ADL 18- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT A

Q1. What is the need to regularize biomedical wasters? Give examples from Hospitals you are familiar with.

A1. Biomedical waste, also known as medical waste or infectious waste, is generally defined as any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, research, production or testing of biologicals for humans or animals. Examples of biomedical waste include: soiled or blood-soaked bandages culture dishes and other glassware discarded surgical gloves after surgery discarded surgical instruments scalpels sharps and needles used to give shots or draw blood cultures, stocks, swabs used to inoculate cultures removed body organs tonsils, appendices, limbs, etc. (except teeth) lancets the little blades the doctor pricks your finger with to get a drop of blood

Five Vancouver area Health Boards announced recently that they would join together with a private contractor to dispose of hospital biomedical waste in a new way. The Health Boards are responsible for producing almost all the hospital biomedical waste in BC. At present this material is shipped to Alberta or Washington. In 1998 the five Health Regions considered dealing with the waste locally, with a view to reducing the risks associated with the transportation of this material and the liability involved. The result is a plan to eliminate 85% of the hospital biomedical waste locally.

Biomedical waste is only a small part of hospital waste. The traditional method of incineration has been replaced with a sterilizing technology known as autoclaving in other parts of North America. A new method called hydroclaving was developed in Canada using high pressure steam to decontaminate biomedical waste. This is similar to the technology of autoclaving, except that it uses steam and pressure to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter. Hydroclaving, although new to BC, has been used successfully in Ontario and other parts of the world for a few years.

Q2. What are disposal strategies for various categories of Solid Wastes? What are the principles of Sustainable Development? List 3 of them

A2. SISWM: Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management Supportive of Good Governance SISWM is an integral part of good local governance and one of the most visible urban services influencing local perception of governance SISWM provides a minimum level of acceptable service to all urban residents and establishments, with higher levels of service where there is either a greater need (e.g., in terms of business development or tourism) or a greater desire to pay for a higher level.

 SISWM is conducted in a transparent and accountable manner to minimize opportunity for corruption and unwarranted political interference. SISWM provides workers with uniforms, clear-cut performance tasks and outputs, and predictable routes and schedules so that the public can participate in performance monitoring. SISWM is responsive to the service levels and conditions desired by the residents and establishments receiving service. SISWM is affordable within the context of available customer funds to meet the necessary range of basic urban services and compatible with the service levels desired. SISWM establishes management information systems that enable cost-effective accounting of costs and overall cost-related performance monitoring. SISWM is open to all viable parties, including women and micro-enterprises, that could contribute to the economic provision of services. SISWM recognizes that willingness to pay is affected by perception of service quality being received and involvement of stakeholders in decision-making, and therefore places a high priority on keeping stakeholders informed and involved regarding issues and proposals. SISWM looks for ways to enable communities to be responsible and for individuals to take action in ways that build public cooperation with the service Provides Economic Service Delivery SISWM considers economies-of-scale in facility sizing and route designs, and seeks to decentralize or bundle services as needed to optimize such economies. SISWM recognizes that collection is the major cost element of the solid waste system and requires comprehensive cost analysis for continuous rationalization of routing, crew sizes and technologies, with appropriate planning and supervisory staffing and technical

resources applied to enable this outcome. SISWM includes pre-collection systems, to the extent that they enhance willingness to pay and obtain cooperation of the public with the service. SISWM ensures that sufficient resources are devoted to preventative maintenance of vehicles and facilities, and that skills, spare parts and consumables are available to assure steady andreliable provision of service. SISWM recognizes that systems and equipment should be selected according to local conditions, and not be transplanted from other situations without careful consideration of local conditions. SISWM builds local capacity to engineer and produce equipment and spare parts, to the extent economically viable, so that the skills to maintain and replace such equipment shall be readily available.

Establishes Cost Recovery Mechanisms for Long-Term Financial Sustainability SISWM is sustainable through a range of revenue sources, including direct fees, Indirect general taxes, and revenues from recycling and resource recovery. SISWM tariffs establish fair distribution of costs according to ability to pay, the service provided, and level of waste pollution generated. SISWM lets all parties know the costs of the services and what level of service can reasonably be expected for the costs incurred. SISWM minimizes hidden costs and subsidies, making all costs as transparent as possible. SISWM sets up cost recovery mechanisms and financial management systems that are leak-proof and constrain the potential for undue political intervention.

 SISWM uses segregated accounts for solid waste revenues to ensure reliable cash flow remains available to meet service needs. Conserves Natural Resources SISWM encourages indigenous manufacturing capacity for vehicles, machines, and parts required by the service. SISWM is conducted in an environmentally conscientious manner that conserves Natural resources and recovers wastes where appropriate. SISWM provides incentives for waste minimization, recycling, and resource recovery at the source, or as near to the source as possible. SISWM involves comprehensive cost analysis of alternatives as essential to sound Decision making; for example, smaller collection systems using more labor and less fuel may have costs that are comparable to larger collection systems using less labor and more fuel. SISWM seeks disposal sites that minimize area required by optimizing the depth of fill Embraces Public Participation. SISWM planning and operations consider gender, children and cultural aspects of the local population, and avoids inconveniencing or placing the work burden unduly on any specific group. SISWM planning and operations are participatory and enable continuous feedback From those involved in receiving and providing service. SISWM provides a forum for handling and tracking complaints and related responses. SISWM provides incentives, education, and public sensitization to foster cooperation with services provided and cost recovery mechanisms.

 SISWM sensitizes the public to environmental issues, occupational health and safety issues, waste minimization opportunities, and the values of recycling and resource recovery. SISWM enables the public to perform its role in monitoring service delivery, environmental impacts, and costs.

Fosters Environmentally Appropriate Technologies and Sites SISWM conducts environmentally appropriate facility siting investigations and ensures that facilities are designed to meet environmentally cost-effective discharge and impact standards. SISWM recognizes that landfill is an anaerobic technology that generates methane,

that methane is a significant greenhouse gas, and that efforts to recover or flare landfill gases containing methane need to be addressed in landfill design. SISWM recognizes that compost has benefits to the rural economy outside of the municipal service area, for replenishment of soils, minimization of erosion, development of high nutrient foods, and reduction of water irrigation needs; thus every effort to enhance the cost effective production of high quality compost and the development of compost markets needs to be made. SISWM involves environmental impact assessment and public involvement for all new transfer, treatment, and disposal facilities. SISWM addresses traffic and queuing impacts of all new facilities and routing changes. SISWM involves the phased closure of all open dumps unless they can be upgraded to controlled landfills that pose no significant environmental threat. SISWM involves the curtailment of dumpsite waste picking, with interim steps to upgrade their status, earning power and working conditions. SISWM prevents children and domestic animals from having access to waste disposal sites and other waste handling facilities. SISWM employs systems to track and document hazardous wastes to ensure that

significant quantities are not mixed with other wastes but are taken to secured facilities for hazardous wastes treatment and disposal. SISWM recognizes the need for reliable data to ensure effective planning and management. SISWM recognizes that the state of literature on the health and safety consequences of waste management is still developing and that cautious health and safety obligates cautious measures, such as providing a buffer zone between people and other living creatures and any significant waste storage and handling facilities or disposal sites. SISWM requires minimum occupational safety and health be met for all waste workers and waste pickers, whether engaged by the public or private sector.

Seeks Appropriate Levels of Source Segregation, Recycling and Resource Recovery SISWM requires separate transport, treatment and disposal of significant quantities of medical, hazardous, or construction/demolition wastes from general municipal wastes S ISWM optimizes waste minimization and segregation of recyclable materials at the source of waste generation. SISWM encourages the development of markets for recyclable materials in major centers of waste generation, including the provision of incentives for increased industrial demand of secondary materials as feedstock.

Conducts Strategic Facility Planning and Development SISWM invites structured participation of key stakeholders in the strategic planning process. SISWM requires long-term strategic planning so that the lands necessary for handling wastes are set aside for the future. SISWM requires acceptable resettlement, property compensation, and livelihood assistance standards be applied to siting of any new facilities and closure of any existing facilities. SISWM does not include incineration of general municipal wastes unless the year- round

Calorific value supports self-sustainable combustion at temperatures adequate to protect air quality. SISWM recognizes that modern and environmentally safe landfill is a part of every long term disposal strategy, and that there will always be some wastes that cannot be otherwise economically treated, recycled, or recovered. Builds Institutional Capacity SISWM has adequate local authority and autonomy provided to enable good municipal governance over the solid waste sector and self-sustainable financing and cost recovery SISWM allows local governments to enter into multi-year private sector arrangements that match periods of depreciation for investments provided. SISWM strengthens local capacity in planning, operations, rationalization of operations, maintenance and repair of equipment, labor management, performance monitoring, tendering, procurement, accounting, management information systems, and private sector involvement. SISWM places key functions at the appropriate level within municipal government, so that access to cash flow and decision-making powers are commensurate with the work required. SISWM separates planning, operations, performance monitoring, and regulatory functions to avoid conflicts of interest. SISWM has a supportive and equitable foundation of clear regulations, licensing arrangements, procurement procedures, and sanctions

Q3. What are the benefits of ISO 14000? A3. The benefits of ISO 14000 are as follows: Increased Profits Implementing ISO 14001 today can provide a basis for implementing the other standards in the ISO 14000 series. This incremental approach can reduce overall costs to implement ISO 14000 because of lessons learned in each phase.

The quantity of materials and energy required for manufacturing a product may be reduced, thereby reducing the cost of the product, material handling costs, and waste disposal costs. Operations The EMS standards can define "best practices" and create a foundation for the next level of improvement. An EMS integrated with all other business systems improves management's ability to understand what is going on in their organization, determine the effect on the company, and provide leadership. The standards build consensus throughout the world that a common terminology for environmental management systems is needed. A common terminology for all locations of a multinational organization will increase efficiency of communication and improve results.

Marketing A major study by ICF Kaiser International "shows that when public companies improve their corporate environmental practices, they are able to increase shareholder wealth by up to 5 percent...The findings suggest that when environmental risks are reduced, the company becomes

a more attractive investment to potential and current stockholders. "Three factors contribute: corporate environmental management, environmental performance, and environmental communications. Social ISO 14000 helps create a common language and way of thinking about environmental aspects which can help companies, communities, governments, and organizations communicate and work together.

Q4. What is EMS? Briefly explaining the 17 step process of getting ISO 14001 Certification.

A4. EMS or environmental management system is defined as a cycle of planning, implementing, reviewing and improving the actions of an organization taken to address its environmental obligations (which it can influence or control). One of international standards developed by the ISO is the ISO 14000 group of standards. Of which, ISO 14001, is intended for registration. It is comprehensive and uses a proactive approach by identifying environmental aspects of an organizations activity and consequently the significant environmental impact. ISO 14001 focuses on steps to identify environmental aspects and significant environmental impact as basis for continual improvement whilst ISO 9000 focuses on consistency of process with continual improvement.

The general process in obtaining the ISO14001 certification is outlined below:

Q5. What is the role and importance of communication process between the regulatory agencies and the users of environmental resources? A5. Companies must adopt various kinds of strategies to meet their goals. The Goals primarily concern profitability and the interest of shareholders. Increase in business growth increases the burden on environment and natural resources. Hence ecological considerations that support the business ought to be integrated into business strategy.

Many countries are offering subsidies for the companies or industrial sectors that shift to clean technologies, recycling programs or for energy conservation/use of non-conventional energy resources. Incentives for those who incur additional costs in their operations for the protection of ecosystem. These incentives maybe in the form of financial compensation.

Companies must work towards: Improvement of image and sales of products Manufacturers being more accountable to environmental impacts Consumers awareness that their choice of product do affect the environment as some products are less damaging to environment than others. Eco-Labelling is an important requirement. The products must meet the relevant standards of BIS. Manufactures must produce documentary evidence in regard to compliance of EPA, Water and Air Acts and other rules and regulations such as Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and Drugs and Cosmetics Acts and rules made there under. The product to display the list of critical ingredients in descending order of quantity present. The material used for packaging to be recyclable/reusable/biodegradable.

ASSIGNMENT B

Q1. What is role of Environmental Laws and agencies in Environmental control?

A1. Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of treaties, conventions, statutes, regulations, and common law that operates to regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human activity. The topic may be divided into two major subjects: (1) pollution control and remediation,(2) resource conservation and management. Laws dealing with pollution are often media-limited - i.e., pertain only to a single environmental medium, such as air, water (whether surface water, groundwater or oceans), soil, etc. - and control both emissions of pollutants into the medium, as well as liability for exceeding permitted emissions and responsibility for cleanup. Laws regarding resource

conservation and management generally focus on a single resource - e.g., natural resources such as forests, mineral deposits or animal species, or more intangible resources such as especially scenic areas or sites of high archeological value - and provide guidelines for and limitations on the conservation, disturbance and use of those resources. These areas are not mutually exclusive - for example, laws governing water pollution in lakes and rivers may also conserve the recreational value of such water bodies. Furthermore, many laws that are not exclusively "environmental" nonetheless include significant environmental components and integrate environmental policy decisions. Municipal, state and national laws regarding development, land use and infrastructure are examples.

Environmental law draws from and is influenced by principles of environmentalism, including ecology, conservation, stewardship, responsibility and sustainability. Pollution control laws generally are intended (often with varying degrees of emphasis) to protect and preserve both the natural environment and human health. Resource conservation and management laws generally balance (again, often with varying degrees of emphasis) the benefits of preservation and economic exploitation of resources. From an economic perspective environmental laws may be understood as concerned with the prevention of present and future externalities, and preservation of common resources from individual exhaustion. The limitations and expenses that such laws may impose on commerce, and the often unquantifiable (non-monetized) benefit of environmental protection, have generated and continue to generate significant controversy. In the

United States, responsibilities for the administration of environmental laws are divided between numerous federal and state agencies with varying, overlapping and sometimes conflicting missions. he .S. nvironmental rotection Agency (EPA) is the most well-known federal agency, with jurisdiction over many of the country's national air, water and waste and hazardous substance programs. Other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service pursue primarily conservation missions, while still others, such as the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, tend to focus more on beneficial use of natural resources. Federal agencies operate within the limits of federal jurisdiction. For example, EPA's jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act is limited to "waters of the United States". Furthermore in many cases federal laws allow for more stringent regulation by states, and of transfer of certain federally mandated responsibilities from federal to state control. U.S. state governments, therefore, administering state law adopted under state police powers or federal law by delegation, uniformly include environmental agencies. The extent to which state environmental laws are based on or depart from federal law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Thus, while a permit to fill non-federal wetlands might require a permit from a single state agency, larger and more complex endeavors - for example, the construction of a coal-fired power plant - might require approvals from numerous federal and state agencies. The Environment Agency plays a vital role in authorizing how much water resource can be made available for supply and in the way it is managed and developed. The Agency's focus is on the protection and improvement of the environment and as such it strives to ensure the best use of the limited resource available. This requires not only that existing water resources are used effectively and efficiently but also that future plans do not place an unnecessary burden on the environment.

Q2. Write short notes on Vermiculture, Hydroclaving, Land Filling and Incineration. A2. Vermiculture: Vermiculture can be the perfect answer for an indoor herb gardener. Vermiculture is a way of composting using earthworms to speed up the process. It is easily done

inside the home as it takes only a small amount of room and creates no odor. In fact, if you are an indoor-only herb gardener, you will benefit from having just the right amount of compost to add to your smaller sized garden area. Vermiculture is the management of worms.

It defines the thrilling potential for waste reduction, fertilizer production, as well as an assortment of possible uses for the future. Vermiculture enhances the growth of plants that provide food along with producing prosperous and financially rewarding fertilizer. The earthworm is one of nature's pinnacle "soil scientists." Earthworms are liberated, cost effective farm relief. The worms are accountable for a variety of elements including turning common soil into superior quality. Worms facilitate the amount of air and water that travels into soil. They break down organic matter and when they eat, they leave behind castings that are an exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer.

Charles Darwin's primal struggle to survive and reproduce entailed the terminal disappearance called extinction (extinction being the death of the species and so the death of deaths). Darwin was haunted by irredeemable loss and studied the benefits of worms over one hundred years ago.

Today, his foresight on the topic of Vermiculture (worms) has influenced the profit margin for many farmers across the country.

Hydroclaving: A new method called hydroclaving was developed in Canada using high pressure steam to decontaminate biomedical waste. This is similar to the technology of autoclaving, except that it uses steam and pressure to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter.

Land Filling: Land filling is one of the methods used to reduce and manage the waste as well as being the most common method by which waste is disposed off. After dumping the waste in landfill sites, several chemical hazard materials such as volatile organic compounds, (VOCs), methane, heavy metals, dioxin, furan, hydrogen sulphide and natural occurrence radioactive material (NORM) are vented to environment as result of several biological and chemical processes occurring in the landfill site.

Incineration: Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the combustion of organic materials and/or substances. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gases, particulates,

and heat, which can in turn be used to generate electricity. The flue gases are cleaned for pollutants before they are dispersed in the atmosphere. Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies such as gasification and anaerobic digestion. Incineration may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity. Incinerators reduce the volume of the original waste by 95-96 %, depending uponcomposition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace and filling, it reduces the necessary volume for disposal significantly. Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders in using the energy generated from

incineration for more than a century, in localized combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced4.8 % of the electricity consumption and 13.7 % of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other European Countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Germany and France.

CASE STUDY 1. What are the activities that are critical to the companys environmental management certification? A1. Companies must adopt various kinds of strategies to meet their goals. The Goals primarily concern profitability and the interest of shareholders. Increase in business growth increases the burden on environment and natural resources. Hence ecological considerations that support the business ought to be integrated into business strategy. Many countries are offering subsidies for the companies or industrial sectors that shift to clean technologies, recycling programs or for energy conservation/use of nonconventional energy resources. Incentives for those who incur additional costs in their operations for the protection of ecosystem. These incentives maybe in the form of financial compensation. Companies must work towards: Improvement of image and sales of products Manufacturers being more accountable to environmental impacts Consumers awareness that their choice of product do affect the environment as some products are less damaging to environment than others.

Q2. List the activities that have potential environmental impact in a paint industry. A2. In the paint industry the raw materials used deplete natural resources. The process of paint manufacturing leads to release of toxic gases into the environment. And finally the by-products and waste generated during manufacturing needs to be disposed off without effecting the immediate surrounding environment. Therefore it is important that the paint industry keeps these factors in mind and invests

in systems and procedures to avoid effecting the environment.

Q3. List the legal requirements and discuss. A3. Eco-Labelling is an important requirement. The products must meet the relevant standards of BIS. Manufactures must produce documentary evidence in regard to compliance of EPA, Water and Air Acts and other rules and regulations such as Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and Drugs and Cosmetics Acts and rules made there under. The product to display the list of critical ingredients in descending order of quantity present. The material used for packaging to be recyclable/reusable/biodegradable.

Q4. Is there a trade related issue involved? A4. Yes , Trade related issues pertain to:

Source of raw material Production Process Energy use/conservation in the production Wastes arising from the process of production Utilization of wastes Disposal of wastes Suitability of recycling or packaging Biodegradability

Q5. Explain how your company can prepare itself towards certification. A5. The products must meet the relevant standards of BIS. Manufactures must produce documentary evidence in regard to compliance of EPA, Water and Air Acts and other rules and regulations such as Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and Drugs and Cosmetics Acts and rules made there under. The product to display the list of critical ingredients in descending order of

quantity present. The material used for packaging to be recyclable/reusable/biodegradable

ASSIGNMENT C
1. United Nation Conference on Human Environment on 16th June 1972 was adopted in: a) Stockholm Conference b) Paris Conference c) Rome Conference d) Spain Conference 2. Organizations are shifting to NON-CFC based chillers as per: a) Montreal protocol b) Delhi protocol c) MEF d) MOST 3. Auto claving is: a) Water sterilization b) Stem sterilization c) Soil control method d) Water pollution method 4. Hydroclaving is: a) Expansion of autoclaving b) Expansion of vermiculture c) Expansion of onsite water treatment d) None of these 5. ISO 14020 discusses: a) EA b) EL c) EMS d) EIA 6. Companies get certified against: a) ISO 14001 b) ISO 14004 c) ISO 14020 d) All of these

7. Management review is discussed in clause: a) 4.1 b) 4.6 c) 4.2 d) 4.4 8. Emergency preparedness and response pertains to clause: a) 4.3.7 b) 4.4.2 c) 4.2 d) 4.0 9. Legal aspects of ISO talked in clause: a) 4.2 b) 4.4 c) 4.3.2 d) 4.3 10. Communication is referred in: a) 4.3 b) 4.3.3 c) 4.2 d) 4.1 11. ISO 14010 discusses: a) EMS b) Auditing c) Labelling d) Auditors qualification 12. ISO 14060 refers to: a) Terms and conditions b) Glossary c) Auditing d) EMS 13. ISO 14020 refers to: a) EIA b) EL c) EMS d) Ethics 14. ISO 14031 refers to: a) EIA b) EL

c) EMS d) Ethics 15. ISO 14004 refers to: a) ISO 9000 b) ISO 14001 c) ISO 14002 d) ISO 14030 16. SC3 refers to: a) Labelling b) EIA c) EMS d) EPE 17. CFC is: a) Ozone depleting substance b) Ozone hole c) Ozone effect d) Green house gas 18. Carbon dioxide is: a) Green house gas b) Gobar gas c) Laughing gas d) Emission gas 19. HCFC is substitute to: a) Co2 b) CFC c) CFCKCL d) No2 20. SC5 refers to: a) EMS/LCA b) EA c) EPE d) EL 21. What is the role of Kyoto Protocol: a) CFC Control b) OZONE Layer Control c) Treaty with Africa on Environment Control d) LCA 22. Nutrient Cycling is an example of:

a) Tangible resource b) Non tangible resource c) Aesthetic resource d) Renewable resource 23. EPA came in: a) 1986 b) 1987 c) 1998 d) None of the above 24. Sustainable Development means: a) Equity b) Reliance on resources c) Avoid depletion of resources d) All of these e) None of these 25. Following creates Ozone hole: a) CFC 11 b) CFC 12 c) CFC 113 d) All of these e) None of these 26. Ozone layer Depletion is due to: a) CFCCFC 113 b) CFC 12 c) HCFCL d) a, b & c only 27. SC3 Focuses environmental labeling: a) Env labeling b) Env audits c) Qms d) ISO 14020 28. Document control clause of ISO is referred in: a) 4.4.4 b) 4.5 c) 4.3 d) None of these 29. Training, Awareness and Competence Clause of ISO is referred in: a) 4.6

b) 4.5 c) 4.4 d) None of the above 30. Quality Records are discussed in clause: a) 4.5.3 b) 4.5 c) 4.9 d) None of the above 31. Clause 4.5 of ISO refers to: a) Auditing b) Planning c) Estimating d) Controlling 32. 4.3.3 of ISO refers to: a) Objective and Targets b) Plans and Policies c) Trade and Commerce d) None of these 33. Environmental policy is discussed in clause: a) 4.2 b) 4.3 c) 4.0 d) 4.1 34. ISO 14025 refers to: a) Environmental labeling b) Environmental engineering c) Auditing d) QMS 35. ISO 14050 refers to: a) Glossary b) Terms and conditions c) Labeling d) Pollution 36. SC4 Focuses on: a) EMS b) LCA c) MMS d) EA

37. LCA has: a) Four standards b) Two standards c) Three standards d) No standards 38. Clause4.5 of ISO discusses: a) Training b) Audits c) Process d) ENS 39. Vermiculture means culture of worms: a) Using worms for soil enrichment b) Using venoms for sericulture c) Using worms for creating environment culture d) All of these
.

40. 3Rs of waste management are: a) Reduce b) Recycle c) Rework d) All of the these e) None of these