dY H J dY bW
G Y fG fe
GddG be e bsdG bf MGREG cCG EG J LG S Ea kHS bf ch .dG
dch ,IdG WGdG EG
.GJG Ve e SdG NGO d
E``a ``UYCG EG ``dH
G fR s To GPEG : dc dGh bdG H bdG VJ h
J bd eG LG
Q YEG c e e AG Y Y j MGREG QGe Ea f dN a Gh eCd aCG
`Y ``J WG``T ``d Ve Y GH SdG jL jd dG dj dG I dG
k
.GedG e
M cCG T gdJ Ho dG J g bW cCG La ,fGJG
,cCG S CG ,jd cCG MGREG J dG IOja , ( W=F. d )
,LG YS hCG OOdG hCG LG dH KCJ fe Le SGH oJ dG bdG Ea dHh
.( 8 - 3)dG Ve g c ,LG J H KCJ dh

dY bW GP Le
e bW GP Le

(8 - 3)dG

LG J H e Le SGH dG bdG QGe Jj

101

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

:(2) a NG

:e c b a , fK c Ge K khfh GOk U M W Rg GPEG .1

? G Y J dG Ld QhdG edG - CG
?OOdG -
: e d j GPe N Y fe L OOdG Ye Y .2
?LG dG - CG
?LG YS -
dG e g c

25 Hz QGe OOH ( x

) Qd LG G Le J .3
:LG d ddG dG LhCG . ( 7-3 )
.LG dG .
.dG.CG
.YdG .O
.QhdG edG .

y
x

(7 - 3)dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 100

QhH LG KDj c , ( dG Ib ) LG Y IH KDj G Ea LG EG dG J eY

gh ,( ddG Jf fb ) dG Id G ceh jhe J ,G Y dG OQ IH jC
k G
. LG SfG EG ODj e

.FG LG SfG : ( 2 ) SG
?LH J eY LG c j GPe :Y GDS
.( 2 OY ) Ie ,SHO ,AH bQh ,e LM ,FG LG VM : GhOCGh OGG

: GAGLEG
.d FG LG VM g .1
.FG LG VM e k U k e Gk LM V .2
LG S bGQ .HG SHdG H AG S H jFGO Le udh .3
.JMe Sh LG Y
,VG NGO e Le dH b K eh AG S CGj M fG .4
. ( 10 - 3 dG ) de Ge IY IG aH AG S H dPh
(10 - 3) dG

LM

LH J eY LG d j e bGQ .5
.JMe Sh G
LG QfG G e jhGR j H LG Vh Z .6
.( CG11 - 3 dG ) .JMe Sh
cM Y J H VG SCG AdG bQdG V .7
.LG VM NGO dG LG
.LG vN SQG .8

(CG11 - 3) dG

103

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

iMEG Y aM J H bQdG Y Ie M .9
f LG J Qe vN SQGh , b dG LG
.(AB)LG

, ( A2) LG S He e jv OW SJ fe Le SGH dG ( E ) bdG EG

2

E _ A

CG CG

GPEGh ,1 J J e S fch ,dG MGdG hj A2 h E H SdG HK CG Va GPEG ,ka

bdG Ea VCG 3 dG UCG GPEGh , 2

x1=4J

J dG bdG Ea kV dG UCG
.Ggh , 32 x 1 = 9 J J dG

,gZh dG hdG hCG fdG SGH dJ dG c fG LG Y j Gg EG

.damping ' dAG ' `H j e gh ,bW OJ h bdG Qhe e jQJ J LG S CG EG
.f IdG aG Y EG QGc J E _ A2 dOG CG Y dj Ggh

:(3) a NG

dG bdG . 2 cm S B LGh 1 cm S A LG .eN Rd jhM N Le J .1

:J CG j A LG jW Y dG bdH fQe B LG jW Y

aVCG HQCG .O

V .

f .

HQ .CG

bS f

Reflection Of Waves

e f
(9 - 3)dG

LG SfG 5- 3

,Iae Le g BG M Y K dG LG EG
e AT CH J CG hOh ,FY hO J dG J CG
j GPe : g GDdGh .cM e j hCG bj CG fCT
?LH J eY LG c
S G Y f c Ea M Y f J eY
.be EG OJ K YCG EG
LH eUG G Y IaG dG CG BG Vd
.(9-3) dG c HK
ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 102

' first law of reflection Sfd hCG fdG ' `H fdG Gg ojh
: CG jC
k G MG eh

dG Y dG f e G OdGh G LGh bdG LG

.cdG dG Y OY MGh ie J c cdG
' second law of reflection Sfd dG fdG ' f Gg h

:(4) a NG

.e Z cdG dG c GPEG SfG fb J feEG ie Vh.1

.fG LG SfGh idG IgX H Qb .2
gG ke G LG SQG ,je SCG Y bS fe kLGeCG Vj (12 - 3)dG .3
.dM c

(CG )

( )
(12 - 3)dG

105

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

f e cdG dG Y GOk Y SQG-10

.dG

.(BG) G LG

B
dG

G
d
c

bdG LG

vN SQG (9) IG jdG H -11

K (GBO) jhGdGh (ABO) jhGdG b -12
```f `` (11 - 3)dG ,Ff hO
.SG Gg GN
O

G LG

: ````dGh ``dG

(11 - 3)dG

Le GUG e IJG LG T e -1
? e LH jFGO
? Oe LM Y jv OY J e Le GUG e IJG LG T e -2
? Oe LM Y jhGH J e Le GUG e IJG LG T e -3
? (GBO) jhGdGh (ABO) jhGdG H bdG e -4
`H cdG dG Y dG f e G OdGh bdG LG G H IQG jhGdG J
. ' incident angle dG jhGR '
dG Y dG f e G OdGh G LG G H IQG jhGdG J c
. ' reflective angle SfG jhGR ' `H cdG
: CG HdG SG Ff EG LdHh

er SfG jhGR = ei dG jQGR

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 104

 e g c dG j dHh cCG cM CWJ khCG dG EG j jdG OG EG

ae A1 AG GPEa ,(16-3)dG Vj c A g LG L f ,(15-3)dG
, ( dr = v2t ) gQ`b a`e ``j A2 AG CG ( t ) f bdG , ( di = v1t ) gQb
:Ea dHh a dG cjh
ei

sine i =

di
ei

di
a

v1t
a

( 1 )

er

dr

sin e r =

dr
a

er

v2t

( 2)

CG ( 2 ) Y ( 1 ) dOG Hh

(16 - 3) dG
sin e i
sin e r

v1
v2

= HK QGe

(2-3)

SdG H dG QfG ee j HdG QGG Ggh

:Y jh ,'' Qfd hCG fdG ' `H Y M dG dG Jh n12 edH d ejh

relative refractive index

EG H ,GQk fG J fEa NBG EG Sh e J eY LG EG

kHK GQk Ge hJ QfG jhGR Lh dG jhGR L H dG

J ee
d ``j ``dGddG LG
VQCG ```NGO GQ`` fEG I Y

.dGh hCG SdG H dG QfG ee j

a YS J Sh EG LG fG dM jC
k G (2-3)bdG Jh

QU `N ```J fEG M

e r >e i CG dG g Mf CG j fCG EG .hCG SdG e cCG

J dHh ```adG

.UdG G Y OdG Y Ie J IG LG CG CG

. ``YdG

107

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

Refraction Of Waves

LG QfG 6- 3

bS T

(13 - 3)dG

j bW e H
k Ea e LH Le CG GUG Y
jdG N e Md dh ,UeG j hCG j e Hh
k
Sh e dfG Y gQe Y LG GfG QdG e
``dG e `g ``c ,a``dG ``NBG ``Sh EG
Jh ,SdG YS NG H dPh ,(13 - 3)
e T
.''QfG '' `H IgdG g
;FG LG j e g IgdG g Y eCG MCG EG
dG G EG dG G e dfG f YS J PEG
.(14-3) dH Ve g c Jh
YS EG .(13 - 3) dG j e f dP dh
.dG g h .1 SdG YS e bCG 2 SdG LG
G OdG e He c hCG LG G GfG Mf
.adG H UdG G Y

(14- 3)dG

O``dGh I``G ``LG `G H IQ`G jhGdG Jh

' refractive angle QfG jhGR ' `H UdG G Y G

U VQCG

U
e

G
O

W VQCG

jhGR e bCG dG g Jh ,( er ) edH d ejh

.( ei ) dG
jhGR H VjdG bdG SGh QfG IgX dh
Le L c CG f fYO ,QfG jhGRh dG
K (1SdG) U VQCG hj OG e U fCc
` V j ` c (2 `S dG) ` W VQCG EG `` j
.cM CWJ dHh ,(15-3)``dG

(15 - 3)dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 106

GPEG ka ,jOG LCd j c ,AGQdG EG Gs JJ fEa H

k H Le J eY eCG
IQOdG G GUCG H dG fEa BG e IQOU Se EG H J c
JdG La ,f bdG aY EGh M ,dG U Y dG a ,BG g e
J eY f AdG jh .f dG h f G CG dBG e IQOdG
LG C ;GPh Gg U H CG feEH M f bdG Kj UTCG Id
j J CG Y CGj CG hO H
k H a LG QY EG .jOG LCc d fG
`H J IgX Gg LG cGd fh ,'' Superposition of Waves LG cGJ ' `H
.'' Interference NGdG '

.FG LG NGJ : ( 3 )SG

OOdG j LG e jQb AdG Y j GPe :Y GDS
?dGh
bQh , Ke Ge GQe ,FG LG VM : GhOCGh OGG
AH

: GAGLEG
(18 - 3)dG

.d FG LG VM g .1
.VG JG jG jQG V .2
.f bdG GQG j H G QOCG .3
.(18-3dG) ,VG bQdG Y LG X bGQ .4

: `dGh dG

(19 - 3)dG

109

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

?jQG e IdG Ld cG FG e .1
?VG IdG LG AdG e dG LG T e .2
EG cs J FG LG e Y ( 19 -3) dG Vj
H
k H Y Gd ,jQe ce Y Je QG
CG , iNCG We bJh e We Js T OGOJ H
:gh ' NGdG ' e Yf g CG

:CG Y a Qfd dG fdG eCG

J c dG f e UdG dG Y G OdGh IG LG Gh bdG LG G

. UdG dG Y jk OY iG f

: ( 3 )e
S GPEa , 8.0

km/s EG 6.5 km/s e YS OGR M U

.QfG jhGR Ma ,

30o

M Y Le doJ VQCG Ig

gQb jhGH dG G Y LG g

: ``````G
o

sin 30 = 0.50
sine

sine r

sine r =

v1

(2-3) dOG Hh

v2
( 8.0 )
( 6.5 )

(0.50 ) = 0.62

:CG

e r = 38o

7- 3

Interference `````NGdG

a ,(17-3)dG e g c ,e WCG Ye OJ JQc L j eY

Ea ddh ,f bdG f GdG j CG PEG , G AGQdG EG Jj e vc
.cM G J EG hj WCG
,jOG LCG L Y j Ggh
j CG Gk HCG jOe L Ca
.f bdG f GdG

(17 - 3)dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 108

:(5) a NG

G e dM c Le AdG e dG LG SQG LG NGJ e GSH .1

.(23-3)dG G

()

( CG )
(23 - 3)dG

?jNCG Ld NGdG Le J (24-3)dG G dG LG e CG .2

(24 - 3)dG

Standing Waves abG LG

8- 3

jh HK eYH aW MCG e kWHe kN CG Vd

EGh YCG EG e H NBG dG e j
dGh , LG W , OOdc H J e FN GP Iae Le dJ cG g EG .SCG
H FN H e JJ fEa NBG dG EG LG J eY .G W Y
.abG LG j G Y LG e j h ,IQOdG LG

111

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

:Constructive Interference AdG NGdG

Y MGREG S j H G f d gMGREG cCG hCG Le cGJ e j
. (20- 3)dH c ,dG LG S

()

()

( CG )

(20 - 3)dG

: Destructive Interference

GdG NGdG

S J H ,iNCG MGREG Y gGMEG MGREG J cCG hCG Le cGJ e j

.( 21 -3)dH Ve g c ,dG LG S d MGREG bCG

()

()

( CG )

(21 - 3)dG

AH NGJ

: NGdG M (22-3) dG jh

Gg NGJ

(22 - 3)dG

:(Internet ) dhdG Jd dG dG EG YLQ N e LG NGJ Y jG ae h

http ://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 110

:(6) a NG

(26 - 3)dG

H He (L) dW N Y abe Le fJ .1
LG d LG dG ,(26-3) dH c eYO
:hj
4L ( O

3L(

2L ( (

L ( CG )

e e 3.5 m dW M abe GeCG gY J CG dG LG GWCG e KK cPG .2

.aW
.dP TG ? Gk U dG hoJ H iNCG Le J CG e L g abG LG .3

J ee

GfCG O G I g X

Diffraction

O```G

9- 3

AGQh e j e T U EG SG fCG M d

EG ,AdG Le a LG
Ad L``G ``dG dh fCG

?dP S Y dAJ g.dG jDhQ fCG e Zs dH GHCG

( 750 nm h 400 nm H hGj )

jGhdG M AfGh fG Y dG Le IQb EG Oj dP EG

G
v L G
k U `j gAfG Ea

.GHCG aMh

,dH Me J H

AG L K j Hh

dG J CG j ddh
( 1 mm e bCG ) G L I U

LGGh FG dG M fG

Ad LG dG e Sd
,Jge M G

c dH Me h ,G

cCG H SQS e Ggh )

.(27-3) dG e g

.( dG SGQdG dG

(27- 3)dG

: fCH oJh ' diffraction OG ' `H IgdG g Jh

.IU a aM hCG LM aM M UCG gQfG G Y LG GfG

113

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

AdG Y j e ( CG 25 -3 ) dG Vjh
X

LG (A)G M ,LG cGJh

,G LG (B) G h ,IaG

QGe H JJ G LG CG Mjh

8
C
5

Gg f (C)G h ,( He ) IQhO f

e ,eGdG NGdG e Y gh cGdG

(CG25 - 3)dG

hdH 6^7^8 dG e IAdGh 1^2^3 dG

.( 25-3 ) dG Vj c abe Le k qoe

Le NGJ f j e Le fCH : abG LG Jh

. ce gG cs J dGh , LG dG , OOdG f d
NGdG We CG ( 25-3)dG e Mjh
FGO kWf J G Y fJ dG GdG
IY

I dG oJh d H J dG

:fCH node

.Gk U MGREG a hJ abG LG f

J kWf J NGdG We CG Mf c

(25 - 3)dG

,UCG LG S V S ,jOOJ cM
:fCH antinode dG ojh ,dH Jh
. e cCG MGREG a J abG LG JY H f
aG :Y IQY G LG hCG IaG Ld ( h ) LG dG Ea abG GeCG h
.G W ( L ) M , h= 2

L
n

:bdG e jC
k G HM h ,de Y K H

.dG SGdG ( 3 ) bQ dG SQdG H b Y dP KEh

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 112

CG dG e Mfh ,jLM H kV kT J eY FG LG OM ( 30-3 )dG j

cCG VH AfG jh ,d gQY H gS N Y K e N J LG
.dG JG b c

( 30-3 )dG

( CG 30-3 )dG

kV kT J eY FG LG

k jY kT J eY FG LG

dhdG Jd dG dG Y dG bG IQjH b OG IgX Y eG e j

http://www.schoo1arabia.net/ayn_alfezia/ksa2s_aldo2/a7yod.htm

115

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

.LG OM : ( 4 ) SG
aH J eY LG c j GPe :Y GDS
?LM
,( 2 OY ) e LM ,FG LG VM : GhOCGh OGG
. AH bQh

: GAGLEG
(28- 3)dG

(29- 3)dG

.FG LG VM e k U k e Gk LM V .1
.VG SCG AdG bQdG V .2
e Le dH b K eh AG S CGj M fG .3
.(28-3) dH c VG NGO
LG aH J eY LG d j e bGQ .4
.JMe Sh , AdG bQdG Y G
e Le SEH dPh 2 h 1 JG Qc .5
h , e N Y j jLM H a Y
LG VM NGO LG de G SH dP
SCG EGh YCG EG Id G jdH hCG ,FG
.(29-3) dH c
LG VM NGO dG LG cM bGQ .6
.JMe Sh ,AdG bQdG Y
.jLG H dG W Z Ie c h 5 h 4 JG Qc .7

. ' Over Head Projector dG VdG RL' GSH SG Gg J : Me

: `dGh dG
? VG NGO LG aH G LG GUG H dG LG T e .1
? e N Y j jLM H a gQY H dG LG T e .2
?jLG H dG Wh FG LG VM dG LG T H bdG e .3
ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 114

.Iae Le Y cJ B h A f H aG ( 31-3 ) dG j .4

:g LG d LG dG
1.0 m -CG
2.0 m -
5.0 m -
4.0 m -O

5.0 m

( 31-3 ) dG

LG fc GPEa 2:1 hJ ( f1 : f2 ) JGOOJ H dG fch ,M Y Ke Le fJ .5

:g ( h1 : h2 ) LG dGWCG H dG Ea f YdH cJ
1:4 -O

4:1

1:2 -

2:1-CG

f N b K e GPEa , 1.20 m ae H
k H Y GJ Ve L de s b .6
:hJ LG YS Ea 12 s c e
1.80 m/s -

0.667 m/s -CG

9.60 m/s -O

0.800 m/s -

bdG c , 5.0 m LG S UCG jG GMCG Fa d fh 2.5 m S Fe Le .7

: LG jW Y dG
YJ -
HK J -O

d J -CG
Ge HQCG YJ -

:hJ de JY H aG Ea ( h ) hj abe L LG dG c GPEG .8

h
-
2
2h -O

117

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

h -CG
h -
4

`dG `SCG
: IG FGdG H e dG HLEG NG : hCG GDdG
fc GPEG ,jQhO fCH e He e IdG fG Ld bdG SdG jL cM f CG .1
:Y IQY LG
.HK YS GP Iae f -CG
.e Z Ga Y IaG dG e S -
. e Ga Y IaG dG e S -
.SdG f YH Iae f -O

:JBc J LG g FN Ea LG g OOJ YV GPEa ,e Sh Le dJ .2

.HK YdG Jh dG EG j LG dG -CG
.dG EG OGOJ YdGh HK j LG dG-
.dG EG YdGh LG dG e
x c j -
.HK J YdGh LG dG e
x c b -O

.M Y J f HG dG j .3
:g dG g A dG cM G Y j dG dG

(O)

( )

()

( CG )

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 116

:JBG SCG Y LCG : ddG GDdG

Uhh ,K cM vY SQj ,H
k H e 8m ae Y dW bh J MQ -1
2.4 Hz QG OOJh ,dG EG dG e 23 cm gQGe SCGQ ae GP Le cM fCH cG
: LhCG, 48 cm hJ d b bCGh dG iMEG H aCG aGh

.dG - CG
.LG dG -
.QhdG edG -
. LG YS -O
.IMGdG fdG Ig 70 GM j MH AGdG H dG FdG aj -2
? Hz `dG IMH dG LG OOJ e .CG
?d LG dG e , 350 m/s YH J LG CG VGaH.
LG YS J cdG e CG ,GdG Y 512 Hz h 256 Hz g JGOOJ cT gG -3
?AGdG cCG Y dG
LG CG VH .jf He M N 24
m cm S dG e S Sj He RL-4
.G Y fG abG LG S LhCG .S DhJ hO J
e g c 2 s Qb eR 12 m dW Qe SdG f J A,B,C Le K -5
:J dG SCG Y LCG K Gk L dG SQOCG ,(34-3)dG
A

B
C

4.5m

12 m

( 34-3 ) dG

119

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG

? C LG S e -CG
?A Ld QhdG edG e -
? B LG YS e -

:J aM Y fG IgdG Ea Iae GeCG jW Oe FY Vj eY -9

QfG .
OM .O

SfG .CG
NGJ .

sT H Oe LH e Le GUG f FG LG VM G LG dG -10
:dG GU

(O)

( )

()

( CG )

:JBG SCG Y LCG : dG GDdG

?LG L a J dG FG e -1
. fR Y Iae L f Vj (32-3) dG -2
?HG SdG jL cM J G CG -CG
?fG fG LG f e -

( 32-3 ) dG

H bdG SG ,ec IQhO N LG dd jhe ae J Iae Le CG VH-3

.LG dGh OOdGh LG YS
fG G Sh fG RdG QKB g-4
?c ?IdG WGdG EG

LG YS CH k Y ,(33-3) dG SdG cCG -5

.hCG SdG e cCG dG SdG

2
( 33-3 ) dG

ddG dG

Mechanical Waves

fG LG 118

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

119

dG
fe Le Y IQY
Ve

RGgEG Y Cj
LCG

ShCG Y j
YH

OOJ d Le Cc
Le Wh
e gGX d

T Y
jhc Leje Le-

e jdG d
dG
fdG IgX

`H SJ IT d
IT ieh
dB `H Sj

W/m2

a LG RL
JdG

QGOGdG

QfdG

HhO IgX

Y J
e vc cM
gGh QG
IYCG h
W e MG
aW hCG

HGdG dG
121

The Sound

dG

``ge `WQN
HGdG dG

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

120

FdG YVG
HhO IgX 5-4

dG W 1-4

FGdG IYCG fdG 6-4

dG YS 2-4

J dG fdG Y J 7-4

JTh dG LQO 3-4

dG Oe

jG LGh jhdG LG 4-4

IjG dG G
Pitch
Intensity
Threshold of Hearing
Threshold of Pain
Spherical Waves
Plane Waves
Wave Front
Sound Barrier

aSG
?dG Cj c :(1) SG
dG fG :(2) SG
JTh dG OOJ ::(3) SG
fdG :(4) SG

HGdG dG
123

The Sound

dG

Resonance
Ultrasound
Sonar
Radar

dG IM
dG IT
dG Y
CG M
jhdG LG
jG LG
LG L
JdG LG
fdG
fhSGdCG
QfdG
QGOGdG

HGdG dG

```````dG

The Sound

ee
Gg h , g dG FG e Y aJh , LG cG HdG dG J d
Gv L b SH fOhJ fC e dG SGQO EG.cG g Y c dG J S dG
dhf S dG QaCGh OG e Gk c CG Sh .ek Y LG cG Y Jee jJh AGKE
.FNh LG cd Y J g g
G ShCG YS h dG W SQJ S dG Gg h , bdG TCG e T dG EG
IYCG fdG IgXh HhO IgX EG Jh , jhdG LGh jG LG H QS c ,
fdG H S M ,jG fdG dG eG XS c,dH JG FGdG
. fhSGdCG RLh QfdG h QGOGdG e JdG LG Y J dG jG

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

122

e AGHG , AGdG V dG GdG Y dG HHdG e Y Y IQY dG EG

AGdG jL J ( SG dBG Y j hCG ) fEG j ea.PCG W M dG Qe
jW Y dH j dG AGdG V Gk J k Koe GRGgG dG Q hCG d UG
. GRGgG g SG e EG dGh ZdG

: JdG LG fG @
M dW Le eEGh Ve Le J CG eEG LG CG HdG dG SQO d
jh ,(2-4)dG Vj c LG QfG G f a SdG jL RGgG cM J
.ddG LG Y e aCG dG

ddG LG jG cM G f LG QfG G j (2-4) dG

j b Oe Sh Y fGPBG EG dG Qe e J Le Y J LG g EG
SH f YO dP e cCdh , LG g J CG fhHh jv RZ hCG kFS hCG k U
:dG

HGdG dG
125

The Sound

dG

Nature of Sound dG W

1-4

Y dH j QL RY hCG OY RY e ek j gT g
J e Qj dG dG JCj jCG e k M dAJ d ?dBG
, U QGUEH bh QG e JM HUCG V ? dBG
b BGh.JM e QJ GRGgH S fCG M
.dG SG AGLEH

?dG Cj c :(1) SG
(1-4) dG
QJhCG RGgG Y Cj OdG dBG U

?QG RGgG f dG j g : Y GDS

Ae SCc- ffQ cT :GhOCG h OGG

:GAGLEG
cdG W ej H Ae H SCc e aW b K dhdG a bWGh ffQ cT N -1
.AG S
.dhdG S Y e V K iNCG Ie ffdG cdG WCG -2

:dGh dG
?AG S Y MJ GPe -1
?AG S Y GVG Gg hM dG e -2
?dhdG S a cdG e Vh Y M GPe -3
.S dG dG QhU S a -4
ffdG cda LCG RGgG Y Cj dG CG Vj HdG SG N e JgT e EG
GRGgG GMEG g QG hCG OdG RY H j e EGh , aGWCG RGgG f bW Y JU QJ
.IG LJ dG JdG MCG RGgG f JU Cj c , dG j d QJhCG
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

124

Speed of Sound

dG YS 2-4

;IOG f h IQGG LQO Y J a .dN j dG OGG NH dG YS J

dG YS CG Lhh ,331 m/s hJ0 C IQGM LQO Y AGdG dG YS G S Y
je LQO QGe IQGG LQO JQG d 0.6 m/s IQGG LQO IOjH IOG d OGOJ
:dG dG Y IQGM LQO CG Y AGdG dG YS CG CG ,IMGh
o

v = ( 331 + 0.6 T ) m/s

20 oC

IQGM LQO Y AGdG dG YS Ea Yh

(1-4)

v = [ 331 + ( 0.6 x 20 ) ] m/s = 343 m/s

dG (,,CG 1-4) hGG eCJ .dN e j dG IOG NH J dG YS Ea dc

.(jRdG- FdG- dG) G OGG N dG YS VJ

(m /s)

IOG

YdG

GRdG

FGdG

dG OGG
(m /s)

YdG

IOG

(m /s) YdG

IOG

12000

SG

1904

jG

1286

LhQdG

3240

gdG

1493

AG

972

dG

1600

1143

jEG dG

331

AGdG

(1-4 ) hG

(1-4 ) hG

CG (1-4 ) hG

NCG YdG L) jRdG OGGh FdG OGG e cCG dG OGG dG YS CG M

( 0oC IQGM LQO Y
vsolids > v liquids > vgases
HGdG dG
127

The Sound

dG

dG fG :(2) SG
?GdG dG j g : Y GDS
AGdG Ze RL :GhOCG h OGG

:GAGLEG
.Jfe Jh AGdG Ze RL J-1
.ZG NGO SG H b -2
(3-4) dG
?SG U J g .SbdG SGH SG sZ -3
?SG U J dR e g .jdG dBG SGH SbdG NGO e AGdG H b -4

:dGh dG
?J Y SG Y MJ GPe -1
?GPh j CG hO dG SG Qj g -2
.dP a?SbdG Vh Y SG d M GPe -3
.dP a?AGdG S Y SG U Y M GPe -4
j a ,dN d Oe Sh EG j EGh GdG j dG CG d j SG e
jM JQG U f CG M jCG dG J FGda ,iNCG OGe Y j c AGdG Y
OdG QdG U S a ; dG OGG Y G dG S f dc AG S
.jG S b Y PCG Vh Y

:(1) a NG

?LQG AdG Te H WdG Y AdG OGhQ IQb Y J GP -1

? AdG Le e GdG dG Le J GP -2
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

126

IO``jR M``oj m Y OOJ GP c`H ffdG c``dG J CG `MJ HdG ``SG

````Ve `g `c `dG I``Mh OO``dG H bY ``g CG ``j G`gh Pitch dG I``M
.( -CG 5-4) dG
IG M e GUCG H PCG dN e dG UG Sound Level dG LQO Jh
:dc G LG T jh , Hertz JdG IMH SJh ,dGh

(5-4) dG
(OM U) Y OOdG

(CG5-4) dG
(Z U) e OOdG

dG Vjh. dG IT e jj dG e GSG CG SG N e gJ dch

dG IT Jh.QG e QOdG dG IT Y dP O LG S OGR c fCG (-CG6-4 )
dN e PCG dG UG intensity

(6-4) dG

( V U ) e dG

(CG6-4) dG

( b U ) dY dG

.Gh ddG GUCG

(E) bdG Y IQY fCH(I) IdG Jh
IMh Y IMGdG fdG LG dG
LG QfG G Y jOdG (A) MG
dHh
I=

E
Axt

: fdG G bdG g IQdG CG

I=

P
A

(2-4)

W/m2 He e d GdG IMH dG IT SJh

HGdG dG
129

The Sound

dG

J ee

OGG dG YS EG ff GPEG
J dG AdG YSh G
YS S S 3 x 108 m/s
dPh dG AV H Y dG d

:(2) a NG

WdG QU e JdG LG JQa JQU S WCG-1

W`` dG Y
oo ``dG `` H ``MG . 5.45 s Qhe `` `H dEG O`` ` `Yh
?oc LQO Y 331 m/s AG`dG `dG YS CH Y
o

L Y CG dG S b AGdG cCG dG YS J jCG -2

?VQCG S Y 1200 m YJQG

.H YdG NG H
jDhQ H edG QdG ae h
H j J h Y dG Sh dG
eR Qa a Y dG Qe
QG CG j mGK N Qb
YdG U S GPEa.1600 m j
AV Ige e GK Y Qhe H

JTh dG LQO 3-4

Sound Level and Loudness

OM U) a gOOJ N e GUCG fEG

EG .(e Uh m Y U)a JTh (Z Uh
f Y f dh YVe IdGh OOdG
:dG SH

j dG CG j Ga dG
2 x 1600 = 3200m ae Y

JTh dG OOJ :(3) SG

?dG ITh dG OOH f GPe : Y GDS

U e - G GOOdG GP ffdG cdG e Y-fQ Y : GhOCG h OG G
.(ahe)

:GAGLEG

ffQ cT

?MJ GPe . fdG Y a V h ffdG cdG WCG -1

. (1) IG Qch cCG OOJ GP cH cdG H -2
.JMe S.Ie c ffdG cdG J SG -3
. fhH iNCGh hdG dG e GSH Ie FeR e -4

fdG Y

:dGh dG
(4-4) dG

?ffdG cdG J Y MJ GPe -1

?IM cCG c GUCG CG -2
?fhH CG G GSH YCG c GUCG CG -3
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

128

:GUCG d dB IMH dG IT ieh

W/m2

dG IT

W/m2 IMH dG IT j dG hGh

dB dG ie

dG

1 x 10 -12

dG M

1 x 10 -11

10

QTCG M

1 x 10 -10

20

G dG

1 x 10 -9

30

dG

1 x 10 -8

40

VdG W

1 x 10 -7

50

jOdG KOG

1 x 10 -6

60

AGdG e

1 x 10 -5

70

1 x 10 -4

80

Qhe MR

1 x 10 -3

90

FG b dBG

1 x 10 -3

100

fCG he Qb

1 x 10 -1

110

1 x 10 0

120

FHc e

1m

ae e J H
CG Y

(2-4) hG

:(3) a NG

.dP a ? Yf hCG JTh dG YS H bY LJ g -1

IdG ie LhCG 1 x 10 -2 W/m2 hJ G Y JU IT fa dG Id PDG PCG -2
.Jd
HGdG dG
131

The Sound

dG

J ee
S j dG PCG J

dG IT ieh dG IT @
Bel IMH

dG IT ie Sd jZd jQJ oSG

(1922 - 1847 ) Graham Bell H gGL dG EG f

jh 20000 Hz EG 20 Hz e

IMH d 10 Y ee dG IMh Jh ,JdG

:EG M (dB) Decibel jdG

Gg jh NB T e iG Gg

10 dB = 1 bel

iG gOOJ j dG GUCG

M HQCG a Q YC d iG
dG d dG GOOdG i e j
10000Hz EG YS PCG J

e dB jdG IMH B dG IT ie M h
:ddG bdG N

dG e fGG H CG c
J dG GOOdG S j

B (dB) = 10 log

(3-4 )

Io

GOOdG j TGh 50000 Hz EG

.100000 Hz EG J dG

, YS PCd ie fOCG dG IT Io M
d ka jdG IMH Ge M OGG dG IT g I h 1 x 10 -12W/m2 hj fCH Qobh
:Ea 1 x 10 -10 hJ dG IT fc
B (dB) = 10 log

1 x 10-10
1 x 10-12

= 10 log 100 = 20dB

1 x 10 -12Oj Ggh 0dB hjh threshold of hearing dG Y j d G G EG

. 1 x 10 0 hG 120 dB hj threshold of pain CG H j e hCG d YCG G H

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

130

 LG g EG .NBG Sh EG J CG hO fe
SdG c GPEG HK YH LG g Jh
k
Sb CG dG dG bdG hJ Sb c dG dG bdG Ea X bdG CG h bW
Me Y YRe (QG e Gk H cCG ) cCG SGbCG bdG CG j dG QdG e NBG
g E c GPEa , gG L jhe fCG , M c jhe bdG g Jh , cCG
E
t
(4 / r2

bdG C , Sb c HK ( p =
Y IdG M dHh

dG IQdG Ea QG SGH G bdG Se

) Me Ea ( r) SdG b f W c GPEa X
P

I=

:N e

ss

r1

r2

I1 =

r2
I2 =

(9-4) dG

r1

:bdG e QG e r ae

4 / r2

ae Y IdG M J HK

P Ch

P
4 / r12

P
4 / r2

I1
r22
= 2
I2
r1

: dHh
(4-4)

Qe Y fH a dHh , LG Qe Y aG He e v Y SJ IdG CG f eh
Qe e eOdG GUCG S Y JQb Y j Ggh , J CG EG J JT CG Mf LG
.H
LG QU

jG LG :kfK

QfEG EG

(10-4) dG

HGdG dG
133

The Sound

dG

f CG S, H Qe e eOb JU Le f YO BG
UCG Le c L CG a Me EG J CG EG OGOj gb
CG QYG dHh , je fCch d IQhG d kjJ jRGe
Y jh eeCG dG dG e ie UCG LG L
.(10-4) dG Vj c plane wave je Le fEG M

Spherical Waves and Plane Waves jG LGh jhdG LG

4-4

g hSh , jhc Le J bh , je Le J a , LG e TCG g

.eOdG QdG LG

jhdG LG :khCG
fEa Ae cH Gk M f eY
RGgG H J dG LG gf
Y LG g Jh .SdG jL
GVG IQU Y J M T
dG Ve g c AG S a
(7-4) dG

IQdG FS j eY dc .(7-4)

c J Jh ZJ Le Y IQY j QOdG dG Ea JQS dG H Y

.jhdG LH J ddh ,hc g LG a dd ,gG

LG QU

dG jFGdG SGbCG e H jhdG LG h

h , (8-4 ) dG c QG gce j
LG (QU) H S c jh ,
k SCG SGbCG

QG

,QG e JBG LG ee fC wave front

SQO dG LG dG NBGh Sb H aG h
LQN kWN (8-4) dG Vj c .HdG dG

QfEG EG

G g J .gQfG H LG c e e
(8-4) dG

.rays TCH
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

132

HK JdG QGh e gG j eY: hCG dG

ea, io (d edG) gG YSh i dG YSh h LG dGh f OOdG fNCG GPEG
.QG e QG dG OOJ hS G dG OOJ Ea cS QGh cS gG j
S bGd dHiT LG YS Ea (12-4) dG c dG f gG j eYh
iT = i + io
i

f =

CG h

G dG Le OOJ S Gk PEG
\

f =

i + io
h

io

i
h=

(1)
gdG OOdH

jh

CG h

Y f (1) dOG h b Y jdHh

(12-4) dG

f =(1+

io
) f
i

(5-4)

gd dH LG YS Ea (13-4)dG c dG Qe Y Gk H gG j eY eCG
S

iT = i - io
\

f =

i - io
h

io

Y f (2) dOG h b Y jdHh

h
\

f =(1-

(13-4) dG

OOdG S dHh
(2)

io
) f
i

(6-4)

kHe j eY gG j dG gdG OOdG Ea eYh

: bdH j cdG QG e Gk eh
\

io
- i ) f

f =(1+

.QG e gG OHG Y dSh QG e gG GbG Y Le IQTEG J M

HGdG dG
135

The Sound

dG

: ( 1 ) e
dG J dG AG Y dG IT LhCG . 770 W gQGe IQb S JU IQTEG S QJ
. 6 Km QG Y

:`````G
I=

I=

P
2

4/ r

770
4 / ( 6000 )

I = 1.702 x 10-6 W/m2

Doppler Effect

HhO IgX 5-4

Mf dG FjdG gGdG e HhO IgX J

ea.fH kYe dG Qe M
dG RL N e kJU QJ gh WdG IQS
e J eY Gk OM j dG CG MJ fEa
dG OOJ CGj fL e IQdG CG Hh
IgdG g J . (Z) IM bCG jh bdG
(11-4) dG
hdG Fj dG dG EG f HhO Ig H
jdG g WCG dG (1853 - 1803 ) Christan Joham Doppler HhO gj jc
.dGh AdG L KhM KCGh 1842 Y
ea .gGh QG H dG cd f OOd MGREG fEG Y HhO IgX jJ h
GOOdG Mf Ge CG UCG OOdG e YCG SG OOdG j gG e e QG j
Y Ge QG c GPEG bCG GOOdG Mf Ge CG SG OOdG e bCG OOdG j H YCG
.gGh QG H dG YdG Y J HhO IgXh bGG
:ddG G j e f YO HhO IgX dh
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

134

f =

is
1+
i

f =

edG dG Jh

c H f j QGh gG e kc c GPEG dG g
bdH j gdG OOdG Ea (16-4) dG
\

f =

(16-4) dG

is

is
1+
- i

(8-4)

dM dG Qeh gG j eY : ddG dG
. cM

is io

io

i + io
i - is

(9-4)

c H Y Gj QGh gG e kc c GPEG eCG

bdH j gdG OOdG Ea (17-4)dG
\

f =

i - io f
i + is

(10-4)

SdG dG YS i ,QG YS is ,gG YS io :M

(17-4) dG

:( 2 ) e
,800 Hz OOJ Gk OM kJU ke 15 m/s gQGe YH H L H ge Y Gk e U j
.bGG j dG dG U OOJ Ma 340 m/s hJ AGdG dG YS fc GPEa
\

f =

1+
\

f =

HGdG dG
137

The Sound

dG

: ````G

is
i

1
1 + 15
340

x 800 = 766 Hz

e JdG QGh HK gG j eY : fdG dG

(14-4) dG c gG e kHe dG Qe j eY
f QG j dG aG QG j S h LG dG Ea
is

QhO eR N CG IMGh Le QGUE RdG edG N gG

LG dG j Y. T MGh
\

h = h< 6 h

(1)
\

(14-4) dG

dG dG 6 h h UCG LG dG h h dG LG dG h M
UCG LG
is
6h=

(1) dOG LG dG dG b Y jdHh

\

h= h <

is
f

j S f j QGh HdG gG b e G gdG OOdG a dHh

\

f =

v
\

vv

=
v-

is

i - is
f

dHh
\

f =

(15-4) dG

is
1i

(7-4)

dG Qe YS is h SdG dG YS i M
H QG j e Y OGOj OOdG CG dOG e M jh
c cdG gG Y Gk H QG j eY eCG ,gG
e cCG j YG Ld LG dG Ea (15-4)dG
:dOG M gdG OOdG j dHh QOdG LG dG
HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

136

cGJ dG YS e YS ihJ eY dh
, FG j e fe eeCG ZdG Le
Gg J fEa dG YS Y YdG jJ eYh
GNG h (18-4) dG c JG FG
.jT QfG U SdG j Ld
J dG LM GNG IFdG J eYh
Y KDJ h dG YS Y jJ YH e
IF dG C GMCG e M C H dG Le
.(19 -4) dG c gAGQh cJ
(19-4) dG

Resonance FGdG IYCG fdG

6-4

fdG :(4) SG
?fdG IgX c : Y GDS
Ie -eM - adG e e LLR fCG - Ae H Q - ffQ cT :GhOCG h OGG

:GAGLEG
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.e QOdG d YS Y fCG aQ Y bJ -4
.fCG jf EG AG S jGH e aG b -5
. fK Ie dG SH b K iNCG Ie dG J M fCG aQ SG -6

:dGh dG
?IgdG g f GPe -1
?e W Y EG IgdG g GP -2
?ffdG cdG OOJ fZ GPEG j CG bJ GPe -3
HGdG dG
139

The Sound

dG

:(4) a NG

?YdG Hh G f ke dG Qeh gG j eY KCJ CG j g -1

.HLEG a
ae Y j T H JU Qe e QOdG dG OOJ KCj g jQ g GPEG -2
?LG dG j gh.dG Qe eCG

Sound Barrier dG LM

YS e IFdG YS J ea HhO IgX Y dG e dG L IFdG GNG j

Yd J M IFdG YS IOjHh ,LQCdGh RGgG IFdG CGJ ( 340 m/s) AGdG dG
dG YS Y YS jJ CG eh ,LCG f EG ODJ CG OJ IN LQH RGgG OGOj dG
j AGdG Fe Z Gk QGL RLG b IFdG CG fh GVG bj h QGSG d Oj M
. JdG LG
J dG dGh ZdG e Le T Y j dG CG IgdG g Jh
jDhQ j IFdG e QOdG dG Ea dG YS e bCG YH IFdG J eYh ,dG YH
. f IFdG

dG LM J CG EG jJ K JU YS hJ CG EG IFdG YS jJ c M (18-4) dG

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

138

Oa U OY n M
h g fQ H j dW c H aG a jh
2

:g MGh W e G FGdG OdG fdG hM hT Ea S e Y AHh

. G dG Y IYh G dG jf Y abG Ld H j CG j -1
. h Le W HQ g fQ Y j FGg OY W bCG j CG j -2
4

:(3) e
2.45 m

dG J Y dW W e e fC ( dG fdG) hCG aGdG dG OOJ LhCG

. 345 m/s AGdG dG YS CG Y GPEG ffQ cT e IQOU Le NGH J

:```G
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4

h=

4Ln
n

CG h
f=

f =n

h
v
4Ln

f =(3)

345

= 106 Hz

4 x 2.45

dG Oe J dG fdG Y J

7-4

Applications in Techniques that uses Sound Principles

HUh ce d M dG ILCG e Y a dG FN e Gk c fEG OSG d

g eh dG Y aJh SGQO N e H Gk QeCG UCG dh HdG LGj c
:ILCG
HGdG dG
141

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dG

bdG LG cGJ Y IQY g dGh abG LG HdG dG SQO CGh S

g J eYh FGdG IYCG a HdG SG gT ch , G LGh
. fdG IgH j e hCG d J j AGdG Od e GWCG Yh LG
.a MGh W e MG FGdG IYCG fdG Y dG Gg fd SGQO J Sh
?fdG j d HfCG NGO j GPe
Le ke cdG a j fCG ga e ffdG cdG f eY IJe J fEa G d J eYh dGh ZdG e
dG Y IH abe Le fe Gh bdG LG cGJh
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Od W bCG S dHh d b bCG MGREG J eY fdG
Y jh(Le W HQ) de Hh IY H aG g kfQ j CG
L=

h
4

(20-4) dG

(hCG fdG) SSCG dG

Sh HdG hdG J CG H HfCG W IOjR Y iNCG Ie IgdG QJ W j eY (dG fdG ) hCG aGdG dG
fdG aGdG dG Sh L 2= 3 h4 AGdG OY
.Ggh
h

L 3= 5 h
4

Y ( ddG fdG )

LG GWCG e Y (21-4) dG Vjh

. fdG gY j dG
h

dGh AGdG OY W H bdG AYEG h

: dOH fdG Y j dG LG

(21-4) dG

Ln = n h
4

(11-4)

HGdG dG
The Sound

dG

140

G H aG H JdG a GeCG RL j -5
JdG a LG Y fG dG dG hCG G Wh
1540m/s J dGh fEG L LG J YS ee
dGh d JdG a LG IOd RdG edG keeh
. 10-6S CG fKhjG OhM J
( 23 - 4 ) T
Y dG SCG JdG a GeCG IQU

J ee

ITh aG H bdG JdG a LG RL j -6

OHCG FK jRJ d fEG L e G IQTEG
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.(23-4) dG VGh JdG a GeCG

QfS jd G FdG H

G e W QfS dh
g CG Lh M ,a dGh
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SonarQfdG @
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f fCG M , G d FGN Y kdZ QfdG j.RG
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dG g H j M RL N e SJ FHc f SQEH
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e CG QG e O dG i dG N
.(24-4) dG ,RG QN
(24-4) dG

HGdG dG
143

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dG

Ultrasound JdG a LG RL @

cCG CG

20 kHz

e cCG GOOJ GP dG jdG JdG a LG J LdJ g

JdG a LG Y dG ILCG J Y Ia Jh .fEG PCG J dG GOOdG e

a LH e dG j M kjCG TG H j e e Y Jh G Y J dG
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W Y kYJ G JdG a LG G j -4
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HGdG dG
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142

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:IG FGdG H e dG HLEG NG -: hCG GDdG
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Vh Z -
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Zh b -CG
bh OM -

AGdG dG YSh 300 Hz OOH bH e U QJ 25 m/s YH J IQS -5

: JdG IMH bGh T e IQdG GbG AKCG G gdG OOdG Ea 340 m/s
323.8 -O

HGdG dG
145

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300 -

278.6

275 -CG

Radar QGOGdG @

GSG FdG ILCG e QGOGdG j

GFdG cM d GQG j a . J M
c .dGh bEG AKCGh jG JMQ N LJh
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.IH ae EG aJ a dch c Le Wh e OOH J
G GFdG H j dG QGOGdG dP Y ke NCf QGOGdG Y c Y f dh
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f IQU jOGdG Le SQEG RL j
Y JG idG SG RL Uj H jb
Le f H J CG G e dG LCG
edG IG Sb Y SG RL jh .jOGdG
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bGe j QGOGdG j Gd - 3 x 108 m/s hJ
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HGdG dG
The Sound

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144

IH hCG f J S g fc GPEG a j G HhO IgX YJ c a-2

?Y
e e FGg OY GSH ( OOdG d ) ffQ cT OOJ d Y H TG - 3
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?OM dG CG EG j T CG -
?e dG S CG EG j T CG -
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: Hz IMH bGh T e IQdG OHG AKCG G gdG OOdG HdG GDdG -6

350 -O

OdG W Ea

1
4

325

300

279.4

-CG

h hj fQ Y j MGh W e e FGg OY W bCG c GPEG -7

: hj dG fdG Y j dG
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4
3

h -

h -

3
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:ddG fdG Qj dG AGdG
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40 -

60 -

100 -CG

:JBG SCG Y LCG dG GDdG

: j Y-1
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146

:JBG SCG Y LCG ddG GDdG

fQ M GPEa jJ e EG Ae j SCGQ fCG ga Y ffQ cT bW -1
fCG ```NGO dG Y``S fc eY 40 cm H dG Ad de He Y de
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Ea

320 Hz OOJ d kJU a kcS j T e He 20 m/s YH J IQS -2

. Hz IMH dG j dG dG OOJ LhCG

340 m/s AGdG dG YS fc

dG OOJ g M eS eCG Qhe AKCGh 37.5 m/s YH e JU Qe -3

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.QG
d bH e kJU a WJ f e He 10 m/s YH J SEG IQS -4
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-:MCa WdG f Y
300 Hz

.edG e SEG IQS GbG AKCG G gdG OOdG - CG

.edG e SEG IQS OHG AKCG G gdG OOdG -

: Y

4 s N dG j dG aG e -5
38 C IQGM LQO Y AG -CG

-10 C

4540 m/s

IQGM LQO Y LdG -

LdG h 1482 m/s AG dG YS CG kY

HGdG dG
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148

LGdG Fb
:LCG LGdG
1. Paul G.Hewitt, John Suchocki, Leslie A.Hewitt, Conceptual Physics ScienceExploration, 1st edition, Addison Wesley, San Francisco, 2003.
2. Alan Hirsch, David Martindale, Charles Stewart, Maurice Barry, Physics 12,
Thomson Nelson, Canada, 2003.
3. Paul W. Zitzewitz, Ph.D., Physics Principles and problems, Glencoe McGrawHill, New York, 1999.
4. Charles Chew, Leong See Cheng, Comprehensive Physics For IGCCE Level science,
2nd edition, Times Media Private limited, Singapore, 2000.
5. Raymond A. Serway, Jerry S. Faughn, Holt Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
New York, 1999.
6. Raymond A. Serway, Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics, 4th edition, Saunders
college publishing, Fort Worth, 1995.
7. Tom Duncan, Advanced Physics, 4th edition, John Murray publishers, London,
1987.
8. H. D.Young, Physics, 8th edition , Addison Wesley, 1992.
9. Salters Horners , Advanced Physics AS, Heinemann,2000.
10. Jim Breithaupt, Understanding Physics for Advanced Level, Stanley Thornes,
Forth edition, UK, 2000.

151

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Physics on The Job

e dG j dc.FXdGh G FjdG fGdGh OG J Y IG fdG GSG j

dh G S Y G g H Vf j a h ,IOG YhH AjdG d bdG dG aG G
:G

:fhdEG Sg a
M , JHhdGh QdG ILCGh FdG Sc ddG dG GP ILCG fUh UEH dG Gg j
Sg a jh .SSG RLh G e fhdEG GhOCG GSH ILCG g QNH j
.ddG dG GP fGh dG SGh h G fhdEG

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J hCG G dG J N e jJdG dBG OOJ H QG RY j
bQ VJ UN Je N e QJhCG g H j a ,G W
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e jG SG dG fEH QSG j dG Yh , jOW Tf
dHh , G AG W j dHh , dG W Y HUCG j N
FGdG SG dG fEH G QG RY jh ,OOdG j
g Y YH idG j j N e He HGVG KGMEH
.QJhCG

150

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,1993 hCG dG ,dG eL ,dG AjdG ,SQa Y .O ,dG .O ,S Y .O .CG .1
.d
.2006,d hH ,OcCG , edG dG YSG ,hNBGh HdG .O .2
.1998 hCG dG,d e ,IG dG YSG,G T MCG .3
.1994 ,SOdG dG ,jRdGh d dhdG QGdG ,AjdG SSCG ,TH . .4
.2005 , adG GQSEd dhdG QGdG , AjdG SSCG , TH .5
2001 ,e ,hCG dG ,adG GQSd dhdG QGdG ,AjdG SSCG ,OL ,TH .6
.2007 ,hCG dG ,IG QGO ,IOG UGNh fG SSCG ,dG Sj RZ RO .7
dG ,SGQdG gGh dG IQGOEG ,dGh HdG IQGRh ,TdG fOQCG G ,TdG d AjdG .8
.2006 ,hCG
.1987 hCG dG ,OGH eH dG c e ,LG cGh IOG UGN .9
dG ,jRdGh d dG e :jdG ,WGh AHdG SSCG ,a Zh G h ZdG .10
.2000 ,hCG

153

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11. Tom Duncan, Heather Kennett, IGCSE Physics, Hodder Murray, 2002.
12. Charles Chew, Chow Siew Foong, Ho Boon Tiong, Education, 2007.
13. Ken Dobson and Martin Roberts, Nelson Science Physics, United Kingdom:
Nelson Thorens, second edition, 2002.
14. Dobson, Grace and Lovett, Physics, London: Hyper Collins Publishers, second
edition, 2002.
15. Douglas C. Giancoli, Physics Principles with Applications, sixth edition,
Pearson education International, 2005.
16. John Avison, The World of Physics, United Kingdom: Thomas Nelson and sons,
second edition, 1989.
17. Holt Science & Technology Physical science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New
York, 2001.
18. John D Cutnell, Kenneth W & Others Physics, USA1992.

152

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Websites:
1. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki
2. http://www.hazemsakeek.com/Physics_Lectures/Electrostatic/GP2_Problems_3.htm
3. http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html
4. http://www.schoolarabia.net/ayn_alfezia/ksa2s_aldo2/al7yod.htm

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