1.

Gii thiu Kim tra bng hoa la la mt phng phap kim tra s b phn loai nhanh hp kim h st (st, thep, gang). Phng phap nay c thc hin bng cach quan sat hoa la tao ra khi mai mu trn may mai, sau o i chiu vi anh (hoc thi) chun hoc vi hoa la cua mu chun. Phng phap nay do Max Bermann, mt ky s lam vic Budapest (Hungary), a ra ln u tin vao nm 1909 khi ng ta phat hin s khac nhau gia hoa la cua cac mac thep. ng ta khng inh co th phn bit c cac loai thep khac nhau da trn %C va ty l cac nguyn t hp kim. Thm chi, ng ta con khng inh phng phap nay co th at ti chinh xac 0.01%C. Phng phap nay c s dung nhiu trong cac nha may, phn xng c khi, ch tao dung cu, nhit luyn va uc do tinh cht nhanh, d dang va re tin. Hn na, phng phap nay khng oi hoi phai ch tao, gia cng mu kim phc tap; chi cn 1 mu vt liu, thm chi co th dung may mai cm tay tao hoa la. Nhc im chinh cua phng phap nay la khng th xac inh chc chn mac vt liu, nu yu cu xac inh chc chn thi buc phai phn tich thanh phn hoa hoc. Ngoai ra, phng phap nay cung gy hong b mt vt liu. T nhng nm 1980, khi vic u t cac trang thit bi kim tra thanh phn vt liu khng con qua kho khn, phng phap kim tra hoa la khng con c s dung nhiu trong cng nghip. 2. Cac phng phap kim tra hoa la: 2.1. Phng phap thng thng (dung a mai):

Phng phap nay thng s dung may mai ban (VD: may mai 2 a) tao hoa la, i khi cung co th s dung may mai cm tay. a mai phai quay vi tc ti thiu la 23 m/s (vn tc dai), thc t nn iu chinh trong khoang 38 ~ 48 m/s. a mai nn s dung loai th va cng (loai oxit nhm hoc carborundum SiC). Chiu dai cua hoa la phu thuc vao lc mai rt kho so sanh nu nu lc mai mu khac nhau. Trong thc t, lc mai sao cho chum tia la cua thep 0.2% C co chiu dai khoang 500mm thng c dung lam lc chun.

tranh anh hng cua anh sang mt tri hoc iu chinh sang xung quanh, cn thit phai s dung cac loai man che hoc bung ti. Khi mai, mu tip xuc nhe vi a mai. Hng cua chum tia la nn theo phng ngang hoc hi chch ln trn. Va vi tri quan sat nn phia sau hoc bn phai cua chum tia. nhn bit chinh xac hn, nn co thm mu chun (a phn tich chinh xac thanh phn hoa hoc) lam mu i chiu. Cac mu th cn c lam sach b mt, loai bo cac lp thm (C, N), cac lp oxit va thoat carbon ... Co th thc hin bng cach mai su. Khi kim tra, cn quan sat ky chum hoa la t gc n ngon (theo hinh 1). c bit cn chu y vao mt s c im sau: Chum tia la: mau sc, s lng, sang, chiu dai cac tia la. Hoa la: mau sc, s lng, hinh dang, kich c Tr lc mai: theo cam giac tay khi mai mu. Chu y: b mt a mai phai v sinh thng xuyn tranh bam vun kim loai (dung ca a)

2.2. Phng phap dung khi nen:

Phng phap nay nung mu kim n khi nong o ri thi khi trc tip ln mu. Khi nen se cung cp u lng oxy cn thit lam chay b mt mu va tao ra hoa la. Phng phap nay tao ra lung hoa la co chiu dai ln hn d quan sat hn chinh xac cao hn so vi dung a mai. Do ap sut khi co n inh cao nn vic so sanh, i chiu hoa la gia cac mu khac nhau tr nn d dang hn nhiu.

2.3. Phng phap kim tra t ng:

Bng vic s dung cac thit bi quan sat va phn tich quang ph, phng phap nay cho chinh xac cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi quan sat bng mt va hoan toan khng phu thuc ky nng cung nh kinh nghim cua ngi kim tra.

3. c im cac loai hoa la: 3.1. c im hoa lua thep carbon:

Bang 1. Tinh cht chum tia la cua thep Carbon.

Hinh 1. Gin c tnh hoa la ca thp Carbon.

Hnh 2. c im hoa la cua thep Carbon

3.2. c im hoa la cua thep hp kim: Bang 2. Anh hng cua cac nguyn t hp kim n ho

Hnh 3. c im hoa la ca thp theo nguyn t hp kim.

4. Hoa la ca mt s loi, mc thp: