Quota Gii thiu: Quota l chng trnh c ci t mt nh trn c h iu hnh Linux v windows vi chc nng cho php gii

hn dung lng a cng ngi dng c s dng khi chia s ti nguyn a cng trn server. Vi h thng linux cho php cu hnh quota cho c ti khon ngi dng v ti khon nhm, windows ch cho php cu hnh cho ti khon ngi dng. Quota trn linux cho php gi hn dung lng file v dung lng a cng cn windows ch cho php gii hn dung lng a cng. Cu hnh quota. VD: Cu hnh quota theo yu cu nh sau: + To cc ti khon: Hung, Tuan, Trong, Lan, Cuc, Thuy + Cu hnh quota trn partition /Data + Cho php ti khon Hung, Tuan c lu tr 1GB + Ti khon Lan, Cuc c gii hn 2GB + Ti khon Thuy c ghi ln ti a l 100 tp tin + Thi gian cho php vt gii hn mm l: 15 ngy Cc bc thc hin chi tit + To cc ti khon: Hung, Tuan, Trong, Lan, Cuc, Thuy #useradd hung #passwd hung #useradd tuan #passwd tuan #useradd trong #passwd trong #useradd lan #passwd lan #useradd cuc #passwd cuc #useradd thuy #passwd thuy + Cu hnh quota trn partition /Data Truy cp vo tp tin: /etc/fstab #vi /etc/fstab - Ni dung tp tin fstab UUID=ad6e0dba-c4fb-4b68-a430-dbd517c6f5ec / ext3 defaults 1 1 UUID=63318d71-4fa3-4c88-b6cb-977e806109a6 /data ext3 defaults 1 2 UUID=c71b9e86-c529-40d7-8315-d6d0f4f44a5a /home ext3 defaults 1 2 UUID=82e696bb-f848-46d6-a27c-2568e27c9a0d /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 UUID=8c2e21df-ae8e-4257-8043-1d77b1e0ebdf swap swap defaults 0 0 - Thm ni dung: usrquota, grpquota sau ch defaults ti dng /data(dng c in m). UUID=ad6e0dba-c4fb-4b68-a430-dbd517c6f5ec / ext3 defaults 1 1 UUID=63318d71-4fa3-4c88-b6cb-977e806109a6 /data ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2 UUID=c71b9e86-c529-40d7-8315-d6d0f4f44a5a /home ext3 defaults 1 2 UUID=82e696bb-f848-46d6-a27c-2568e27c9a0d /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 UUID=8c2e21df-ae8e-4257-8043-1d77b1e0ebdf swap swap defaults 0 0 - Sau lu li v khi ng li my vi lnh: #init 6 - Sau khi khi ng li to 2 tp tin aquota.user v aquota.group trong th mc /data #cd /data #touch aquota.user #touch aquota.group - Cp quyn cho php ghi ln 2 tp tin ny. #chmod 600 aquota.user #chmod 600 aquota.group - Kim tra quota cho ti khon #quotacheck -avug - Sau khi kim tra quota 2 tp tin aquota.user v aquota.group s c dung lng + Cho php ti khon Hung, Tuan c lu tr 1GB #edquota -u hung - Ni dung gn quota cho ti khon file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 0 0 0 0 0 -sa li vi ni dung nh sau: file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 100000 1048576 0 0 0 #edquota -u tuan -sa li vi ni dung nh sau: file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 100000 1048576 0 0 0 + Ti khon Lan, Cuc c gii hn 2GB #edquota -u lan

file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 200000 2097152 0 0 0 #edquota -u cuc file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 200000 2097152 0 0 0 + Ti khon Thuy c ghi ln ti a l 100 tp tin #edquota -u thuy file system blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/sda5 0 0 0 0 99 100 + Thi gian cho php vt gii hn mm l: 15 ngy #edquota -T + Khi ng quota. #quotaon -avug + kim tra: - ng nhp vo ti khon v chuyn qua th mc data sau ghi ln s lng file hoc dung lng kim tra. bn no hc Linux tham kho nh

Phn quyn trong linux

H iu hnh Unix v Linux phn quyn truy cp vo file v th mc bng cch s dng ba tham v execute (chy) phn quyn cho ba nhm i tng, gm: ch h thng, nhm qun tr v ng

Nu lit k chi tit cc thuc tnh ca mt file bng lnh ls vi th lnh ny s tr v thng tin c dng -rwe-rw-r-(ngha l phn quyn read, write v execute cho ch nhm qun tr; v ch phn quyn read cho cc i Mi c quyn truy cp ny tng ng vi mt tr s:

read = 4 write = 2 execute = 1

Nhng gi tr cho mt s quyn truy cp tng ng vi mi nhm c b sung cng nhau to thn dng thay i hay phn quyn bng cch s dng lnh chmod change mode).

V d, nhp lnh chmod 764 [tn file] cp quyn truy cp vo mt file no , trong tr s 764

rwe = 4 (read) + 2 (write) + 1 (execute) = 7 rw = 4 (read) + 2 (write) = 6 r = 4 (read) = 4

Bn c th s dng lnh chmod phn quyn cho file v th mc, tuy nhin bn nn lu nhp chnh k t ch in hoa trong lnh. Di y l mt s lnh chmod thng dng:

chmod 777 filename: Cp quyn truy cp y cho mi i tng ngi dng. chmod 775 filename: Cp quyn truy cp y cho ch h thng v nhm qun tr, i tn chy (execute) file. chmod 755 dirname: Cp quyn truy cp y cho ch h thng, ch cho php nhm qun tr

file trong th mc. chmod 700 filename: Ch cp quyn truy cp y cho ch h thng v chn truy cp vi mi chmod 500 dirname: Khng cho php nhm qun tr v ngi dng truy cp vo file trong th thng ch c v chy trnh xa v thay i cc file trong th mc ny. chmod 660 filename: Cho php ch h thng v nhm qun tr c, sa, xa v ghi d liu v cho nhng ngi dng kh

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dng UUID cho phn vng a trn Linux

Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) l mt chun nh danh dng trong cc kin trc phn mm, file ext2/ext3 ca Linux dng UID nh danh cc partition. Li ch khi dng UUID

Ngy nay, mt nh qun tr Unix phi lm vic vi nhiu cng ngh lu tr khc nhau nh SAN, iSCSI, chuyn a lu tr t thit b ny qua thit b khc th vic cp nht li file /etc/fstab s tr nn rt kh k tm ra v nh x cc volume n cc thit b lu tr mt cch chnh xc. iu ny tit kim rt nhiu th hng file fstab, dn n h thng ngng lm vic.

Tuy nhin, UUID s khng hu ch lm cho my tnh desktop dng nh v khng c nhu cu cho cc t s dng UUID, trc ht ta xc nh UUID ca thit b, sau khai bo thit b trong file /etc/fstab. Tm UUID cho /dev/sdb2 Dng lnh sau: $ sudo vol_id --uuid /dev/sdb2 V d output: 41c22818-fbad-4da6-8196-c816df0b7aa8 Lit k tt c UUID trong h thng Dng lnh sau:

$ sudo blkid V d output: /dev/sda1: TYPE="ntfs" UUID="A0F0582EF0580CC2" /dev/sda2: UUID="8c2da865-13f4-47a2-9c92-2f31738469e8" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sda3: TYPE="swap" UUID="5641913f-9bcc-4d8a-8bcb-ddfc3159e70f" /dev/sda5: UUID="FAB008D6B0089AF1" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="32c61b65-f2f8-4041-a5d5-3d5ef4182723" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" /dev/sdb2: UUID="41c22818-fbad-4da6-8196-c816df0b7aa8" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" Dng UUID update file /etc/fstab Theo c php sau: UUID={YOUR-UID} M file /etc/fstab: $ sudo vim /etc/fstab Thm dng nh sau: UUID=41c22818-fbad-4da6-8196-c816df0b7aa8 /disk2p2 ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1 {/path/to/mount/point} {file-system-type}

defaults,errors=remount-r

Lu v ng file li. mount phn vng mi ngay lp tc theo khai bo trong /etc/fstab dng lnh sau $ sudo mount -a Su tm: chienpx

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHMOD - vit tt ca Change Mode, y l lnh dng thay i thuc tnh ca File (tp tin) v Fold Linus... CHMOD thit t nhng quyn cho php i vi File v Folder, l quyn Read (c), Write (ghi) v Trn cc h thng my Server s dng Unix, Linus,... ngi dng c chia ra lm 3 nhm:

Owner: Ch nhn trc tip to ra cc Files, Folder. Group: Nhm thnh vin c ng k qun l hoc s dng.

Other/Public/World: Nhng ngi khc (khng thuc cc nhm trn).

Cc nhm c to ra trong qu trnh ci t v s dng Web Site. Khi ngi dng ng nhp (Login) v nhm no. Sau khi xc nh nhm, ngi dng s c gn quyn hn nht nh i vi File hoc F c Read (c), Write (ghi) v Execute (to mi hoc xa) File v Folder. xc nh quyn hn cho cc nhm nht nh, thng nht s dng cc k hiu bng con s nh sau: 4 = Read (quyn c c) 2 = Write (quyn c ghi) 1 = Execute (quyn c thc hin) Bng php cng n gin cc con s ny c th hin th c c mt t hp quyn hn khc nhau. Th d:

3 = 2+1 : Write v Execute i vi File hay Folder. 5 = 4+1 : Read v Execute. 6 = 4+2 : Read v Write. 7 = 4+2+1 : Read, Write v Execute.

Tm li c tt c 7 phng n sau:

7 = Read, Write & Execute 6 = Read & Write 5 = Read & Execute 4 = Read 3 = Write & Execute 2 = Write 1 = Execute

K hiu lnh CHMOD thng c 3 con s, con s u th hin quyn hn gn cho ngi dng thuc nh quyn hn ca ngi dng thuc nhm Group v con s th ba dnh cho nhm Other/Public/World. Th d: 766 : C ngha l Owner (Read, Write & Execute), Group (Read & Write) v Other/Public/World (R Trong phn ln cc chng trnh FTP hin nay u h tr CHMOD theo kiu nu trn. Ngoi ra lnh CHMOD cn c ch cc k hiu ch, trong trng hp s dng k hiu ch, chng ta

- : Khng c cp quyn d : K hiu Directory (Folder, th mc) r : Quyn Read (c) w : Quyn Write (ghi)

x : Quyn Execute (thc hin)

Th d: drwxr-xr-x : C ngha l Owner (Read, Write & Execute), Group (Read & Execute) v Other/Public Folder (th mc) ny, k hiu ny tng ng vi 755. -rwxrw-rw- : C ngha l Owner (Read, Write & Execute), Group (Read & Write) v Other/Public/W tin) ny, k hiu ny tng ng vi 766. (st)

httpd va ftp trong red hat

1. cai dat cac goi sau: httpd va vsftpd, httpd-manual. 2. Cau hinh httpd.conf 2.1 Vao /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 2.2 Khoi dong Apache server bang giao dien hoac dong lenh nhu sau: "service httpd restart". 2.3 Mac dinh khi ta tao file test.html or test.php trong /var/www/html thi khi ta go len trinh duyet local 2.4 Cau hinh httpd.conf sao cho khi t go localhost len trinh duyet no se chay test.html. ( Thay vi ta go lo - Sua doan "DirectoryIndex index.html index.html.var " thanh "DirectoryIndex test.html index.html.var - Chu y: co truong hop khi t sua nhu vay khi ta go localhost/manual no se chay sai duong dan mua manu dung ...). Thi ta phai doi test.html ra sau cung. 2.5 Ta co 1 thu muc co ten la "K54", cau hinh httpd.conf sao cho khi ta go localhost/k54 tren trinh duyet - sua httpd.conf doan "" Alias /icons "/var/www/icons/" <Directory "/var/www/icons"> Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all

</Directory> thanh: Alias /k54 "/var/www/k54/" <Directory "/var/www/k54"> Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory>

-Chu y: neu t them 1 dau '/' sau Alias /k54 : Alias /k54/ "/var/www/k54/" <Directory "/var/www/k54"> Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory>

thi khi t go localhost/k54 len trinh duyet no van chay binh thuong, sau do t chay cac file.html trong do n

2.6 : Cai user, pass bao ve /k54 Khi go localhost/k54 len trinh duyet, neu ban muon bao ve thu muc nay thi t co the dat username, pass c Them doan ma sau vao httpd.conf: <Directory /var/www/k54> // bao ve thu muc /k54. AuthType Basic //.. AuthName "Please login to open K54." //Hien thi thong bao. AuthUserFile /var/www/pass/passwords // Dung dan toi file passwords, la file luu pass va user. Require user ngocdb // ten username: ngocdb. </Directory> . Go lenh htpasswd -c /var/www/pass/passwords ngocdb sau do go pass vao: New password: mypassword Re-type new password: mypassword

Adding password for user ngocdb . 3. Ftp. 3.1 Khoi don dich vu vsftpd service vsftpd restart chkconfig vsftpd on 3.2 cau hinh vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd/ 3.3 Connect to server - Dung giao dien: Places/Connect to server... - Ca tuy chon Service type: + FTP ( with login) + Public FTP 3.3.1 FTP( with login ) - Tao user dang nhap vao may bang lenh hoac giao dien, phai co password. "adduser user1" "passwd user1", sau do go password cho user1 -------finish. -------------------------Cac truong trong Connect to Server: Server: localhost Port: bo qua .. User Name: user1

-> connect -> go pass neu dung o se mo len cua so ket noi. va tren desktop se co bieu tuong ket noi. - Khi do co the up file, folder, tao file, sua... len server duoc roi. bang cah cop phi file, folder vao do. 3.3.2 Public FTP Ta chi dien o truong Server: localhost va kich Connect la dc. --Thanh cong no se mo cua so co folder public, tren desktop cung hien thu bieu tuong ftp. - Khi do ta cung tien hanh upfile ... * Chuy y o dau la voi FTP public se phai cau hinh vsftpd.conf de lam dc viec nay: 3.3.2.1 Cau hinh vsftpd.conf - Vao termial va man vsftpd.conf, no se giai thich noi dung cua file vsftpd.conf - chmod cho vsftpd.conf -> "chmod 777 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf"

Bo comment va them va cac dong lenh sau: anon_upload_enable=YES anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES anon_other_write_enable=YES anon_umask=000 Giai thich: # anon_upload_enable=YES: up file.,tao file. # anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES:keo tha, tao thu muc. # anon_other_write_enable=YES: xoa file., xoa thu muc. # anon_umask=000 : de mo file, sua file.