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2007

Bandwidth Efficiency of Wireless Networks of WPAN, WLAN, WMAN and WWAN

Ing. Milan imek, Ing. Ivan Ma, Ing. Jan Kaclek, Ing. Radim Burget Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic simek.mil@phd.feec.vutbr.cz, xmicai00@stud.feec.vutbr.cz, kacalekjan@centrum.cz, burgetrm@feec.vutbr.cz The paper deal with the IEEE standard wireless networks of WPAN, WLAN, WMAN and WWAN. It makes a comparison of these standards mainly on the base of the bandwidth efficiency and the bitrate quantities and gives out the total review of the present-day wireless networks.

1. Introduction
Wireless networks are most frequently divided into four specific groups. The areas of application and the signal range are the main criteria for this division (See Figure 1). The first group, Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) defines wireless networks that have a maximal signal range of 10 meters and these networks are used for the inter-connecting the respective devices one another. The following group complies with the standard for the wireless networks created for the range of one room or maximally one building. This group is called Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and its signal range is approximately 30 meters indoors and 100 meters outdoors. The WLANs have come be to generally called the Wireless FIdelity (WiFI), but this expression is not quite exact. The Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) is third group of the wireless networks. The network working in accordance with this standard have a signal range of approximately 5 kms; they are used to connect the user to Internet. This standard is often called Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The last group is the Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN). WWANs employ on the network infrastructure of mobile operators by means of which they provide wireless connection covering a wide area much wider than the group mentioned above.

Figure 1. Wireless networks division

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2. Quantities in Wireless Networks

The properties of wireless networks are determined by means of a great number of quantities such as frequency band, channel bandwidth, number of channels used, bitrate, signal range, bandwidth efficiency, modulation used and so on. The bitrate (vp [bit/s]) quantity determines the number of information units transferred over a transmission path in basic time units. The unit of the bitrate is bit/s. The bitrate is often reffered to as transfer rate, channel capacity, maximum throughput, digital bandwidth capacity or connection speed. Bandwidth efficiency is the ratio of the maximum bitrate (bits/s) to the channel bandwidth (B [Hz]). Its unit is the bs-1/Hz. The bandwidth efficiency expresses the quality of modulation that is used to modulate the signal over a specific bandwidth while respecting the required bitrate. If the transmission system requires the 10 KHz bandwidth to transfer data at bitrate of 9 kbit/s, thus the bandwidth efficiency is 2,5 bs-1/Hz (See formula 2-1). bandwidth efficiency = vp B = 9kbit / s = 0,9bs 1 / Hz 10 KHz

(2-1)

At the beginning of each chapter, there is a table summarizing the main properties of each system. The abbreviations in the appropriate tables are: b [MHz] vp [kbit/s, Mbit/s] sr [m] be [bs-1/Hz] frequency band bitrate signal range (indoors/outdoors) bandwidth efficiency

3. WPAN
WPANs work in the Personal Operating System (POS), whose maximum range is 10 metres at average maximally. These networks are characterized by low power demands and a lower bitrate (units of Mbit/s). WPANs are used for the connection of small devices with each other such as PDA or mobile handsfree. The possibility of the ad-hoc mode connection, that is mode without any access point, is an advantage of these networks. The typical representatives are the Bluetooth technology in accordance with the IEEE 802.15.1 standard, High Data Rate WPAN UWB (Ultra Wide Band) in accordance with the IEEE 802.15.3a standard, and Low Data Rate WPAN Zigbee in accordance with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [1].

3.1.

Bluetooth - 802.15.1
vp [Mbit/s] 2,1 sr [m] 10 be [bps/Hz] 2,1

name origin date b [GHz] Bluetooth v 2.0 2004 2,4-2,4835

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2007/30 28.8.2007 Bluetooth was the first wireless personal network. The Bluetooth Special Industry Group (SIP) company has been interested in the Bluetooth technology development since 1998. The Bluetooth works (the same as the WiFI technology in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 standard) in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band at 2.4 Gigahertz and for the transport it uses the Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) technique. Bluetooth exists in several development versions 1.0, 1.2 and the youngest one 2.0. The 1.2 version is currently the most exploited version and it is implemented in the majority of Bluetooth devices. The bitrate reaches a value of 723kb/s with a signal rate of approximately 30 metres. The new Bluetooth 2.0 Enhanced Data-Rate (EDR) version makes use of the new pi/4-DQPSK modulation technique, which is able to increase the bitrate value almost three times against the 1.2 version. The bitrate of the 2.0 version reaches 2,1 Mbit/s. With the 1MHz bandwidth, the bandwidth efficiency of the 1.2 reaches the 0,723 bs-1/Hz whilst the 2.0 version reaches 2,1 bps/Hz. This high value is acquired due to the pi/4-DQPSK modulation technique. The performance of the Bluetooth technology is divided into three classes depending on the signal range. Class 1 with the 100-metres, class 2 with the 10metres, and class 3 with the 1-metre signal range. These classes are valid for all Bluetooth versions [2].

3.2.

UWB - 802.15.3a
name UWB origin date 2007 (Eur) b [GHz] 4.8-10 vp [Mbit/s] 480 sr [m] 10 be [bps/Hz] 0.96

The substitution of the fast wire connection at short distances by a wireless technology was the aim of the designing the Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology. Bitrates of a hudreds of Mbit/s were a condition for the implementation of this technology. Using a wide range of the frequency band without interfering with the original technologies is the basic principle of the UWB technology. In the USA, this system was permitted in 2004 in the frequency band of 3,1 GHz 10 GHz with the -42,3 dbm/MHz power signal. In Europe, the UWB technology is an absolute novelty, because the Europen Commission permitted this system in February 2007 in the frequency band of 4,8 Ghz 6 GHz with the -42,3 dbm/MHz power signal (See Figure 2). The UWB has no tendency to interfere with other technologies and it is very safe against snooping. The UWB has found application in fast home networks for video or audio data transport, for digital camcorders, high-resolution printers, and so on [3].

Figure 2. UWB frequency diagram

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3.3.

Zigbee 802.15.4
name Zigbee origin date 2004 b [GHz] 2,4-2,484 vp [Mbit/s] 250 sr [m] 10 be [bps/Hz] 0.125

The Zigbee technology is designed for the connection of low-power devices, the same as the two technologies mentioned above. The signal range depends on the antenna used and is 75 metres at the maximum. This technology uses the multihop ad-hoc routing that allows communication in a wider range without direct sight distance. The Zigbee also serves for creating larger wireless networks not demanding high data throughput. The most important advantages are reliability, easy implementation, low power consumption, low price (the price of the transceiver integrated circuit is approximately 4 $ - June 2007) and the high value of the SNR. It works in frequency bands of 858 MHz with a theoretical bitrate of 20 kbit/s (Europe), 902-998 MHz with a theoretical bitrate of 40kbit/s (USA), and 2.4 GHz with a theoretical data rate of 250 kbit/s (worl-wide). The data signal is modulated by means of the O-QPSK modulation and for the spreading of the spectrum it uses the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique. The bandwidth efficiency is approximately 0.125 bits-1/Hz [4.]

4. WLAN
The IEEE 802.11 standard was proposed for the WLANs. The first standard (802.11) was released in 1997, works in the frequency band at 5 GHz with the raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s and uses OFDM modulation. The media access method is Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). The 802.11.x term is used to denote the set of amendments to the standard. WLANs have a restricted signal range within the scope of the one building and one room (indoor range is approximately 40 meters). The WLAN is created for example by means of the connection of two computers together. The network operator of this network is mostly its owner. Even if the development of the wireless network forward still to the higher and higher bitrate values, this values still are not as high as the wire network are. In present, the best values of the bitrate have a networks designed accordance with the 802.11n standard that has the theoretical raw data rate of 540 Mbit/s [5].

4.1.

IEEE 802.11.a
origin date 1999 b [GHz] 5 vp [Mbit/s] 54 sr [m] 30/100 be [bps/Hz] 2,7

name IEEE 802.11a

The 802.11 amendment to the original standard was released in October 1999. The standard operates in the 5 GHz band and uses OFDM with a maximum theoretical raw bitrate of 54 Mbit/s (30 Mbit/s typically). The bitrate is reduced to 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6 Mbit/s and for these values the different modulation technique are used (See Table 4-1-1).
Table 4-1-1. The 802.11a Modulation table with the bitrate and signal range values

bitrate [Mbit/s] modulation signal range [m]

6,9 BPSK 70

12,18 QPSK 50 30-4

24,36 16-QAM 30

48,54 64-QAM 10

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To achieve these high values, the OFDM was used for the first time. Before then, this multiplex technology was used only in the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) systems. The high value of the bitrate (compared to the 802.11b standard) is not the only advantage. Another advantage results from the operating frequency band 5 GHz. This band has not such a great load as the 2.4 GHz band and allows using of more non-overlapping channels. In Europe, the 5 GHz band is unfortunately used by the HIPERLAN/2 (the WLAN competitor). The 5 GHz band is separated into two sub-bands with different usage condition (See Table 4-1-2). The range 5150 MHz 5350 MHz with 8 nonoverlapping channels should be used only indoors. The range 5470 MHz 5725 MHz with the 11 non-overlapping channels could be used indoors and also outdoors. This standard is not back-compatible with the 802.11b,g standards. The bandwidth efficiency is 2.7 bits-1/Hz [5], [6].
Table 4-1-2. The 802.11a sub-bands

range [MHz] number of channels usage 5150-5350 8 only indoor 5470-5725 11 indoor/outdoor

4.2.

IEEE 8O2.11.b
origin date 1999 b [GHz] 2,4-2,484 vp [Mbit/s] 11 sr [m] 35/110 be [bps/Hz] 0.55

name IEEE 802.11b

The 802.11b amendment to the original standard was released in October 1999 (the same as 802.11a). A specific subsection of this standard is called Wireless Fidelity (WiFi). WiFi operates in ISM frequency band of 2.4 GHz and uses the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique with a maximum theoretical bitrate of 11 Mbit/s (6 Mbit/s typically). The Complementary Code Keying (CCK) as a part of the DSSS is used to achieve this bitrate. The DSSS divides the band into 14 overlapping channels with 5 MHz channel isolation, but this division does not match the 25 MHz channel isolation condition. Thus, the only three nonoverlapping channels 1 (2412 MHz), 6 (2437 MHz), 11 (2462 MHz) can be used for the communication (See Figure 3.)

Figure 3. The 802.11b channels

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The standard specifies the step-by-step decrease in the bitrate (if signal quality becomes an issue) in these steps: 11 Mbit/s, 5.5 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s and 1 Mbit/s. This gradual decrease in the bitrate is also known as Adaptive Rate Selection (ARS). The WiFi networks have a leading position in the networks based on the 802.11 standard but for the absolute winning in this field, some issues must be solved. These issues are a lower bitrate, interference with the other systems working on the same band of 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth, microwave oven, etc.), any QoS support and security of the communication. The set of amendments to the original standard (802.11d, e, f, h, i, j) are proposed because of these issues [5], [6].

4.3.

IEEE 802.11.g
origin date 2003 b [GHz] 2,4-2,484 vp [Mbit/s] 54 sr [m] 35/110 be [bps/Hz] 2.7

name IEEE 802.11g

The 802.11g amendment to the original standard was released in June 2003, works on the same band of 2.4 GHz (like 802.11b) and also uses three non-overlapping channels. The basic change against the 802.11b standard is reaching a theoretical maximum raw bitrate of 54 Mbit/s that is achieved due to using the OFDM modulation scheme with the MultiCarrier Modulation (MCM). The Table 4-3-1 shows the modulation schemes used for different bitrate values [6].
Table 4-3-1. The 802.11g modulation schemes

bitrate [Mbit/s] modulation

1,2 (DBPSK/DQPSK)+DSSS

5,5 and 11 DSSS-CCK

6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 OFDM

In a network with only the 802.11g clients (without 802.11b clients), the bitrate values are the same as in the 802.11a network are (approximately 25 Mbit/s), but if the network is shared with Wifi clients, the bitrate is decreased (approximately to 8 Mbit/s). It is still a little bit more than the WiFi has. The 802.11g standard is an interesting WiFi extension, but the advantage of the back-compatibility with the 802.11b standard is paid by lowered bitrate values. However, it still is the fastest network in the 2.4 GHz band [5],[6].

4.4.

IEEE 802.11n
origin date 2006 b [GHz] 2,4/5 vp [Mbit/s] 150 sr [m] 35/110 be [bps/Hz] 3.7

name IEEE 802.11n

Work on the 802.11n standard dates back to 2004. Publication is currently expected in September 2008 [6]. The 802.11n standard differs from the previous version (802.11a,b,g) in the increased theoretical bitrate of almost 540 Mbit/s due to the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) function. The devices working with this standard need to use two antenna couples for transmitting and receiving the wireless signal. The standard can work in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and should be adapted to the other standards. In January 2007, the 802.11n draft 2.0 was approved. Draft 2.0 was based on the Task Group's working draft version 1.10. The mean change is the use of the 40 MHz channel, which makes the raw bitrate 30-6

2007/30 28.8.2007 higher (the previous standards use the 20 MHz channel). For the back-compatibility, version 2.0 uses two 20 MHz channels. Devices working with this standard first scan the surroundings and, in the case that there appears to be an older standard device, they switch to the only 20 MHz channel, which results in decreasing the bitrate, but still the MIMO technology will be used.. In the present, the 802.11n standard is still not fully approved, it is expected in 2008 [5], [6].

5. WMAN
WMAN is the official name trademarked by the IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards (BWA) for its wireless metropolitan area network. Although the 802.16 family of standards is officially called WirelessMAN, the expression Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) by an industry group called the the WiMAX Forum is frequently used. The aim of the WiMAX is the providing the broadband internet connectivity for WLANs and LANs with the wireless access point. The WiMAX technology is often called the technology for the Last Mile Access (See Figure 4). The first revision of the 802.16 standard was completed in 2001 and published 2002. The bandwidth efficiency reaches the value at the 5 bits-1/Hz. These networks match with data transfer, VoIP, videoconferencing and QoS requirements [7].

Figure 4. WiMAX Last Mile Access

5.1.

Wimax QoS

The Basic Station (BS) makes decisions about the number of dedicated channels and a bitrate for the single service flow. Each service flow is assigned a specific QoS class: UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service): Reserved bitrate (the same as the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) in ATM technology). rtPS (Real-time Polling Service): Service flow obtains an arbitrary bitrate. (Variable Bit Rate (VBR) in ATM). This QoS class is used for VoIP or MPEG video transmission. nrtPS (non Real-time Polling Service): Guarantee of minimum bitrate. 30-7

2007/30 28.8.2007 BE (Best Effort): No guarantee.

5.2.

802.16
origin date 2001 b [GHz] 10-66 vp [Mbit/s] 134 sr [km] 5 be [bps/Hz] 4.5

name IEEE 802.16

This standard was released in December 2001. The standard works in the 10-66 GHz band, with a Line of Sight (LOS) condition and reaches bitrate between 32 and 134 Mbit/s. It uses a Single Carrier (SC) Physical (PHY) standard. Due to the LOS demand and the high frequencies used, this standard has not found its place in the wireless network field [7].

5.3.

802.16a
origin date 2003 b [GHz] 2-11 vp [Mbit/s] 70 sr [km] 10 be [bps/Hz] 3.7

name IEEE 802.16a

This standard was released in April 2003. The extension of the original standard consists in the Media Access Control (MAC) and the physic layer parameter specification for the 2-11 GHz frequency bands. For this to be of use, it also requires a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) capability, and the PHY standard was therefore extended to include OFDM and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). The OFDM technology allows by-passing the problems caused by the NLOS condition. Frequencies of 2-11 GHz allow a cheaper signal coverage for more customers, but with lower bitrate values. For signal modulation, the BPSK and 256-QAM are first used [7].

5.4.

802.16c

The standard was released in January 2003; it solves detailed implementation specifications of the 802.16 standard and focuses on test protocols and procedures.

5.5.

802.16d 2004
origin date 2004 b [GHz] 2-11 vp [Mbit/s] 75 sr [km] 8 be [bps/Hz] 3

name IEEE 802.16d

The standard is referred to as 802.16REVd or only 802.16d. At the present time, this standard is properly referred to as 802.16 2004. The same as the 802.16a standard, it works in the band of 2 11 GHz in order to be functional, it does not need the LOS. This standard is uniformly referred to as fixed WiMAX. The networks operating in accordance with this standard do not support mobile users. The 802.16d standard in a fact essentially summarizes the specification contained in the 802.16a/c standards. It reaches a maximum bitrate of 75 Mbit/s and a high bandwidth efficiency of 3 bits-1/Hz [7].

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5.6.

802.16e 2005
origin date 2005 b [GHz] 2-6 vp [Mbit/s] 30 sr [km] 5 be [bps/Hz] 1.1

Name IEEE 802.16e

The standard was approved in December 2005 and published in February 2006. This standard is uniformly referred to as mobil WiMAX because it supports users moving at a speed of up to 150 km/h, but at speeds of over 60 km/h, the bitrate becomes decreased. The standard uses the narrower frequency channel (1.25-20 MHz) and works also in the lower frequency band at 26 GHz, specifically 2.4-2.483 GHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz and 5.75.8 GHz. The specification starts from the technical principles of the 802.16n standard, but it also includes support for roaming and handover between cells. Because of overhead charges for these functions, the standard exhibits lower bitrates (30 Mbit/s) and also a lower signal range (5 km) [7].

5.7.

WiMAX advantages

The following Table 5-7-1 summarizes the Wimax Advantages from the ISP and customer view point. Reference [8] is the source of this information.
Table 5-7-1. The WiMAX advantages

WiMAX advantages ISP (Internet Service Providers) the greater scale of data and voice services Orfee the connecting posibility of the customers with the large distance from the basic station the co-operation with the customers demanding the maximal bitrate and serveability the offering of the stable condition for services due to using of the licensing WiMAX technologies Customers the using of the data, voice and videoconferencing services the possibility of the Internet access in the out of way places. the stable and quaranteed services

the connection stability comparable with the cable connection

5.8.

WiBRO (Wireless Broadband)

It is a technology very similar to mobile WiMAX, which was launched in South Korea in June 2006. It works in the bandoft 2.3 2.4 GHz with the channels of 8.75 in width, using two MIMO antennas. It guarantees a bitrate of 3050 Mbit/s per user with a signal range of 15 km and mobility support to 120km/h. The WiBRO technology is used for voice, data and multimedia services.

6. WWAN
WWAN provides for users the possibility to create wireless connection with remote public or private networks. This connection is maintained in a wide geographic area (in a city e.g.) 30-9

2007/30 28.8.2007 using the existing network infrastructure of mobile operators. For the WWAN, the 802.20 standard group was created, whose aim is the normalization of Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA). The 802.20 standard originated as the competitor of the classical 2.5 and 3G mobile networks. The best known generation of WWAN mobile technology is shown in Figure 5. Thanks to the application of existing mobile networks, the WWAN makes it possible to facile voice transfer.

Figure 5. The review of mobile generation technology

6.1.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

name GSM origin date 1992 b [MHz] 900/1800 vp [kbit/s] 9,6 sr [km] 35 be [bps/Hz] 0,05

GSM belongs to the 2nd-generation mobile system. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication Administrations (CEPT) and the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) have participated in the development of this standard. The first GSM I standard was released in 1992 and it offered voice and basic data services (e.g. SMS), international roaming, hand-over and blocking of talk and the encryption SIM card. The caller and called participant identification, call holding and the extensive capabilities of data services were added to phase 2 of the GSM standard GSM II. GSM networks operate in four different frequency bands. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including the United States and Canada) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated [9]. The primary GSM (PGSM or GSM 900) uses the frequency band of 890-960 MHz which is divided into two parts in accordance with the frequency band for the uplink and downlink: Uplink (Mobile Station --- Base Transceiver Station) 890-915 MHz Downlink (Base Transceiver Station --- Mobile Station) 935 960 MHz. The band of 25 MHz is divided into 124 channels with 200 kHz interchannel frequency displacement.

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2007/30 28.8.2007 The GSM 1800 uses the frequency band of 890-960 MHz: Uplink (Mobile Station --- Base Transceiver Station) 1710-1785 MHz Downlink (Base Transceiver Station --- Mobile Station) 1805 1880 MHz. The band of 70 MHz is divided into 374 channels. The GSM system is most frequently divided into these 3 subsystems: Base Station Sub-System: the base stations and their controllers Network and Switching Subsystem: the part of the network most similar to a fixed network Operating Support Subsystem: provides the setting and coordinates the whole system function (operation, maintenance, failure repairing and so on). The GSM system reaches a maximum bitrate of 9.6 kbit/s. A disadvantage of this system is the low operating capacity, worse quality of the voice transfer, and lower bitrate values [9].

6.2.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

name GPRS origin date 1997 b [MHz] 900/1800 vp [kbit/s] 80 sr [km] 35 be [bps/Hz] 0,4

GPRS is a technology allowing data transfer to the existing GSM users and belongs to the 2.5 generation of mobile systems. The GSM Release 97 standard was the first standard including the GPRS technology. GPRS is packet-switched, which means that the transfer medium can be shared by several users simultaneously. The bitrate of data transfer is not guaranted because the GPRS works in the GSM networks, where the voice transfer has a higher priority. The GPRS user pays only for the data transfer volume, not for the time of the transfer medium usage. For the data transfer function, the GPRS technology implements the new network facilities [10]: SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): The main task is the scanning of mobile users in the appropriate cells, taking care of the security and packet forwarding. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): It is a gateway routing the packet from the external network to the mobile network. PCU (Packet Control Unit): It is connected to the Base Service Control (BSC) and provides data services for the whole BSC area. CG (Charging Gateway): CG provides the data for user accounting. The devices (PCMCIA cards, mobile phones) are divided into three classes (See Table 6-2-):

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Table 6-2-1. Classes of the GPRS devices

Class A Support of the simultaneously voice and date transport. This function is called Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) Class B These devices can not the simultaneously transport of the voice and data. It is transferred either voice or data whereas the voice has the higher transport priority. The most of the present mobile phones belong to this class Class C Support of the data transport only (PCMCIA cards e.g.) The bitrate depends on the Coding Scheme (CS) used. The GPRS system uses four CS and the appropriate CS is selected in terms of the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) in order to achieve maximum bitrate. Table 6-2-2 shows the dependence of the CS used [10].
Table 6-2-2. The GPRS coding schemes and bitrates

coding scheme bitrate [kbit/s]

CS-I 8

CS-II 12

CS-III 14,4

CD-IV 20

The maximum bitrate depends on the devices used, because it depends on the number of timeslots used for the downlink and uplink direction (or for both direction), which the mobile device can use. The most common mobile phones (class 10) use 4 timeslots for downlink and 1 for uplink direction (4+1 configuration). A bitrate of 80 kbit/s is reached if the coding scheme CS IV is used together with the mobile phone in the 4+1 configuration [11].

6.3.

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution)

name EDGE origin date 2003 b [GHz] 900/1800 vp [kbit/s] 200/100 sr [km] be [bps/Hz] 30 1,2

EDGE belongs to the 2.75 generation of mobile systems. This system offers several improvements which allow reaching high values of bitrate and bandwidth efficiency. The main idea was to use of 8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) while the GSM and GPRS systems use the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). The EDGE system involves two parts: Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS): for the packet-switched networks Enhanced Circuit Switched Data (ECSD): for the circuit switched networks Practically, the EDGE system reaches a maximum bitrate of 200 kbit/s for the downlink direction and 100 kbit/s for the uplink direction (with the 3+2 timeslots configuration) [12].

6.4.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

name UMTS origin date 2000 b [GHz] 1,8-2,2 vp [Mbit/s] 2,048 sr [km] 2 be [bps/Hz] 0,4

UMTS is a system of the third mobile system generation, which was proposed by the International Mobile Telecommunication in the IMT-2000 standard (in the year 2000). The first standard was proposed in 1999. The Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 30-12

2007/30 28.8.2007 (WDCDMA) technique is used for the access to the transport medium. The UMTS system applies several modulation types; for example the T-Mobile company uses the Time Division Duplex (UMTS-TDD only for the data transfer) in comparison with the O2 company, which uses the Frequency Division Duplex (UMTS-FDD). The UMTS system works in the 2 GHz frequency band. The bitrate values depend on the speed of movement. The theoretical bitrate value for the static movement is 2048 kbit/s, but the UMTS system practically reaches a bitrate of 400 kbit/s. Table 6-4-1 presents the bitrate values in dependence on the speed of movement of the receiving device.
Table 6-4-1. Table of the speed and the bitrate dependencies in UMTS system

speed [km/h] bitrate [kbit/s]

0 2048

5 384

150 144

These values are only theoretical and they are not achieved in reality. The main problem in the UMTS system is the packet delay and jitter. Because of this issue, the HSDPA/HSUPA technologies were drafted [13].

6.5.

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

name HSDPA origin date 2004 b [MHz] 873/1900 vp [Mbit/s] 14,4 sr [km] 6 be [bps/Hz] 2,8

HSDPA belongs to the 3.5 generation of mobile systems. The HSDPA system should reach the maximum bitrate of 14.4 Mbit/s for the downlink, but again it is only a theoretical value. In practice, this system exhibits bitrates of about 2 Mbit/s for downlink direction and 384 kbit/s for uplink direction. It could be used with the UMTS-TDD and the UMTS-FDD systems. For modulation the QPSK and 16-QAM modulation technology are used. For the data transfer 15 frequency channels with 5 MHz in width in the band of 873 MHz and 1.9 GHz are used [14].

6.6.

HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)

name HSUPA origin date 2005 b [MHz] 873/1900 vp [Mbit/s] 1,45 sr [km] 5 be [bps/Hz] 0,4

HSUPA belongs to the 3.75 generation of mobile systems. This technology offers higher bitrate values and lower jitter. It is an extension of the classical third generation systems that allows sending data at a bitrate of 1.45 Mbit/s for the uplink direction. HSDUA is another step in the implementation of the fully mobile broadband internet.

6.7.

MBWA 802.20
b [GHz] <3 vp [Mbit/s] 1 / 0,3 sr [km] 12 be [bps/Hz] 1,0

name origin date MBWA 802.20 2002

Providing a technology that will compete with the 2.5G and 3G networks was the reason for creating of 802.20 standard. The biggest advantage of this standard is the connection capability in networks up to a speed of 250 km/h. The proposed standard should work in 30-13

2007/30 28.8.2007 licensed band below 3 GHz with the NLOS and use frequency channels of 1.25 MHz 40 MHz in width . For the recognition of the transfer direction, the TDD and the FDD techniques are used. The bandwidth efficiency reaches 1 bits-1/Hz. With the channel of 1.25 MHz in width it exhibits a bitrate of 1 Mbit/s for the downlink direction and 300 kbit/s for the uplink direction due to the OFDM modulation technology used [16].

7. Conclusion
This compendium describes all the ordinary standards used for wireless connection with respect to its attributes from the practical point of view. It can therefore serve also as a quick reference guide when deciding which standard to use in specific conditions, to avoid of using an functional yet inappropriate technology. Table 7-1 describes the main properties of individual technologies.
Table 7-1. Summary of wireless networks
name Bluetooth UWB Zigbee IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11n IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16a IEEE 802.16d IEEE 802.16e GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS HSDPA HSUPA origin date
2004 2007 2004

frequency band
2,4 GHz 4,8-10 GHz 2,4 GHz

bandwidth
1 MHz 500 MHz 2 MHz

bitrate
2,1 Mbit/s 480 Mbit/s 250 kbit/s

signal range
10 m 10 m

bandwidth efficeincy
2,1 bps/Hz 0,96 bps/Hz

modulation
GMSK OFDM

1999 1999 2003 2006

5 GHz 2,4 GHz 2,4 GHz 2,4/5 GHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 40 MHz

54 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s 150 Mbit/s

10 m 0,125 bps/Hz O-QPSK outdoor/indoor OFDM, 100/30 m 2,7 bps/Hz BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK,QPSK, 110/35 m 0,55 bps/Hz CCK OFDM, 110/35 m 2,7 bps/Hz BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 160/70 m 3,7 bps/Hz MIMO

2001 2003 2004 2005

10-66 Ghz 2-11GHz 2-11GHz 2-6 GHz

28 MHz 20 MHz 25MHz 20 MHz

134 Mbit/s 75 Mbit/s 75 Mbit/s 30 Mbit/s

downlink/uplink

5 km 10 km 8 km 5 km

4,5 bps/Hz 3,7 bps/Hz 3 bps/Hz 1,1 bps/Hz

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

1992 1997 2004 2000 2004 2005

900/1800 MHz 900/1800 MHz 900/1800 MHz 1885-2200 MHz 873/1900 MHz 873/1900 MHz < 3,5GHz

200 KHz 200 KHz 200 KHz 5MHz 5MHz 5MHz 1,25 Mhz

9,6 kbit/s 80 kbit/s 200/100 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s 14,4 Mbit/s 1,4 Mbit/s 1024/300 kbit/s

35 km 35 km 30 km 2 km 6 km 5 km 12 km

0,05 bps/Hz 0,4 bps/Hz 1,2 bps/Hz 0,4 bps/Hz 2,8 bps/Hz 0,4 bps/Hz 1,0 bps/Hz

GMSK GMSK 8-PSK QPSK QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM OFDM

IEEE 802.20 2002

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8. References:
1. HEILE, B.: IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN, IEEE, Inc., 2007 online: <http://www.ieee802.org/15> 2. Bluetooth SIG, Inc.: Bluetooth, Bluetooth SIG,Inc, 2007, online: <http://www.bluetooth.com/> 3. JupiterMedia Corporation: The Source for Ultrawideband Business and Technology, JupiterMedia Corporation, 2007, online: <http://www.ultrawidebandplanet.com/> 4. Zigbee Aliance: Wireless control that simply works, Zigbee Aliance, 2007, online: <http://www.zigbee.org > 5. STUART, J.,K.: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network, IEEE, Inc., 2007, online: <http://www.ieee802.org/11/> 6. Wikipedia The Free Encyklopedia: IEEE 802.11, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2007, online: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11> 7. MARKS, R., B.: The IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, IEEE, Inc., 2007, online: <http://www.ieee802.org/16> 8. BUIGL P.: Two years of WiMAX in Czech Republic, Internet Info, s.r.o., 2007, online: <http://www.lupa.cz/clanky/dva-roky-wimaxu-v-cr/> 9. GSM Association: GSM World, GSM Association 2007, online: <http://www.gsmworld.com> 10. MobileIN.com: General Packet Radio Service, MobileIN.com 2001-2004, online: <http://www.mobilein.com/gprs.htm> 11. Wikipedia The Free Encyklopedia: General Packet Radio Service, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2007, online: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS> 12. Tech FAQ: What is Edge?, Tech FAQ, 2007, online: <http://www.tech-aq.com/edge.shtml> 13. UMTS-FORUM.ORG: Promoting the global success of third generation mobile, umts-forum.org, 2007, online: <http://www.umts-forum.org/> 14. SLIDEN F.: What is HSDPA?, Conjecture Corporation, 2007, online: <http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hsdpa.htm> 15. Hsupa.com: High Speed Uplink Packet Access, hsupa.com, 2007, online: <http://www.hsupa.com/> 16. GREENSPAN A.: IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, IEEE, Inc., 2007, online: <http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/>

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