Avitohol-Istoriceski Zbornik 1

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ISBN 954-8925-32-X
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A DECADE AVI -TOHOL

Ten years ago in the Bulgarian Cultural Centre in London, a group of enthusiastic Bulgarians - Dimitar Tabakov,
Dimitar Dimitrov, Ekaterina Dimitrova and Jury Stoyanov, decided to initiate the publication of a historical journal, named
Avi-Tohol. Little was this initiative related to external factors, it was rather a result of their profound commitment to the
subject of the Bulgarian Antiquity. It was a formative period when the journal established its intellectual image, academic
vision and serious audience. There have been some clouds over its Path, but its authentic spirit proved phenomenal for
syntesising its unchanging essence.
Out now is a collection of selected articles, published in the journal over the period of ten years. Such anniversary is a
good occasion not only to remind of the many remarkable contributions of researchers and authors, but also to thank of the
few sponsors, the help of whom was crucial for the survival of Avi-Tohol.
It is also an occasion to ponder upon the founding principles of the Journal, inherited from its intellectual ancestors and
teachers, such as Dimitar Sussulov, Nikolai Stanishev and Fani Popova - Mutafova. The core of it, to be faithful to the
Bulgarian ideal and civilisation, remains vital up to this day, despite the numerous attempts to be substituted and falsified
with unrelated doctrine and ideologies. The task of Avi-Tohol to fight them with scientific means, made it a focal point for the
like-minded researchers and readers.
The Journal had successfully established an open attitude for research and analyses of the Bulgarian Antiquity. The
critical approach to foreign doctrines for the foundation of the Bulgarian identity proved decisive for their objective refutation.
Parallel, the links between the Bulgarian civilisation with the other known ancient civilisations were argumentatively established.
The current idea for the Balkans being the home of the civilisation from the period before the Great Flood, had been
successfully argued in Avi-Tohol previously and despite some arrogant conventional opposition. Nevertheless, this attitude not
only survived, but became the core of the objective research ethics.
Avi-Tohol was instrumental in establishing an inter-disciplinary method of research for verification of novel hypotheses
and theories. The latest discoveries in the classical fields, such as palaeographic records and chronicles, were put together
with evidences, coming from theological, climatological, zoobotanical, genetic and other sources. Close analysis of the
classical mythological sources of the ancient world were also used in order to formulate a global approach to the matter.
Avi-Tohol became the second source after The National Geographic to publish about the discoveries in the Tarim Valley,
making definitive point for the related ethnos, which reinforced Sussulov s theory with new evidences. Later, the genetic
samples taken from the Tarim mummies, endorsed that theory.
Avi-Tohol was one of the first sources to launch the idea of the Balkans as a home of the earliest script. A comparative
palaeographic research for the formation of Glagolitsa and Brahmi, looking at the esoteric symbolism of their geometric
framework, proved their common origin.
The enigmatic personality of Ziezi, treated in the conventional Bulgarian historiography as a mythological image, was
another focal point for a true identification. By looking at the Shumer dynastic sources as well as some less known ancient
Indian dynastic lists, a new realistic perspective was open, recently reinforced in the work of the young researcher Peter
Goliisky.
Another controversial question - that of the homeland of the Bulgarians, received a new answer, by looking at the existing
theories in a chronological rather than exclusive perspective. The historical route of the Bulgarians was thus outlined as a
cycle in the space-time context where the ancient dynamics in continuity was linked to the modern identity status quo.
The experimental spirit of Avi-Tohot is rooted not only in the attitude to the subjects treated, but also in the methods used,
for testing the probability of the results. The principle of identifying unnamed simitar objects was used in recognising the
Brahmi, when viewed together with the Gtagolitsa by native academic audience. The 50%confusion in naming Glagotitsa as
Brahmi established an actuality for the theoretical conclusions for similarity. The human factor was explored when modern
representatives of the studied antiquity (Kalash, Hindukush) identified unique affinity to Bulgarian representatives at first
cultural contact. Similar method of self-identity was used in M. Palings BBC film-expedition in the area.
Observing the human factor and limiting the distance science-human being will remain the main objective of Avi-Tohol
and in the eve of its decade the editorial team appeals to researchers and readers for their support to this principle.
Dimitar Dimitrov
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16
A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia. The Cambridge History

of Inner Asia, p. 150-176; W. M. McGovern. The Early Empires of
Central Asia. p. 48-/1; E. H. Parker. A Thousand Years of the
Tartars, p. 165, 174/5 -; E. G. Pulleyblank. Chinese and Indo-Europeans. Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society (parts 1 and 2, 1966, p. 18, note 4); .
. . ., 1994,
. 206.
2
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Bactria, p. 779.
3
W. m. McGovern. Op. cit., p. 479/480.
4
The Gothic History of Jordanes, translation and commentary by
Charless Christopher Mierow, p. 152.
5
A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia. Op. cit., p. 1521; Rene
Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes a History of Central Asia. p.
28/8; J. de Morgan. Manuel de Numismatique Orientale, I. Paris,
1923-1936, p. 418: The invasion of the Yueh-Chih seem to have
lasted over an extended period of time. According to Tarn. Op.
cit., p. 276/7, they left their home in Kansu province, West China,
near Lake Issyk Kul, while in 128 B. C. they were on the Oxys...
6
A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia. Op. cit., p. 489-492, see
also map on p. 16.
7
E. G. Pulleyblank. The Wu-Sun and Sake and the Yueh-Chih
Migration. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. University of
London, vol. XXXII, 1970, p. 158; E. G. Pulleyblank. Chinese and
indo-Europeans. Op. cit., p. 20.
8
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Language of the World Tochari an
Language. p. 684/5; E. G. Pulleyblank. Chinese and Indo-Europeans.
Op. cit., p. 19; O. Pritsak. The Origin of Rus., p. 50: ...The script
system (runic) consisted originally of twenty four signs (runes)...;
M. Aurel Stein. White Huns and Kindred TYribes in the History of
the Indian North-West Frontier. Indian Antiquary, 1905, p. 84; W.
M. McGovern. The Early Empires of Central Assia, p. 110/1; P. S.
Tzcetkov. A History of the Balkans A Reginal Overview from a
Bulgarian Perspective, vol. 1. Mellen Research University Press,
1992, p. 10-56.
9
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Languages of the World..., p. 685; Tocharian
Language, p. 814.
9a
R. Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia,
p. 27: ...Tokhari and Indo-Scythians were names applied to a single
1
people at two periods of their existence, this people being regarded

as having Scythian affinities, or of Indo-European stock...
10
A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia, p. 154: ...It is a
commonly noticeable phenomenon of dialect geography that a
language tends to show greater variaty closer to home in its essential
linguistic features than in its country of migration... . ,
. . . .
Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 30, n. 3-4, 1986, p. 187: ...

...; E. G. Pulleyblank. Chinese and Indo-Europeans..., p. 939.
11
(), , ,
. . . . . ,
. ., 1991, 142-149.
12
W. M. McGovern. Op. cit. p. 116-186; R. Grousset. The Empire of the
Steppes. A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press, 1970,
26-28.
13
. . .
., . 362.
14
M. Eliade. The Forge and the Crucible, p. 85/6: ...In the Iranian
tradicion the Kavi smith was the ancestor of the Kavya dynasty...;
Encyclopaedia of Islam. Kayanids, p. 809: ...Kayanids, Iranian
dynasty, for the most part mythical, which owes its names to the
title Kavi...; same page, article Kay Kubad, Kavi Kavata, the
Founder; also Bishtasb (Kavi Vishtaspa...); In memory of V.
Minorsky. Iran and Islam, p. 544: ...Drafsh-I Kawiyan originally
meant imperial banner (derived form Kawi, later Kay = King);
R. Vasmer (C. E. Bosworth). Mazandaran. ENcyclopaedia of Islam,
p. 938.
15
E. H. Parker. A Thousand Years of the Tartars, p. 173: ...Ilvi
Shaporo, forth Jabgy Khakhan; also page 175: ...Ilvi Shifkwi;
The Chronography of Gregory Abul-Faraj Bar Hebraeys, 12251286, edited by Ernest A. Vallis Budge and printed in London in
1876, p. 464, also 508, for Awirataye.
15a
An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan, by Edward
Browne, p. 181: ...incited there into by Kawkaban, one of the chief
men of the place, and Yaqub (f. 116 d) was forced to retire... (e.n.:
It is obvious tha tthe title Kawkaban (Kaw-Kaban) is an Arab
transcription of the Bulgar title Kawkan (Kaw-Qan). Kaw derives
from Kavi or Kava-Kana).
16
. . . .
. . ., 1984, . 36; . .
. ., . 41;
. . .
. ., 1960, . 369-380: ... ,
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17
The Cambridge History of Iran. History of Eastern Iran., p. 215:
...the name would have been a heraditary title held by a succession
of princes of whom the historical Tarkhan Nezak was perhaps the
last... Encyclopaedia Britanica. Iran, p. 877: ...Arsaces seems to
have injoyed great fame among the each other for the four and
half centuries of the Partian state...
18
A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia, p. 150-176.
19
Ibid, p. 164-168.
20
Time magazine. July 2, 1979. The Golden Nobles of Shibarghan. p.
34/5; W. Barthold. An Historical Geography of Iran. Princeton
University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 16.
21
E. C. Schwartz. Bulgarian Art. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, p.
414-417; . .
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:
, , : A Sanskrit-English
Dictonary (Ethymologically and Phylologically Arrenged with Special reference fo Cognate Indo-European Languages) sir M. M.
Williams; M. A., K. G. I. E. Boden Professor of Sanskrit Motilal
Banarsidass, Delhi, Varanasi, Potna, Moadras. 1899, 1963, 19643,
1970, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986.
, , : Tibetan Language. Three
Study Tools (Revised Second Edition) by Nganang Thoudup
Narkyid. Library of Tibetan Works, Archives Dharamsala (H. P.),
India, 1975.
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1 Sui-shu, chap. 84, p.19 b,I.1 = Taiwan reprint, p. 38 see also P.

Peliot. Notes sur Ihistoire de la Horde dOr (Paris, 1949), p.226]
cf. S.G. Kljastornyj, Dnevnetjurkskie runiceskie nadpisi kak istocnik
po Srednej Azii (Moscow, 1964),p.117.
2 See chap. 3, and note 19 below.
3 O. Pritsak, Die Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der altaischen Vlker,
Ural-Altaische Jahrbucehr 24 i-ii (1952), pp. 52, 79; A.M.Scerbak, Znaki
na keramike i kirpican iz Sarkela-Beloj Vezi (K voprosu o jazyke i
pismennosti pecenegov), Materialy i issledovanija p arxeologii SSSR,
No 75 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1959), p. 369.
4 See chap. 6-7 below.
5 V.Langiios. Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de
LArmnie, II (Paris, 1869), p. 336; H. Hbschmann, Armeniaca,
Indogermanische Forschungen 16 (1904), p. 354.
6 G. Hoffmann, Auszuge aud synischen Dkten persischer Martyner
(Leipzig, 1880), pp. 78-86; Czegiedy, Acta Orientalla Hung, 4 (1954),
pp. 65-66; N. Pigulevskaja, Mar Aba I, Sobetskoe Vostokovedenie
(1948), p. 77, cf. Kijastomyi, Drevnetjurkskie nadpisi (see note 1),
pp. 175-176.
7 E.G. Pulleyblank, Asia Major 9 ii (1963), pp. 246-248; see also O.
Pritsak, The Hsiung-ru Word fo Stone, D. Sinor Festschrift (in
print) cf. lbn Xurdadhbech, Kitab at-masalik wal-mamalik (ca.
840-880), ed M.J. de Goeje (leiden, 1889).
8 E.G. Pulleyblank,Chinese and lndo-Europeans.
9 see, e.g., J. Markwart, Eransahr (Berlin, 1901), pp. 155-157; V.Minorsky.
Turan, Enzyklopaedie des Islam, iv. (1934), pp. 951-954.
10 Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-Eurpeans, p. 21.
11 See, e.g. H.W. Bailey, Recent Work in Tocharian, Trasactions of
the Philological Society 1947 (London, 1948), pp. 126-153] W.
Samolin, Ethnographic Aspects of the Archaeology of the Tarim
Basin, Central Asiatic Jumal 4 i (1958), pp. 45-67; A. . Gabain, Das
uigurische Konigreich von Chotcho 850-1250 (Berlin. 1961), p. 81.
13 Pulleyblank, Asia Major 9 ii (1963), p. 220.
14 This was first discovered by J. Markwart, Die Chronologie der
altturkischen inschriften (Leipzig, 1898), p. 10l J. Markwart, ber
das Volkstum der Komanen, Osttrkische Dialektstuden (Berlin,
1914), p. 26.
New material supporting this thesis was published by Puleyblank,
Asia Major 9 ii (1963), pp. 246-248; and Kljastornyi Drevnetjurkskie
runiceskie pamjatniki, pp. 163-175.
15 As international traders during the fifth-sixth centuries A.D. they
also maintained their settlements in Transcaucasia on the Kura River,
an area of primary importance to the transcontinental trade routes,
The data concerning their activity in Transcaucasia were collected
by Kljastornmyj, Drevnetjurkskie runiceskie pamjatniki, pp. 175-176.
16 IE 39; cf. Kljastorni, Drevnetjurkskie runiceskie pamjatniki, pp.
1161-163.
17 Ibn al-Athir. Chronikon, ed. C.J.Jornberg, x.p. 117.
18 See O. Pritsak, The Decline of the Empire of the Oghuz Yabghu.
The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the
U.S. 2 ii (1952), pp. 279-280.
19 J. Bacot, Reconnaissance en Haute Asie septentrionale par cinq
envoyes ougurs au VIII siecle, Journal Asiatique 254 ii (1956), p.
147; cf. Turkological notes to this Tibetian text by Sir G. Clauson,
Joumal Asiatique 255 (1957), p. 16
20 Kitab at-tanbih, ed. de Goeje (=BGA, viil), p. 180, l. 15 p. 181. 1, 2.
21 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Gy. Moravcsik (Budapest, 1949),
p. 166.
22 Kitab Divan Iugat at-Turk, phototypical edition (Ankara, 1941). p.
41, I.1.
23 See e.g. N.A. Baskakov, Vvedenie v izucenie tjurkskix jazykov
(Moscow).
24 ed. V. Jinorsky, Marvazi on China, the Turks an India (London,
1942), pp. *20-*21.
25 Kaspijskij svod svedenij o Vostocnoj Evrope, ii (Moscow, 1967)
esp. pp. 72-73.

26 ed. de Goeje (= BGA, viii), p. 140, I, 19-20.
27 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 166, p. 167.
28 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 170.
30 ed. W. Barthold (Leningrad, 1930), f. 19d.
31. ed. W. Barthold, f. 38 a.
32 Regionis Abbatis Pruminensis Chronicon (= MGH, Scriptores
Rerum Germanicarum in usu schol.) ed. F. Kurze (Hannover, 1890),
pp. 131-132.
33 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 172
34 The literature concerning Atelkuzu is given in Gy. Moravcsik,
Byzantinoturcica2, ii (Berlin, 1958), p. 77 and Gy. Moravcsik, De
Administrando Imperio, ii. p. 148.
35 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 170, LL. 13-14. Concerning the belief that here the text is corrupt see Moravcsik, De
Administrando Imperio, ii. p. 148.
37 S.A. Pletneva, Pecenegi, Turki i Polovcy v juznorusskix stepjax,
Materialy i issledovanija po arxeologii SSSR Nr. 62 (MoscowLeningrad, 1958), p. 153.
38 Constantine presented the administrative structure of the realm of
the Pecenegs in chap. 37 of his De Administrando Imperio.
39 Kayyap, De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, chap. 37, p.
170, ii. 68-71.
40 According to a Byzantine author (Joannes Scylitzes Georgius
Cedrenus) two Peceneg tribal units (= provinces) supplied 20 000
warriors.
41 see O. Pritsak, Lenzen-in Konstantina Porfirorodnoho, Symbolae
in honorem Georgii Y. Shevelov (Munich, 1971), pp. 351-359.
42. Pletneva, Pecenegi, pp. 153-161.
43 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166, 168, dee
A.N.Kurats map (cf. note 38 above).
44 Scerbak. Znaki na keramike (see note 3 above), p. 376.
45 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166, 168
49 ed. W. Barthold, f. 38 a.
50 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166, 168, also
Pletnevas map (see note 37 above), p. 155.
51 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166, 168, also
Pletnevas map (see note 37 above).
53 I am using the Marxian term to ulustrate a typical phenomenon
without any further connotation.
54 The context and scholarly literature are given by Moravcsik.
55 ed. Belowski in Monumenta Poloniae Historica, i (Lviv, 1864), p. 225.
56 Concerning the terminology see, e.g., A.Z. Togan, Ibn Fadlans
Reisebericht (Leipzig, 1939), pp. 271-285.
57 ed. Reinaud-de Slane (Paris. 1840), p. 205.
58 Scriptores, Rerum Hungaricum, i (Budapest, 1937), pp. 116-117.
59 I shall deal with the fate of the Varaz charizmatic clan in a special
study.
60 There ia a tremendous literature dealing with Peceneg lists. I will,
therefore, give here only some basic titles: J.Nemeth, Zur Kenntnis
der Petschenegen, Korosi Csoma-Archivum 1 (1921-1925), pp.
219-225; J. Nemeth. Die Petschenegischen Stammesnamen,
Ungarsche Jahrbrucher 10 (1930), pp. 27-34; K.H.Menges. Etymological Notes on some Pacanag Names, Byzantion 17 (19441945), pp. 256-280.
61 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166.
62 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 166,ll. 31-32.
63 Georgius Cedrenus, ed. Bekker, ii, pp. 582-584.
141

65 ed. Belovski, Monumenta Histirica, i, pp. 224-225. Concerning the
frontier see M. Hrusevskyj, Istorija Ukrajiny-Rusy, i (Kiev, 1913),
p. 241; A.N. Nasonov, Russkaja zemlja (Moskow, 1851), p. 67.
68 This Slavic word (zakon law) can be regarded as a common
locution even in Middle Greek, Moravcsik, in De Administrando
Imperio, ii, p. 146.
69 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, pp. 54, 56.
70 Povest vremennyx let. ed. D.S. Lixacev, i (Moscow-Leningrad,
1950), pp. 33-34.
72 Anne Comnene, Alexiade (regne de lempereur Alexis l Comnene
1081-1118), ed. B. Leib, ii (Paris, 1937), p. 97; cf. P. V. Golubovskij,
S kakogo vremeni mozno prosledit najuge Rusi sopsob zascity
taborom, Trudy XI Arxeoiogiceskogo Sezda v Kieve, ii (Moscow,
1902), pp. 72-79.
84 ed. Baron V. von Rosen (Rozen) in A. Kunik V. Rozen, Izvestija
al-Bekri i drugix avtorov o Rusi i slovjanax (s.-Pv.), p. 43 (Arab.
text) = p.= 60.
85 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 52, ll. 11-12.
86 Georgius Cedrenus, ed. Bekker, ii. pp. 584-585.
87 Concerning these computations cf. G. Vernadsky. The Mongols
and Russia (New Naven, 1953), pp. 217-219.
88 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, p. 166, ll. 32-33.
90 O. Pritsak, From the Savars to the Hungarians, Hungaro-Turcica,
Studies in Honour of Julius Nemeth (Budapest, 1975).
92 Geodesy, ed. P,G. Bulgakov (Cairo, 1962), p. 47 = Russian transl.
by P.G. Bulgakov (Tashkent, 1966), pp. 95-96.
93 N.A. Mescerskij, Istorija iudejskoj vojny Josifa Flavija v
drevnerusskom perevode (Moscow-Leningrad, 1958), p. 454.
95 Conceming the etymologies of Xwalis (> Xwali As) and Burtas (>
Furd As) see N. Golb O. Prisak, An original document of the
Khazarian Jews (University of Chicago Press) [in press]. Constantine
calls the Burtas by mane (De Administrando Imperio, ed.
Moravcsik, chap. 37 p. 168, l. 46).
97 O. Pritsak, Die Bulgarische Frstenliste (Weisbaden, 1955, pp. 85-90.
98 O. Pritsak, Kasgaris Angaben ber die Sprache der Bolgaren,
ZDMG, 109 i (1959), p. 106.
99 Pritsak, ZDMG, 109 i, p. 107.
100 Scerbak, Znaki na keramike, pp. 385-389, pl. 6.
101 See Vasilevskij, Trudy, i, pp. 11-12; Pletneva, Pecenegi, pp.
200-212.
102 Vasilevskij, Trudy, i, pp. 38-57
103 See note 55 above.
104 See note 84 above, cf. Markwart, Osteuropaische und Ostasiatische

, .
. -,
. ,
, . ,
. .
, . , (, , , ), ,
142
Streif.
105 Cf. Povest vremennyx let. ed. Licacev, i, p. 109, s/a/ 1054.
106 Vasilevskij, Trudy, i, pp. 310-26.
107 See note 86 above
108 A.P. Kazdan, Ioann Mavropod, Pecenegi i Russie v seredine XI
v., Melanges G. Ostrogorsky, i (Belgrad, 1963), pp. 177-184.
109 Vasilevskij, Trudy, i, pp. 67-68, 89-92.
110 Vasilevskij, Trudy, i, pp. 96-106.
111 Moravcsik, Buzantinoturcica2, i. p. 88.
112. Gy. Gyorffy, Bezenyok es magyarok, Korosi Csoma-Archivum
Sppl. 1 (1939), pp. 399-434.
113 Ipatevskaja letopis, ed. A.A. Saxmatov = PSRL, ii (SPb, 1908),
col 533.
114 Cf. al-Marwazi, ed. Minorsky, p. *18 = Engl. transl., p. 30, and pp. 102104 (Commentary) see O. Pritsak, Two Migratory Movenemts in Erasian
Steppe (9th-11th cent.) 26th Intemational Congress of Orientalists
Summaries of Papers, Supplement (New Delhi, 1964), pp. 5-7.
115 Cf. Povest vremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 109 (s.a. 1054, 1061).
116 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 31 (s.a. 915), p. 47 (s.a.
968) und pp. 52-53 (s.a. 971, 972).
117 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 231 (s.a. 915).
118 De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik, chap. 40, p. 176 =
Engl. transl. by Jenkins, p. 502-503.
119 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. pp. 47-48; see also V. Parxomenko,
Rusi Pecenegi, Slavia 8 (Praha, 1929-1931), pp. 138-144.
120. Cf. Hrusevskyi, istoria Ukrajiny-Rusy, i, thrd edition, pp. 476-477.
123 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 83 (s.a. 988), pp. 84-85 (s.a. 992).
124 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. pp. 85-86.
126 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 83 (s.a. 988)
127 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 83; cf. Hrusevskyj, Istoria
Ukrajiny-Rusy, i, thir edition, pp. 239-241.
128 Povestvremennyx let. ed. Lixacev, i. p. 59 (s.a. 985)
129 Pritsak, The Decline of the Empire of the Oghuz Yabghu, The
Annalis of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S.
2 ii (1952), pp. 279-280, and note 2; cf. D.A. Rasovskij, Rusi
kocevniki v eppoxu Svjatogo Volodimera, Vladimirskij Sbornik
(Belgrad, 1938), pp. 149-154.
130 D.A, Rasovskij, Rus, Cernye Klobuki i Polovcy c XII v.,
Festschrift Petur Nikov (Sofia, 1940), pp. 369-378; D.A, Rasovskij,
O roli Cernyx Klobukov v istorii Drevej Rusi, Seminarium
Kondakovianum 1 (1927), pp. 93-109.
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.
1. Dictionary of the Sacred language of all Scnptures

and Myths/ by G. A. Gaskell/ London George Allen and
Unwm Ltd 1923,
682
2.
/
. 8. , (XVII ).
1923, 27-28
3. An enquiry into the origin of piebald or Jacob sheep/
by A. R. Werner, Countrywide Livestock Ltd 1988, 65
4. , 77
5. The Vetermary Record Volume85, number 7
6. The Ark, The monthly journal of The Rare Breeds
Survival Trust/ vol 4,n 3 1977, 162-165
7. . , ,
, , 2000 148-149
AC/DM - Ancient Civilization D Mackenzie,

Blackie&Son Ltd , 1928
AR - Asiatick Researchers or Transactions of the Society
Instituted in Bengal
A-T - - 1-10
CCAI/DK - The Culture & Civilization of Ancient India,
D D. Kossambi, 1965
CI/EB - Cyclopedia of India, in three volumes, Balfour,
London 1885
GGK/LG - Genesis of The Grail Kings, Laurence Gardner,
Bantam Press 1999
HCMMA/H - History and Chronology of the MithMaking Age, J F Hewitt, London 1901
HMU/CG - History and Monuments of UR, J Gadd,
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MCRH/LW - The Makers of Civihzation in Race &
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ZVF/D - Zendavesta Vendidad Fargard, Darmesteter (nd)
215

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:
1. , . ( ), , 1998, . 24-25.
2. ., . .
- - .: .
I . 32. , 1878 , No 2, . 126-137. Mikkola J. Die Chronologie
der trkischen Donaubulgaren-Journal de l Socite Finoo-ugrienne
O T 30 Helsingford, 1914 pp. 23-24. Margenrt J. Die chronologie der
Altrrkischen Inschriffen. Leipzig, 1898, p. 72-78.
3. .,
, . 1, I, ., 1970, . 57; Pritsak O., Die bulgarische Frstenliste
und die Sprche der Protobulgaren, Wiesbaden, 1955, p. 35.
4. , ., .
., 1994, . 31; . - /-/ //,
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5. . - - .
6. Pritsak O. Op. cit., pp. 36-37.
7. ., . ., 1994, . 21-22.
8. Pritsak O. Op. cit., pp. 37-38
9. ., . ., 1962, . 41-42.
10. ., . .,
., 1960, . 220.
11. ., . ., . 164.
12. . , ., 1935, . 233-238;
. , , , . V.1940, . 1.
13. ., ,
, 1994, . 39-42.
14. . . ., 1994, . 92-106, 42-51.

15. ., , , . ., 1996, ,
. 876.
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18. . . ., 1982, . 295.
19. . . ., . 49.
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1995, . 26.
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, 1792, ., 1992, . 22-25.
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58. ., , , 1986, . 20-21.
59. ..,-...... . 13-21.
60. De Groot, J.J., Die Hunen der Vorchristlichen Zeit. Cinesich
Urkunden iur Geschichte Asiens, I Teib, Berlin-Leipzig, 1991, pp. 1-2.
61. , . 26; .,
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2 "The Flood"
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, - - . , : PAGES Open Science Meeting Post Global Changes and their Significance for the Future, (20-23 1998 .)
253
SPELEOTHEM LUMINISCENCE PROXY RECORDS OF

ANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE PAST: EVIDENCES FOR
THE BIBLE FLOOD IN SPELEOTHEMS
YAVOR SHOPOV
Abstract
A good correlation between the growth rate of the cave
speleothemes and the annual precipitations at the cave site
has been demonstrated. Extrapolating the results back in time
we obtained a quantitative reconstruction of the annual precipitations for the last 280 years at the Rast Nest Cave site
(Alberta, Canada).
Measuring another sample (from Duhlata Cave, Bulgaria)
we found an enormously high growth rate at 5500 years B.C.
Its possible connection with the Bible Flood is discussed.
1. Method
Speleothem growth rate variations represent mainly rainfall
variations (Shopov et al. 1992, 1994). Speleothem luminiscence
visualizes annual microbanding (Shopov et al. 1991). We used
it to derive proxy records of annual precipitations around the
cave site by measuring the distance between all adjacent
annual maxima of the intensity of luminiscence. The resultant
growth rates correlate with the actual annual precipitation
(summed from August to August).
2. Quantitative reconstructions of annual precipitations
in the past
We studied the top of a 35 mm long stalagmite from Rats
Nest Cave (RNC), Alberta, Canada. We obtained reasonably
good correlation (correlation coefficient of 0,57) between the
annual precipitations (recorded at the closest weather station
- Banff, located in the same valley, 50 km northern of the
cave) and the annual growth rate of the speleothem (Fig. 1).
We used obtained regression coefficients to reconstruct
annual precipitations for the last 280 years at the cave site.
The estimated statistical error is 80 mm/year. Annual
speleothem growth rate was independent on the intensity of
luminiscence, on annual temperature and on solar luminosity
for the same time span (zero correlation).
3. Evidences for the Bible Flood in a speleothem
By tuning the time scale of a luminiscent record with a
geomagnetic dipole intensity record (Mazaud et al., 1991) we
obtained a reconstruction of growth rates and precipitations
in Bosnek karst region near Duhlata cave (DC), Bulgaria for
the last 50 000 years (Fig. 2), This record shows a very
prominent peak at 5 500 years B.C., when the annual growth
rate was over 53 times higher than today. Considering that
cave site is located in the region of the oldest civilizations
(Mediterranean basin) this event can be related to the Bible
Deluge. The age of the recorded event is about the age of
The Creation of the World. The duration of the recorded
event is of 120 years, because of the low resolution of the
254
record. In case that the real flood happened for a short time
span it suggests enormous high rainfall. Present day precipitation at the cave site is 650 mm/yr. This speleothem was
dated with 8 TAMS 14C dates. Such event is described in the
Bible, Greek mythology and the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh
(compiled during 3-rd millenium B.C. on the base of more
ancient legends). At that time human civilization had been
concentrated around the Black and Mediterranean sea,
therefore the Flood hited also recent Bulgarian lands. Such
immemorial precipitation probably would lead to some
temporary rising of the Black Sea level. Such rising at 5500
B.C. with 150 meters (which had flooded 60 000 square miles)
was recently suggested by an international team of scientists,
lead by Dr. William Rayn and Walter Pittman from Columbia
University, Palisades, New York (their results are still
presented only in a press-conference, see J. Wilford, 1996).
The Black Sea level rising itself cannot be undoubtedly related
to the Flood, but combined with the never seen (during the
human civilization) precipitations at that time definitely lead
to the conclusion, that this phenomenon is namely the Bible
Flood.
Here we suggest a hypotesis for one possible mechanism
of the Flood, consisting of the following:
It is known, that the Ocean level rised from 10 000 years
to the time of the Flood as a result of the glaciers melting.
Black Sea had been isolated from the Ocean and its level
had been much lower. In one moment the narrow band of
Fig. 1. Reconstruction of growth rates (proxy of precipitations)

of a flow/stone from DC, Bulgaria for the last 50 000 years.

land between the Mediterranean and Black Sea had broken
down like a dam wall. This had resulted in flowing of giant
masses of sea water into the Black Sea basin. When it reached
the opposite cost, then a giant wave had been formed (which
probably was incomparably bigger than the biggest tsunami
known so far). This wave had destroyed everything on lands
around the Black Sea even beyond the regions flooded by the
sea level rise. The never seen precipitations at that time had
contributed to the rising of the sea level and maybe caused
the final rising, which had turned the Mediterranean Sea over
the edge to flood the Black Sea region. Further studies of the
Mediterranean Sea level during the Flood and data for precipitations from stalagmites taken from other caves in the
region are necessary to prove this hypothesis.
The mechanism of generation of such an enormously high
rainfall is even more interesting. To generate such a rainfall is
necessary to have much stronger than usual water evaporation
(without significant rise of the air temperature). Such higher
solar radiation can be produced by an extraordinary solar
eruption, or (perhaps more likely) by explosion of a comet or
asteroid in the Solar atmosphere. Such explosion (like

Tungussian meteorite) can cause a major mixing of parts of
Solar shells and appearance of warmer Solar matter from the
depth to Solar surface. Probably several years would be necessary for recovery of the Sun from similar catastrophic event.
4. Conclusion
The Bible Flood (catastrophic rainfall) as recorded in a
speleothem, had probably happened 5500 years B.C., causing Black Sea level rise. It is probably due to higher water
evaporation caused by higher solar radiation resulting from a
catastrophic event on the Sun.
References
WILFORD J. 1996: Black Sea Rising: Was it the Flood? Int. Herald
Tribune (19.12.1996) MAZAUD A., et al. 1991: Geophys. Res. Lett.,
18, No. 10: 1885-1888.
SHOPOV Y.Y., et al, 1991: IGCP299 Newsletter, 3: 52-58. SHOPOV
Y.Y., et al. 1992: GSA Abstr., 24, No. 7: A268 SHOPOV Y.Y., et al.
1994: Geology, 22, 407-410. STUIVER M. & KRA R. 1986: Radiocarbon, Calibration issue, 28
255
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8)
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reges, . - (. Procopius of
Caesatea: History of the Wars, XXIII, p. 219).
. . 6 I 538.

527 ., 539, 538 . , , 527 . 8 , , : ,
, . .
, I, . 51-53; Moravcsik,
Byzantinoturcica, II, . 120; . , , . 225/2, .
68 . , . ! ! , , , -
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309

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I
7- , .
, I, . 329 I
,
.
...Chaganum vero praeiatu
Avarum non Gazanorum aut Nortmannorum reperimus,
neque principem Vulgarum, set regem vel dominum
Vulgarum, (523 3-9). : ...
, (.
4: -; .
Liuprand, MGH, . 277 15 .) ,
(. 5: .
I, - 1950 , .
114, 315, I-II- . 34, 296). princeps, rex dominus .
Henryk Paszkiewicz in The Making of the
Russian Nation, (1963): ...
, 871 ., , (), , , (. 289; Chaganum vero nos prealatum Avarum non
Gazanorum aut Nortmannorum nuncupari repperimus neque
principem Vulgarum set regem vel dominum Vulgarum MGH
Epist. VII, 1928, . 388 OR, . 423, 455, 456, Cf. B. Ribakov,
K voprosu o roli khazarskogo kaganata v istorii Russi, SAr 1/
4 VIII, 1953, pp. 134-134]; A. Stender-Petersen, Varangica,
1953, p. 247). The sekond fact to be noted is that Bertinian
Annals, lbn Rusta and Gardizi, as well as Hudud al Alam
mention that the ruler of the Ruswas called khagan (290).
This title was upheld for a long time (to the middle of the
11th century), as is testified by an inscription in the Church
of St. Sofia in Kiev (291) and by Hilarion. The latter applies
title to and Vladimir an Yaroslav the Wise (292).
THERE WERE THEN KNAQANS AMONG THE
KHAZARS (292), the AVARS (294) and the BULGARS (295),
as well as characteristically, among the NORSMEN.
But we know that this was the title of the ruler of the Rus,
The duality of designation (Norsemen - Rus, as testified to
by Liutprand, finds full confirmation (note 296; It is
noteworthy that the letter from Luis the German does not
say that this title was used by the Slavs. They had their own
310
title for a ruler - KNYAZ)

. ,
, RE
DOMINUS, , -
.
. , . .. . . 366, . 5, :
... , 871 ., 4- , : , , .
, ? , ,
, , . , , : ,
, .
, . :
, (
- ,
- (110).
. , , , : , , . (. 111: : ( , ,
), . . Moravcsik. Byzantinoturkica,
II, pp. 148/49, 156/7, 332/3] Pritsak, Bulgarische Furstenliste,
p. 40. ,
, ,
( ,
- ( ).).
Peter B. Golden: Khazar Studies. An HistoricoPhilological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars boll. p.
41. Pub. in Bibliotheca Orienalis Hungarica, Akademiai Kiado.
Budapest 1980.
// . ,
( ) - .

, : ... -

, . , , - , : 864 . (4)
(5) [] (6), , . 7-
, II, VII
, . 287. .
, : Hludowicus, rex Germanie, hostliter
obviam ulgarorum [regi] promiserat, pergit..., ,
6: .. I (852-889). Bulgarorum rex (, ),
, rex
Bulgarorum ( ). / .
, , - . : ,
, (?) , , .
, ;
( . 5
).
II
. -, . . - , III IV,
VII , ,
1965. , , .
-. . 150,
: (4)

(5), (). (5) - :
, .
(513-518)
(. , , , , . , .
) , , (
, .. -). (. J.B. Bury History of
the Later Roman Empire, p. 447).
, -
II . (-).

.
,
VI , 518 . ,
. - , . -, . ,
,
.
III
III
.
. 151 Bulgari Slavigue
usque ad Longos Muros perveniunt, Slavigue
. Sclaveni Slavi, Slavique.
,
- ! , , . : (
I, 491-518, ..) (3), , , ..
. -
I - 513-518 . , .
, I (527-565) (
) ().
, : ... ,
()
() - , - ( I)...
( . 160 I, , VI) : ...
,
...
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, - Slavique.
IV
. 156/7 III ,

, . : ( II, 685-695 . 705711 .) (..: -
311

/. , . 135, I
, VI) ( ), () ,
, ( II) (4).
(), (5)
() . (. 5 : .. ... . ,
.
-
VII: -, . 215, I
, VI, 1965.
, ,
: ...
, II , (..: (sic!) -ra
) , ( ).

,
().
. - . , , ,
. - , . - -. !
V
- () - , . - ?
, !!! , , .
. . -,
-!
. /
Michael Angold (Oxford) 10251204, / (11101180 .) ( ). (The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204, A. Political
History. Longman and New York, 1984).
. / ,
.
. ,
, . / . , . , .

, :
... , , ,
, - .... ,
.
- . , -
(893-927), ,
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312

, -
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.. (1898-1972 .),
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I. . 56, .*:
, , , .
- , - .. (.. ( , . 102),
, .
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. 233: ... ,
,
732 . , -
(),
, (), - (1). () (2), . -
IV (775-780) (3)...
. 480 (): (), , ...
II. . : ...() , . 487 vol IV. Part I, The Cambridge
Medieval History, Cambridge at the University Press, 195=66
- :
... 733 . III - V (), ; (TZITZAKION)
(2)...
III. . D. M.Duniop The History of the Jewish
Khazars. Princenton University Press, 1954, p. 177 -
.
. 732 ., ..
,
... , .
(CHICHAK (27). ...
(. 27: The scoliast of Constantine Por., DE
CAERMONIIS AULAE BYZANTINAE, I, i (ed. Bonn. 22)
explains the name TZITZAKION for a certain kind of state
garment as a KHAZAR WORD, apparentiy derived from the
name of the Khazar Empress who introduced it...)
IV. Ala-ad-Din Ata-malik Jubaini: The History of the
World Conqueror. Translated from the text of Mirza
Muhammad Qazvini by John Andrew Boule, Ph. D.,
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(CHECHEKEN), . 506 ,
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, ,
, ,
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- () , wo-lu-to
(*oludu=ordu) (G. Doerfer, Turkische und mongolishe
Elemente im Neupersischen. ii Turkische Elemente im
Neupersischen, Wiesbaden, 1965, 35).
(IV- ), -, 263, 275 Urduwa
, . Urdu
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Die Munzpragungen des Islam, I, Wiesbaden 1968, 42).
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, ordu-yu
humayun ,
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359

yeni ceriler) (.
I.H. Uzuncarsili, Osmanli devleti teskilatindan, kapikulu
ocaklari, Ankara 1943-4, I, 368-73; M.Z. Pakalin, Tarih
deyimleri ve terimleri sozlugu, Istanbul 1946-54, ii, 728-9).
,
urdu-yi
mualla , zaban-i urdu --
,
(. Yule and Burnell, HobsonJobson, a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and
phrases, 639-40; hind. iii. Languages; and urdu).
, . Tadhkirat alMuluk, tr, Minorsky, London, 1943, tr. 51, 62), , (
VIII .), .
: . (.. Bosworth)
2.

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Paris 1836, 98, n.25) , ughruk , -
360
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1250 .
, curia ordu,
ordu ort ;
orda, , (The
Mission of Friar Willam of Rubruck; his journey to the court
of the Great Khan Mongke 1253-1255, tr. P. Jackson and ed.
Jackson and D.O.Morgen, London 1990, 131 nd n.4).
,
,
OED (1555).
: G. Doerfer, Turkische und mongolische
Elemente im Neupersischen, ii Wiesbaden 1965, 32-9 (D.O.
Morgan).
(Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. letter O, Editors, London,
1990)
***
Ordu . , , . ( , - , .
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. 265.
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21. Hentze, C. Tod, Auferstebung, Weltordnung, Zrich, 1955.
22. .
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383

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- I

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-

A DECADE AVI -TOHOL

, . ( - . 18). .-14 15.

A. K. Narain. Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia. The Cambridge History

people at two periods of their existence, this people being regarded

1 Umberto Eko. S theory of Semiotics, 1979, p. 178.

Die Hunnen der

... 1) (41 ..) I, ,

(914, 968, 972)116, (944) .

1 Sui-shu, chap. 84, p.19 b,I.1 = Taiwan reprint, p. 38 see also P.

esp. pp. 72-73.

1. Dictionary of the Sacred language of all Scnptures

AC/DM - Ancient Civilization D Mackenzie,

1. Westermann, Cl. Genesis, 1967, p. 159.

, : 153, 151, 147-167, 155-160;

14. . . ., 1994, . 92-106, 42-51.

SPELEOTHEM LUMINISCENCE PROXY RECORDS OF

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of growth rates (proxy of precipitations)

asteroid in the Solar atmosphere. Such explosion (like

(8). . " " (); " "; - -, . (1,8).

1. , . . , . " ", , 1981 .

11. , . , . . "6 ", , 1991 .

(), (). : - - ; (), , .

, : , (.. ): , , , |Y|. (.. -)

title for a ruler - KNYAZ)

10. , . , VII-IV . ., 1998.

3-9 2004 . . 168 ,

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