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LI M AU

Moi trng khong kh la mot moi trng thanh phan va cung la thanh phan moi trng. No cung bien ong va thay oi theo nhng quy luat rieng cua no. Moi trng khong kh la yeu to anh hng trc tiep en sc khoe cua con ngi. Cung vi s phat trien kinh te, van e o th hoa ket hp chu trng hien ai hoa cong nghiep hoa at nc a lam moi trng khong kh ngay cang b o nhiem. Chnh v the chung ta phai xem xet va phan tch cac yeu to anh hng en van e o nhiem khong kh e t o co hng khac phuc moi trng khong kh hien nay. Mon hoc thc tap o nhiem moi trng khong kh mot phan giup chung ta giai quyet nhng van e ton ong trong moi trng khong kh. Tai lieu nay ra i trong boi canh thieu thon nguon tai lieu hien nay do o khong tranh khoi nhng sai sot, mong qu ong nghiep va sinh vien co nhng ong gop e tai lieu cho cac khoa sau hoan chnh hn.

Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh, Thang 10/2007 Tac gia

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PHAN 1

CAC PHNG PHAP XAC NH CHAT OC TRONG KHONG KH

Xac nh chat oc trong khong kh bao gom cac bc: thu mau tai hien trng, bao quan mau va phan tch nh lng tai Phong th nghiem. Tat ca cac bc nay eu quan trong va lien quan ho tr nhau e co ket qua chnh xac ve ham lng chat oc trong khong kh tai thi iem kiem tra.
1.1. THU MAU VA PHAN TCH MOT SO CHAT O NHIEM KHONG KH C BAN

San pham chay sinh ra t cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu phuc vu san xuat, giao thong van tai la bui khoi, SO x (SO2, SO3), NOx (NO, NO2), COx (CO, CO2) va mot so hp chat ham lng nho hn nh: Ch, Aldehyde, C xHy Sau ay se gii thieu cac phng phap phan tch mot so chat o nhiem c ban nay. 1.1.1. Thu mau va phan tch bui Bui l lng hien co cac phng phap xac nh nh sau: Thu bui theo dung cu phan tang; Thu bui theo phng phap pheu ngc co han che toc o hut kh; Thu bui theo phng phap s dung li loc; va Xac nh ham lng bui theo phng phap em hat (thiet bi em hat Laser).

Theo tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5067- 1995 bui c thu gi tren giay loc ( Glass microfibre filters) sau khi qua bo tach loc cac hat bui tho co kch thc 50m. Giay c can trc va sau khi lay mau trong cung mot ieu kien. Ham lng bui trong khong kh c xac nh tren c s chenh lech trong lng cua giay loc va the tch kh a thu. Khi ham lng bui trong khong kh 0,1 mg/m3 th the tch mau kh can thiet phai lay toi thieu la 1m 3. Cac loai giay c s dung e lay mau bui la: Millipore Cat. No 000037 A0 hoac tng ng; Giay loc cot PVC 37mm, kch thc lo < 5m; Giay xenlulo 37mm, Millipore; Giay Whatman Glass microfibre filers.

1.1.2. Thu mau va phan tch sulphua dioxit ( SO 2 ) . Thu mau xac nh nong o SO 2 trong khong kh co cac phng phap sau:
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Hap thu bang dung dch H 2O2 va b oxy hoa thanh H 2SO4, s dung phng phap chuan o bang kiem. Hap thu trong dung dch H 2O2 loang tao thanh H 2SO4, SO42- sinh ra c xac nh bang cach cho phan ng vi phc Ba-MTB (Bari Methylthymolblue) se tao muoi BaSO 4 ket tua lam thay oi cng o mau ban au, xac nh theo phng phap so mau. Phan ng co the bieu dien nh sau: Ba- MTB + SO42- BaSO4 + MTB Hap phu trong dung dch TetraChlorideMercurate II (TCM), tao phc mau vi Pararosaniline, so mau xac nh ham lng. Theo tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5971-1995 (ISO 6767 1990) xac nh ham lng SO2 trong khong kh s dung dung dch hap thu TCM, nh lng bang phng phap so mau nh sau: 1. Nguyen tac: SO2 trong khong kh hap thu vao dung dch K 2HgCl4 hoac Na2 HgCl4 tao thanh hp phc Dichlorosulfit Mercurate II. Phc nay chong c s oxy hoa cua O2 trong kh quyen va ngay khi co mat chat oxy hoa manh O 3, NO va NO 2 . nh lng SO2 thu c bang Pararosaniline trong HCl va HCHO e tao thanh phc Axt Pararosaniline Methylsulfonic co mau hong tm. o cng o mau tren may quang pho so mau bc song 560nm va nh lng da vao ng chuan. Cac phan ng dien ra nh sau: Trong dung dch hap thu, TeraChlorideMercurate II c tao thanh: 2KCl + HgCl 2 = 2K+ + [ HgCl4]2-. SO2 c hap thu va on nh phan ng tao thanh phc chat Dichlorosulfit Mercurate II : SO2 + [ HgCl4]2- + H2O = [HgCl 2SO3]2- + 2H+ +2Cl Phc chat nay tac dung vi Formaldehyde tao thanh Acid Pararosaniline Methylsulfonic : [HgCl2SO3]2- + HCHO +2H+ = HO-CH2-SO3H + HgCl2 Sau o Acid Methylsulfonic tac dung vi Pararosaniline/ HCl tao thanh phc mau o tm: HO-CH2-SO3H + C19H18N3Cl + HCl = axit Pararosaniline Methylsulfonic (Pararosaniline ) 2. Khoang o: 0.015 0.6 mg/m 3. Tuan theo nh luat Ber - Lamber vi nong o khoang 0.25mg/10ml dung dch hap thu. 3. Yeu to anh hng: NOx, O3, H2S, Mercaptan va mot so kim loai 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Mau kh cha SO 2 c hut qua Impinger cha dung dch hap thu TCM vi lu lng 0.5 1.0 lt/phut. Lay mau khoang 30 50 lt khong kh.
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X ly va tao phc mau vi Pararosaniline, o mau tren may quang pho so mau bc song 560nm, nh lng theo day chuan t tao. 1.1.3. Thu mau va phan tch Nit dioxit (NO 2). Kh NO 2 thu mau va c xac nh theo cac phng phap sau: Hap thu trong dung dch Triethanolamine, tao phc mau vi n - 1 naphthy1etylendiamine (NEDA) hydro clorua, xac nh ham lng tren may quang pho so mau bc song 540nm. Hap thu bang dung dch NaOH, tao phc mau vi hon hp Griess A Griess B, so mau bc song 540nm. Theo tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 6167 1995 (ISO 6768 - 1985 phng phap cai bien cua Griess- Saltman) viec xac nh ham lng NO 2 trong khong kh nh sau: 1. Nguyen tac: Kh NO2 c hap thu vao dung dch NaOH tao NaNO 2, cho phan ng viCH3COOH tao thanh HNO 2. Axt nitr tac dung vi axt sulfanilic va ;naphylamin cho ra hp chat Azoic co mau hong. Phan ng dien ra nh sau: 2NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO 2 + NaNO3 + H2O (1)
+ SO3H C6H4 NH2 SO3H C6H4 NN

NaNO2 + CH3COOH = HNO 2 + CH3COONa (2)

+ NaNO2 + CH3COOH

CH 3COO- + 2H2O

(3)

+ SO3H C6H4 NN + C6H4 SO3H

-

+ CH3COO + C10H7NH2

+ CH3COOH
N=N-C10H6NH2

(4)

2. o nhay: o nhay cua phng phap 0.5g NO 2- vi 1g NO2. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac nitrit kim loai va amonia.
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4. Thu mau va phan tch: Mau c hut qua impinger cha dung dch NaOH 0.1N vi lu lng 0.5 - 1.0 lt/phut, the tch kh 30 - 50 lt. Axt hoa bang Axt Axetc, tao mau bang hon hp Griess A Griess B. e yen 15 phut,sau o o tren may quan pho so mau bc song 540nm. Ham lng NO 2 c so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.1.4. Thu mau va phan tch cacbon monoxit (CO) Hien nay thu mau xac nh CO thc hien theo cac phng phap sau: Thu mau vao tui kh, phan tch tren may Sac ky kh nh xuc tac NiCl 2 nhiet o 240 - 270 0C tao thanh CH 4, s dung au do FID. Thu mau qua Silicagel co tam amoni molipat va muoi cua paladi trong axt sunfuric, tao thanh phc paladi silicomolipit. Cacbon monoxit chuyen phc nay thanh molipen co mau xanh, cng o mau t le thuan vi ham lng CO. Thu mau bang chai cha a xac nh chnh xac the tch, thc hien phan ng kh bang Paladium Chloride, tao phc mau. Theo Thng qui Ky Thuat YHL & VSMT 1993, Bo Y Te, H.1993 phng phap xac nh CO theo 52 TCN 352-89: 1. Nguyen tac: Cacbon monoxit tac dung vi PdCl 2, se kh PdCl2 thanh Pd kim loai: CO + PdCl2 + H2O = CO2 + 2HCl + Pd Pd kim loai kh thuoc th photphomolypdic (Folin- ciocalteur) t mau vang thanh mau xanh. H3PO4. 10M0O3 + 4HCl + 2Pd = 2PdCl2 + 2H2O + [(M0O3)4. (M0O2)]2. H3PO4 Phan ng thc hien trong moi trng kiem(natri cabonat). 2. o nhay: o nhay cua phng phap: 0.05mg. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Kh SO2, H2S 4. Lay mau va phan tch: Kh c cha vao chai a nh chnh xac the tch. Cho dung dch PdCl2 co nong o chnh xac vao chai, e phan ng trong 4 gi. Tao phan ng mau vi thuoc th Folincicanter. So mau tren may quang pho so mau va xac nh ham lng cua cacbon monoxit theo day chuan. 1.1.5. Thu mau va phan tch ozon (O 3) Ozon co the xac nh theo phng phap sau: Silicagel tam dung dch fuchsine basic, di tac ong cua ozon se chuyen t mau o sang mau tm t le vi nong o ozon trong khong kh. Ozon hap thu vao dung dch KI, oxy hoa I- tao thanh I2. I2 phan ng vi dimety p- phenylendiamin tao thanh san pham mau hong. o mau tren may
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quang pho so mau, xac nh ham lng O3 so vi day chuan. Ozon hap thu vao dung dch KI, oxy hoa I- tao thanh I2. o mau cua I2 sinh ra tren may quang pho so mau, xac nh ham lng O3 so vi day chuan. Theo Thng qui Ky Thuat YHLD & VSMT 1993, Bo Y Te, H.1993 xac nh ham lng Ozon trong khong kh nh sau: 1. Nguyen tac: Phng phap da vao s hap thu ozon bang KI va xac nh bang so mau iot sinh ra tac dung vi dimety p- phenylendiamine tao thanh san pham co mau hong. Qua trnh hap thu, phan ng dien ra theo phng trnh sau: O3 + 2KI + H2O = I2 + 2KOH + O2. 2. o nhay: Ham lng O3 trong khong kh t 0.1mg/m 3 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac tac nhan co tnh oxi hoa va axit nit gay tr ngai. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Khi c hut qua dung dich hap thu KI vi toc o 1lt/phut. Thc hien phan ng tao mau vidimety p-phenylendiamine. So mau tren may quang pho so mau, xac nh ham lng ozon bang viec so sanh vi dung dch Iot chuan. 1.1.6. Thu mau va phan tch ch (Pd) Xac nh ham lng ch trong khong kh co the s dung cac phng phap: Khong kh c suc vao dung dch HNO 3, Ch b oxi hoa en Pd 2+ tan trong dung dch. T dung dch nay x ly va phan tch nh lng theo 2 cach (trnh bay sau). Ch c gi lai cung bui tren giay loc khi lay bui, hoa tan ch trong hon hp HNO3: HClO4. T dung dch nay x ly va phan tch nh lng theo 2 cach (trnh bay sau). oi vi ch tetraethyl trong hi xa ng cho hap thu vao dung dch I 2/KI tao thanh PdI2, phan ra trong dung dch kiem roi cho tap phc mau hong ao vi Dithizon, nh lng theo 2 cach di ay: Cach th nhat: x ly tiep, uoi het NO 3- bang nhiet. Xac nh nh lng Pd tren may hap thu nguyen t, catot ch, so sanh vi ng chuan. Cach th hai: Ch c tao phc vi Dithizon thanh Dithizonat ch co mau o gach, chiet bang cacbon Tetrachloride hoac Cloroform (CHCl 3) vao so mau tren quang pho so mau bc song 520nm, xac nh nh lng Pd da vao ng chuan. Theo Thng qui Ky Thuat YHL & VSMT 1993, Bo Y Te, H.1993 xac nh ham lng ch trong khong kh tuan thu qui trinh 52 TCN 354 - 89 tren may so mau:

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1. Nguyen tac: Ch trong khong kh dang bui hoac kh dung c hut qua dung dch HNO3 hoac giay loc ac biet, chuyen no thanh Pd(NO 3). Pd2+ phan ng vi dithizon tao thanh muoi phc ch Dithizonat co mau o gach. Dithizonat ch c chiec bang cacbon tetrachloride hoac chloroform va xac nh tren may quang pho bc song 520nm. 2. o nhay: 0.3m/ml dung dch mau. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac kim loai nang anh hng en phng phap o. e loai tr yeu to anh hng co the s dung amoni xyanat. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Khong kh c cho qua giay loc tren may hut bui the tch ln hoac hut qua dung dch axt nitric loang. Dang bui c gi lai tren giay loc em hoa tan bang hon hp dung dch HNO 3 va HClO4. Co en can, tiep tuc hoa tan trong axit nitric va uoi het NO 2 tren bep cach thuy. Dung dch cha PdNO 3 cho phan ng vi Dithizon, chiet ch Dithizonat bang CCl 4 va o tren may quang pho so mau. Trong mot so trng hp neu ham lng ch nho th xac nh bang phng phap pho hap thu nguyen t hoac cc pho vi phan. 1.2. THU MAU VA PHAN TCH MOT SO CHAT O NHIEM KHONG KH TRONG CAC NGANH CONG NGHIEP AC THU . Trong qua trnh van ong cua t nhien, cac qua trnh sinh a hoa ke ca hoat ong san xuat cua con ngi a san sinh ra nhieu chat gay o nhiem khong kh. ay chung ta quan tam en s o nhiem co the kiem soat c o la t qua trnh hoat ong san xuat. Moi nganh cong nghiep sinh ra mot so loai chat o nhiem ac thu tuy theo loai hnh san xuat va trnh o cong nghe. Chnh v the viec thu mau va phng phap xac nh cac chat o nhiem ac thu la rat can thiet. 1.2.1. Thu mau va xac nh cacbon dioxit (CO 2) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Cacbon dioxit c hap thu bang dung dch Bari hydroxit (Ba(OH)2) tao ra bari cacbonat (BaCO 3). Lng Ba(OH) 2 d c chuan o bang dung dch axit clohydric vi chat ch th la phenolphtalein. 2. Lay mau va phan tch: Mau khong kh khoang 100 lt c hut qua bnh cha tieu chuan co dung dich bari hydroxit 0.1N. Cho vao dung dch mot vai phenolphtalein va chuan o lng hydroxit bari d bang axit clohyric (0.1ml dung dch HCl 0.1 N tng ng vi 1.113ml CO2). Trong trng hp khong kh co lan hi axit khac ket tua BaCO 3 c loc, ra sach, roi hoa tan bang mot lng xac nh dung dch HCl 0.1 N. Sau o, chuan o lng HCl d
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bang dung dch kiem 0.1N co the tnh c lng BaCO 3 tao thanh va CO2 trong mau. 1.2.2. Thu mau va xac nh axit cromit 1. Nguyen tac chung: Bui va hi axitcromit c thu tren giay loc PVC. Sau o c chiec vi axt loang va s ly vi iphenyl cacbazit tao thanh phc mau o. Dung dch mau c o tren may quang pho kha kien 540nm. 2. o nhay: Phng phap phu hp vi ham lng Axitcromit 0.03-0.05mg/m 3 va the tch mau kh can lay la 100-500lt. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Phng phap chon loc cho xac nh Cr 6+. Mot so kim loai nh Fe, Cu, Ni gay can tr. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Mau kh c hut vi van toc 1-2lt/phut. The tch mau la 100-500lt. S ly mau bang Axitsunfuric 0.25M, lac va khuay mot dong. Sau o them iphenyl cacbozit va o tren may quang pho. Ham lng axit cromit c xac nh tren c s so sanh vi cac dung dch chuan. 1.2.3. Phan tch va thu mau formaldehyt (HCHO). 1. Nguyen tac chung: trong dung dch axit, formaldehyt phan ng vi 3- metyl-2benzothiazolin hydrazin (MBTH) tao thanh san pham mau xanh. Cng o mau phu thuoc nong o andehyt. San pham mau o tren may quang pho kha kien bc song 628nm. 2. o nhay:Phng phap thuan li cho ham lng formaldehyde trong khong kh t 0.5 en 20mg/m 3 ( 0.4 16ppm) vi 25lt khong kh. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac amit thm, hp chat carbazon va cac andehyde khac. 4. Thu mau va phan tch : Kh c hap thu qua dung dch MBTH 0.05 % vi toc o 12lt/phut. Dung hap thu c chuyen vao ong ong va them MBTH vao cho u 100ml. Sau o, cho vao dung dch nay clorua sat (III), axit sunfamic; e yen 15phut va o tren may quang pho so mau. Ham lng formaldehyt c so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.2.4. Thu mau va phan tich amoniac (NH3) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Thuoc th Nessler phan ng vi amoniac tao nen mau nau vang. Cng o mau phu thuoc nong o amoniac. 2. o nhay:1m trong 1ml dung dch hap thu 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac muoi amoni, sunfua hydro, amin beo gay can tr. 4. Thu mau va phan tch : Kh c hut qua dung dch axt sunfuric loang 0,1N vi van toc 1lt/phut. Dung dch c cho phan ng vi thuoc th Nessler va o tren may quang pho kha kien. Ham lng c xac nh bang cach o vi dung dch chuan.
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1.2.5. Thu mau va phan tch kh Clo (Cl 2). 1. Nguyen tac chung: Clo phan ng vi 0-tolidin tao thanh mot san pham mau vang. Cng o mau t le vi ham lng clo va c xac nh tren may quang pho bc song 435nm va 490nm. 2. o nhay: Phng phap phu hp vi ham lng clo la1g/ml dung dch phan tch. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac axit nit, cac muoi sat, mangan va cac chat oxy hoa khac. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Kh c hut qua dung dch kiem 0.1N trong bnh cha tieu chuan nhiet o 20 400C. Sau o dung dch c trung hoa bang axit sunfuric, c hoa loang va x ly vi o- tolundin trong axit clohydric. Dung dch c o tren may quang pho so mau. Ham lng clo c xac nh bang cach so sanh vi mau chuan. 1.2.6. Thu mau va phan tch kh hydro florua (HF) 1. Nguyen tac chung: hydro florua lam mat mau cua alizain thori hoac alizarinlantan. Cng o mau c o tren may quang pho kha kien co knh loc la cay hoac so mau bc song 520 550nm. 2. o nhay: Phng phap xac nh c ham lng HF trong khong kh la 0.6m/m 3. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Phng phap tren chon loc cho hydro florua. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Kh c hut qua dung dch NaOH 0.01M va hydroperoxit (H2O2) 0.2% trong bnh cha chuan vi van toc 0.5 en 10lt/phut. Sau o mau c x ly vi axit percloric e kh cac chat hu c va o tren may quang pho. Ham lng florua c so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.2.7. Thu mau va phan tch hi axit clohydric (HCl) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Clorua trong mau c ket tua bang ion bac va c nh lng bang phng phap o o uc. 2. o nhay: Phng phap nay c xac nh clorua vi ham lng 1g/ml. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac axit halogen va axit xyanhydric (HCN) can tr. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Kh c hut qua nc cat trong bnh cha tieu chuan co cha muoi nitrac bac vi van toc 2lt/phut. Hon hp c xac nh tren may o o uc. Ham lng clorua c so sanh vi dung dch chuan co cha natri clorua. 1.2.8. Thu mau va phan tch hydro xyanua (HCN) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Hi axit xyanhydric (HCN) c hap thu trong bnh cha ng hon hp dung dch amoniac niken (II) clorua. Phc chat tetraxyanonikelat (II) tao thanh va c xac nh tren may quang pho t ngoai bc song 267nm. 2. o nhay:Phng phap thuan tien cho xac nh hi HCN co ham lng 1 10 mg/m 3 (0.9 9.0ppm) vi the tch lay mau khong kh la 20-30lt. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Hi dung moi hu cn nh Xeton, niken sunfua va mot so kim loai nang anh hng en qua trnh phan tch HCN. 4. Thu mau va phan tch : Kh c hut qua dung dch hap thu vi van toc 1
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2lt/phut. Mau c chuyen vao ong ong 25ml va o tren may quang pho. Ham lng HCN c so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.2.9. Thu mau va phan tch hydro sulfua (H 2S). 1. Nguyen tac chung: hydro sulfua phan ng vi cadmi hydroxit tao thanh cadmi sunfua. Cadmi sunfua phan ng vi N, N- dimetyl-P-phenylenda-amin sulfat va clorua sat (III) tao thanh san pham co mau xanh metylen c xac nh bang pho kha kien 670nm. 2. o nhay:Phng phap phu hp vi ham lng H 2S trong khong kh t 1.5 en 2.5mg/m3 (1 18ppm) cho 10 lt mau kh. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac tac nhan co tnh kh manh ozon, nit dioxit, tia t ngoai. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Kh c hut qua dung dch co cha cac thuoc th tren vi van toc 0.2 0.5 lt/phut. Sau o mau c x l bang dung dch FeCl 3 va o tren may kha kien. Ham lng H 2S c xac nh bang cach so sanh vi dung dch chuan 1.2.10.Thu mau va phan tch hi metanol (CH 3OH) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Xac nh nh formaldehyt sau khi oxy hoa bang KMnO 4. 2. o nhay: 0.4g/ml. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac chat hu c co kha nang tao thanh formaldehyt trong ieu kien tng t. 4. Thu mau va phan tch:Mau c thu qua nc cat sau o c x ly bang dung dch kali permanganat trong axit sunfuric va xac nh nh formaldehyt. 1.2.11. Thu mau va phan tch hi phenol (C 6H5OH). 1. Nguyen tac chung: Trong moi trng kiem, phenol phan ng vi p- nitroanilin tao thanh hp chat co mau vang (khi ham lng phenol thap) hoac mau o khi ham lng phenol cao. Mau dung dch c o tren may quang pho kha kien bc song 570nm hoac 530nm. 2. o nhay: Gii han di cua phng phap la 2g/5ml dung dch mau. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Creso anh hng ti phng phap xac nh. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Mau kh c thu qua dung dch natri cacbonat, sau o them dung dch p- nitroanil a diazo hoa. Lac eu dung dch 15phut va o tren may quang pho bc song 570nm. Ham lng phenol c xac nh bang cach so sanh vi dung dch phenol chuan. 1.2.12. Thu mau va phan tch hi dung moi hu c. 1. Nguyen tac chung: Hi Hydrocacbon c thu qua mot ong thuy tinh co than hoat tnh, sau o c chiet bang dung moi cacbon disufua (CS 2). Dung moi sau khi chiet c phan tch tren sac k kh vi au do (detector) ion hoa ngon la va c nh lng so vi mau chuan. 2. o nhay: Phng phap thch hp vi viec xac nh dung moi hydrocacbon ham lng 200 500mg/m 3 (10-120ppm) vi the tch kh la 50-100lt.
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3. Yeu to anh hng: Cac hp chat hu c khac. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: 150mg than hoat tnh c nhoi lam 2 lp trong ong thuy tinh tieu chuan. Toc o lay mau la 0.2lt/phut. Dung 20ml dung moi e chiet. Dung dch sau khi chiet c xac nh tren may sac k kh. 1.2.13. Thu mau va phan tch Metyl Mercaptan. 1. Nguyen tac chung: Metyl Mercaptan c thu bang cach hap thu tren giay thuy tinh hoac nen tam silicagen co tam thuy ngan axetat, sau o chiet bang metyl clorua. Dung dch sau khi chiet c xac nh tren may k kh. 2. o nhay: Phng phap thch hp vi ham lng Metyl Mercaptan t 0.4 en 20mg/m3 (0.2 10ppm) va co the tch kh la 25lt. 3. Cac yeu to anh hng: Mot so hp chat co cha lu huynh anh hng en phng phap xac nh. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Thuy ngan axetat 5 % c tam tren giay loc va c lam kho nhiet o phong. Mau kh c lay vi van toc 0.2lt/phut sau o c chiet bang metyl clorua va phan tch tren may sac k kh. 1.2.14. Thu mau va phan tch hi thuy ngan (Hg) 1. Nguyen tac chung: Hi thuy ngan c hut qua ong thuy tinh co cha hopcalite, sau o c hoa tan trong hon hp axit nitric va axt clohydric. Dung dch c phan tch bang phng phap quang pho hap thu nguyen t. 2. o nhay: Phng phap thch hp vi nong o thuy ngan trong khong kh t 0.005 0.1mg/m3 va the tch mau la 30lt khong kh. 3. Yeu to anh hng: Nhiet o, toc o lay mau la mot so chat de bay hi nh benzen gay anh hng en ket qua phan tch. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: Ong thu mau co ng knh 8mm c nhoi 0.5g hopcalite. Toc o lay mau khong kh la 2lt/phut. Mau phai c phan tch cang sm cang tot. Mau c x l bang hon hp 5ml axt nitric va 5ml axt clohydric am ac. Dung dch mau c lam nguoi sau o phan tch tren may quang pho hap thu nguyen t. Ham lng hi thuy ngan trong mau c so sanh vi mau chuan. 1.2.15. Thu mau va phan tch asen (As). 1. Nguyen tac chung: asen phan ng vi dung dch bac dietyl dithyocarbamat trong pyridin e tao ra san pham mau o. Cng o mau cua dung dch t le thuan vi ham lng asen trong mau. 2. o nhay: 0.1g As trong mau hoac 0.24g/m 3 khong kh, the tch mau 0.85m 3. 3. Yeu to anh hng: hydro sunfua anh hng ti ket qua phan tch. e loai tr anh hng co the dung axetat ch. 4. Thu mau va phan tch : Khong kh c hut qua dung dch kiem, giay loc hoac mang loc. Trong trng hp lay mau bang dung dch kiem th dung dch hap thu c trung hoa bang axit clohydric. Asen trong mau c a ve dang asen (III) bang cach x ly mau vi hon hp thiec clorua va kaliiodua. Kem hat c cho them vao e tao
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ra hi asen. Kh thoat ra c hap thu bang dung dch bac dietyl dithyocarbamat trong pyridin. Sau o o tren may quang pho bc song 560nm. Ham lng asen c xac nh tren c s so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.2.16.Thu mau va xac nh cadmi (Cd). 1. Nguyen tac chung: dithyzon phan ng vi cadmi trong dung dch kiem tao thanh cadmium dithizonat. Hon hp c chiet vi cloroform va xac nh tren may quang pho kha kien bc song 515nm. 2. o nhay: 0.1g Cd trong mau dung dch. 3. Cac yeu to anh hng: Phng phap chon loc cho cadmi ieu kien bnh thng. 4. Thu mau va phan tch: mau c hap thu bang dung dch axt nitric (HNO 3loang, sau o trung hoa bang dung dch kiem. Them natri kali tartrat, kalixyanat (KCN) trong kiem ac, hydroxyamin clohydrat va dithyzon vao dung dch. Cadmi dithizonat c chiet bang cloroform va c o tren may quang pho. Ham lng c xac nh tren c s so sanh vi dung dch chuan. 1.3. MOT SO KY THUAT CAN LU Y TRONG THU MAU, PHAN TCH CAC CHAT O NHIEM TRONG KHONG KH . 1.3.1. Thu mau tai hien trng . Ky thuat thu mau tai hien trng quyet nh kha ln en viec xac nh nong o thc cua cac chat o nhiem trong khong kh tai khu vc lay mau. Mot so iem can lu y: Thiet b phai u tnh phap ly hoac toi thieu cung phai t chuan trc khi en hien trng thu mau. Chieu cao thu mau cach mat at 1,5m o la tam ht th trung bnh cua con ngi. Trong giam sat hien trang can tuan thu phng phap phan bo mau theo mang li, u kha nang ai dien cho moi trng can giam sat. Trong giam sat co trong iem can xac nh cac iem ai dien tng ng cho tng loai hnh o nhiem co tnh ac thu (khu cong nghiep, giao thong, dan c..) Trong giam sat nong o cac chat o nhiem do nguon thai gay nen tai mat at, phai thu mau tai nhng iem di hng gio, khoang cach t 4 en 40 lan chieu cao ong khoi. Tai hien trng, chon ung v tr thu mau theo yeu cau, khi thu mau phai e au Impinger quay ve hng gio ti e giam nhe sc hut cua may hut kh. Toc o hut kh tuan thu tieu chuan qui nh cua phng phap, neu toc o hut ln chat o nhiem khong hap thu hoan toan ma that thoat theo dong kh ra ngoai Imperger, gay sai so am cho ket qua. Kha nang phan tan kh trong dung dch hap thu cung la van e lu y, bot kh phan tan cang nho, cang eu trong dung dch th hieu xuat hap thu cang cao. Cho chat phan tan vao dung dch hap thu. Luon nh ghi nhan thong so o cac yeu to vi kh hau, ieu kien thi tiet, kh tng va mot so bat thng khac trong qua trnh thu mau hien trng.
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1.3.2. Bao quan mau. Bao quan mau cung la van e khong kem phan quan trong nham am bao ket qua phan tch tai phong th nghien tng ng vi nong o chat o nhiem tai hien trng. Bao quan bao gom t qua trnh thu mau ti khi ket thuc va a ve phong th nghiem. Cac phc chon loc tao thanh trong qua trnh thu mau thng chu tac ong manh cua tia t ngoai t anh nang mat tri lam phan huy, gay sai so am. Tot nhat nen boc en Imperger trong qua trnh thu mau. Sau khi ket thuc thu mau, mau phai c bao quan lanh e co nh cac phc chat a tao tai hien trng. Tuy nhien phai noi rang co bao quan nhng noi chung mau a ve phong th nghiem e phan tch cang sm cang tot. Tuan theo viec cho them cac chat bao quan theo qui trnh a nh. 1.3.3. Han che sai so va x ly so lieu phan tch Theo TCVN 1995, so lieu o cac gia tr cac chat o nhiem c tnh toan qui ve ieu kien chuan ky thuat 250C, 760mmHg. Cac mau kh thu tai hien trng thng khac nhau ve nhiet o nen khi tnh toan so lieu phai qui ve ieu kien chuan. Trong phan tch thng gap cac loai sai so: sai so tho bao, sai so he thong, sai so ngau nhien. Tuy khong loai het cac sai so nhng co the khac phuc nham han che en toi a cac sai so. Sau ay la mot so iem c ban. 1.3.3.1. Mot so khai niem c ban ve nong o va n v o . a. Nong o n v o. Ngi ta thng bieu dien nong o dung dch cua cac chat hoa tan bang khoi lng chat ay co trong mot khoi lng hay the tch xac nh cua dung dch hay dung moi.Nong o dung dch co the bieu dien theo nhieu cach tuy vao muc ch can tnh toan. Cac cach bieu dien nong o dung dch nh sau: Nong o phan tra m(%): la so gam chat tan co trong 100g dung dch.
C%= 100 x a1 100 x a1 = a1 + a 2 m

Trong o: + a1: Lng chat tan,g; + a 2: Lng dung moi,g; + m: Khoi lng dung dich,g. Nong o phan t gam (M): la so phan t gam(so mol) chat tan trong 1lt dung dch.
CM = m a = V MT x V

Trong o: + a:
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+ m: So mol chat tan; + V: The tch dung dch,1; + MCT: Khoi lng cua mol chat tan (khoi lng phan t), g; Nong o nguyen chuan (nong o ng lng): la so ng lng gam (N) chat tan co trong 1lt dung dch.
CN = n a = V N xV

: Lng chat tan,g; Trong o: + a +n : So ng lng gam chat tan; slg +V : The tch dung dch,1; +N : Khoi lng ng lng cua chat tan, g. o chuan (T): So gam (hoac mg) chat tan trong 1lt dung dch.
T= a n x N C m x C CT = = V 1.000 1.000

Trong o: + a : Lng chat tan,g( hoac mg); +V : The tch dung dch,ml; +N : Khoi lng ng lng cua chat tan, g. +n : So ng lng gam chat tan; ppm(part per milion): Phan trieu. Ap suat: 1 at = 760mmHg = 1.013mbar = 9.81x10 4Pa(Passcal)=98.1 Kpa. b. He so chuyen oi cua mot so chat kh. Cong thc c ban Trong o: + P1,P2 : Ap suat kh cac ieu kien T 1 va T2 tng ng + V1, V2 : The tch kh cac ieu kien T 1 va T2 tng ng. + TI = 2730K + tI ieu kien tieu chuan (0 0C va 1at) the tch 1mol chat kh la 22.4 lt . 1ppm = 0.0001% the tch (Part per milion); M la phan t gam chat kh (gram).
M ( mg / m 3 ) 22 . 4 22.4 1mg / m 3 = ( ppm ) M 1 ppm = Vt = 24,46 P xV P x V1 P2 x V2 = cons tan 1 = T T1 T2

ieu kien 250C va 760mmHg (TCVN 1995) he so chuyen oi nh sau :

(t + 273) 0 K x 760 mmHg ( 25 + 273) 0 K x P mmHg 1 ppm = v V25 = 22.4 x 298 = 24.46 lt 273

Vay:
M ( mg / m 3 ) 24.46

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Bang 1. He so chuyen oi n v 250C va 760mmHg cu the trnh bay bang sau STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ch tieu oi 1 ppm = K 1X mg/m3 1 mg/m3 =K2Y ppm NH3 0.695 1.439 CO2 1.798 0.556 CO 1.145 0.874 SO2 2.617 0.382 SO3 3.271 0.306 NO2 1.881 0.532 NO 1.226 0.815 Cl2 2.903 0.345 H2S 1.390 0.719 HCl 1.492 0.670 HF 0.818 1.223 H2SO4 4.007 0.250 HNO3 2.576 0.388 3 3 V du: 1 ppm NH 3 = 0.695 mg/m hoac 1 mg/m NH3 =1.439 ppm

1.3.3.2. Cach khac phuc han che sai so. Bang 2. Bang sai so va cach khac phuc Thiet b o lng Sai so he thong Hoa chat Phng phap I Sai so Do thao tac cua KTV Sai so ngau nhien ieu kien khong gian, thi gian - Kiem nghiem ng dung - Qui hoach thc nghiem, thu mau PPhap tai hien trng. -Thiet b - Hieu chuan theo hien co Khac - Hoa chat - S dung PA cua hang noi tieng II phuc Thao tac nhieu -Ky nang Phan tch mau ong thi vi chuan - Kiem tra thong ke cac loai - Cac thuat toan thong ke. sai so va XLSLieu. - anh gia thong ke sai so (ket qua) Phng - Kiem tra ky na ng tren viec pha chat chuan III phap - Kiem tra kha na ng hap thu, Lu lng (0.5; 1.0; 1.5) kiem tra tm toc o hut kh toi u. Nong o (phan vung) ket qua. 1.3.3.3 Cach ghi chep nhat k va trnh bay ket qua. Nhat ky hien trng can ghi chep ay u mot so thong tin can thiet: - Thi tiet: nang, ma, gio (toc o va hng gio). - Cac nguon co the anh hng ket qua o, mo ta hien trang tai iem o.
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- Cac yeu to anh hng khac ti ket qua Trnh bay ket qua phan tch: Viec ghi chep cac ket qua tnh toan phai phan anh c mc o yeu cau cua o chnh xac, no c qui nh bi o chnh xac cua phng phap dung phan tch va o chnh xac cua phep o khoi lyng the tch. Ket qua phan tch khong ghi chnh xac hn o chnh xac cua phep o, thiet b o, hoac phng phap phan tch s dung. Ch lay u, ung en ch so co ngha sat cuoi. Con so cuoi cung la con so khong chac chan.

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PHAN 2

CAC BAI THC HANH

Bai 1. PHNG PHAP KHOI L NG XAC NH HAM LNG BUI Da theo TCVN 5067 1995 I. NGUYEN TA C Phng phap nay da tren viec can trong lng bui thu c tren giay loc, sau khi loc mot the tch khong kh xac nh. Giay c can trc va sau khi lay mau trong cung mot ieu kien. Ham lng bui trong khong kh c xac ng tren c s chenh lech trong lng cua giay loc va the tch mau thu c. II. DUNG CU - Lu lng ke hoach bo em the tch kh - May hut khong kh. - au lay bui gom bo tach loc c hat, ga pheu va giay loc. - Hop bao quan mau - Can phan tch co o chnh xac 0.1mg. III. LAY MAU - Mau kh c lay o cao 1,2 1,5m so vi mat at. - Trc khi lay mau, giay loc c anh so, loai am va can xac nh khoi lng (m1). - Lap rap dung cu lay bui theo trnh t: Bo tach cac hat bui tho 50m au loc bui lu lng ke (hoac bo em the tch kh) may hut. - Dung panh gap giay loc at vao ga pheu, can lu y am bao he thong: au lay mau lu lng ke may hut phai kn. - Bat may hut, thu mot the tch khong kh xac nh (V) ln hn 1m 3 qua au loc bui. Khi hut u the tch d nh, tat may. Ghi lai thi gian hay the tch kh a thu va dung panh kep gap mau giay cho vao hop bao quan (khong dung tay cam trc tiep vao giay). IV. X LY MAU Giay loc sau khi lay mau c loai am va can xac nh khoi lng (m 2) tren can phan tch. V. KET QUA Ham lng bui trong khong kh c tnh theo cong thc sau:
C bui = ( m 2 m1 ) x 1000, mg / m 3 V (l )

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Trong o: + m1: Khoi lng ban au cua mau giay (mg); + m2: Khoi lng mau giay sau khi thu mau (mg); + V: The tch mau khong kh a thu, tnh theo, ktc, (lt).

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Bai 2 XAC NH NONG O KHOI L NG NO2 THEO PHNG PHAP GRIESS SALTZMAN TREN MAY QUANG PHO SO MAU. Da theo - TCVN 6137 1996 (ISO 6768 1985 cua Griess Saltzman) - Tai lieu tap huan ve quang trac va phan tch chat lng moi trng, Cuc moi trng. BKHCN. 1998. I. NGUYEN TA C. Kh NO2 c hap thu vao dung dch NaOH tao NaNO 2, cho phan ng vi CH3COOH tao thanh HNO 2. Axt nitr tac dung vi axit sulfanilic va - naphtylamin cho ra hp chat Azoic co mau hong. o nhay cua phng phap 0.5g NO 2 vi 1 g NO2. Phan ng dien ra nh sau: 2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O (1) NaNO 2 + CH3COOH HNO2 + CH3COONa (2)
+

SO3H C6H4

SO3H C6H4 NN

+ NaNO2 + CH3COOH
NH2

CH 3COO- + 2H2O

(3)

SO3H C6H4 NN

+ SO3H

+ CH3COO- + C10H7NH2

C6H4

+ CH3COOH
N=N-C10H6NH2

(4)

II. DUNG CU, THIET B . - Dung cu lay mau : Ong hap thu, may hut kh, lu lng ke, hop bao quan mau. - Dung cu: Pipet, buret, ong nghiem, bnh nh mc, can phan tch 10 -4 (g) - Thiet b phan tch: May quang pho so mau 300 900nm. III. THUOC TH. 3.1. Thuoc th Griess A. - Axt sulfanilic
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- Axt Acetic 10% 150ml. - un nho la cho tan. 3.2. Thuoc th Griess B. - N (1- naphtyl) ethylenediamine 2 HCl 0.1g. - (cho vao 20 ml nc cat. un cach thuy 15 phut cho tan het) - Axt Acetic 10% 150ml. Lu y: Ch tron dung dch A va dung dch B (t le A:B =1:1) vi nhau ngay trc khi phan tch. Dung dch nay khong gi c lau. 3.3. Dung dch chuan NaNO 2. - Dung dch chuan goc (0.1 mg NO 2/ml) + NaNO2 + Nc cat 2 lan - Dung dch chuan s dung (5g NO 2/ml): + Dung dch chuan goc + Nc cat 2 lan

0.150g 1000ml 5ml 100 ml

Chu y: Theo phan ng tren, 2 phan t NO 2 cho mot phan t NO 2. Do vay, khi nh lng NO2 trong khong kh, phai nhan oi ket qua. 3.4. Dung dch CH3COOH. - Dung dch loang 10 % + CH3COOH am ac (99.5 %) + Nc cat 2 lan - Dung dch 5N + CH3COOH am ac (99.5 %) + Nc cat 2 lan 3.5. Dung dch hap thu NaOH . - Dung dch 0.1N + NaOH + Butanol (C 4H9OH) + Nc cat 2 lan

50ml 500 ml 150ml 500 ml

4.0g 0.5ml 1000ml

4. KY THUAT LAY MAU. Mau khong kh c hut qua imperger vi 2 bnh hap thu mac noi tiep nhau, cha 40ml dung dch hap thu, lu lng 0.5 lt/phut trong khoang 01 gi. Xong, gom toan bo dung dch hap thu lai, e vao thung bao quan mau. 5. KY THUAT PHAN TCH. Lay 6 ong nghiem 16mm anh so t 0 en 5. Cho dung dch chuan NO 2 nong o 5g/ml vao cac ong nghiem t 0 en so 4
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vi cac the tch tng ng neu trong bang. Sau o them dung dch hap thu vao cac ong nghiem u 4ml. Ong nghiem so 5, cho 4ml dung dch mau va thu xong. Them vao cac ong nghiem moi ong 1ml Axt Acetic 5N. Tron dung dch Gress A va Griess B theo t le 1:1, cho vao 6 ong, moi ong 1ml hon hp. Lac eu, sau 10 phut o tren may so mau tai bc song 543nm e xac nh mat o quang theo s thay oi lng NO 2. Ong so Dung dch Dung dch chuan 5g NO 2/ml, ml Dung dch hap thu, ml Dung dch axit acetic (CH3COOH)5N,ml Dung dch GriessA va B (1:1), ml Lng NO2 trong ong, g 0 8.0 2 2 0 0 1 1.0 7.0 2 2 5 2 2.0 6.0 2 2 10 3 5.0 3.0 2 2 25 4 8.0 0.0 2 2 40 Mau 8 (mau) 0.0 2 2 Y

6. KET QUA. Lap ng chuan tng quang gia mat o quang va lng NO 2- t ket qua o cua cac mau ong nghiem so 0 en so 4. T mat o quang cua mau phan tch trong ong nghiem so 5, xac nh lng NO 2 co trong ong da theo ng chuan. Tnh ket qua theo cong thc sau:
C NO2 = 2aV1 V2 x V k

+ CNO2 +a + V1 + V2 + Vk

: : : : :

Nong o NO 2 trong mau kh a thu, (mg/m 3) Lng NO2 co trong mau phan tch, (g) Tong the tch dung dch hap thu mau,(ml) The tch dung dch mau a hap thu lay ra phan tch,(ml) The tch mau kh a thu, tnh ve KTC, (lt)

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Bai 3: NH LNG SUNFUA DIOXIT (SO2) TRONG KHONG KH THEO PHNG PHAP TCM TREN MAY QUANG PHO SO MAU. Bien soan theo: - Thng qui ky thuat YHL D & VSMT 1993, Bo Y Te, H.1993; Tham khao: - TCVN 1971 1995 (ISO 6767 1990); Tai lieu tap huan ve quang tra c va phan tch chat lng moi trng. Cuc Moi Trng. BKHCN & MT.H.1998. I. NGUYEN TA C. SO2 trong khong kh c hap thu vao dung dch K 2HgCl4 hoac Na2HgCl4 tao thanh hp phc Dichlorosurate Mercurate II. Phc nay chong c s oxy hoa cua oxy trong kh quyen va ngay ca khi co mat chat oxy hoa manh nh O 3, NO va NO2. nh lng SO2 bang Pararosaniline trong HCl va HCHO e tao thanh phc chat Axt Pararosaniline Methylsulfonic co mau hong tm. o mau tren may quang pho so mau bc song 560nm va nh lng da vao ng chuan. Cac phan ng dien ra nh sau: - Trong dung dch hap thu, TeraChloride Mercurate II c tao thanh. 2KCl + HgCl2 = 2K+ + [HgCl4]2-. - SO2 c hap thu va on nh nh phan ng tao thanh phc chat Dichlorosurate Mercurate II: SO2 + [HgCl4]2- + H2O = [HgCl 2SO3]2- + 2H+ + 2Cl- Phc chat nay tac dung vi Formaldehyde tao thanh Axt Methylsulfonic: [HgCl2SO3]2 + HCHO + 2H+ = HO- CH2-SO3H + HgCl 2. - Sau o Axt Methylsulfonic tac dung vi Pararosaniline/HCl tao thanh phc mau o tm: HO- CH2-SO3H + C19H18N3Cl +HCl = Axt Pararosaniline Methylsulfonic (Pararosaniline) Khoang o: 0.015 0.6 mg/m3. Lay mau khoang 30 50 lt khong kh. Tuan theo nh luat Beer- Lamber vi nong o khoang 0.25mg/10lt dung dch hap thu. Yeu to anh hng: Mn2+, Cr3+, Cu2+,V5+, NOX, O3, H2S, Mercaptan gay can tr. II. DUNG CU, THIET B . Dung cu lay mau: O ng hap thu, may hut kh, lu lng ke, hop bao quan mau. Dung cu: Pipet, buret, ong nghiem, bnh nh mc, can phan tch 10 -4gr. Thiet b phan tch: May quang pho so mau 300 900nm. III. HOA CHAT, THUOC TH. 3.1. Formaldehyde - HCHO (1% v/v): HCHO 38 40 % Nc cat 3.2. Dung dch Iot 0.01N - Dung dch Iot 0.1N (goc) + I2
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+ KI 60.0g/30ml nc cat. + Nc cat 1000ml - Dung dch Iot 0.01N (s dung). + Dung dch Iot goc 0.1N 10ml + Nc cat 100ml 3.3. Pararosaniline (Fuchsine basic) 1%. + Pararosaniline 1g + Methanol 50ml. + Nc cat 100ml (Dung dch on nh khoang 4 thang, neu can thiet tinh che Pararosanilin theo phu luc TCVN 5971 1995). 3.4. Dung dch tay mau. - Dung dch Pararosaniline 1 % (3.3) 4ml. - HCl am ac 6ml Lac khoang 5phut. - Nc cat 100ml (Dung dch on nh trong 3 thang) 3.5.Dung dch chuan SO2 3.5.1. Dung dch chuan goc. Cach th nhat: + Na2S2O5 0.80g. + Nc cat 1000ml (Dung dch co nong o SO 2khoang 530g/ml). Cach th hai: Lay 10ml dung dch Na 2SO3 bao hoa, them vao 1 I2 ml H2SO4 1/3 tao ra kh SO 2. Suc kh SO 2 vao dung dch hap thu. Xac nh chnh xac lai ham lng SO 2 trong dung dch va pha. Chuan o ham lng SO 2 trong dung dch nh sau: Trong bnh non cho vao. - Dung dch I2 0.01N 10ml. - Dung dch H 2SO4 1/5 10ml. - Nc cat hai lan 20ml. Nho dung dch cha SO2 t buret vao bnh non, lac en khi chuyen mau vang. Them vao 0.2ml dung dch ho tinh bot 0.5 %. Tiet tuc nho dung dch cha SO 2 en khi mat mau 1ml dung dch I 20.01N tng ng vi 0,3203 mg SO 2 (= 302.3 g/SO 2). 3.5.2. Dung dch chuan s dung: Lay dung dch chuan SO 2 va chuan o xong, em pha loang bang dung dch hap thu trong bnh nh mc 100ml e thu c dung dch chuan s dung co nong o 10g SO2/ml. Dung dch gi c 1 n 3 ngay. 3.6. Dung dch hap thu. - HgCl2 10.86g - NaCl 4.70g. - (Hoac KCl 5.96g).
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EDTA 0.07g. Nc cat 1000ml. (Dung dch gi c 2 thang) 3.7. Dung dch acid sulfamic NH2SO3H 1.2g. Nc cat 1000ml. (Dung dch on nh 6 thang) IV. KY THUAT LAY MAU. Thu mau khong kh qua ong hap thu (imperger) vi 2 ong hap thu noi tiep nhau, moi ong cha 20ml dung dch hap thu, vi lu lng 0.5 I1lt/phut trong khoang 1 gi. Ghi nhan nhiet o va ap suat ni lay mau. Xong, gom toan bo dung dch a hap thu lai cho vao hop bao quan mau (lanh). V. KY THUAT PHAN TCH. Lay 7 ong nghiem 16 anh so t 0 en 5, ong th 6 la mau phan tch. Cho dung dch chuan SO2 vao cac ong nghiem t 0 en so 5 vi cac the tch tng ng neu trong bang. Sau o, them dung dch hap thu vao cac ong nghiem cho u 10ml. Ong nghiem so 6( mau can phan tch). Cho 10ml dung dch mau va thu xong. Tiep theo, cho th t cac thuoc th vao 7 ong nghiem nh so lieu trong bang. Ong so Dung dch D.dch chuan SO 2ml (10g SO 2/ml) Dung dch hap thu ml Acid sulfamic, ml Formaldehyde, ml Dung dch tay mau, ml Lng SO 2, g 0 0 10 0.5 1 2 3 4 Mau

0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 0 9.8 9.5 9.0 8.0 10 (mau) 0.5 0.5 0,5 0.5 0.5 (Lac eu, e yen 10 phut) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 0 2 5 10 20 Y

Sau khi them dung dch Acid sulfamic, lac eu, e yen 10 phut muc ch kh NO2trong dung dch hap thu, them thuoc th tiep theo. Khi cho chat tay mau vao ong nghiem lac ky, sau 30 phut, em so mau bc song 540 560nm tren may so mau theo th t mau a anh so. IV. TNH TOAN KET QUA. So sanh mat o quang cua mau phan tch vi day mau chuan suy ra lng SO 2 co trong mau phan tch. Tnh toan ket qua theo cong thc.
C SO2 = aV1 ( mg / m 3 ) V2 x Vk

CSO2: Nong o SO 2 trong mau kh a thu,(mg/m 3)

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a:Lng SO2 co trong dung dch phan tch, (g) V1: Tong the tch dung dch em hap thu mau, (ml) V2: The tch dung dch hap thu mau lay ra phan tch, (ml) Vk: The tch kh lay mau, tnh theo ieu kien chuan, (lt).

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Bai 4: LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH KH NO 2 BANG PHNG PHAP THU ONG. I. NGUYEN TA C. Phng phap o NO2 thu ong vi Williems Badge c phat trien nh la phng phap lay mau chon loc trong khong kh xung quanh. Badge cha mot mieng giay loc thuy tinh (Whatman GF A) c tham mot dung dch hoa hoc e hap thu NO 2. Giay loc thuy tinh c gan vi vong PS 3mm. Vong nay xac nh chieu dai khuyech tan tren badge. Thi gian tiep xac t le trc tiep vi nong o NO 2 trong khong kh. Nguyen tac. Ion Nitrite phan ng vi Sulphanyl Amide tao thanh muoi Diazonium. Hp chat nay ket hp vi N-1-naphtyl Ethylene Diazonium Dihydrocloricle tao thanh pham mau Azo. Mau cua dung dch co the o c bang may hap thu quang pho. II. HOA CHAT. 2.1. Thuoc th Diazo: Hoa tan 4g Sulfanilamid, 10g axt tartric va 0.1g EthyleneDiamineTetraacetic Acid Disodium (EDTA) trong khoang 800ml nc cat nhiet o 50 0C. Lam nguoi dung dch va hoa tan 0.1g N-(1- naphthy) ethylene diamin dihydrochloride. Them 10ml Acetone, nh mc thanh 1lt tr trong chai thuy tinh nau roi cho vao tu lanh. 2.2. Dung dch Stock: Hoa tan 0.375g NaNO 2 va 0.2g NaOH trong nc. nh mc thanh 1lt. Gi trong tu lanh. 2.3. Dung dch chuan: Lay 2ml dung dch Stock, nh mc thanh 250ml. Dung dch nay cha 2g NO 2/ml. Chuan b hang ngay. III. CHUAN B BADGE 3.1. Dung cu: a ng giay (ribbed glass plate): tam thuy tinh pha ng co gan cac gan nho e cho giay tam khong nam sat vao mat thuy tinh. Hop phi mau (Cabinet) : hop nha kn, co au kh vao va ra, dung e cach ly moi trng co kh NO 2. Hop thao tac (Glove box) : hop lam poly carbonate co kch thc 30x20x10 cmdung e tiep xuc vi khNO2 trong kh quyen. Ong kh kh (Air cleaner) : la mot ong thuy tinh c nhet ay bong thuy tinh co tam dung dch hap thu kh can lam sach: He thong kh kh khi thao tac: noi ong kh kh vi au vao cua hop thao tac, au ra cua hop thao tac noi vi bm co lu lng 2lt/phut thi gian lu kh trong ong kh kh khoang 3 giay.
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He thong hong kho giay tam: tng t nh he thong kh kh khi thao tac nhng noi vi hop phi mau. 3.2. Chuan b: 3.2.1. Lam sach. Giay loc bang si thuy tinh (28mm Whatman GF-A).: Ra sach giay loc trong nc cat un soi trong vai phut e si thuy tinh khong b ri ra. Ra giay lan th hai vi Acetone va hong kho trong mot hop kn a kh NO 2 (cabinet) tren tam thuy tinh co gan loc . Neu giay loc khong pha ng co the dung nhp e lam phang. Mang Teflon.:Ra mang teflon 2 lan trong dung dch 1:1 (theo the tch) con 96%: nc cat. Ra lai trong con 96 %, hong kho tren cac a thuy tinh at trong cabinet. Giay thuy tinh va mang Teflon co the chuan b trc nhng phai bao quan trong hop kn khong cha NO 2. Badge lay mau.Ra sach vo badge lay mau bang nc cat va ra lan hai bang con 96%. Chu y khong dungd acetone v no lam hong vat lieu. 3.2.2. Chuan b dung dch tam( friethanolamine TEA) : Acetone t le 1:25) Dung pipet lay 2 lan 1ml TEA cho vao bnh nh mc 50ml, pha loang bang acetone va nh mc en 50ml. Lac manh khi pha loang. Dung dch nay co the gi trong tu lanh vai ngay. 3.2.3.Tam giay va soan badge. Lu y lam viec bang ga ng tay trong hop thao tac. Lay mot t dung dch tam ch vao beaker va cho giay loc vao tam. Dung nhp au phang e tr. Lam kho trong he thong hong kho giay. Lu y tam mot luc khong qua 5 mieng va phai lam nhanh e tranh NO 2. at giay tam a hong kho vao trong ay badge, ke tiep la mot vong em, mot vong Teflon va them mot vong em. Sau o ong nap va bao quan trong tu lanh. IV. LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH. 4.1. Lay mau. Chon v tr o thch hp, gan badge len gia , m nap cho giay tam tiep xuc vi khong kh can nghien cu. Ghi lai thi gian tiep xuc e tnh ket qua. 4.2. Phan tch. Mau thu c em trch ly vi 8ml nc cat. Lay q (ml) dung dch trch sao cho o hap thu khong vt day chuan. Them nc cat en 4ml. Them 4ml thuoc th. ay nap, lac eu e trong cho toi 15 phut. o mau bc song 540nm. V.TNH KET QUA.
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Nong o kh NO2 c tnh theo cong thc sau:

C = Q x Rt Axt

Trong o: Q: abs: Abs0: f: df: C: Rd: A: t:

Q = (abs abs 0).f.df Tong so NO2 trong mau (g). Ket qua o ( o hap thu) cua mau th. Ket qua o ( o hap thu) cua mau trang. He so goc ng chuan He so pha loang (=8/q). Nong o NO 2trong khong kh (g/m3) Tong tr lc cua badge 455 s.m -1 Dien tch tiep xuc5,309.10 4 m2 Thi gian lay mau (giay).

VI. LAP NG CHUAN. Lay 5 ong polysttyren, lan lt cho vao. Ky hieu mau 0 1 2 3 4 5 - Dung dch NO 2 chuan 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 - Nc cat (u cho 4ml) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 - Thuoc th 4 4 4 4 4 4 Nong o (g 0 1 2 3 4 5 NO2/8ml) + ay nap, lac eu va e cho toi. + Sau 15 phut, tien hanh o mau bc song 540nm va dng ng chuan.

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Bai 5: XAC NH NONG O SUNPHUA HY DRO TRONG KHONG KH (H2S- phng phap so mau) Hien nay, trong khong kh xung quanh ham lng H 2S thng mc di vai ppb ( phan ty). Khi phat hien co mui thoang la a khoang 0.7 8.4 g/m 3 ( 0.5 6.0ppb), thng t khi vt qua 139 g/m 3 (100, ppb), ngoai tr mot vai s co hoac do kh a nhiet thoat ra (en vai %). I. BAN CHAT PHNG PHAP 1.1. Nguyen ly. Kh H2S c hut vi the tch xac nh qua dung dch chat hap thu Cd(OH) 2 the huyen phu tao thanh CdS ket tua mau vang. e tranh phan huy do anh sang can them Arabinogalactan vao dung dch hap thu. Sau o cho phan ng vi N, N- dimethyl-p phenylenediamine va FeCl 3. Phan tch theo phng phap so mau trc 24 gi ke t khi thu mau. C che phan ng dien ra nh sau:
N(CH3) S N(CH3)2

2
NH2

3+ + H2S + 6Fe (CH 3)2N

NH

+ NH4+ + 4H+ + 6Fe2+

1.2. Khoang o va o nhay. Phng phap nay tot nhat vi nong o H 2S trong khong kh t 2.2 - 200g/m 3 (1.6 144ppb). Khi nong o H2S cao hn 70g/m 3 (50ppb) th phai tang lng hoac nong o chat hap thu. Thu mau vi lu lng chat toi a 1.5l/phut, trong vong 2 gi vi nong o H2S 1.1g/m3 (0.8ppb) 101, 3kPa va 25 0C. Mac du gii han phep o la 0.20 g/m 3 H2S (0.14ppb). Phng phap nay cung phu hp e o H 2S khoang mg/m 3. Nong o H 2S t 7 70 g/m3 co the s dung ong thuy tinh xop suc kh vi dung dch hap thu100ml Cd(OH)2 + Arabinogalactan trong vong 5phut. Neu nong o H 2S cao hn na phai tnh toan theo phng phap ong lc hoc noi ung hn la theo he so ty lng. 1.3. Cac yeu to can tr. Methyl blue phan ng ac biet tot vi S 2- nong o thap ( nong o ma thng kho phat hien trong khong kh xung quanh). Cac tac nhan can tr s tao mau cua S2 tham ch nong o vai S 2/L, do vay neu nong o S 2 trong dung dch hap thu cao hn 40g/l th phai them 0.1 0.3ml FeCl 3 va e thi gian phan ng ti 50phut. Nong o >0.5g/l, NO 2 tao mau vang nhat vi thuoc th, nhng se khong anh hng ke ca khi nong o NO 2 ti 0.3ppb, neu nh them Arabinogalactan vao dung dch hap thu. Khi H 2S va NO2 ong thi c hut vao th NO 2 oxy hoa
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mot lng nho H 2S ngay t pha kh do vay ham lng H 2S se b thap hn thc te. Ozon 57ppb se tai sinh CdS c 15 %. CdS b kh trc tiep khi lo sang. Viec them 1 % Arabinogalactan se loai tr ieu o nhng khong phai la hoan toan, do vay tot nhat van phai tranh lo sang. Khi nong o H 2S >7mg/m3, thi gian thu mau ch trong vong 5phut. Neu lay mau thi gian dai khi nong o H 2S cao se khong hap phu het va lam nghen ong suc kh do viec oxy hoa S 2- d, luc o nhung ong suc vao HNO 3 ac nong (soi) e lam sach. 1.4. o chnh xac. nong o thap (0.6 1.4g/m 3), lu lng 1.7 l/ph, hieu suat at 95.1 A 1.5%. Khi lay mau khong kh xung quanh nen lay vi lu lng 1.5 l/ph. nong o cao t 1mg/m3 lu lmg 1l/ph. 1.5. u va nhc iem. Tac dung cua anh sang va viec bao quan. H2S khong ben trong moi trng kiem (S 2- de b oxy hoa khi e h trong khong kh) va rat de bay hi trong moi trng PH< 7.0. CdS kho b oxy hoa ke ca oxy tinh khiet nong o cao. Tuy nhien, khi tiep xuc vi khong kh va cng o anh sang cao th b phan huy rat nhanh ( mat t 50 90%). Do vay, du co them Arabinogalactan vao dung dch hap thu cung nen tranh e tiep xuc vi anh sang. e loai tr nhng anh sang o phai s dung ong suc kh bang loai thuy tinh co tnh quang hoa thap va sn en hoac boc giay nhom ben ngoai impingers. II. DUNG CU VA THIET B . Impingers vi ong suc kh bang thuy tinh xop kho. Bm hut kh co lu lng en 2 l/ph va lu lng ke vi sai so the tch toi a 2%. Spectrophotometer, bc song 660 670nm, o day cuvet 2 5cm. Mot so dung cu, thuy tinh phong th nghiem. III. HOA CHAT VA THUOC TH. Cac hoa chat va thuoc th em s dung phai am bao o tinh khiet phan tch, nc cat 2 lan o dan 2 S ( di ay ch goi tac la nc). Cac dung dch phai bao quan lanh va e ni toi khi khong s dung.
3.1. Dung dch goc Axt amin-sulphuric: Cho 5ml H2SO4 am ac vao 30ml nc va lam nguoi. Hoa tan 12 gr N, N-dimethyl-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride vao dung dch H 2SO4 va pha (p aminodimethylaniline dihydrochloride, neu thay am mau th em chng cat lai di ap suat can thiet).

3.2. Dung dch H2SO450%: Cho 500ml H2SO4 am ac ( d = 1.84) t t vao 400ml nc va lam nguoi en nhiet o phong, chuyen sang bnh nh mc 1lt va them nc
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3.3. Dung dch th Amine: Lay 25ml dung dch Amine goc (3.1) va dung dung dch H2SO4 50% nh mc en 1 lt.

ti vach.

3.6. Arabinogalactan: S dung nguyen lieu loai 1 cua SCC ( Sigma Chemical Company) hoac chat hoat ong be mat Stractan 10 la phu hp. 3.7. Dung dch hap thu: Hoa tan 4.3 gr CdSO4. 8/3 H2O vao 150ml nc va 1.8 gr NaOH vao 100ml nc trong bnh khac. Tron 2 dung dch vao nhau, them 10 gr Arabinogalactan roi nh mc en 1 lt. Lac ky huyen phu nay trc khi s dung va dung trong vong 3 ngay, e ni thoang mat. PH cua dung dch hap thu khoang 10.

3.4. Dung dch FeCl3 3.7M : Hoa tan 100g FeCl 3.6H2O vao 30ml nc va 9ml HCl am ac. The tch dung dch se la 100ml. 3.5. Dung dch Amon photphat w/v :Hoa tan 400g diamon photphat trong nc va nh mc thanh 1 lt.

3.8. Dung dch H2S chuan: a. Pha dung dch: Can Na 2S pha thanh dung dch co nong o khoang 420 g/ml trong nc un soi. b. Hieu chuan dung dch. Trc khi pha e s dung phai xac nh chnh xac theo phng phap chuan o iot bang thiosulphat: - Suc kh Nit hoac CO 2 vao bnh nh mc uoi het cac tac nhan oxy hoa trc khi dung. - Cho lng d Iot, chuan o lai bang dung dch chuan thiosunphat vi ch th ho tinh bot. Lay 2 erlen: Erlen 1: Lay 10 ml dung dch sunfua chuan them 20ml dung dch I 2. 0.1 N va 2ml HCl.6N, e yen trong toi 5 phut. Chuan o lai I 2 bang thiosulfate 0,1 N ( oc ket qua V1ml Na2S2O3. 0,1N). Erlen 2: Lay 10ml dung dch nc cap. Lam tng t nh tren, thu c ket qua V0 (ml) Na2S2O3. 0,1N. Ham lng H 2S c tnh theo cong thc sau:
C =

(V0 V1 ) x m V

Trong o V0: The tch Na 2S2O3. 0,1N chuan o mau trang. V1: The tch Na 2S2O3. 0,1N chuan o mau trang. V: The tch dung dch sunfua em chuan o. m: So mg H2S tng ng vi 1ml lod. 0,1N (m = 1,7) c. Dung dch sunphua lam viec : Lay 10ml dung dch goc (3.8a) nh mc thanh 1 lt bang nc a x ly (nc cat 2 lan un soi, e nguoi, bao quan bang kh nit chong s xam nhap cua oxy va e ni mat), lu y bnh a c uoi sach oxy bang kh nit tinh khiet. Dung dch nay khong on nh c lau, ch nen pha trc khi s dung. Nong o S2- ay la 4g/ml. IV. TIEN HANH THU MAU VA PHAN TCH
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4.1. Chuan b dung cu Cac dung cu va thiet b phai c ve sinh sach se trc khi tien hanh thu va phan tch mau. Dung dung dch tay ra PTN (dung dch crom), xa bong va nc may sach ngam ra cac dung cu sau o trang lai bang nc cat hoac nhung trong HNO 3 (pha vi t le 1 : 1) khoang 30 phut, sau o ra bang nc may, dung dch tay ra phong th nghiem va trang lai bang nc cat. 4.2- Thu mau Lay 10 ml dung dch hap thu (3,7) vao impinger, cho them 5ml etanol loai 95 % (cong viec nay chuan b trc khi thu mau 2 gi). Impinger c boc ky bang nhom hoac sn en e tiep xuc vi anh sang. Pha trong co at 2 mieng teflon e tranh tao sng. Noi impinger vao he thong thu mau va hut kh vi lu lng < 1,5 lt/ph, thi gian 120 phut oi vi nong o H 2S toi thieu 0,7 g/m3. Vi nong o cao 7-70 mg/m3, lng dung dch hap thu la 100ml, thi gian 5 phut. Nong o cao hn na phai tnh theo he so t lng cua phng phap ong hoc. Khi ngng thu mau, rot dung dch a hap thu vao lo mau nau va ay kn. Lay dung dch hap thu cha s dung trang ra ong suc kh va impinger trc khi thu mau mi. Mau bao quan ky va e lanh co the gi c lau hn. 4.3. phan tch Them 1,5 ml dung dch thuoc th amin vao dung dch mau a hap thu, lac. Them 1 giot (50 l) dung dch FeCl 3 va lac tiep. Chuyen dung dch sang bnh nh mc 25ml, nho tng giot dung dch amoni photphat cho en khi mat mau vang nhat cua ion Fe 3+. Them nc cat en vach mc, e yen 30 phut. Thc hien mau trang tng t nh tren vi dung dch hap thu cha suc kh. Tien hanh o mau tren may Spectrophotometer bc song 670nm. V. HIEU CHUA N 5.1. Lap ng chuan vi dung dch Sunphua (s 2-) Viec hieu chuan dung dch sunphua (trong nc) la rat quang trong, cach thc nh mo ta vi mau phan tch trong muc 4.3. Lay mot day 6 ong nghiem co ng knh ln, them vao moi ong 10 lt dung dch hap thu va them th t lng dung dch chuan sunphua 0,0; 0,25; 0.50; 0,75; 1,0 va 2,0ml lac roi tien hanh cac bc nh a mo ta muc 4.3. VI. TNH TOAN KET QUA Quy oi the tch mau kh a thu ve ieu kien ap suat 101,3 kPa va 25 0C. Ham lng H2S tnh theo cong thc.
C= a x ( g ) x B Ba x V s

Trong o:
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a : Ham lng NH 3 trong mau th (g). Vs :The tich kh a thu (l) quy ve 101,3 kPa va 25 0C (theo cong thc PV/T = CONST) B: Tong the tch dung dch mau th. Ml Ba: The tch dung dch mau th lay e phan tch, ml VII. TAC DUNG CUA ANH SANG VA VIEC BAO QUAN. Sau khi hien mau, metylen xanh ch on ng trong 48 gi nhiet o phong va trong toi. Neu them etanol e ham bot, co lam ta ng toc o phan huy mau.

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Bai 6: LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH CACBON MONO XYT (CO) I. NGUYEN TA C Khi CO tac dung vi Paladi Clorua, chat nay b kh thanh Paladi Kim loai: CO + PdCl2 + CO2 = 2HCl + Pd Neu cho thuoc th Photphomolydat (thuoc th Folin Ciocalteu) vao dung dch co Paladi th Folin Ciocalteu b kh t mau vang thanh mau xan: Phan ng c th hien moi trng kiem (Na 2CO3). II. THUOC TH 1. Dung dch PdCl2 10/00(1g/l). 2. Dung dch Na2CO3 20% 3. Thuoc th PhtphoMolypdat (Folin - Ciocalteu) + Natritungstate (Na 2WO4.2H2O) : 100g + Natri Molypdat (Na 2MO4) : 25g + Nc cat : 700ml Lac eu cho tan het, sau o cho them: + HCl am ac : 100ml + H3PO4 85% : 50ml Tron eu roi em un soi vi ong sinh han tren mieng bnh cau e nguoi, them: + Lithisulfat (Li2SO4.H2O) : 150g + Nuc cat : 50ml + Brom (Br2) : vai giot un soi 15 phut(co ong sinh han) e loai bo het Brom tha. e nguoi, nh mc thanh 1 lt dung dch bang nc cat, loc. Bao quan trong chai mau nau. III. KY THUAT LAY MAU VA PHAN TCH MAU. 3.1.Ky thuat lay mau Cho 1 ml dung dch PdCl2 10/00 vao chai (chai co the tch khoang 500ml, a ra sach va say ky), hut chan khong. em chai en ni lay ma, m khoa cho khong kh vao chai roi ong khoa lai. Neu khong co ieu kien hut chan khiong th s dung mot au gan ac biet e bm khong kh ni lay mau vao ay khong kh trong chai ra. The tch kh` lay phai gap 40 50 lan the tch chai sao cho bao am khong kh trong chai va khong kh ben ngoai la nh nhau. 3.2.Ky thuat phan tch mau: Sau khi lay mau, e CO tiep xuc vi PdCl 2 t nhat 4 gi mi phan tch mau. Cho vao moi chai 1.5 ml thuoc th Folin Ciocateu, lac eu. ong thi lam mot mau trang (cho vao chai khong 1ml dung dch PdCl2 10/00 +
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1.5 ml dung dch thuoc th). un cach thuy 30phut, tren moi chai co mot pheu nho, thnh thoang lac eu. Sau khi e nguoi, o vao bnh nh mc (50ml). Ra va trang chai bang nc cat. Moi bnh nh mc cho them vao 10 ml dung Na2CO3 20 %. nh mc va lac eu (co the loc neu can), e 10 15 phut. o mau bc song 650 nanomet.

IV. LAP NG CHUAN Lay 5 chai cho vao lan lt : 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.6 ml dung dch PdCl2 Mau so DD PdCl2 (ml) Ham lng CO tng ng 1 0.1 0.0157 2 0.2 0.0314 3 0.3 0.0421 4 0.4 0.0628 5 0.6 0.0902

Sau o bm vao moi chai mot lng CO tha e kh het PdCl2 co trong chai. ay nut, e tiep xuc khoang 4 h, thnh thoang lac. Co the tao CO bang cach un axt oxalic vi H2SO4 am ac hoac axit formic vi H2SO4 am ac. em cac chai un cach thuy 5 phut bm khong kh sach e uoi het CO tha, roi cho them dung dch PdCl2 cho u 1ml Lay them mot chai lam mau trang Cho vao moi chai 1.5 ml dung dch thuoc th, roi em ca 6 chai un cach thuy trong vong 30 phut. o mau bc song 650 nm va dng ng chuan (phan ky thuat phan tch mau) V. TNH KET QUA oi chieu mau vi ng chuan. Nong o kh Cacbon monoxyt (CO) c tnh bang mg/m3 theo cong thc:
Nong do CO = a x 1000 (mg / m 3 ) V

Trong o:

V: The tch chai tng ng (l) a: ham lng CO (mg) suy ra t ng chuan

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Tai lieu tham khao 1. Giao trnh th nghiem o nhiem khong kh, Vien Moi Trng va Tai Nguyen, 2000. 2. ang Kim Chi, Hoa hoc moi trng , NXB KH & KT. 3. Nguyen Duy ong, Thong gio va ky thuat x ly kh thai, NXB Giao Duc. 4. Nguyen Hai, Am hoc va tieng on, NXB Giao Duc. 5. Nguyen Van Phc, Ky thuat x ly chat thai cong nghiep, HKT. TPHCM. 6. Pham Ngoc, O nhiem moi trng khong kh o th va khu cong nghiep, NXB KH KT, 1992. 7. Phng phap phan tch hoa hoc. 8. Cac tieu chuan nha nc Viet Nam ve Moi trng. Tap II: chat lng khong kh, Am hoc, Chat lng at, Giay loai. Ha Noi, 1995.

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