DTSo1 Chuong5

Bi giang DIJN TU S 1 Trang 102
Chuong 5
HE TUN TU
5.1. KHI NIEM CHUNG
Mach s duoc chia thnh hai loai chnh : H t hop v h tun tu.
Di voi h t hop: tn hiu ng ra o trang thi k tip chi phu thuc vo trang thi hin tai cua
ng vo, m bt chp trang thi hin tai cua ng ra. Nhu vy, khi cc ng vo thay di trang thi (bo
qua thoi gian tr cua tn hiu di qua phn tu logic) th lp tuc ng ra thay di trang thi.
Di voi h tun tu: Cc ng ra o trang thi k tip vua phu thuc vo trang thi hin tai cua ng
vo, dng thoi cn phu thuc trang thi hin tai cua ng ra.
Do d, vn d thit k h tun tu s khc so voi h t hop v co so thit k h tun tu l dua trn
cc Flip - Flop (trong khi vic thit k h t hop dua trn cc cng logic).
Mc khc, di voi h tun tu, khi cc ng vo thay di trang thi th cc ng ra khng thay di
trang thi ngay m cho dn cho dn khi c mt xung diu khin (goi l xung dng h Ck) th lc d
cc ng ra moi thay di trang thi theo cc ng vo. Nhu vy h tun tu cn c tnh dng b v tnh
nho (c kha nng luu tru thng tin, luu tru du liu), nn h tun tu l co so d thit k cc b nho.
5.2. BQ M
5.2.1. Di cuong
B dm duoc xy dung trn co so cc Flip - Flop (FF) ghp voi nhau sao cho hoat dng theo
mt bang trang thi (qui lut) cho truoc.
S luong FF su dung l s hng cua b dm.
B dm cn duoc su dung d tao ra mt dy dia chi cua lnh diu kin, dm s chu trnh thuc
hin php tnh, hoc c th dng trong vn d thu v pht m.
C th phn loai b dm theo nhiu cch:
- Phn loi theo co so cc h dm: B dm thp phn, b dm nhi phn.
Trong d b dm nhi phn duoc chia lm hai loai:
+ B dm voi dung luong dm 2n.
+ B dm voi dung luong dm khc 2n (dm modulo M).
- Phn loi theo hung dm gm: Mach dm ln (dm tin), mach dm xung (dm li),
mach dm vng.
- Phn loi mch dm theo tn hiu chuyn: b dm ni tip, b dm song song, b dm
hn hop.
- Phn loi da vo chc nng diu khin:
+ B dm dng b: Su thay di ng ra phu thuc vo tn hiu diu kin Ck.
+ B dm khng dng b.
Mc d c rt nhiu cch phn loai nhung chi c ba loai chnh: B dm ni tip (khng dng
b), B dm song song (dng b), B dm hn hp.
Chuong 5. H tun t Trang 103
5.2.2. B dm ni tip
1. Khi nim
B dm ni tip l b dm trong d cc TFF hoc JKFF giu chuc nng cua TFF duoc ghp ni
tip voi nhau v hoat dng theo mt loai m duy nht l BCD 8421. Di voi loai b dm ny, cc
ng ra thay di trang thi khng dng thoi voi tn hiu diu khin Ck (tuc khng chiu su diu khin
cua tn hiu diu khin Ck) do d mach dm ni tip cn goi l mach dm khng dng b.
2. Phn loi
- Dm ln.
- Dm xung.
- Dm ln /xung.
- Dm Modulo M.
a. m ln
y l b dm c ni dung tng dn. Nguyn tc ghp ni cc TFF (hoc JKFF thuc hin chuc
nng TFF) d tao thnh b dm ni tip cn phu thuc vo tn hiu dng b Ck. C 2 truong hop
khc nhau:
- Tn hiu Ck tc dng theo suon xung: TFF hoc JKFF duoc ghp ni voi nhau theo qui
lut sau:
Ck
i+1
= Q
i
- Tn hiu Ck tc dng theo suon ln: TFF hoc JKFF duoc ghp ni voi nhau theo qui lut
sau:
Ck
i+1
=
i
Q
Trong d T lun lun giu o muc logic 1 (T = 1) v ng ra cua TFF dung truoc ni voi ng vo
Ck cua TFF dung sau.
D minh hoa chng ta xt v du v mt mach dm ni tip, dm 4, dm ln, dng TFF.
S luong TFF cn dng: 4 = 2
2
dng 2 TFF.
Truong hop Ck tc dong theo suon xuong (hnh 5.1a):
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2
Q
1
1 1
Ck
Clr
Hnh 5.1a
Ck
Truong hop Ck tc dong theo suon ln (hnh 5.1b):
Trong cc so d mach ny Clr (Clear) l ng vo xa cua TFF. Ng vo Clr tc dng muc thp,
khi Clr = 0 th ng ra Q cua FF bi xa v 0 (Q=0).
Gian d thoi gian cua mach o hnh 5.1a :
Bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach hnh 5.1a:
Xung vo Trang thi hin tai Trang thi k tip
Ck Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2
Q
1
1 1
Ck
Clr
1
Q
Q
2
H 5.1b
Ck
1
2
3 4
5
7
8
1
1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
1
1
1
1
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
Hnh 5.2a. Gian do thoi gian mach hnh 5.1a
Gian d thoi gian mach hnh 5.1b :
Bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach hnh 5.1b :
Ck Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
b. m xuong
Dy l b dm c ni dung dm giam dn. Nguyn tc ghp cc FF cung phu thuc vo tn hiu
diu khin Ck:
- Tn hiu Ck tc dng suon xung: TFF hoc JKFF duoc nghp ni voi nhau theo qui lut
sau:
Ck
i+1
=
i
Q
- Tn hiu Ck tc dng suon xung: TFF hoc JKFF duoc nghp ni voi nhau theo qui lut
sau:
Ck
i+1
= Q
i
Trong d T lun lun giu o muc logic 1 (T = 1) v ng ra cua TFF dung truoc ni voi ng vo
Ck cua TFF dung sau.
1
2
3 4
5
7
8
1
1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 1 1
1
1
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
1 1
1
1
0
0 0
0
1
Q
Hnh 5.2b. Gian do thoi gian mach hnh 5.1b
V d: Xt mt mach dm 4, dm xung, dm ni tip dng TFF.
S luong TFF cn dng: 4 = 2
2
dng 2 TFF.
So d mach thuc hin khi su dung Ck tc dng suon xung v Ck tc dng suon ln ln luot
duoc cho trn hnh 5.3a v 5.3b :
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2
Q
1
1 1
Ck
Clr
H 5.3b
Ck
Hnh 5.3a
Ck
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2
Q
1
1 1
Ck
Clr
1
Q
Q
2
Hnh 5.4a. Gian do thoi gian mach H 5.3a
1
2
3 4
5
7
8
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
1 1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
0 0 1 1
1
1
0
0
Bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach hnh 5.3a:
Ck Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
1
2
3
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Gian d thoi gian cua mach hnh 5.3b:
Bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach hnh 5.3b :
Ck Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
c. m ln/xuong:
Goi X l tn hiu diu khin chiu dm, ta quy uoc:
+ Nu X = 0 th mach dm ln.
+ Nu X = 1 th dm xung.
Ta xt 2 truong hop cua tn hiu Ck:
- Xt tn hiu Ck tc dng sun xung:
Lc d ta c phuong trnh logic:
i i i 1 i
Q X Q X .Q X Ck = + =
+
- Xt tn hiu Ck tc dng sun ln:
i i i 1 i
Q X X.Q Q . X Ck = + =
+
Hnh 5.4b. Gian do thoi gian mach hnh 5.3b
1
2
3 4
5
7
8
1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 1
1 1
Ck
Q
1
Q
2 0
d. m modulo M:
Dy l b dm ni tip, theo m BCD 8421, c dung luong dm khc 2
n
.
V d: Xt mach dm 5, dm ln, dm ni tip.
S luong TFF cn dng: V 2
2
= 4 < 5 < 8 = 2
3
dung 3 TFF.
Vy b dm ny s c 3 du ra (ch : S luong FF tuong ung voi s du ra).
Bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach:
Ck Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
1
2
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1/0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1/0
Nu dng 3 FF th mach c th dm duoc 8 trang thi phn bit (000 111 tuong ung 07).
Do d, d su dung mach ny thuc hin dm 5, dm ln, th sau xung Ck thu 5 ta tm cch dua t hop
101 v 000 c nghia l mach thuc hin vic dm lai tu t hop ban du. Nhu vy, b dm s dm tu
000 100 v quay v 000 tro lai, ni cch khc ta d dm duoc 5 trang thi phn bit.
D xa b dm v 000 ta phn tch: Do t hop 101 c 2 ng ra Q
1
, Q
3
dng thoi bng 1 (khc voi
cc t hop truoc d) ( dy chnh l du hiu nhn bit d diu khin xa b dm. V vy d xa b
dm v 000:
- Di voi FF c ng vo Clr tc dng muc 0 th ta dng cng NAND 2 ng vo.
- Di voi FF c ng vo Clr tc dng muc 1 th ta dng cng AND c 2 ng vo.
Nhu vy so d mach dm 5 l so d cai tin tu mach dm 8 bng cch mc thm phn tu cng
NAND (hoc cng AND) c hai ng vo (ty thuc vo chn Clr tc dng muc logic 0 hay muc
logic 1) duoc ni dn ng ra Q
1
v Q
3
, v ng ra cua cng NAND (hoc AND) s duoc ni dn ng
vo Clr cua b dm (cung chnh l ng vo Clr cua cc FF).
Trong truong hop Clr tc dng muc thp so d mach thuc hin dm 5 nhu trn hnh 5.5 :
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2
Q
1
1 1
Ck
Clr
T
Ck
3
Q
3
1
Hnh 5.5. Mach dm 5, dm ln
Y
1
C1
R1
Y
VCC
1
Hnh 5.7. Mach
Reset muc 0
Ch :
Do trang thi cua ng ra l khng bit truoc nn d mach c th dm tu trang thi ban du l 000
ta phai dng thm mach xa tu dng ban du d xa b dm v 0 (cn goi l mach RESET ban
du). Phuong php thuc hin l dng hai phn tu thu dng R v C.
Trn hnh 5.7 l mach Reset muc 0 (tc dng muc 0). Mach hoat dng nhu sau: Do tnh cht
din p trn tu C khng dt bin duoc nn ban du moi cp ngun Vcc th V
C
= 0 ( ng ra Clr = 0
v mach c tc dng Reset xa b dm, sau d tu C duoc nap din tu ngun qua din tro R voi thoi
hng nap l = RC nn din p trn tu tng dn, cho dn khi tu C nap dy th din p trn tu xp xi
bng Vcc ng ra Clr = 1, mach khng cn tc dung reset.
Ch khi thit k: Voi mt FF, ta bit duoc thoi gian xa (c trong
Datasheet do nh san xut cung cp), do d ta phai tnh ton sao cho thoi
gian tu C nap din tu gi tri ban du dn gi tri din p ngung phai lon
hon thoi gian xa cho php th moi dam bao xa duoc cc FF.
Mach cho php xa b dm tu dng (H 5.8) v bng tay (H 5.9):
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
1
1 1
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1
1
1 1
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5 7 8
9
10 6
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
1
Q
3
Hnh 5.6. Gian do thoi gian mach dm 5, dm ln
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2 Q
1
1
1
Ck
Clr
T
Ck
3
Q
3
1
Y
1
R1
C1
Y
VCC
1
Hnh 5.8. Mach cho php xa bo dm tu dong
T
Ck
1
T
Ck
2
Q
2 Q
1
1
1
Ck
Clr
T
Ck
3
Q
3
1
Y
1
R1
C1
Y
VCC
1
Y
1
Hnh 5.9. Mach cho php xa bo dm tu dong v bng tay
Uu dim cua b dm ni tip: Don gian, d thit k.
Nhuoc dim: Voi dung luong dm lon, s luong FF su dung cng nhiu th thoi gian tr tch luy
kh lon. Nu thoi gian tr tch luy lon hon mt chu ky tn hiu xung kch th lc by gio kt qua
dm s sai. Do d, d khc phuc nhuoc dim ny, nguoi ta su dung b dm song song.
5.2.3. B dm song song
1. Khi nim
B dm song song l b dm trong d cc FF mc song song voi nhau v cc ng ra s thay di
trang thi duoi su diu khin cua tn hiu Ck. Chnh v vy m nguoi ta cn goi b dm song song
l b dm dng b.
Mach dm song song duoc su dung voi bt ky FF loai no v c th dm theo qui lut bt ky
cho truoc. V vy, d thit k b dm dng b (song song) nguoi ta dua vo cc bang du vo kch
cua FF.
2. Mch thc hin
Di voi b dm song song d dm ln hay dm xung, hoc l dm Modulo M (dm ln/dm
xung) du c cch thit k chung v khng phu thuc vo tn hiu Ck tc dng suon ln, suon
xung, muc 0 hay muc 1.
Cc buoc thuc hin :
- Tu yu cu thuc t xy dung bang trang thi hoat dng cua b dm.
- Dua vo bang du vo kch cua FF tuong ung d xy dung cc bang hm gi tri cua cc
ng vo du liu (DATA) theo ng ra.
- Dng cc phuong php ti thiu d ti thiu ha cc hm logic trn.
- Thnh lp so d logic.
V d:
Thit k mach dm dng b, dm 5, dm ln theo m BCD 8421 dng JKFF.
Truoc ht xc dinh s JKFF cn dng: V 2
2
= 4 < 5 < 8 = 2
3
dng 3 JKFF c 3 ng ra Q
1
,
Q
2
, Q
3
.
Ta c bang trang thi m ta hoat dng cua b dm nhu sau:
Ck Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 1 1 0 0
5 1 0 0 0 0 0
O chuong 3 chng ta d xy dung duoc bang du vo kch cho cc FF v d c duoc bang du
vo kch tng hop nhu sau:
Q
n
Q
n+1
S
n
R
n
J
n
K
n
T
n
D
n
0 0 0 X 0 X 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 X 1 1
1 0 0 1 X 1 1 0
1 1 X 0 X 0 0 1
Tu d ta suy ra bang hm gi tri cua cc ng vo data theo cc ng ra nhu sau :
Xung Trng thi hin ti Trng thi k tip
vo Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
J
3
K
3
J
2
K
2
J
1
K
1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 0 X 1 X
2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 X 1 X X 1
3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 X X 0 1 X
4 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X X 1 X 1
5 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 0 X 0 X
Lp bang Karnaugh d ti thiu ha ta duoc:
Luu : Khi thit k tnh ton ta dng cc phuong php ti thiu d dua v phuong trnh logic ti
gian. Nhung trong thuc t th di lc khng phai nhu vy. V du: K
3
= 1, K
3
= Q
3
hay K
3
=
2
Q
du dng, nhung khi lp rp thuc t ta chon K3 =
2
Q d trnh dy ni di gy nhiu cho mach.
So d logic: Hnh 5.10
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
J
1
x
0 1 1
x x x x
J
1
= Q
1
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
K
1
x
x x x
1 1 x x
K
1
= 1 = Q
1
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
J
2
x
0 0 x
1 x x x
J
2
= Q
1
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
K
2
x
0 x 0
x 1 x x
K
2
= Q
1
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
J
3
x
X 0 0
0 1 x x
J
2
= Q
1
Q
2
00 01 11
10
0
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
K
3
x
0 x 0
x 1 x x
K
3
= 1 = Q
3
=
2 1
Q Q =
Ck
1
Q
1
1
Q
J
1
K
1
Ck
2
Q
2
2
Q
J
2
K
2
Ck
3
Q
3
3
Q
J
3
K
3
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
C
k
Clr
3
Q
Hnh 5.10. So do mach dm ln dm 5, dm song song
Giai thch hot dng cua b dm:
- Ban du dng mach RC xa v 0 Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= 0.
J
1
= K
1
=1 ; J
2
= K
2
= Q
2
= 0 ; J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1.
- Khi Ck
1
: Cc trang thi ng ra du thay di theo trang thi ng vo DATA truoc d.
J
1
= K
1
= 1 Q
1
=
0
1
Q = 1.
J
2
= K
2
= 1 Q
2
=
0
2
Q = 0.
J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1 Q
3
= 1 bt chp trang thi truoc d.
(Hoc J
3
= 0, K
3
= 0 Q
3
=
0
3
Q = 0) Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
= 001.
Lc d: J
1
= K
1
=
3
Q = 1; J
2
=K
2
= Q
1
= 1; J
3
=Q
2
.Q
1
= 0, K
3
= 1.
(Hoc K
3
= Q
3
= 0).
- Khi Ck
2
:
J
1
= K
1
= 1 Q
1
=
1
1
Q = 0.
J
2
= K
2
= 1 Q
2
=
1
2
Q = 1.
J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1 Q
3
= 0.
(Hoc J
3
= 0, K
3
= 0 Q
3
=
1
3
Q = 0) Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
= 010.
Lc d: J
1
= K
1
=
3
Q = 1 ; J
2
= K
2
= Q
1
= 0; J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1.
(Hoc K
3
=
2
Q = 0).
- Khi Ck
3
:
J
1
= K
1
= 1 Q
1
=
2
1
Q = 1.
J
2
= K
2
= 0 Q
2
=
0
2
Q = 1.
J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1 Q
3
=0 bt chp trang thi truoc d.
(Hoc J
3
= 0, K
3
= 0 Q
3
=
2
3
Q = 0 ) Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
= 011.
Lc d: J
1
= K
1
=
3
Q = 1; J
2
= K
2
= Q
1
= 1; J
3
= Q
2
.Q
1
= 1, K
3
= 0.
(Hoc K
3
= 1).
- Khi Ck
4
:
J
1
= K
1
= 1 Q
1
=
3
1
Q = 0.
J
2
= K
2
= 1 Q
2
=
3
2
Q = 0.
J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1 Q
3
(Hoc J
3
= 0, K
3
= 0 Q
3
=
0
3
Q = 0 ) Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
= 100.
Lc d: J
1
= K
1
=
3
Q = 1; J
2
= K
2
= Q
1
= 0; J
3
= Q
2
.Q
1
= 0, K
3
= 1.
(Hoc K
3
= Q
3
= 0).
- Khi Ck
5
:
J
1
= K
1
= 1 Q
1
=
4
1
Q = 0.
J
2
= K
2
= 1 Q
2
=
4
2
Q = 0.
J
3
= 0, K
3
= 1 Q
3
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
= 000 .
Lc d: J
1
= K
1
=
3
Q = 1; J
2
= K
2
= Q
1
= 0; J
3
= Q
2
.Q
1
= 0, K
3
= 1.
Mach tro v trang thi ban du.
5.2.4. Dm thun ngh|ch
D thit k mach cho php vua dm ln vua dm xung, ta thuc hin nhu sau:
- Cch 1: Lp hm J
ln
, J
xung
, K
ln
, K
xung
(gia su ta dng JKFF).
Goi X l tn hiu diu khin. Xt 2 truong hop:
+ Nu quy uoc X = 0: dm ln; X = 1: dm xung.
J = X. J
ln
+ X. J
xung
K = X. K
ln
+ X. K
xung
+ Nu quy uoc X = 1: dm ln; X = 0: dm xung.
J = X. J
ln
+ X. J
xung
K = X. K
ln
+ X.K
xung
- Cch 2: Lp bang trang thi tng hop cho ca dm ln v dm xung.
Xung vo X Trng thi h.ti Trng thi k J
3
K
3
J
2
K
2
J
1
K
1
1
2
Sau d thuc hin cc buoc ging nhu b dm dng b.
5.2.5. Dm hn hp
B dm hn hop l b dm m trong d bao gm ca dm ni tip v dm song song. Dy l b
dm ch tao kh nhiu trong thuc t v kha nng ung dung cua b dm hn hop kh lon so voi b
dm song song.
V d: B dm 7490 bn trong bao gm 2 b dm d l b dm 2 ni tip v b dm 5 song
song. Hai b dm ny tch roi nhau. Do d, ty thuc vo vic ghp hai b dm ny lai voi nhau m
mach c th thuc hin duoc vic dm thp phn hoc chia tn s.
Trung hp 1: 2 ni tip, 5 song song (hnh 5.11).
J
K
Ck
1
Ck
2
B dm 5
song song
B dm
2 ni
tip
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3 Q
4
1
Ck
Clr
Hnh 5.11. Bo dm 2 noi tip ghp voi bo dm 5 song song
Q
1
cua b dm 2 giu vai tr xung Ck cho b dm 5 song song.
Gian d thoi gian cua 2 ni tip 5 song song (hnh 5.12) :
Nhn xt: Cch ghp ny dng d dm thp phn, nhung khng dng d chia tn s.
Bang trang thi m ta hoat dng cua mach:
Ck Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
8 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Truong hop 2: 5 song song, 2 ni tip.
Q
3
cua b dm 5 song song giu vai tr xung Ck cho b dm 2.
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1
1
1 1
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5 7 8
9
10 6
0
1 1
0
0
0 0 0
1
Q
3
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
0
1
1
Q
4
Hnh 5.12. Gian do thoi gian 2 noi tip ghp voi 5 song song
Ck
1
B dm 5
song song
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
J
K
Ck
2
B dm 2
ni tip
Ck
Clr
Hnh 5.13. Bo dm 5 song song ghp voi 2 noi tip
Gian d thoi gian cua 5 song song ni tip 2.
Nhn xt: Cch ghp ny khng duoc dng d dm thp phn, nhung lai thch hop cho vic
chia tn s.
Bang trang thi m ta hoat dng cua mach :
Ck Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
7 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
8 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
9 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
10 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
5.3. THANH GHI DJCH CHUYEN V B NH
5.3.1. Khi nim
Thanh ghi dich v b nho du duoc ung dung trong luu tru du liu, trong d thanh ghi do kha
nng luu tru cua n c han nn chi duoc su dung nhu b nho tam thoi (luu kt qua cc php tnh).
Cn b nho c kha nng luu tru cc bit du liu kh lon, v mc cu tao b nho duoc xy dung trn
co so cc thanh ghi (Nhiu thanh ghi hop thnh b nho)
5.3.2. Thanh ghi d|ch chuyn
1. Khi nim
Thanh ghi duoc xy dung trn co so cc DFF (hoc cc FF khc thuc hin chuc nng cua DFF)
v trong d mi DFF s luu tru 1 bit du liu.
Ck
Q
1
Q
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1
0
1 1
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5 7 8
9
10 6
1 0 0
0
0
0 0 0
1
Q
3
0 0 0
0 0
1 1 1
1
0
Q
4
Hnh 5.14. Gian do thoi gian dm 5 song song ghp 2 noi tip
D tao thanh ghi nhiu bit, nguoi ta ghp nhiu DFF lai voi nhau theo qui lut nhu sau:
- Ng ra cua DFF dung truoc duoc ni voi ng vo DATA cua DFF sau (D
i+1
= Q
i
) ( thanh
ghi c kha nng dich phai.
- Hoc ng ra cua DFF dung sau duoc ni voi ng vo DATA cua DFF dung truoc (D
i
=
Q
i+1
) ( thanh ghi c kha nng dich tri.
2. Phn loi
Phn loai theo s bit du liu luu tru: 4 bit, 5 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit. Di voi thanh ghi lon 8 bit,
nguoi ta khng dng ho TTL m dng ho CMOS.
Phn loai theo huong dich chuyn du liu trong thanh ghi:
- Thanh ghi dich tri.
- Thanh ghi dich phai.
- Thanh ghi vua doi phai vua doi tri.
Phn loai theo ng vo du liu:
- Ng vo du liu ni tip.
- Ng vo du liu song song: Song song khng dng b, song song dng b.
Phn loai theo ng ra:
- Ng ra ni tip.
- Ng ra song song.
- Ng ra vua ni tip vua song song.
3. Nhp d liu vo FF
Nhp du liu vo FF bng chn Preset (Pr): (xem hnh 5.15)
- Khi Load = 0 : Cng NAND 3 v 2 kha ng vo Pr = Clr = 1
FF tu do du liu A khng nhp vo duoc FF.
- Khi Load = 1 : Cng NAND 2 v 3 mo, ta c: Pr = A, Clr = A.
Nu A = 0 Pr = 1, Clr = 0 Q = A = 0.
Nu A = 1 Pr = 0, Clr = 1 Q = A = 1.
Vy Q = A du liu A duoc nhp vo FF.
Tuy nhin, cch ny phai dng nhiu cng logic khng kinh t v phai
dng chn Clr l chn xa nn phai thit k xa dng b.
D khc phuc nhung nhuoc dim d dng mach nhu trn hnh 5.16 :
- Chn Clr d trng tuong duong voi muc logic 1.
- Khi Load = 0 : cng NAND kha Pr = Clr =1 FF tu do. Du
liu khng duoc nhp vo FF.
- Khi Load = 1 : cng NAND mo Pr = A.
Gia su ban du : Q = 0.
Nu A = 0 Pr = 1, Clr = 1 Q = Q
0
= 0.
Nu A = 1 Pr = 0, Clr = 1 Q = 1.
Vy Q = A Du liu A duoc nhp vo FF.
Ch : Phuong php ny di hoi truoc khi nhp phai xa FF v 0.
Pr Clr
A
Load
Hnh 5.16
Pr Clr
A
Load
1
2
3
Hnh 5.15
V d: Xt mt thanh 4 bit c kha nng doi phai (hnh 5.17).
Trong d:
- DSR (Data Shift Right): Ng vo Data ni tip (ng vo dich phai).
- Q
1
, Q
2
,Q
3
, Q
4
: cc ng ra song song.
D giai thch hoat dng cua mach, ta dua vo bang trang thi cua DFF.
Gia su ban du : Ng vo nhp Load = 1 A, B, C, D duoc nhp vo thanh ghi dich:
Q
1
= A, Q
2
= B, Q
3
= C, Q
4
= D.
Hoat dng dich phai cua thanh ghi:
- Xt FF
1
: D = DSR
1
, Q
1
= A.
Nu DSR
1
= 0 Q = 0 ; nu DSR
1
= 1 Q = 1.
Kt lun: Sau mt xung Ck tc dng suon xung th Q
1
= DSR
1
.
- Lc d FF
2
, FF
3
,FF
4
: Q
2
= A, Q
3
= B, Q
4
= C.
Tuc l sau khi Ck tc dng suon xung th ni dung trong thanh ghi duoc doi sang phai 1 bit.
Sau 4 xung, du liu trong thanh ghi duoc xut ra ngoi v ni dung DFF duoc thay th bng cc du
liu tu ng vo DATA ni tip DSR
1
, DSR
2
, DSR
3
, DSR
4
.
Ta c bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach:
Trng thi hin ti Trng thi k Xung
vo Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
1 A B C D DSR
1
A B C
2 DSR
1
A B C DSR
2
DSR
1
A B
3 DSR
2
DSR
1
A B DSR
3
DSR
2
DSR
1
A
4 DSR
3
DSR
2
DSR
1
A DSR
4
DSR
3
DSR
2
DSR
1
Truong hop ng ra Q duoc ni voi ng vo du liu ni tip DSR (hnh 5.18).
Ck
1
Q
1
1
Q
J
1
K
1
Ck
2
Q
2
2
Q
J
2
K
2
Ck
3
Q
3
3
Q
J
3
K
3
Load
Q
2
Q
1
C
k
Clr
Ck
4
Q
4
4
Q
J
4
K
4
Q
3
Q
4
A
B C D
DSR
Hnh 5.17. Thanh ghi dich phai
Ta c bang trang thi hoat dng cua mach hnh 5.18:
Trng thi hin ti Trng thi k Xung
vo
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Dy l mach duoc ung dung nhiu trong thuc t.
5.3.3. B nh
1. Cc khi nim
- T bo nh (Memory cell)
D l thit bi hay mach din tu dng d luu tru 1 bit.
V du: FF d luu tru 1 bit, tu din khi nap din th luu tru 1 bit, hoc mt dim trn bng tu.
- T nh (Memory word )
L nhm cc bit o trong mt b nho.
V du: Mt thanh ghi gm 8 DFF c th luu tru tu nho l 8 bit.
Trong thuc t, kch thuoc cua tu nho c th thay di trong cc loai my tnh tu 4 ( 64 bit.
- Byte:
Mt nhm tu nho 8 bit.
- Dung lung b nh
Chi kha nng luu tru cua b nho.
V du: 1K = 2
10
; 2K = 2
11
; 4K = 2
12
; 1M = 2
20
.
- D|a chi
Dng d xc dinh cc vng cua cc tu trong b nho.
Xt b nho gm 16 ngn nho tuong duong 16 tu, ta cn dng 4 duong dia chi (2
4
= 16 c 4
duong dia chi). Nhu vy c mi quan h giua dia chi v dung luong b nho.
Ck
1
Q
1
1
Q
J
1
K
1
Ck
2
Q
2
2
Q
J
2
K
2
Ck
3
Q
3
3
Q
J
3
K
3
Pr Pr
C
k
Clr
Ck
4
Q
4
4
Q
J
4
K
4
Pr
Pr
DSR
Hnh 5.18.
V du : D quan l duoc b nho c dung luong l 8 Kbytes th cn 13 duong dia chi.
- Hot dng dc (READ)
Doc l xut du liu tu b nho ra ngoi.
D doc ni dung mt nho cn thuc hin:
+ Dua dia chi tuong ung vo cc duong dia chi A.
+ Khi tn hiu diu khin doc tc dng th lc by gio du liu chua trong cc ngn nho tuong
ung voi vng dia chi xc dinh o trn s duoc xut ra ngoi.
- Hot dng vit (WRITE)
Vit l ghi du liu tu bn ngoi vo bn trong b nho.
Mun vit phai thuc hin:
+ Dt cc dia chi tuong ung ln cc duong dia chi.
+ Dt du liu cn vit vo b nho ln cc duong du liu.
+ Tch cuc tn hiu diu khin ghi.
Khi ghi du liu tu bn ngoi vo bn trong b nho th du liu cu s mt di v duoc thay th bng
du liu moi.
- B nh khng bay hoi
Chi loai b nho m du liu khng mt di khi mt ngun din.
- B nh bay hoi
Chi loai b nho luu tru du liu khi cn ngun din v khi mt ngun din th du liu s bi mt.
- RAM(RandomAccess Memory)
B nho truy xut ngu nhin, doc vit ty , cn duoc goi l RWM (Read/Write Memory). Dy
l loai b nho cho php doc du liu chua bn trong ra ngoi v cho php nhp du liu tu bn
ngoi vo trong.
- ROM(Read Only Memory)
B nho chi doc. Chi cho php doc du liu trong ROM ra ngoi m khng cho php du liu ghi
du liu tu bn ngoi vo trong b nho.
- SM (Static Memory)
B nho tinh l loai b nho luu tru du liu cho dn khi mt din p cung cp m khng cn lm
tuoi du liu bn trong. V du: SRAM.
- DM (Dynamic Memory)
B nho dng l loai b nho c th mt du liu khi din p cung cp chua bi mt, v vy cn c co
ch lm tuoi du liu. Uu dim cua loai b nho ny l tc d truy xut nhanh, gi thnh ha. V du:
DRAM.
- B nh tun t
V du: Dia mm, dia cung, bng tu.
2.ROM (Read Only Memory)
- MROM (Mask ROM): Duc lp trnh boi nh san xut.
Uu v nhuoc dim: Chi c tnh kinh t khi san xut hng loat nhung lai khng phuc hi duoc khi
chuong trnh bi sai hong.
- PROM (Programmable ROM): Dy l loi ROM cho php lp trnh boi nh san xut. Nhuoc
dim: Nu hong khng phuc hi duoc.
- EPROM (Erasable PROM): D l loi PROM c th xa v lp trnh lai. C hai loai
EPROM: EPROM duoc xa bng tia cuc tm (Ultralviolet EPROM) v EPROM xa bng xung
din (Electrical EPROM). Tui tho cua EPROM phu thuc vo thoi gian xa.
Ung dung cua ROM: Chua chuong trnh diu khin vo ra cua my tnh, PC, P, C, ROM BIOS
(ROM Basic Input/Output System). Dng d chua k tu: ROM k tu. Dng d chua cc bin di
hm.
3.RAM (Random Access Memory)
DRAM: RAM dng, lm vic theo hai pha. Mt pha chon dia chi hng, mt pha chon dia chi ct.
Do d, s chn dia chi thuc hin trn IC nho hon mt nua so voi RAM hoc ROM.
SRAM : RAM tinh, c tc d truy xut nhanh hon DRAM, do d gi thnh ch tao dt hon.
4.T chc b nh
Gia su CPU hay P c 16 duong dia chi v 8 duong du liu. Nu dng d quan l b nho th
quan l duoc dung luong b nho ti da l 64 KBytes (2
16
= 64K).
Gia su 64 KBytes phn thnh cc loai sau: 1 ROM 8K, v 7 RAM 8K.
D chon ln luot tung b nho d xut du liu v v cn thua 3 duong dia chi l A
13
, A
14
, A
15
nn
ta dng mach giai m tu 3 8.
Trn hnh 5.21 l so d mach giai m dia chi dng IC 74138.
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
CS
ROM
16 x 8
Hnh 5.19. So do khoi cua ROM 16x8 = 128 bit
cs
13 8
8
ROM
13
cs
13 8
8
RAM
1
13
cs
13 8
8
RAM
2
13
cs
13 8
8
RAM
3
13
cs
13 8
RAM
4
cs
13 8
RAM
5
cs
13 8
RAM
6
cs
13 8
RAM
7
8
16
Hnh 5.20. To chuc bo nho
Y
0
(CS / ROM )
Y
1
(CS / RAM
1
)
Y
2
(CS / RAM
2
)
Y
3
(CS / RAM
3
)
Y
4
(CS / RAM
4
)
Y
5
(CS / RAM
5
)
Y
6
(CS / RAM
6
)
Y
7
(CS / RAM
7
)
A
13
A
14
A
15
IC 74138
3 8
Hnh 5.21. Mach giai m dia chi
Ban d b nho cua h thng:
A
15
A
14
A
13
A
12
A
11
A
10
A
9
A
8
A
7
A
6
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
2
A
1
A
0
D|a chi Hex
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F F H
R
O
M
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 H
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 F F F H
R
A
M
1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 H
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 F F F H
R
A
M
2
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 H
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 F F F H
R
A
M
3
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 H
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 F F F H
R
A
M
4
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 H
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B F F F H
R
A
M
5
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 H
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D F F F H
R
A
M
6
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 H
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F F F H
R
A
M
7

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Bi giang DIJN TU S 1 Trang 102

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