Martino Excerpts from

THE NATURE OF GUITAR

Automation

View
The circle visually alters perspectives. It reveals a balance thats invisible when seen in any other way.

a. HORIZONTAL: A Twelve Tone Scale, from E to Eb

b. CIRCULAR:

Chromatic

The Twelve Tone Scale on a Circular Staff

THE AUGMENTED PARENTAL FORM

THE DIMINISHED PARENTAL FORM

Eg. 1

TWO IMPORTANT SHAPES AUGMENTED DIMINISHED

I
6 5

II
6 5

The two chord forms displayed above are unlike any others found on the guitar. Whats unique about them, (compared to other chord forms) is how the ngerings for either of them, (always 3, or 4) never change as their inversions unfold horizontally. Although vertically, the string groups they take place upon cause them to have various shapes, but once located on any specic group they invert horizontally from one end of the ngerboard to the other automatically. DIMINISHED:
12 9 6 3

In this special way what this causes is the automation of chord inversions, (as well as their alterations). They can be dened as parental forms, if only due to the fact that they automatically give birth, (in the case of the triangle into pure major, or minor triads, and the diamond into V7th, or Mi7b5 clusters). That process is also a result of natural variation, with ascent, or descent, (at singular points) within those forms.

4 3 2 1

:fret
6 5

4 3 2 1

4 3 2 1

THE AUGMENTED TRANSFORMATIONS!

into Major Triads
Aug. Source
F, A, or Db Aug
3 2 1 3

3 Major Key Centers

A Ma
2 1 3

Db Ma
2 1 3

F Ma
2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

Automatic transformations take place on the guitar by either lowering, (or raising) any single tone in the augmented, or diminished forms. In the augmented form, (thru the process of lowering) its new position becomes the Perfect 5th of a major triad, (one of three). In fact, the notes within the augmented chord itself embody the key centers of those major triads.

2nd String
13 12 11 10 9 8

6 5 4 3 2 1

H O R I Z O N T A L
= the positions of the Root
4th String
7 6 5 4

3rd String
3 2 1

A Ma

Inv 3

Inv 2

Inv 1

13

12

11

10

Db Ma

13

12

11

10

V! ! E! ! R! ! T! ! I! ! C! ! A! ! L

6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1

F Ma

The application of the same procedure, (now thru raising any single note) causes its new position to become the Root of a relative minor triad, (in junction with the prior major forms, one of three). The tones within an augmented chord, (! step higher) embody the key centers of these relative minor triads.

THE AUGMENTED TRANSFORMATIONS!

into Minor Triads
Aug. Source
F, A, or Db Aug
3 2 1 4

3 Minor Key Centers

Gb Mi
3 2 3

Bb Mi
2 1 3

D mi
2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

H O R I Z O N T A L
= the positions of the Root
3rd String
13 12 11 10 9

Inv 3

6 5 4 3 2 1

2nd String
8 7 6 5

4th String
4 3 2 1

Gb Mi

Inv 2

Inv 1

13

12

11

10

Bb Mi

13

12

11

10

V! ! E! ! R! ! T! ! I! ! C! ! A! ! L

6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1

D Mi

The following transformations reveal 4 V7th forms developed from the basic diminished form. They spread horizontally, as well as vertically in the same way the augmented form did.

THE DIMINISHED TRANSFORMATIONS!

into V7 Forms
Dim. Source
E, Bb, Db, or G Dim
3 2 1 3

4 V7th Key Centers

Eb7
2 1 3

A7
2 1 3

C7
2 1 3

Gb7
2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

H O R I Z O N T A L
= the positions of the Root
1st String
13 12 11 10 9

3rd String
8 7 6 5

2nd String
4 3 2

4th String
1

6 5 4 3 2 1

Eb7

Inv 4

Inv 3

Inv 2

Inv 1

13

12

11

10

A7

13

12

11

10

C7

V! ! E! ! R! ! T! ! I! ! C! ! A! ! L

6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1

13

12

11

10

6 5 4 3 2 1

Gb7

The nal series of diminished transformations has the parental form transformed into Mi7b5 clusters, by raising any of its single tones ! step, (one by one).

THE DIMINISHED TRANSFORMATIONS!

into Mi7b5 Forms
Dim. Source
E, Bb, Db, or G Dim
4 3 2 4

4 V7th Key Centers

Gmi7b5
3 2 4

Dbmi7b5
3 2 4

Emi7b5
3 2 4

Dbmi7b5
3 2

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

3rd String
13 12 11 10

Inv 4

6 5 4 3 2 1
9 8

H O R I Z O N T A L
= the positions of the Root
2nd String
7 6

4th String
5 4 3

1st String
2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

Gmi7b5

Inv 3

Inv 2

Inv 1

13

12

11

10

Dbmi7b5

13

12

11

10

Emi7b5

V! ! E! ! R! ! T! ! I! ! C! ! A! ! L

6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1

13

12

11

10

6 5 4 3 2 1

Bbmi7b5

Eg. 2

Formulas and Transformations

Geometric blueprints for both of these parental forms appear in the following diagrams:

The Augmented Formula

The movement of any single tone 1/2 step
DOWN Abma MA 3rds UP

Transformations
Major
1 / 2 step down

Cma

b
B

G
1

G A A

Fmi

Minor
1 / 2 step up

Ema

Ama

MAJOR

Dbma

b
B

b b

Ami

E
Dbmi

D
Gbmi

b
B

Ab Ma E F

G Ma

G A A

G
2

G A A

Fma

RELATIVE

Bbma

Dma

b
B

Bbmi

Dmi

D F

G
3

G A A

Gmi

b
B

C Ma E F

b
B

F mi E F

G Mi

G A A

G Ma

G A A

Gbma

Bma

Ebma

b
B

b b

Bmi

Ebmi

Abmi

G
4

b
B

E Ma E F

b b

b
B

A mi E F

RELATIVE MINOR

G Mi

G A A

G Ma

G A A

Gma

A A

Cmi

b
B

Db mi E F

G Mi

G A A

Emi

Eg. 3

The Diminished Formula

The movement of any single tone by 1/2 step

DOWN Eb7 D Gb7 Db A7 C B C7 Eb

MI 3rds E F Gb

UP G 7

Like the Augmented parental form, (producing two pure triads, descent as a Major triad, and ascent as a relative Minor triad) the movement of any single tones by ! step within the Diminished form, produces two forms as well, (descent as V7s, and ascent as a Mi7 (b5)s.
TRANSFORMATIONS DOWN
Eb7

Bb 7 1 G Ab Bb A Db 7
Db Eb

UP
Gmi7 (b5)
E

E 7

V7

Db

V7

Bb

Bb Emi7 (b5) D
Db
V7

E7

Eb D Db 2

Gb7

F Gb G

Ab 7
Db

E Gb
V7
G

G7

B 7
Bb Bb Dbmi7 (b5) E A7

Bb7 C Db7 B Bb A Ab

D 7

C#

V7

Db

V7

F 7
Bb

B Bbmi7 (b5)

Bb

C7

F7 D Db B7 C D7

Eb

F Gb

A 7
Db

V7

Db

V7

Ab7

C 7

C Bb Bb

Ab

G Ab Eb 7 In retrospect, when eventually viewed fully both the Augmented, and the Diminished structures dene themselves as distinct areas of chromatic families circumscribed around larger 12 point structures.

B Bb

Gb 7

Eg. 4

The String Groups of the Guitar

(viewed as Hexagrams)
1 String

2 String

. .

3 String

. .

4 String

. . .

. . .
( the dotted hexagrams are the 2 string placement of octaves )
5 String

. . .

( the dotted hexagrams are the 7 common groups )

( the dotted hexagrams are the 5 common groups )

6 String

Silence

If these same combinations are viewed as numbers, (instead of hexagrams) set up in vertical columns, theyll appear as follows in example 17 b.

Eg. 5

Numerical String Groups

The columns displayed are not to be seen as the guitar ngerboard, but as combinations of different sets of strings.
6 Strings Full Use 6 5 4 3 2 1 = #1

5 String Groups 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 1 5 4 2 1 5 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

4 String Groups 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 3 2 5 3 5 2 5 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 5 4 2 5 3 2 4 3 2

3 String Groups 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 4 5 3 5 2 5 1 4 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 5 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 1 5 3 2 5 3 1 5 2 1 4 3 2 4 3 1 4 2 1 3 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 String Groups 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 6 4 6 3 2 6 1 6 5 4 5 3 5 2 5 1 4 3 2 4 1 4 3 2 3 1 2 1

1 String 6 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

# 64 =

S ilen c e

Take Note:

String groups that are marked are common groups, (normally in use) while the groups that are darkened should also to be seen as valuable sets.

Eg. 6

The Common Augmented Inversions

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 3 2 1

Ab, C, & E Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

13

12

11

10

1
6 5

A D J A C E N T

3 2 1

C, E, & Ab Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

13

12

11

10

1
6 5 3 2 1

E, Ab, & C Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

13

12

11

10

1
6 5 3 2 1

Ab, C, & E Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

13

12

11

10

1
4
3 2 1 6 5

Ab, C, & E Augmented

N O N
13

Series

Series 2

Series 1

12

11

10

1
4
3 2 1 6 5

A D J A C E N T

C, E, & Ab Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

12

11

10

1
4
3 2 1 6 5

E, Ab, & C Augmented

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

Eg. 7

The Common Diminished Inversions

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 3 2 1

G, Bb, Db, and E Diminished

Series 4

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

A D J A C E N T

14

13

12

11

10

1
6 5 3 2 1

Db, E, G, and Bb Diminished

Series 4

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

12

11

10

1
6

5 4 3
2 1

E, G, Bb, and Db Diminished

Series 4

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

12

11

10

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

N O N A D J A C E N T
Series 4 Series 3 Series 2 Series 1

G, Bb, Db, and E Diminished

14

13

12

11

10

1
6 5 3 2 1

Db, E, G, and Bb Diminished

Series 4

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

Linear Inversions
Ranges of chordal and linear activity organize in greater balance when theyre viewed as self contained divisions of the ngerboard, (similar to separate oors in a larger house). These vertical areas comprise linear as well as chordal inversions encompassing all twelve keys in each of their ve separate positions. Eg. 8
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 open *1
6 5 4 3 2 1

FirstPosition

12

11

10

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

Second Position

12

11

10

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

Third Position

12

11

10

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

Fourth Position

13

12

11

10

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

Fifth Position

When each of these separate areas are mastered, the sixth, (full ngerboard) becomes activated as a free canvas for any improvisational topic.

13

12

11

10

*1
6 5 4 3 2 1

The Full Fingerboard

12

11

10

open *1
6 5 4 3 2 1

FirstPosition

Before beginning a discussion on line forms, and their inversions, its important to dene the proper use of ngerings for whats normally categorized as open strings.

Players often use a completely different arrangement of their ngers each time they use open strings in lower areas of the neck. By placing the rst nger behind the nut, just as if it were another fret, familiar ngerings used in other areas take place in comfort here as well. The following patterns utilize this approach. Take note, the asterisk * when in use should be viewed as a reminder regarding placement of the rst nger behind the nut whenever it appears on ngerings in the upcoming patterns.

The rst and fourth nger of the left hand determine not only the beginning of the pattern, but also the position in which it unfolds vertically as well as horizontally. From Fingering Inversions patterns I and II reveal a full vertical / horizontal inversion.

Eg. 9

Once again, when we give thought to a practical use of the opposites, (yin & yang) and view the outer ngers of the hand, (eg. 22) the two patterns seen above, (eg. 21) are perfectly in line with the fourth and rst ngers. Vertically, pattern I begins at the lowest point with the fourth nger followed by its next inversion, (in close range) beginning with the rst nger. Those are the rst two vertical inversions of this line form. Eg. 10

Also, take note that the positions of these ngers continue to represent the opposites, (in this case it represents the inside, (right) and the outside, (left).

Introduced in examples A, and B, the melodic line forms seen below are positioned in two opposite ways as well, vertical, and horizontal. Both sets are subjects of the chordal inversions seen above them, and they continuously take place within the general areas of particular chordal inversions:. Eg. A

Eg. B

Its important to remember how basic modications of both the augmented, and the diminished parental forms automatically produce inversions. Similar types of inversion take place within linear patterns as well. In example A, (up above) take note of the 1 octave transposition of the melody itself within its two positions, (automatically below, or above one another). Whats displayed in example B, is the unison transfer, changing to the opposite ngerings, (now locating the melody itself beginning with the rst nger).

That sets up the next series of inversions, (much like a mirror image of the two original ngerings).

Eg. C

When continued in this way, the inversions that take place are 12 in number, and can be fully viewed in example 26.

These are 6 patterns that begin with the rst nger, and instead of the next 6 starting with the fourth nger, there are 5, with the addition of one that begins with the third nger, (due to the intervalic tuning of a ma 3rd, between the second, and third strings.)

Also, in the chordal inversions of example C, (above #2. starting with the fourth nger) the reason there are two separate forms is due to the number of frets that particular ngering covers. Both of those inversions are effected areas.

The following 12 patterns are to be seen as an introduction to vertical areas of the ngerboard that directly relate to a specic key center, (G minor) and they are collectively, (as a skeletal form) horizontal sets, (two in each). These are the six vertical positions that determine not only the linear inversions, but improvisational extensions as well.

Eg. 11:

12 Inverted Fingerings
( and positions of one pattern )

The patterns displayed next are twelve positions of vertical, and horizontal linear inversions of the same motive. In general these linear forms, (seen as ngerboard graphics in eg. 8) are extensions of eg. 9.

The following series in this study uses descending transpositions, (in a whole-tone scale) of the original form, to dene its change of position across the ngerboard. What initially was demonstrated as a pattern thats compatible with Gmi7 shall now be part of a descending framework that unfolds in six keys, beginning with : Dmi7, Cmi7, Bbmi7, Abmi7, Gbmi7, Emi7, continuing into a full series of ve ascending positions. The sixth, (invisible) position forms at the twelfth fret, (beginning with the rst nger at D on the fourth string. The reason that it isnt included in the rst string group, (4321) is that its used as the departure point, (one octave lower) for entrance into the second group, (5432). The dotted markings placed on Dmi7 in the example shown below represent the sequential inversions ascending horizontally across the entire ngerboard. The boxes represent the beginning of each series. Eg. 12
E Eb D F Gb

5 Positions
Series 3 Dm7 Cm7 Bbm7 Abm7 Gbm7 Em7 Series 4 Dm7 Cm7 Bbm7 Series 5 Dm7 Cm7 Bbm7

Db

Series 1 Dm7 Cm7

C B Bb A

Ab

Series 2 Dm7 Cm7 Bbm7

Bbm7 Abm7 Gbm7 Em7 Em7

Abm7 Gbm7

Abm7 Gbm7 Em7

Abm7 Gbm7 Em7

This study is also arranged into three separate adjacent string groups, 4321, 5432 and 6543. These string groups offer insight within areas of activity, that automatically transpose themselves vertically through various key centers, and horizontally across the framework of the ngerboard. The following shall be marked in full as Eg. 13.

COMPLEXITY TO SIMPLICITY
The transfer of chordal frameworks Into unied substitutions