Binary Math

Binary Arithmetic
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

Rules of Binary Addition

0
0
1
1

+
+
+
+

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
1
1
0,

and carry 1 to the next more significant bit

For example,
00011010 + 00001100 = 00100110
0
+ 0

0
0

1
0
0

1
1
0

1
1

0
1

1
0

0
0

carries
= 26(base 10)
= 12(base 10)

= 38(base 10)

0
+ 0

1
0
0

1
0
1

1
1
1

1
0
1

1
0
1

1
1

1
0

carries
= 19(base 10)
= 62(base 10)

= 81(base 10)

00010011 + 00111110 = 01010001

Note: The rules of binary addition (without carries) are the same as the truths of the XOR gate.

Rules of Binary Subtraction

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

For example,

=
=
=
=

0
1,
1
0

and borrow 1 from the next more significant bit

00100101 - 00010001 = 00010100

0
- 0

0
0

0
1 10
0 1

0
0

1
0

0
0

1
1

borrows
= 37(base 10)
= 17(base 10)

0 1

= 20(base 10)

0
- 0

0
0

0 10
1 1
0 1

1
0 10
0 1

1
1

1
0

borrows
= 51(base 10)
= 22(base 10)

0 1

1 1

= 29(base 10)

0
0

0
0

1
0

0
0

1
0

0
1

0
1

1
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

0
1
0

0
0
0

0
0
1

0
1

0
0
1

0
0

= 246(base 10)

0
0

0
0

0
0

1
0

0
0

1
0

1
1

1
1

=
=

1
0
0

1
0
1

1
1
0

1
0
1

1
1
1

1
1

0
0

00110011 - 00010110 = 00011101

Rules of Binary Multiplication

0
0
1
1

x
x
x
x

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
0
0
1,

and no carry or borrow bits

For example,
00101001 00000110 = 11110110

00010111 00000011 = 01000101

=
=

41(base 10)
6(base 10)

23(base 10)
3(base 10)
carries

69(base 10)

Note: The rules of binary multiplication are the same as the truths of the AND gate.
Another Method: Binary multiplication is the same as repeated binary addition; add the multicand to itself the
multiplier number of times.

For example,
00001000 00000011 = 00011000
0
0
+ 0

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
0
0
0

1
1
1

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

carries
= 8(base 10)
= 8(base 10)
= 8(base 10)

= 24(base 10)

Binary Division
Binary division is the repeated process of subtraction, just as in decimal division.
For example,
00101010 00000110 = 00000111
1

7(base 10)

=
=

42(base 10)
6(base 10)

1
1

0
1

borrows

0
1

1
0

1
1

1
1

0
0
0

10000111 00000101 = 00011011

1

1
-

= 135(base 10)
=
5(base 10)

1
1

1
0

0
1
1

1
0

1
1

1
0

1
1

27(base 10)

1
0