4.

4.1.
.
4.2. ().
4.3. .
4.4. MATLAB
4.1.

,
.

h(n)

x(n).
y(n).

,

x(n).

u0 ( n )

h( n )

u0 ( n m )

h( n m )

x( m )u0 ( n m )

x( m ) h( n m )
m

( m) 0( nm)

( m) ( nm)

y( n )
x
y( n ) ( n ) x( m) h( nm) y( n ) x( n ) * h( n )
m

:
= n-p

y( n)

y( n )

( n p ) ( p )

( p ) ( n p )

( m) ( nm)

p = n-m, m

h( n) x( n)

h( n ) x( n )

4.2. h(n) =[2

21] x(n) = [1 2 3 3]

n=0

y( n )

( m) ( nm)

y( 0)

( m ) ( 0 m )

17.
1. .
2. .
.
3. -
.
1.


-.



, -.

, -

, ,
.

,
.

.
,

.6, -
,
, ,
.

- , ( -

).

.



,

,
.
,

,

,

,

(, ,
.).
2.


:
(), (),
() ()
() ().

(

)
,
.

24.
1. .
2.
.
3.
.
1.
-


,

().



.



M

y( n ) h( m ) x( n m )
m 0

, L =
+ 1 .
,
, L
,
.
,
-1
z

.
,
,


.
2.

L , 0

L. ,

1, 0,
0 1, .

,

.

 ,
0 p

p .p
(a )

0 K ( ) a 1

p a
.

h(m) x(0-m)
y(0)
= 2x1 = 2 .
y(1).
n = 1

y(1)

( m ) (1 m )

h(m) x(1-m)
y(1) = 2 2 + 2 x 1=6
- n = 2, 3, 4, 5 .
x(2-m)
x(5-m). n>5

.

.

, a , p , p a ,
p
.

p = p .
p pass
a attenuation -

,
- p
,
,

1 p K( ) . 1 p
( 0 a )

0 K .
( )

(),
.

h( 0 ) , h(1) ....... h( M )

.


, -
.

.


(pointh=0 pointx=0)


:
1. pointx
1 L


x(n);
2.
y(n);
3.


y( n ) y(.n ) h( m ) x( n m ) , m 0, 1,..., M

h(m) x(n-m) pointh
pointx, 1
L .

pointh h(0) ,
pointx x(n);
4. y(n) ;
1.
-
y(26).

y(25).
.................
pointx = 6 1
5
x(10)
x(26).
y(26) .3

15

y( 26) h( m ) x( 26 m ) h( 0 ) x( 26) h(1) x( 25) h( 2 ) x( 24) ... h(14) x(12) h(15) x(11)
m 0

4.2.

.


p1 p 2,

0 p1 p 2
.

0
a1

y(n)

.
:
Ly = Lh + Lx 1
Ly = 3 + 4 1 = 6

a2

a1 a 2 .
p1

p2

...........................
3. ...

,



.


,

.7

.

( . ).
4.3.
(
)

y( n ) h( n ) * x( n ) x( n ) * h( n )
-

[ x( n ) * h1( n ) ] * h2( n ) x( n ) * [h1( n ) * h2( n ) ] x( n ) * h( n )

h(n)

x( n ) * [h1( n ) h2 ( n ) ] x( n ) * h1( n ) x( n ) * h2 ( n )

()



a1 a 2 .

.
K ( ) a 1

- 0 p1

,

(.15),

.

,
N. N,


, N = (610)L,
l
N = 2 , l .
N

N1 N L. 1
N
H(k) (
).

,
.
.

p2

.
-

II

yi(n) = ifft(Yi(k)) ifft(Xi(k) H(k)) = ifft(fft(xi(n))
fft(h(n))).

y
y

[ x1( n ) x2 ( n ) ] * h( n ) x1( n ) * h( n ) x2 ( n ) * h( n )
4.4. MATLAB

y = conv(h, x) y = conv(x, h).

:
>> h = [ 2 2 1 ];
>> x = [ 1 2 3 3 ];
>> y = conv(h, x)
>> y =
2
6 11 14 9 3
- impz(b, a,
N) - N a
h = impz(b, a, N) - N
a
-
M

i 0

,
,

i 1

A 20 lg

= filter(b, a, x);
:
b = [b0 b1 b2 ... bM ]
= [1 1 2 ... N ]

i(n)

Ap 20 lg(1 p ), dB
A 20 lg(1 p ), dB

y( n) bi x( ni ) ai y( ni )

(n)

N = 256
,

( ,
)

,
,

0.1
0

-1

-1

-0.1
-2

100 200

-2

100 200

100 200

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

- 22 ,

,
.
2

Aa
d
B

20

10

1
-2
2

25.
-

()

0.
1

0.
3

0.
5

0.
7

0.
9

-2


1. z .
2.

.
3. .
4. .
1. z .17 e o
-

,
.

,

.

,
-
() .
,

.
()
,
9

= 64 dB = 20 + 20 + 20
+3+1

4

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.9 6.3 10

3. ..

.
, ,

.

, .

() y(n)
n
x(n) ,
x(n-i) .
,
,

x(n-i) ,
bi , i 0,..., M,

Y( z )
X(z)

H (z)

B( z )
A( z )

i 0
N

bi z i

ai z i

kz

(z q )

y( n ) b0 x( n ) b1 x( n 1) ... bM x( n M ) bi x( n i )

N M

i 1
N

i 0

(z p )

i 0

() y(n-i)
, ..
.

qi pi
i 1

-
.
z
j
M
=e
j

K ( ) H ( e j ) ke j ( N M )

(e

qi )

i 1
N

(e p )
j

i 1


. z-
j
j
e , e - qi
j
e - pi qi pi

.
Qi i Pi i
.
j
ji
j
ji
e qi = Qie
e pi = Pie

i 1
N

i 1

K ( )

K ( ) k

i 1
N

i 0

i 1

Q e

Pe

, L
= +1 ,
.

,

-
M

j i
j
K ( ) K ( ) e ( ) ke j ( N M )

y( n ) bi x( n i ) ai y( n i )

(), -

().


,

. ,
,
ai
.

-
.

.


. -

27.
-
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
1.

-

-,

. ..
.

:
1) j s-
-
z-.

;
2) s-
- z.

;
3)
-.
,


2. >
,


h(n) = kha(nt).

= t .

-

-

ha(t).
,

|()| = 0, s /2.



.


,
,

,
.
()
,
, = /t
Ki( )
.

Ap 0.1dB, Aa 50 dB, f s 8 kHz, Fp 1kHz, Fa 1.6 kHz.

M

( ) arg(k ) ( N M ) i i
i 1

K ( ) K ( ) k

i 1

= 30,
N = 5 .
- !

i 1
N

i 1

Pi Qi
.

0 ,
..
.
Qi

qi , .
,

Pi

pi
.

, -
, - .
= 0

,
, .
,
. p1

P1 .
(
- ).


P1 ,
q1

Q1,
j
-, e = q1 , Q1 = 0
.
q1
=
, ,
.
, q3
, ,
, Q3
,
.
,

,
,
.

.5

i
i

=
30: ) , ) , ) ;

N = 5: ) , ) , )
.
,
, .
-
,

( ).
-
.
.
26.

1. O
.
2.

(Butterworth).
3.
(Bessel).
4. .
5. .
1. O

,


,
,
,

.

-
()
.


.

3.

H(z)
Ha(s)

2 1 z 1
s
t 1 z 1

, - .

z- s-
j
z = e

s a j

2 1 e j

t 1 e j
j

2 1 e j e 2 2 e 2 e 2
2

j tg
j

j
t 1 e
t j 2 j 2
t 2
e 2
e e

,
s-


2

tg
t 2
t
2 arctg
2

,
0 ,

0 , ..
z

s-,
-
.
,
-



.
s () z ()

.

 q1,
.

q1

.
1 .

-
:
fp = 1000 Hz, f = 2000 Hz, Ap = 1 dB
(
) A = 60 dB.
2. ...
0

-5
-50
-100

2. ... .


H(z).
|H(z)|
z-,
,
M

Y( z )
X(z)

H (z)

B( z )
A( z )

bi z
i 0
N

(z q )

ai z i

kz

i 0

N M i 1
N

(z p )
i

i 1

z = qi , |H(z)| = 0
z-, z = pi
|H(z)|=
- z-.
z-
|H(z)| ,

.
>3.
.
-
- .

V

0= /2.
1

0.5
0

0.5

-0.5
-1
-1

-15
0

0.5

0
0

10

N = 11:
) ; )
;
) ; )
().
,

o
-.



.



.
,

-
.
-


.
4. ...
0

-50

-5

-100

-2

-10

-10
0

4.

( )

.
q1 q2

-

-
.

)
,

,

.

,

.


,
- p
-
p
- . ,
-,

p .
4.
:
.

-2
-4
0

0
1

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1

0.5

0
0

10

10

N = 7:
) ) ; )
; ) ;
) ;
) .

K a ( )

1
1 j

H a(s)

1
1 s

= RC e .

0.5
0

0.5

-0.5
-1
-1

-2

28.

1.

,
.
2.

.
3. .
28.1.


MATLAB, .
MATLAB
.

MATLAB

,
,

buttord, butter

;

cheb1ord, cheby1
I
;

cheb2ord, cheby2
II
;

ellipord, ellip

.

- .

,
.

:
Fp -
,
Fa -
,
fs - ,
Ap [dB] -
,
Aa [dB] -
.


fp = 2*Fp/fs fa = 2*Fa/fs.

:
[N, wc] = buttord(fp, fa, Ap, Aa);
[b, a] = butter(N, wc);
N , wc
, b

.

(
)

.

.

,

.


,

fp=1000 Hz.

.
-
,
.
.

N = 7: ) ; )
; ) ; )





.

.
.
.

,
-
.
5. ... >

H(z)

1
2 1 z 1
1

t 1 z 1

2
2 f s 1
t

1
1

H(z)

z 1
1 k
1 k 1
1
z
1 k

1 k

b0 b1

1
1 k

H ( z ) b0

1 k
1 k

1 z 1
z 1 B( z )
; H ( z ) b0

1
1 a1 z
z a1 A( z )

.
,

,

. q1= -1
= .
0
= . p1= - a1 > 0.

-50
-5
-100

2
0

-2

-4
0

1
2 2 cos
1 k 1 2a1 cos a12

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1

K ( ) H ( e j )

0.5
0
0

10

10

N = 5: ) ) ; )
; ) ; ) ; ) .


.

(
)
.

.

high:
[b, a] = butter(N, wc, high);

Fp

Fa,

,


,

Fp = [ 2000 2500 ], Fa=[ 1500 3000 ].

,
stop:
[b, a] = butter(N, wc, stop);

F = [ 2000 2500 ], F = [ 1500 3000 ].

I
:
[N, wc] = cheb1ord(fp, fa, Ap, Aa);,
[b, a] = cheby1(N, Ap, wc);

II
:
[N, wc] = cheb2ord(fp, fa, Ap, Aa);,
[b, a] = cheby2(N, A, wc);
A
.

,
Ap Aa:
[N, wc] = ellipord(fp, fa, Ap, Aa);,
[b, a] = ellip(N, Ap, A, wc);
28.2.

freqz .

[H, w] = freqz( b, a, Nf );
b

b = [b0
b1 b2 ... bM ] , = [1 1 2 ... N ].

H Nf ,
w, Nf
,
[0 ].

[H, f ]=freqz( b, a, Nf, fs );
fs e ,
f .

abs K = abs( H );

angle phi = angle( H );.


grpdelay [gd, w] = grpdelay( b, a, Nf );

impz
impz( b, a, Ns )
Ns .

-

,
,
.
.


-
.

,
.
29. ()
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
29.1.
()
,
, ..
.

- , .

,

,
,


, -
90.
-

,

, ,
,

.

-

-
-
.

-
-

.
29.2.

K ( )

,
,

pi z 1
1
i 1 1 pi z
pi ri e ji i- ,
M

H ( z )

pi ri e ji

.
30.

1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
30.1.



.

-

y ( n ) a 2 ( x( n ) y ( n 2) )
a1 ( x( n 1) y ( n1) ) x( n2)


.
,


. ,
- ,
M+N+1 .

30.2.

.
.
,
km ,
m = 1,,M,
.

 roots
q = roots ( b ); -
p = roots ( a ); -
b a

unstableFlag = any(abs(roots(a))>1)

abs

.
-

zplane zplane( b, a )
28.3. >


%
fs = 8000;
Fp = 1000; Fa = 1500;
Ap = 1; Aa = 50; %
%
fp = 2*Fp/fs; % 0 < fp < 1
fa = 2*Fa/fs; % 0 < fa < 1
%
[N,wc] = ellipord(fp,fa,Ap,Aa);
[b,a] = ellip(N,Ap,Aa,wc);
%
[H,f] = freqz(b,a,500,fs);
KL = 20*log10(abs(H) + eps); % .

plot(f,KL), grid
axis([0 fs/2 -80 1])
xlabel('F, Hz')
ylabel('K(f), dB')
title(['Frequency response @ elliptic
approximation, order N = '
int2str(N)])
%
figure(2)
zplane(b,a)
title(['Pole-Zero
plot
@
elliptic
approximation, N = ' int2str(N)])

Hi( z)

H i (e j )
e j ( )

-10
-20

K(f), dB

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80

500

1000

1500

2000
F, Hz

2500

3000

3500

Frequency response @ elliptic approximation, order N = 5

0
-1
-2

1 ri e j ( i )
1 ri e j ( i )

Ki ( ) H i (e j )

| 1 ri e j ( i ) |

| 1 ri e j ( i ) |

, K i ( ) 1
.


, ,
.

-

.

II p2 p1 ,

1
1

H (z)

p1 z
p z
1 1
1
1 p1 z 1 p1 z

,

, m = 1,...,M.

Y( z )
e

H( z) H M ( z)

(z)
,
m-

Ym ( z )
H m( z )
,

H 0( z )

Y0( z )
X 0( z )

X m( z )

.
,
,
km.

p1 p1 ( p1 p1 ) z 1 z 2

1 ( p1 p1 ) z 1 p1 p1 z 2
a 2 a1 z 1 z 2
1 a1 z 1 a 2 z 2

a2 p1 p1

a1 ( p1 p1 )

.


-
.

-
.
29.3.
1

.
p r e ji ,
i

-3

K(f), dB

4000

j
pi e j
j 1 pi e

1 pi e j
1 pi e j

Frequency response @ elliptic approximation, order N = 5

0

pi z 1

1 pi z 1

- - ,

m -
- m-1.
-
, .

z 1 pi,
..

-4
-5
-6

qi

-7
-8
0

200

400

600
F, Hz

800

1000

1
1
1
j i e j i

pi ri e
ri

, ,
,
.

X m 1( z ) X m ( z )
,


.

.

, ,

- ,
.

Pole-Zero plot @ elliptic approximation, N = 5

1
0.8
0.6

Imaginary Part

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

X m 1( z ) X m ( z ) k m z 1Ym 1( z )
X m ( z ) k m z 1 H m 1( z ) X m 1( z )

X m1( z ) (1 km z 1H m1( z ) ) X m( z )

X m1( z )

-1
-1

-0.5

0
Real Part

0.5

X m( z )
1 km z 1H m1( z )

,
.


.
29.4.


.

Ym( z ) km X m1( z ) z 1Ym1( z )

k m X m 1( z ) z 1 H m 1( z ) X m 1( z )
X m 1( z ) (k m z 1 H m 1( z ) )
X m 1( z )
7

Ym ( z )

X ( )

K ( )

( )

( )

( e j )

Ey
1
2

1
2

( )

( )

d E x

,

.

M ( ) 0

H m( z )

( )

Y( ) X
( )

1 km z 1 H m1( z )

X m( z )

Y( )

.
Y K
X
,

km z 1 H m1( z )

km z 1H m1( z )
1 km z 1H m1( z )

- (m = 1),
H0(z) = 1

H1( z )

k1 z 1
1 k1 z 1

: II .
m = 2

H 2( z )

k 2 z 1 H 1( z )

1 k 2 z 1 H 1( z )

k1 z 1
k2 z
1 k1 z 1

1
1 k1 z
1 k2 z
1 k1 z 1
1

k 2 k1 (1 k 2 ) z 1 z 2
1 k1 (1 k 2 ) z 1 k 2 z 2


,

a1 k1 (1 k 2 )

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

: ) I ; )
II ; ) III .

a2 k 2

30.2.



9 :
) k 0
m
.
,
-1
z .
m-
,
;

k m 1 .
km z 1H m1( z )
H m( z )
1 km z 1H m1( z )

, H m ( z ) 1 X m ( z ) Ym ( z )
m ,
H
1
m( z)

m- .

-, km = 1
km = -1.

30.4.

.

1 km2

1 km2

km.
km = 0 ,

.
, ,

. k m 1
,
.