MNG MY TNH

Bin son: O ANH V

CHNG 1:
GII THIU
Khi nim v mng my tnh
Lch s pht trin
M hnh OSI

Mng my tnh
Mt tp hp ca cc my tnh c lp c
kt ni bng mt cu trc no .
Hai my tnh c gi l kt ni nu chng
c th trao i thng tin. Kt ni khng cn
phi l dy ng, cp quang, sng ngn,
sng hng ngoi v truyn v tinh u c
th s dng. Mng bao gm nhiu kch c,
hnh thc v dng khc nhau.

M hnh OSI (Open Systems

Interconnection)

M hnh tham chiu

OSI

OSI Open System

Interconnection
Physical layer

Truyn bit
Tc truyn
Giao tip in/c
Phng tin truyn dn
Ch truyn dn (simplex, half-duplex, fullduplex)

OSI Open System

Interconnection
Data Link layer

ng Frame
Ghi a ch
iu khin lung
Kim sot li
iu khin truy nhp (mng broadcast)

OSI Open System

Interconnection
Network layer
To kt ni logic end-to-end
Ghi a ch
Dn ng

OSI Open System

Interconnection
Transport layer
a ch dch v
Phn mnh v gp (segmentation &
reassembly)
iu khin kt ni (connectionless, connectionoriented)
iu khin lung
Kim sot li

OSI Open System

Interconnection
Session layer
Thit lp, duy tr, ng b tng tc (dialog
controller)

Presentation layer
nh dng (translation): tha thun khun dng
d liu trao i d liu
M ha
Nn

Application layer
giao din gia tng ng dng v mng.

OSI Open System

Interconnection

Truyn d liu trong OSI

LAN-Mng cc b
Mng cc b (Local area network-LAN), l
mng ring trong mt to nh hoc khu trng m
kch thc c th ln n mt vi kilometer.
Mng LAN c in chy tc ti a t 10 Mbps
n 100 Mbps
Cc mng LAN mi hot ng vi tc ln n
10 Gbps. Trong sch ny chng ta tham kho
mng c in v o tc ng truyn bng
megabits/sec (1 Mbps l 1,000,000 bits/sec) v
gigabits/sec (1 Gbps l 1,000,000,000 bits/sec).

Kin trc LAN

802.3 Ethernet

802.5 Token Ring

Metropolitan Area Networks

Mt mng thnh ph (metropolitan area
network-MAN), bao trm mt thnh ph.
V d tt nht v MAN l mng truyn hnh
cp c nhiu thnh ph

WAN
Mng (wide area network-WAN), m
rng trn mt vng a l ln, thng l
mt quc gia hoc lc a.
N cha mt tp hp cc my tnh c d
nh chy cc chng trnh ca ngi
dng
Cc my trm (host) c kt ni bi mt
mng truyn thng con (communication
subnet) hoc ch gi vn tt l mng con
(subnet).

WAN

Mng WAN

M hnh lun chuyn d liu

Mng khng dy
Truyn thng khng dy k thut s khng
l tng mi. Nm 1901, Guglielmo
Marconi (nh vt l ngi ) m t mt
my in tn khng dy, dng m Morse
(gm cc du chm v gch). Cc h thng
khng dy hin i c thc thi tt hn nhng
tng c bn th ging nh vy.
Mng khng dy c th chia thnh:
LAN khng dy
WAN khng dy

Mng khng dy

Bluetooth

IEEE 802.11

CHNG 2:
CU TRC CA MNG
(TOPOLOGY)

Cc cu trc ca mng
C 2 cu trc chnh l:
point-to-point (im
im): cc ng truyn
ring bit c thit lp
ni cc cp my tnh
li vi nhau.

Cc cu trc ca mng
broadcast (mt im - nhiu im): tt c
cc trm phn chia chung mt ng
truyn vt l.

Nhng cu trc chnh ca LAN

Dng ng thng (Bus)

Thng s k thut: t tn qui c theo thng

s: tc truyn tn hiu (1, 10 hoc 100
Mb/s); BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD
(nu l Broadband).

M hnh bus
u im
D dng ci t v m rng
Ph hp trong iu kin cn nhanh chng thit
lp mng tm thi
L m hnh i hi chi ph thp
Mt my hng khng lm nh hng n cc
my khc.

Hn ch
Kh qun tr v tm nguyn nhn li
Gii hn chiu di cp v s lng my tnh
Mt on cp b t s nh hng n ton
mng
Chi ph bo tr c th cao hn khi backbone di
Hiu nng gim khi c my tnh c thm vo

Nhng cu trc chnh ca LAN

Dng vng trn (Ring)

Cc my tnh (trm) c lin kt vi nhau

thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc mt
im - mt im.

M hnh Ring
u im
S pht trin ca h thng khng tc ng ng k n
hiu nng
Tt c cc my tnh c quyn truy cp nh nhau

Hn ch
Chi ph thc hin cao
Phc tp
Khi mt my c s c th c th nh hng n cc
my tnh khc

Nhng cu trc chnh ca LAN

Dng hnh sao (Star)

Tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung

tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v
chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc
kt ni l phng thc mt im - mt im.

M hnh Star
u im
D dng b sung hay loi b bt my tnh
D dng theo di v gii quyt s c
C th ph hp vi nhiu loi cp khc nhau

Hn ch
Khi hub khng lm vic, ton mng cng s
khng lm vic
S dng nhiu cp

Cc giao thc truy cp ng

truyn trn mng LAN
truyn c d liu trn mng ngi ta phi c
cc th tc nhm hng dn cc my tnh ca
mng lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo
ng dy cp gi cc gi d kin. V d nh
i vi cc dng bus v ring th ch c mt ng
truyn duy nht ni cc trm vi nhau, cho nn
cn phi c cc quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm
ni vo mng m bo rng ng truyn c
truy nhp v s dng mt cch hp l.
C nhiu giao thc khc nhau truy nhp ng
truyn vt l nhng phn thnh hai loi: cc giao
thc truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc truy
nhp c iu khin.

Cc giao thc truy cp ng

truyn trn mng LAN
1. Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v chp nhn)
Trm yu cu, nu ng cp khng bn th p ng;
ngc li t chi.
2. Giao thc ng dy a truy cp vi cm nhn va
chm (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection hay CSMA/CD)
Trm tm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li
bt u kim tra ng truyn.
Trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn n khi ng truyn
rnh th truyn d liu i.
Trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn n khi ng truyn
rnh th truyn d liu i vi xc sut p xc nh trc (0
< p < 1).

Cc giao thc truy cp ng

truyn trn mng LAN
3. Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token Ring)
Chuyn th bi (token) quyn truy cp ng truyn vng
quanh trn mng, trm no chim gi th c php
truyn; hon thnh th tr quyn li.
4. Giao thc dng th bi dng ng thng (Token
Bus)
Hnh thnh mt vng (Ring) logic trong mng.
Khi mt trm c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng
truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh trc. Khi ht d
liu hoc ht thi hn cho php, trm chuyn th bi n
trm tip theo trong vng logic.

CHNG 3:
PHNG TIN
TRUYN DN V CC
THIT B MNG

I. GII THIU V MI
TRNG TRUYN DN
l phng tin vt l cho php truyn
ti tn hiu gia cc thit b.
C hai loi phng tin truyn dn ch
yu:
Hu tuyn ( bounded media)
V tuyn (boundless media)

h thng s dng hai loi tn hiu l:

digital v analog.

Cc c tnh ca phng
tin truyn dn

Chi ph
Yu cu ci t
Bng thng (bandwidth).
Bng tng c s ( baseband)
suy dn ( attenuation ).
Nhiu in t ( Electronmagnetic
Interference - EMI)
Nhiu xuyn knh ( crosstalk )

II. CP (CABLE)
Cp ng trc (coaxial)
Cp xon i
Cp xon i c v bc chng nhiu STP (

Shielded twisted-Pair)
Cp xon i khng c v bc chng nhiu
UTP (Unshielded Twisted- Pair)

Cp quang (Fiber-optic cable)

So snh u nhc im ca tng
loi cp

Phng tin truyn dn

Cp xon i (Twisted pair)
Cu to
Phn loi
UTP / STP
Category (CAT 1 5)

Thng s k thut

Chiu di cp
Tc truyn
Nhiu
Lp t/bo tr
Gi thnh
Kt ni

Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc (Coxial)
Cu to
Phn loi
Thinnet / Thicknet
Baseband / Broadband

Thng s k thut

Chiu di cp
Tc truyn
Nhiu
Lp t/bo tr
Gi thnh
Kt ni

Cp quang
Cp quang (Fiber optic)
Thnh phn & cu to
Dy dn
Ngun sng (LED, Laser)
u pht hin (Photodiode, photo transistor)

Phn loi
Multimode stepped index
Multimode graded index
Single mode (mono mode)

Thng s k thut
Chiu di cp
Nhiu
Gi thnh

Tc truyn
Lp t/bo tr
Kt ni

Thng s c bn ca cc loi cp

Wireless
Wireless ?
Cc k thut

Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Lightwave

Radio
Radio
c im
Tn s
Thit b: antenna, transceiver

Phn loi
Single-Frequency
Low power
High power

Spread-Spectrum
Direct-sequence modulation
Frequency-hopping

Radio (tt)
Thng s k thut

Microwave - Sng cc ngn

Microwave
c im
Phn loi
Terrestrial Microwave
Satellite Microwave

Thng s

Infrared-Sng hng ngoi

Infrared
c im
Phn loi
Point-to-point Infrared
Broadcast Infrared

Thng s

Wireless (tt)
Lightwave
c im

III. CC THIT B MNG

1. Card mng (NIC hay Network
Adapter): l thit b ni kt gia my
tnh v cp mng.
Cc chc nng chnh ca card mng:
Chun b d liu a ln mng
Gi d liu n my tnh khc.
Kim sot lung d liu gia my tnh v
h thng cp.

Card mng
a ch MAC (Media Access
Control): mi card mng c 1 a
ch dnh ring dng phn bit
card mng ny vi card mng khc
trn mng.
a ch ny gm 6 byte (48 bit),c
dng XXXXXX.XXXXXX,3 byte u
l m s ca nh sn xut,3 byte
sau l s serial ca card mng.

Card mng

III. CC THIT B MNG

2. Modem: l thit b dng ni 2 my tnh
hay 2 thit b xa thng qua mng in
thoi.
c 2 loi: internal v external

Chc nng ca modem l chuyn i tn

hiu s digital thnh tn hiu tng t
analog truyn d liu trn dy in
thoi. Ti u nhn, modem chuyn d liu
ngc li t dng tn hiu tng t sang tn
hiu s truyn vo my tnh.

III. CC THIT B MNG

3. Repeater: l thit b dng khuych i
tn hiu trn cc on cp di .
m rng kch thc mng th dng
Repeater khuych i tn hiu v truyn
i tip. Nhng khng th dng nhiu
repeater v khi d liu s sai lch do mi
ln khuych i tn hiu yu.
Thit b ny hot ng lp Physical
trong m hnh OSI nn n ch chuyn tn
hiu in ch khng lc d liu bt k
dng no.

III. CC THIT B MNG

4. Hub: l thit b ging nh Repeater
nhng nhiu port hn cho php nhiu
my tnh ni tp trung v thit b ny.
Chc nng v hot ng ging nh
repeater.
Hub gm 3 loi:
Passive Hub (Hub b ng)
Active Hub (Hub ch ng)
Intelligent Hub (Hub thng minh)

III. CC THIT B MNG

III. CC THIT B MNG

5. Bridge: l thit b cho php ni kt 2
nhnh mng, c chc nng chuyn c
chn lc cc gi tin n nhnh mng
cha my nhn gi tin.
lc cc gi tin v bit c gi tin no
thuc nhnh mng no th Bridge phi
cha bng a ch MAC, do Bridge
hot ng lp Data link.

III. CC THIT B MNG

5. Bridge
u im: cho php m rng cng 1
mng logic vi nhiu kiu cp khc
nhau. Chia mng thnh nhiu phn
on khc nhau nhm gim lu lng
trn mng.

Nhc im: chm hn Repeater v

phi x l cc gi tin cha tm c
ng i ti u trong trng hp c
nhiu ng i.

III. CC THIT B MNG

6. Switch: L thit b ging nh bridge

nhng nhiu port hn cho php ni nhiu

on mng vi nhau.
Ngoi cc tnh nng c bn, Switch cn c
m rng nh sau:

Store and Forward

Cut Through (hay cn gi l fragment free)
Trunking (MAC Base)
VLAN
Spanning Tree

III. CC THIT B MNG

7. Router: L thit b dng ni kt cc
thit b logic li vi nhau, kim sot v lc
cc gi tin nn hn ch c lu lng trn
cc mng logic .
Router dng bng nh tuyn (routing
table) lu tr thng tin v mng dng
trong trng hp tm ng i ti u cho
cc gi tin. Bng nh tuyn cha cc thng
tin v ng i, thng tin v c lng thi
gian, khong cch... Bng ny c th cu
hnh tnh hay t ng. Router hiu c a
ch logic IP nn thng thng router hot
ng lp Network hoc cao hn.

III. CC THIT B MNG

8. Gateway (Proxy): L thit b trung gian
dng ni kt mng ni b bn trong v
mng bn ngoi. N c chc nng kim
sot tt c cc lung d liu ra i v vo
mng nhm ngn chn c hacker tn
cng. ng thi thit b ny cng h tr
chng ta chia s mt s dch v ( nh chia
s internet).

CHNG 4:
GIAO THC TCP/IP

TNG QUAN
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao
thc thuc tng vn chuyn. TCP l mt giao
thc "c kt ni" (connection - oriented),
ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai
thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu
vi nhau.
IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng
mng ca m hnh OSI. IP l mt giao thc
kiu khng kt ni (connectionless)

M hnh tham chiu

M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP
M hnh tham chiu c kh nng lin kt cc mng
v vn tng thch vi nhng giao thc hin c

M hnh TCP/IP v mi tng

quan vi m hnh OSI

So snh OSI v TCP/IP

u da trn khi nim chng giao thc, chc nng cc tng tng
i ging nhau
OSI phn bit r: dch v, giao tip v giao thc. TCP/IP khng
phn bit r rng dch v, giao tip v giao thc thay th d
dng khi cng ngh thay i.
OSI c thit lp trc giao thc kh tng qut. TCP/IP l m
t ca giao thc giao thc lun hp vi m hnh, nhng m
hnh khng hp vi bt k chng giao thc no khc
OSI h tr c truyn thng c kt ni v khng kt ni trong tng
mng, nhng ch h tr truyn thng c kt ni trong tng vn
chuyn
TCP/IP ch c mt ch lm vic khng kt ni trong tng mng
nhng h tr c hai ch c kt ni v khng kt ni trong tng
vn chuyn

KHUN DNG GI TIN IP

VER

IHL

Type of
services

Identification
Time to live

Total lenght
Flags

Protocol

Header checksum

Source address
Destination address
Options + Padding
Data

Fragment
offset

KHUN DNG GI TIN TCP

Source port

Destination port

Sequence number
Acknowledge numbers
Data Rese- UG AC PS
RST SIN FIN Window
offset rved R K H
Checksum

Urgent Points
Options + Padding
TCP Data

A CH IP
a ch IP l a ch c cu trc, l
mt con s c kch thc 32 bit,
chia thnh bn phn, mi phn c
kch thc 8 bit , gi l octet hoc
byte.

Cch trnh by a ch

K php thp phn c du chm

(dotted-decimal notation).
V d: 172.16.30.56
K php nh phn.
V d: 10101100 00010000
00011110 00111000.
K php thp lc phn.
V d: AC 10 1E 38.

Khi nim v Thut ng

a ch host l a ch IP c th dng t cho
cc interface ca cc host. Hai host nm cng
mt mng s c network_id ging nhau v
host_id khc nhau. Quy lut dng cho Host ID l

tt c cc bit khng th u l 0 hay 1.

a ch mng (network address): l a ch IP
dng t cho cc mng. Phn host_id ca a
ch ch cha cc bit 0. V d 172.29.0.0
a ch Broadcast: l a ch IP c dng i
din cho tt c cc host trong mng. Phn
host_id ch cha cc bit 1. V d 172.29.255.255.

Cc h thng s
Nh phn: ch s dng s 0 v 1.
Bt phn: ch s dng s 0 n 7.
Thp lc phn: s dng s 0 n 9 v
cc ch ci A, B, C, D, E, F tng ng
vi cc s t 10 n 15.

Chuyn i gia cc h thng s

Thp phn Nh phn:
V d: 108(10) s nh phn
108

54

27
13
6
3
1
0

1
1
0
1
1

Kt qu

108 (10) = 1101100 (2)

Chuyn i gia cc h thng s

Nh phn Thp phn: nh trng s cho
s nh phn, tng dn k t phi sang tri;
trng s u tin l 0.
Cc trng s
6543 210

26+25+23+22
=108

V d: 1101100 (2) =

Chuyn i gia cc h thng s

Nh phn Bt phn: Gom nhm cho s
nh phn, mi nhm 3 ch s nh phn k t
phi sang tri; mi nhm nh vy tng ng
mt ch s h bt phn
V d: 1101100 (2) =

154 (8)

Nh phn Thp lc phn: Tng t nh

trn, nhng mi nhm 4 ch s nh phn
V d: 1101100 (2) =

6C (16)

Cc php ton lm vic

trn bit
A

A and B

A or B

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

1
0
0
0

1
1
1
0

CC LP A CH IP
Khng gian a ch IP ( gm 232
a ch) c chia thnh 5 lp
(class) d qun l l: A, B,
C, D v E. Trong cc lp A, B
v C c trin khai t cho
cc host trn mng Internet, lp
D dng cho cc nhm multicast,
cn lp E phc v cho mc ch
nghin cu.

LP A (CLASS A)
Dnh 1 byte cho phn network_id v 3
byte cho phn host_id.

LP A (CLASS A)
Bit u tin ca byte u tin
phi l bit 0. Dng nh phn
ca octet ny l 0XXXXXXX
Nhng a ch IP c byte u
tin nm trong khong t 0
(00000000) n 127
(01111111) s thuc lp A.
V d: 50.14.32.8.

LP A (CLASS A)
Byte u tin ny cng chnh l
network_id, tr i bit u tin lm ID
nhn dng lp A, cn li 7 bit
nh th t cc mng, ta c 128 (
=27 ) mng lp A khc nhau. B i
hai trng hp c bit l 0 v 127.
Kt qu l lp A ch cn 126 a ch
mng, 1.0.0.0 n 126.0.0.0.

LP A (CLASS A)
Phn host_id chim 24 bit, ngha
l c 224 = 16777216 host khc
nhau trong mi mng. B i hai
trng hp c bit (phn host_id
cha ton cc bit 0 v bit 1) . Cn
li: 16777214 host.
V d i vi mng 10.0.0.0 th
nhng gi tr host hp l l
10.0.0.1 n 10.255.255.254.

LP B (CLASS B)
Dnh 2 byte cho phn network_id v 2
byte cho phn host_id.

LP B (CLASS B)
Hai bit u tin ca byte u tin
phi l 10. Dng nh phn ca
octet ny l 10XXXXXX
Nhng a ch IP c byte u tin
nm trong khong t 128
(10000000) n 191 (10111111)
s thuc v lp B
V d: 172.29.10.1 .

LP B (CLASS B)
Phn network_id chim 16 bit
b i 2 bit lm ID cho lp, cn
li 14 bit cho php ta nh th
t 16,384 (=214) mng khc
nhau (128.0.0.0 n
191.255.0.0).

LP B (CLASS B)
Phn host_id di 16 bit hay c
65536 (=216) gi tr khc nhau.
Tr i 2 trng hp c bit cn
li 65534 host trong mt mng
lp B.
V d i vi mng 172.29.0.0 th
cc a ch host hp l l t
172.29.0.1 n 172.29.255.254.

LP C (CLASS C)
Dnh 3 byte cho phn network_id v 1
byte cho phn host_id.

LP C (CLASS C)
Ba bit u tin ca byte u tin
phi l 110. Dng nh phn ca
octet ny l 110XXXXX
Nhng a ch IP c byte u tin
nm trong khong t 192
(11000000) n 223 (11011111)
s thuc v lp C.
V d: 203.162.41.235

LP D V E (CLASS D &
CLASS E)
Cc a ch c byte u tin nm
trong khong 224 n 256 l cc
a ch thuc lp D hoc E.

TNG KT
Lp

Byte u tin

0xxxxxxx

B
C
D
E

10xxxxxx
110xxxxx
1110xxxx
11110xxx

MNG CON

1. CHIA MNG CON

Theo hnh trn, ta bt buc phi dng n tt
c l 6 ng mng ring bit t cho h
thng mng ca mnh, mc d trong mi
mng ch dng n vi a ch trong tng s
65534 a ch hp l. iu ny dn n mt
s ph phm to ln.
S dng k thut chia mng con, ch cn
s dng mt ng mng 150.150.0.0 v
chia ng mng ny thnh 6 mng con theo
hnh bn di:

Mng con kt qu sau khi chia

K thut chia mng con

Chia mng con chnh l vic mn mt s bit
trong phn host_id ban u t cho cc
mng con
Lc ny cu trc ca a ch IP gm 3 phn:
network_id, subnet_id v host_id.
S bit dng trong subnet_id tu thuc vo
chin lc chia mng con, c th l con s
trn byte (8 bit) hoc mt s bit l. Tuy nhin
khng subnet_id chim trn s bit c
trong host_id ban u, c th l subnet_id
<= host_id - 2.

Cu trc ca a ch IP
trong vic chia mng con

C th mn bao nhiu bit?

Tt c cc bit trong subnet l:
0 dnh cho a ch mng con
1 dnh cho a ch broadcast

S lng bit ti thiu c th mn: 2

S lng bit ti a c th mn:
Lp A: 22 (= 24 2) bit chia c 222
2 = 4194302 mng con
Lp B: 14 (= 16 2) bit chia c 214
2 = 16382 mng con
Lp C: 06 (= 8 2) bit chia c 26 2
= 62 mng con

K thut chia mng con

S bit trong phn subnet_id xc nh s
lng mng con.
Gi s s bit l y, suy ra 2y - 2 l s
lng mng con c c.
Ngc li t s lng mng con cn
thit theo nhu cu, suy ra c phn
subnet_id cn bao nhiu bit. V d: chia
6 mng con th cn 3 bit (23-2=6), chia
12 mng con th cn 4 bit (24-2>=12).

Mt s khi nim mi
a ch mng con (a ch ng
mng): gm c phn network_id v
subnet_id, phn host_id ch cha cc
bit 0
a ch broadcast trong mt mng con:
tt c cc bit trong phn host_id l 1.
Mt n mng con (subnet mask): tt c
cc bit trong phn host_id l 0, cc
phn cn li l 1.

V d cho m hnh trn

a ch mng con (a ch ng
mng): 150.150.1.0, 150.150.2.0.
a ch broadcast trong mt mng con:
a ch broadcast ca mng con
150.150.1.0 l 150.150.1.255 .
Mt n mng con (subnet mask):
255.255.255.0

Quy c ghi a ch IP
Vn t ra l khi xc nh c mt
a ch IP (v d 172.29.8.230) ta khng
th bit c host ny nm trong mng
no (khng th bit mng ny c chia
mng con hay khng, v c nu chia th
dng bao nhiu bit chia). Chnh v
vy khi ghi nhn a ch IP ca mt
host, ta cng phi cho bit subnet mask
l bao nhiu
V d: 172.29.8.230/255.255.255.0
hoc 172.29.8.230/24 (c ngha l dng
24 bit u tin cho NetworkID).

Tnh ton chia mng con

Thc hin 3 bc:
Bc 1: Xc nh lp (class) ca
a ch v subnet mask mc nhin.
Bc 2: Xc nh cn mn bao
nhiu bit v subnet mask mi, tnh
s lng mng con, s host thc
s c c.
Bc 3: Xc nh cc vng a ch
host v chn mng con mun dng

IV. BI TP
Bi 1: Cho a ch IP sau:
172.16.0.0. Hy chia thnh 8
mng con v c 1000 host trn
mi mng con .
Gii: a ch trn vit di dng
nh phn
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

Bc 1: Xc nh class v

subnet mask mc nhin

Xc nh lp ca IP trn:
Lp B
Xc nh Subnet mask mc nhin:
255.255.0.0

Bc 2: S bit cn mn
Cn mn bao nhiu bit:
N = 4, bi v:
S mng con c th: 24 2 = 14 > 8.
S host ca mi mng con c th:
2(164) 2 = 212 - 2 = 4094 > 1000.

Xc nh Subnet mask mi:

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

hay 255.255.240.0

Bc 3: Xc 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000001
nh vng a ch host
S
T
T

n
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
10101100.00010000.00001111.11111111
SubnetID
Vng
HostID
Broadcast
Dng
10101100.00010000.00001111.11111110

c?

172.16.0.0

172.16.0.1 172.16.15.254

172.16.15.255

Khng

172.16.16.0

172.16.16.1 172.16.31.254

172.16.31.255

15 172.16.240.0

172.16.240.1
172.16.255.254

172.16.255.255

Khng

10101100.00010000.00010000.00000001
10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000
10101100.00010000.00011111.11111111
n
14 172.16.224.0
172.16.224.1
172.16.239.255
c
10101100.00010000.00011111.11111110
172.16.239.254

IV. BI TP (tip theo)

Bi 2: Cho 2 a ch IP sau:
192.168.5.9/28
192.168.5.39/28

Hy cho bit cc a ch network, host ca

tng IP trn?
Cc my trn c cng mng hay khng ?
Hy lit k tt c cc a ch IP thuc cc
mng va tm c?

a ch IP th nht:

192.168.5.9/28

Ch : 28 l s bit dnh cho NetworkID

y l IP thuc lp C
Subnet mask mc nhin: 255.255.255.0
IP
(thp
phn)

192

168

IP
(nh 11000000 10101000 00000101 00001001
phn)

Subnet mask thc s:

255.255.255.240
IP

Subnet
mask

11000000 10101000 00000101 00001001

11111111

11111111

11111111

11110000

Kt qu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000
AND

Kt qu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000
AND

Net ID

192

168

00001001
Host ID

a ch IP th hai: 192.168.5.39/28
IP

IP (nh
phn)
Subnet
Mask
AND
Network
ID
HostID

192

168

39

11000000 10101000 00000101 00100111

11111111

11111111

11111111 11110000

11000000 10101000 00000101 00100000

192

168

32
7

Hai a ch trn c cng mng?

192.168.5.9/28
192.168.5.39/28
Net
ID ca
a ch
th 1
Net
ID ca
a ch
th 2

Kt lun: Hai a ch
trn khng cng
mng

192

168

192

168

32

Lit k tt c cc a ch IP
Mng
tng
ng
vi IP

Vng a ch HostID vi
dng nh phn
11000000.10101000.00000101.00000001

11000000.10101000.00000101.00001110
11000000.10101000.00000101.00100001

11000000.10101000.00000101.00101110

Vng a
ch HostID
vi dng
thp phn
192.168.5.1/28
n
192.168.5.14/28
192.168.5.33/28
n
192.168.5.46/28

IV. BI TP (tip theo)

Bi 3: Hy xt n mt a ch IP class B,
139.12.0.0, vi subnet mask l
255.255.0.0 (c th vit l: 139.12.0.0/16,
y s 16 c ngha l 16 bits c dng
cho NetworkID). Mt Network vi a
ch th ny c th cha 65534 nodes hay
computers (65534 = 216 2). y l mt
con s qu ln, trn mng s c y
broadcast traffic. Hy chia network thnh
4 mng con.

Cc bc thc hin
Bao gm 3 bc:
1. Xc nh Subnet mask
2. Lit k ID ca cc Subnet mi
3. Cho bit vng a ch IP ca cc
HostID trong mi Subnet

Bc 1: Xc nh Subnet mask
chia thnh 4 mng con th
cn thm 3 bit (v 23 - 2 > 4).

Do Subnet mask s cn: 16 (bits

trc y) + 3 (bits mi) = 19 bits
a ch IP mi s l 139.12.0.0/19
( con s 19 thay v 16 nh trc
y).

Bc 2: Lit k ID ca cc Subnet
mi

Subnet mask vi dng nh phn

Subnet mask
vi dng thp
phn

11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000

255.255.224.0

NetworkID ca bn Subnets mi
Sub
net

Subnet ID vi dng nh phn

Subnet ID
vi dng thp
phn

10001011.00001100.00100000.00000000

139.12.32.0/19

10001011.00001100.01000000.00000000

139.12.64.0/19

10001011.00001100.01100000.00000000

139.12.96.0/19

10001011.00001100.10000000.00000000

139.12.128.0/19

Bc 3: Cho bit vng a ch IP

ca cc HostID
Sub
net

HostID vi dng nh phn

10001011.00001100.00100000.00000001
10001011.00001100.00111111.11111110

2
3
4

10001011.00001100.01000000.00000001
10001011.00001100.01011111.11111110
10001011.00001100.01100000.00000001
10001011.00001100.01111111.11111110
10001011.00001100.10000000.00000001
10001011.00001100.10011111.11111110

HostID vi
dng thp
phn
139.12.32.1/19 139.12.63.254/19
139.12.64.1/19 139.12.95.254/19
139.12.96.1/19 139.12.127.254/19
139.12.128.1/19 139.12.159.254/19

2. A CH RING (PRIVATE
ADDRESS)
Tt c cc IP host khi kt ni vo mng
Internet u phi c mt a ch IP do t
chc IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority ) cp pht - gi l a ch hp l
(hay l c ng k).
Tuy nhin s lng host kt ni vo mng
ngy cng gia tng dn n tnh trng khan
him a ch IP. Mt gii php a ra l s
dng c ch NAT km theo RFC 1918 quy
nh danh sch a ch ring. Cc a ch ny
s khng c IANA cp pht - hay cn gi l
a ch khng hp l.

Danh sch a ch khng hp l

Nhm a ch

Lp

S lng mng

10.0.0.0 n
10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 n
172.32.255.255

16

192.168.0.0 n
192.168.255.255

256

3. C CH NAT (NETWORK
ADDRESS TRANSLATION)

Gii thiu chung v NAT: Khi c hai my

tnh trn cng mt lp mng (cng
subnet), cc my tnh ny kt ni trc tip
vi nhau, ngha l chng c th gi v nhn
d liu trc tip vi nhau. Nu nhng my
tnh ny khng trn cng mt lp mng v
khng c kt ni trc tip th d liu s
c chuyn tip qua li gia nhng lp
mng ny v nh th phi cn mt router
(c th l phn mm hoc phn cng).

Hot ng ca NAT
NAT lm vic nh mt router, cng vic ca
n l chuyn tip cc gi tin (packets) gia
nhng lp mng khc nhau trn mt mng
ln.
NAT s dng IP ca chnh n lm IP cng
cng cho mi my con (client) vi IP ring.
Khi mt my con thc hin kt ni hoc gi
d liu ti mt my tnh no trn internet,
d liu s c gi ti NAT, sau NAT s
thay th a ch IP gc ca my con ri
gi gi d liu i vi a ch IP ca NAT.

Hot ng c th ca NAT
Chuyn i a ch IP ngun thnh a ch IP
ca chnh n, c ngha l d liu nhn c
bi my tnh t xa (remote computer) ging
nh nhn c t my tnh c cu hnh NAT.
Gi d liu ti my tnh t xa v nh c
gi d liu s dng cng dch v no.
D liu khi nhn c t my tnh t xa s
c chuyn ti cho cc my con.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Computer Networks 4th, Andrew S.
Tanenbaum, ISBN: 0-13-066102-3
Gio trnh Mng my tnh, Trung tm
in ton, H Bch khoa Tp.HCM
Gio trnh Mng my tnh, KS.
Nguyn Bnh Dng, ThS. m
Quang Hng Hi
Ti liu hc v n thi chng ch
CCNA, Cisco

PH LC: TNH NHANH

VNG A CH IP
n s bit lm subnet
S mng con: S = 2n - 2
S gia a ch mng con, v d
lp C: I = 28-n (n<8)

V d:
192.168.10.9/24
N=3 (= 24/8), I = 32 (= 28-3)

0: 1-30 (~: 192.168.10.1192.168.10.30)

32:33-62 (~: 192.168.10.33192.168.10.62)
64:
96:

IP ca host u tin: (k-1)*I + 1 (vi k=1,2,)

IP ca host cui cng: k*I - 2 (vi k=1,2,)
IP ca broadcast: k*I - 1 (vi k=1,2,)

Bi tp 4
Cho a ch IP: 102.16.10.10/12
Tm a ch mng con?
Di a ch host?
Broadcast?

Bc: Chuyn sang dng nh phn

102.16.10.10/12 thuc lp A
chuyn i 102 thnh
102 (10) = 64 + 32 + 4 + 2 = 01100110 (2)
Subnet mask:
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
Byte u tin chc chn khi dng php ton
AND ra kt qu ging vi 102.

Tr li cu hi 1: a ch mng con?
Xt byte k tip l: 16 (10) 00010000 (2)
Khi AND byte ny vi Subnet mask, ta
c kt qu l: 00010000 (2)
Nh vy a ch mng con s l:

102.16.0.0/12

Tr li cu hi 2: Di a ch host?
D dng tnh ra c di a ch host s t:

102.16.0.1/12
n

102.31.255.254/12

Tr li cu hi 3: Broadcast?

102.31.255.255/12