H THNG QUN L NNG LNG PHN QUYN CHO NHNG VI LI CA LI IN THNG MINH SP PHT TRIN TI VIT NAM

(DECENTRALIZED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MICROGRIDS OF SOON-DEVELOPED SMART GRID IN VIETNAM)
V Hng Cng, hungcuongcpc@yahoo.com Trung tm in t-My tnh, Khoa in t Vin thng, Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, TP.HCM, Vit Nam (Electronics and Computer Center, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunication, HoChiMinhCity University of Science, Vietnam)

Abstract Li in Thng minh (Smart Power Grid) cn gi tt l Li Thng Minh SG (Smart Grid) l mt h tin ha (paradigm) mi ca H thng in. Trong h tng li phn phi in ca SG, mt h hay nhm nhng h tiu th in khng ch c tiu th v tr tin in, m cn c th t sn xut v bn in vi gi tha thun. Trong thi k cng ngh in t, thng tin v truyn thng bng n, ng thi vic bo v mi trng ngy cng tr nn mu thun vi hnh thi sn xut v phn phi in tp trung c in, th SG vi tin cy cp in v tnh hiu qu nng lng cao tr nn kh thi v pht trin nhiu ni trn Th gii. Vi Li MG (Microgrid), n v ca SG, l mt nhm a phng ca nhng My pht in Phn b (Distributed Generator), nhng Kho tr Nng lng Phn b (Distributed Energy Storage), nhng ph ti c phn loi (khng thit yu, thit yu, v iu khin c), v nhng im Ghp ni Chung (Point of Commom Coupling). H thng iu khin cho mt MG l mt h thng con thng tin v truyn thng (information and communication subsystem) vi tnh phc tp v yu cu tc ph hp vi chc nng vn hnh a dng v tnh bt nh ca n, c gi l H thng Qun l Nng Lng EMS (Energy Management System). pht trin SG cho mt Vng hoc Quc gia, theo m hnh trnxung (top-down) hoc di-ln (bottom-up), cn chn v nh trc loi EMS cho nhng MG sao cho ph hp u t pht trin SG c hiu qu. Ty theo trit l iu khin, c th chn kin trc EMS Tp trung (Centralized) hoc Phn quyn (Decentralized). Mi loi EMS c nhng u im v hn ch ring ca n. Bi gii thiu ny l Dn nhp cho mt cng nghin cu nhm phn tch trn cc quan im X l Tn hiu, Cng ngh thng tin v K thut Truyn Thng, ni chung l quan im ICT, bo v chng minh cho u im ca EMS Phn quyn, d kin s p dng ph hp cho m hnh Vi Li v cu trc Li Thng minh sp pht trin ti Vit Nam. Keywords Smartgrid (SG), Microgrid, Energy Management System (EMS), Microgrid EMS, Decentralized EMS.

Hnh 1. Mt V d v Li in Truyn thng [1]

in nng c sn xut t mt s cc nh my in (nhit in, thy in, in nguyn t), t cch xa khu dn c. Ra khi nh my in, in nng c tng p bi nhng my bin p tng p ti nhng nh my bin in, ri c truyn dn i xa trn li truyn ti cao p, trnh tn hao in nng v tit kim kim loi cho ng truyn dn. n ni s dng, khu dn c, thng mi, cng nghip, in nng li c h p bi nhng my bin p h p ti nhng trm bin p, tr thnh mc h p dn dng, thun tin cho nhng thit b tiu th in. Li in truyn thng c nhng c im [1]: Bn cht C in; Truyn thng mt chiu; Pht in tp trung; t cm bin (sensor); Kim tra th cng; Phc hi th cng; H hng v mt in; iu khin hn ch; t la chn cho ngi dng.

I. INTRODUCTION Mt Li in Truyn thng , Xem Hnh 1, l mt h thng in mt chiu (unidirectional) [1].

Khi nim Li in Thng minh SG (Smart Grid) c khi thy t H tng o lng T ng AMI (Automatic Metering Infrastructure) [2], c p dng vi nhng H thng o c T ng AMR (Automatic Meter Reading). Trong h thng ny, nh qun l in nng l in lc c th thng xuyn thu thp d liu v in nng tiu th, trng thi mng li, cht lng in nng,., t nhng ngi dng in, chuyn v trung tm, lp ha n t ng, lu tr thng k, hay gii quyt tr ngi trn mng li. Tuy nhin, ngay trong mt h thng hin i nh vy, vai tr ca ngi dng cng vn cn th ng. Mt SG, nh trong Hnh 2 theo m hnh khi nim ca Vin Quc gia v Tiu chun v Cng ngh NIST (National

Institute of Standards and Technology)[9], c dng chy 2 chiu cho c nng lng in v thng tin, t Mng li n

[4]. Trong cc bo co hi ngh GridWise [5], [6], mt tm nhn rng v s dch chuyn cng ngh hng n SG c phn nh r. Chnh ph Lin bang M cng thit lp chnh sch v SG, phn nh trong 2 o lut ca Quc hi: - Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 [7] xc nh nhng nghin cu v hin trng v tnh an ton ca SG; thit lp mt Hi ng T vn Lin bang v Cc c nhim Lin Chnh ph; nh khung cho nghin cu cng ngh, pht trin v chng minh; ch o nng cp kh nng cng vn hnh (interoprability); v to lp mt ngn sch ph hp thc y u t vo SG [4]. - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 [8], bao gm ngn sch 3,4 t $ cho Chng trnh Ti tr u t (Investment Grant Program) v 615 triu $ cho Chng trnh Chng minh (Demonstration Program). Sau y l mt s nhng L trnh Tiu chun ha v Nghin cu trng im v SG trong nhng vng, quc gia, v t chc khc nhau :

Ngi dng in, v ngc li.

Hnh 2. M hnh khi nim ca NIST cho Li Thng minh [9]

Ngi dng in c th s hu, vn hnh nhng Ngun pht in Phn b DG (Distributed Generaton) v nhng Kho d tr Nng lng Phn b DES (Distributed Energy Storage), cp in cho mnh theo ch t cung, hay thng lng bn in ln mng li khi c d tha, hoc trong nhng gi cao im lc gi in tt. Nhng DG c th l ngun nng lng ti to: in mt tri, in gi, my pht in chy bng biogas, rc hoc ph phm nng nghip (b ma, tru, phn gia sc,). Nhng DES c th l b ngun pin th cp (accu) cng sut ln, hoc chnh l mt chic xe -t in ang cm vo mng li. Khi khng chy, chic -t ny c th x ngc in nng ca n t ngun pin hydro vo li mng li trong gi cao im, v s sc li vo na m trong gi thp im; va c li tin, va gp phn n nh li in. Tt c nhng hot ng ng ct, chuyn chiu in nng, nh th, d on, kim tra trng thi, thng bo nhu cu, cng b gi in,. theo thi gian thc nh vy trong mt SG phi c thc hin trn mt h tng thng tin v truyn thng chun ha, . gm c c nh dng thng tin, giao thc, ng truyn v thit b phn cng lin quan. Mt SG, t c chc nng ca n, phi c nhng c tnh sau [1]: Bn cht s ha (digital); Truyn thng 2 chiu; Pht in phn b; Cm bin rng khp; T kim tra v T hi phc; Chy 2 ch kt ni (interconnected) v c o (islanding); Nhiu la chn cho ngi dng in nng.

1) United States: NIST IOP Roadmap [9]; 2) European Union: Mandate CEN/CENELEC M/441 [10]; 3) Germany: BMWi E-Energy Program [11], BDI initiative -Internet der Energie [12]; 4) China: SGCC Framework [13]; 5) Japan: METI Smart Grid roadmap [14]; 6) Korea: Smart Grid Roadmap 2030 [15]; 7) IEEE: P2030 [16]; 8) IEC SMB: SG 3 Roadmap [17]; 9) CIGRE: D2.24 [18]; 10) Microsoft: SERA [19]. Bn D n SG, su tm bi Smart Grid Information Clearing House [20] trong Hnh 3, ch ra nhng d n SG M v nhng vng, quc gia ngoi M.

Nhng D n Li Thng minh ti M

II. THE STATE OF THE ART * S lc v tnh php l, Tiu chun, D n, nhng Chng trnh Nghin cu v Th nghim: Vo nm 2001, B Nng Lng (DOE) M khi ng mt chui Hi tho v Truyn thng v iu khin, t trng tm vo vic tch hp nhng ti nguyn nng lng phn b

Nhng D n Li Thng minh ti nhng vng v quc gia khc ngoi M

*Cu to h thng SG: H thng SG c th xem nh gm 3 h thng thng minh [3]: 1- H thng H tng Thng minh: gm 3 h thng con:
Hnh 3. Bn D n Li Thng minh [20]

c th p ng tt tt c nhng khun kh ca nhng tiu chun tng lai cho SG, mt chng trnh tiu chun ha SG lin quc gia v lin t chc l rt cn thit. Trong lc ny, tt c nhng tiu chun hin hnh v SG cn phi c pht trin v xem xt sao cho chng phi tip tc ph hp vi tt c nhng thay i trn mi kha cnh nguyn l k thut cng nh quy chun quc gia. Trc mt, chng ta c th xem xt tnh ph qut ca tiu chun IEEE P2030 [16]. IEEE P2030 tp trung vo tip cn mc h thng nhm hng dn v kh nng cng vn hnh (Interoperability) cho nhng h thng truyn thng, in nng, v nhng platform cng ngh thng tin trong SG. Kh nng cng vn hnh ca SG cung cp cho nhng thnh phn ca mt SG rng ln kh nng truyn thng hiu qu v chuyn giao d liu ngha, cho d ang dng nhng h thng thng tin khc bit do nhng h tng cu trc khc bit hay do nhng vng a l v vn ha khc nhau. * Li ch v yu cu ca mt SG: o lut Quc Hi M Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 [7] ch th cho Vin Quc gia v Tiu chun v Cng ngh NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) phi hp nghin cu v pht trin mt khung c bn hon thin kh nng cng vn hnh (interoperability) cho nhng h thng v thit b SG. Mc d mt nh ngha chnh xc v tng hp ca mt SG cha c xut, theo bo co ca NIST [9], mt SG cn c nhng li ch v yu cu sau y: 1- Ci thin tin cy v cht lng in nng; 2- Ti u ha vic s dng phng tin v trnh xy dng nhng nh my in d phng ( p ng ph ti nh); 3- Tng cng dung lng v hiu sut ca nhng mng li in hin hu; 4- Ci thin kh nng phc hi tr ngi; 5- Cho php bo dng bo trc v p ng t hi phc i vi nhng nhiu lon h thng; 6- To thun tin vic m rng p dng nhng ngun nng lng ti to; 7- Chp nhn nhng ngun in phn b; 8- T ng bo dng v vn hnh; 9- Gim hiu ng pht x kh nh knh bng cch thc y pht trin xe -t in v nhng ngun nng lng mi; 10- Gim tiu th du bng cch gim nhu cu pht in b xung vo nhng gi cao im; 11- Cung cp nhng c hi ci thin an ton li;

a) H thng con Nng lng Thng Minh (Smart Energy Subsystem): nhim v pht in, phn phi v tiu th in; gm c 3 phn: Ngun pht in, Li Truyn ti, v Li Phn phi. b) H thng con Thng tin Thng minh (Smart Information Subsystem): c nhim v o lng, kim tra v qun l thng tin ca SG; c) H thng con Truyn thng Thng minh (Smart Communication Subsystem): c nhim v kt ni truyn thng, v dn truyn thng tin gia nhng h thng, thit b v ng dng ca SG. 2- H thng Qun l Thng minh (Smart Management System). 3- H thng Bo v Thng minh (Smart Protection System).

* nh ngha Vi Li MG (Microgrid); Chc nng H thng Qun l Nng lng EMS; Kin trc EMS ca Vi Li v Trit l iu khin: Vi Li MG (Microgrid), l mt mng con phn phi h th nm trong Li phn phi ca H thng con nng lng Thng minh. N chnh l n v, hay nt (node) ca SG. Mi MG gm c nhng thnh phn ca n: - My pht in phn b DG: c th l mt tuc-bin kh cng sut nh, hoc l mt Nh my Kt hp Nhit v in CHP (Combined Heat and Power Plant). CHP c th c xem nh l com tim li ch kinh t ca MG [22], n c th c hiu sut n 85%, so vi hiu sut 35% ca nhng my pht in tp trung cng sut ln trong Li truyn thng. Ngoi ra DG trong MG cn c th l nhng ngun nng lng ti to nh l tuc-bin gi, pa-nen in mt tri,v.v - Kho tr Nng lng Phn b DES: thng l nhng UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) cng sut cao, gm c mt b pin th cp (accu) c dung lng cao c trang b vi b chnh lu i in AC sang in DC np accu, v b nghch lu chuyn in DC tr trong accu tr li thnh in AC. i khi ngi ta cn dng t in c in dung cao lm DES. - Nhng ti in iu chnh c (Controllable Loads): c th l nhng h thng Si Thng gi v iu ha Khng kh HVAC (Heating Ventilating and Air-conditioning); nhng xe -t in (PEV) v nhng xe -t in lai (PHEV). Trong MG, nhng xe -t in gp phn lm n nh li v tng hiu qu kinh t cho ngi dng vi 2 ch G2V (Grid to Vehicle) v V2G (Vehicle to Grid) [22]; - Nhng ti thit yu (lun lun c cp in mt cch tin cy), v nhng ti khng thit yu (c th xa thi trong gi cao im); - im Ghp ni Chung PCC (Point of Common Coupling): l im ng ct theo iu khin, gip cho Vi Li MG c th kt ni vi Mng Ln (Macrogrid) trong Ch Lin kt (Interconnected Mode), hoc tch ri ra vn hnh cch ly trong Ch c o (Islanding Mode).

 mt MG hot ng trong mt DG, bn thn MG cn phi c Phn mm ca n, chnh l H thng Qun l Nng lng EMS (Emergy Manegement System) [23]. C 2 kin trc EMS lin quan n 2 trit l iu khin p dng cho Vi Li: * EMS tp trung (Centralized EMS): Theo quan im qun l v iu khin nng lng, mt MG hot ng trong 3 mc trt t: - B iu khin Mng Phn phi DNO (Distribution Network Operator) v B iu khin Th trng MO (Market Operator): MO c chc nng trao i thng tin gia MG v Th trng in nng; DNO l mt h thng qun l cp cao, n tp hp nhng thng tin thi gian thc v nhng lnh iu hnh gia s nhiu nhng MG v nhng li in. - B iu khin Trung tm Vi Li MGCC (Microgrid Central Controller) phc v nh mt cng vo gia DNO/MO v nhng B iu khin a phng LC (Local Controller) bn trong mt MG. Mt cch l tng, mt EMS Vi Li l mt trung tm thng tin v iu khin c sn trong mt MGCC. - Nhng B iu khin a phng, kt hp vi nhng n v thnh phn DG/DES/Ti ca MG. Khuyt im chnh ca kin trc EMS Tp trung l thng tin b nghn c chai do yu cu tc cao i vi mt SG rng ln. tuy nhin EMS tp trung c quy trnh chun ha v lp t d dng. * EMS Phn quyn (Decentralized EMS): Trong kin trc EMS Phn quyn, mi thnh phn ca MG c iu khin bi mt hay nhiu Trung tm a phng LC (Local Center), v khng b khng ch bi mt b iu khin trung tm. Mi LC kim sot v truyn thng vi cc LC khc thng qua mng truyn thng. Mi LC c thng minh to ra nhng quyt nh vn hnh cho n, m khng cn nhn bt k tn hiu iu khin no t trung tm. Mi LC trao i thng tin vi nhng LC ln cn t c tha thun chung. u im chnh ca EMS Phn quyn l tnh phn b ca n. Gnh nng tnh ton tp trung y khng c, nn khng c hin tng tht nt c chai. Tuy nhin gi u t ban u cho EMS phn quyn th cao hn. III. GAP Vit Nam l mt nc ang pht trin, tc tng yu cu nng lng in hng nm rt cao v cng cao hn. Ngoi nhng nh my nhit in, Vit Nam ang tn dng thy in nhiu cng trnh cp ln nh khc nhau. Nhiu cng trnh in mt tri pht trin trong nhng nm gn y, v nng lng gi ang c nghin cu p dng. Hai nh my in ht nhn ti Ninh Thun s thnh hnh trong vi nm na. Tuy nhin mng li phn phi in ca Vit Nam vn cn hon ton l li in truyn thng. Tht s cha c mt cng trnh th nghim no v Li Thng minh. Nu c D n v kinh ph nghin cu pht trin Li thng minh cho Vit Nam, th chng ta s chn m hnh pht trin no: trn-xung (top-down) hay di ln (bottomup). kin ca in Lc v nhng Nh u t D n s nh th no? Nu c mt D n Vi Li th im, th chng ta nn chn kin trc EMS tp trung hay phn quyn? Tt c cn l cu hi, v cn phi nghin cu rt k lng mi kha cnh kinh t v k thut.

IV. OUTLINE THE SOLUTION Tc gi ti ny xut chn m hnh pht trin di ln (bottom-up) cho Li Thng minh , v chn kin trc EMS Phn quyn (Decentralized EMS) cho nhng Vi Li (Microgrid) th nghim. Trc c iu kin th nghim tht s, th cng trnh nghin cu ny cng c th gp phn trong nhng vic: - Thu thp ti liu lin quan v kinh nghim quc t ca cc vng v quc gia ang pht trin Li Thng minh; - Thit lp nhng m hnh ton hc lin quan bo v lun im; - Thit k s b mt m hnh Vi li vi y nhng h thng thng tin v truyn thng iu khin cho EMS ca n. Trn y mi ch l Phn gii thiu ca ti nghin cu.

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