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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 1

Chng 1
CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

1.1 KHAI NIEM VE MON HOC SC BEN VAT LIEU ( SBVL )-
OI TNG, NHIEM VU, AC IEM CUA MON SBVL
1.1.1 OI TNG NGHIEN CU CUA SBVL- HNH DANG VAT THE
SBVL nghien cu vat the thc ( cong trnh, chi tiet may )
Vat the thc co bien dang di ta c du ng cua nguyen nhan ngoai
( tai trong, nhiet o, la p ra p cac chi tiet che tao khong chnh xac)
Vat the thc s dung trong ky thua t c chia ra ba loai c ba n:
Khoi: co kch thc theo ba phng tng ng: e ap, mong may...





Tam va vo: vat the mong co kch thc theo mot phng rat nho so vi hai
phng con lai; tam co dang phang, vo co dang cong: san nha, mai vo
Thanh: vat the dai co kch thc theo mot phng rat ln so vi hai
phng con lai: thanh dan ca u, cot ien, tru c may SBVL nghien cu
thanh, he thanh.
Thanh c bieu dien ba ng truc thanh va
mat cat ngang F vuong goc vi truc thanh
(H.1.3).
Truc thanh la quy tch cua trong tam mat cat
ngang.
Cac loai thanh (H.1.4):
+Thanh thang, cong: truc thanh thang,
cong,
+He thanh : thanh gay khuc
(phang hay khong gian)


H. 1.2 Vat the dang tam vo


H. 1.1 Vat the dang khoi
H. 1.3 Truc thanh va mat
cat ngang
H. 1.4
Ca c da ng tru c thanh
a)
b)
c)
d)
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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 2

1.1.2 Nhiem vu: SBVL la mon hoc ky thuat c s, nghien cu tnh chat
chu lc cua vat lieu e e ra cac phng phap tnh cac vat the chu cac
tac dung cua cac nguyen nhan ngoai, nham thoa ma n ye u cau an toan va
tiet kiem vat lieu.
Vat the lam vie c c an toan khi:
- Thoa ieu kien ben : khong b pha hoai (nt gay, sup o).
- Thoa ieu kien cng: bien dang va chuye n v nam trong mot gii
han cho phe p.
- Thoa ieu kien on nh : ba o toan hnh th c bien dang ban au.
Thng, kch th c cua vat the ln th kha nang chu lc cung tang va
do o o an toan cu ng c nang cao; tuy nhien, vat lieu phai dung nhieu
hn nen nang ne va ton ke m hn. Kie n thc cua SBVL giup giai quye t hp
ly ma u thuan gia ye u ca u an toan va tiet kiem vat lieu.
Ba bai toan c ban cua SBVL:
+ Kiem tra ca c ie u kie n be n, cng, on nh.(Tham ke )
+ nh kch thc, hnh dang hp ly cua cong trnh hay chi tiet may.
+ nh gia tr cua cac nguyen nhan ngoai ( tai trong, nhiet o) cho
phe p tac du ng ( Sa cha)
1.1.3 ac iem:
SBVL la mon khoa hoc thc nghiem: e am bao s tin cay cua cac
phng phap tnh, mon hoc ket hp chat che gia nghien cu thc nghiem
va suy luan ly thuyet.
Nghien cu thc nghiem nham phat hie n ra tnh cha t ng x cu a cac
vat lie u vi cac da ng chu lc kha c nhau, la m c s e xua t cac gia thiet
n gian hn e xay dng ly thuyet. V vay, ly thuyet SBVL mang tnh gan
ung.
Th nghie m kie m tra cac ly thuyet tnh toan a xa y dng
Trong nhie u tr ng hp, phai lam th nghiem tren mo hnh cong trnh
thu nho trc khi xay dng hoac th tai cong trnh trc khi s dung.
SBVL khao sat noi lc ( lc ben trong vat the ) va bien dang cua vat
the ( C Ly Thuye t khao sa t can bang va chuye n ong cua vat the).
SBVL cung s dung cac ket qua cua C Ly Thuyet



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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 3

1.2 NGOAI LC- CAC LOAI LIEN KET- PHAN LC LIEN KET
1.2.1 Ngoai lc
a) nh ngha: Ngoai lc la lc
tac ong t moi tr ng hoac vat the
ben ngoai len vat the ang xe t.
b) Phan loai :
Tai trong : a bie t tr c (v tr,
phng va o ln), thng c quy nh bi cac quy pham thiet ke hoac
tnh toan theo tra ng tha i chu lc cua vat the. Tai trong gom:
+Lc phan bo: tac du ng tren mot the
tch, mot dien tch cua vat the ( trong lng
ban tha n, a p l c nc len thanh be...)
L c phan bo the tch co th nguyen la
lc/the tch,hay [F/L
3
].
L c pha n bo die n tch co th nguye n la
lc/dien tch, hay [F/L
2
].
Neu lc pha n bo tre n mot dai hep th thay
l c phan bo dien tch bang lc pha n bo ng
v i c ng o l c co th nguyen la lc/chieu
dai, hay [F/L] (H.1.6). Lc pha n bo
ng la loai lc thng gap trong SBVL.
+Lc tap trung: tac dung tai mot ie m
cua vat the , th nguyen [F]. Thc te, khi die n tch truyen lc be co the coi
nh lc truye n qua mot ie m
+ Momen (ngau lc) co th nguyen la lc x chieu da i hay [FxL]
Phan lc : la nhng lc thu ong (phu thuoc vao tai trong), phat sinh tai
v tr lie n ke t vat the ang xet vi cac vat the khac.
c) Tnh chat tai trong
Tai trong tnh: bie n oi cha m hay khong oi theo thi gian, bo qua gia
toc chuyen ong (bo qua lc qua n tnh khi xe t ca n bang). A p lc at le n
t ng chan, trong lng cu a cong trnh la cac lc tnh
Tai trong ong: l c thay oi nhanh theo th i gian, ga y ra chuyen ong
co gia toc ln ( rung ong do mot ong c gay ra, va cha m cua bua xuong
au coc). Vi lc ong th can xet en s tham gia cua lc quan tnh .
Phan lc
Tai trong
H. 1.5 Tai trong va phan lc
q
H. 1.6 Cac IoaI Iuc phan
bo
G
h
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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 4

1.2.2 Lien ket phang, phan lc lien ket, cach xac nh
1.2.2.1 Cac loai lien ket phang va phan lc lien ket:
Mot thanh muon duy tr hnh dang, v tr ban au khi chu tac ong cua
ngoai l c th no phai c lien ket vi va t the kha c hoac vi a t.
Goi di ong (lien ket
thanh): nga n ca n mot chuyen v
tha ng va phat sinh mot phan lc
R theo phng cua lien ket
(H.1.7a)
Goi co nh ( Lien ket
khp, khp, ban le) : nga n can
chuyen v thang theo phng
bat ky va phat sinh pha n lc R cung theo phng o. Pha n l c R thng
c phan tch ra hai thanh phan V va H (H.1.7b)
Ngam: nga n ca n tat ca chuyen v tha ng va chuye n v xoay. Phan l c
pha t sinh trong ngam gom ba thanh phan V, H va M (H.1.7c)
1.2.2.2 Cach xac nh phan lc:
Giai pho ng ca c lien ket, thay ba ng cac phan lc tng ng, cac phan
l c c xac nh t ieu kien can bang tnh hoc gia tai trong va phan lc.
Bai toan phang co ba phng trnh can bang oc lap, c thie t lap
cac da ng khac nhau nh sau:
1.

= = = 0 ; 0 ; 0
O
M Y X (2 phng X, Y khong song song)
2.

= = = 0 0 0
C B A
M ; M ; M ( 3 ie mA, B, C khong tha ng hang)
3.

= = = 0 0 0
B A
M ; M ; X (phng AB khong vuong goc vi X)
Bai toan khong gian co sau phng trnh can bang oc lap, thng
co da ng:

= = = = = = 0 / ; 0 / ; 0 / ; 0 ; 0 ; 0
Oz Oy Ox
M M M Z Y X
Chu y:e co nh mot thanh trong mp can toi thieu 3 lien ket n e chong
lai 3 chuyen ong t do. Neu u lie n ket va bo tr hp ly 3 phan l c se tm
c t 3 ptcb tnh hoc.Thanh c goi la tnh nh. Neu so lien ket tng
ng ln hn 3 goi la bai toan sieu tnh.


R
a)
V
H
b)
V
H
M
c)
H. 1.7 Lie n ke t va pha n l c lie n ke t
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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 5

1.3 CAC DANG CHU LC VA BIEN DANG C BAN CHUYEN V
1.3.1Bien dang cua vat the:
Trong thc te, s chu lc cua mot thanh co the pha n tch ra ca c
dang chu lc c ban:
Truc thanh khi chu keo (nen) se dan dai (co ngan) (H.1.8a,b)
Truc thanh chu uon se b cong (H.1.8e)
Thanh chu xoan th truc thanh van thang nhng ng sinh tren
be mat tr tha nh ng xoan tru (H1.8.d).
Khi chu cat, hai pha n cu a thanh co xu hng trt oi vi nhau
(H1.8.c).



1.3.2 Bien dang cua phan to: Neu t ng t ng tach mot phan to hnh
hop t mot thanh chu lc th s bien dang cua no trong trng hp tong
qua t co the pha n tch ra hai thanh phan c ban:
Phan to tre n H.1.9a dai dx ch thay oi chieu dai, khong thay oi goc.
Bien dang dai tuyet oi theo phng x : dx.
Bien dang dai tng oi theo phng x :
dx
dx
x

=
Phan to tre n H.1.9b ch co thay oi goc, khong thay oi chieu dai
Bien dang goc hay goc trt, ky hieu la : o thay oi cua goc
vuo ng ban au

H. 1.9 Cac bien
dang c ban
dx
dx
a)
b)

e)
Hnh 1.8 Cac dang chu lc c ban
a)
P
P
c)
2P
P
P
P
b)
P
T1
T2
T2
T1
d)
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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 6

1.3.3 Chuyen v:
Khi vat the b bien dang, cac iem
trong vat the noi chung b thay oi v tr.
o chuyen di t v tr cu cua iem A
sang v tr mi A c goi la chuyen v
dai. Goc hp bi v tr cua mot oan
tha ng AC trc va trong khi bien dang
AC cua vat the c goi la chuyen v
goc ( H.1.10).
1.4 Cac gia thiet
Khi giai bai toan SBVL, ngi ta chap nhan mot so gia thiet nham n
gian hoa bai toan nhng co gang am bao s chnh xac can thiet phu hp
vi yeu cau thc te.
1.4.1 Gia thiet ve vat lieu
Vat lieu c coi la lien tuc, ong nhat, ang hng va an hoi
tuyen tnh.
Ta tng t ng la y mot phan to bao quanh mot ie m trong vat the.
Neu cho pha n to be tu y y ma van cha va t lieu th ta noi vat lieu lien tuc
tai iem o.
Gia thiet ve s lien tuc cua va t lieu cho phep s dung cac phep tnh
cua toan gia i tch nh gii han, vi phan, tch phan.... Trong thc te, ngay ca
v i vat lieu c coi la hoan hao nhat nh kim loai th cung co ca u truc
kho ng lien tuc.
Vat lieu ong nhat : Tnh cha t c hoc
tai moi iem trong va t the la nh nhau.
Vat lieu ang hng : Tnh cha t c hoc
tai mot iem theo cac phng eu nh nhau.
Tnh chat an hoi cua vat the la kha
nang khoi phu c lai hnh dang ban au cua no
khi ngoai lc thoi tac du ng. Neu quan he gia ngoai l c va bie n dang la
bac nhat, th vat lieu c goi la an hoi tuyen tnh (H.1.11).
Gia thiet va t lie u an hoi tuyen tnh la m giam b t s phc tap cua bai
toan SBVL.
P
3
P
4
P
1
P
2
A

A

C

C
+
+
+
+
H. 1.10

Bien dang
Lc
H. 1.11 an hoI fuyon
fnh
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CV: Io uc Thanh
Chuong 1: KhaI nIom co ban 7

1.4.2 Gia thiet ve s o tnh
Khi tnh toan, ngi ta thay vat the thc bang s o tnh (H1.12).



1.4.3 Gia thiet ve bien dang va chuyen v
Vat the co bien dang va chuyen v be so v i kch thc ban au cua
vat Co the khao sat vat the hoac cac bo phan cua no tren hnh dang
ban au ( tnh tren s o khong bie n dang cua vat the).
Gia thie t nay xuat pha t ieu kien bien dang va chuyen v ln nhat trong
vat the phai nam trong mot gii han tng oi nho.

He qua:
Khi vat the co chuyen v be va vat lieu a n hoi tuye n tnh th co the ap
du ng nguyen ly cong tac dung nh sau:
Mot ai lng do nhieu nguyen nhan ong thi gay ra se bang
tong ai lng o do tng nguyen nhan gay ra rieng le. (H.1.13)

Chuyen v tai au thanh do l c P
1
va P
2
gay ra co the phan tch nh
sau: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1
P P P , P + =
Nguyen ly cong ta c du ng bien bai toa n phc tap thanh cac bai toan n
gia n de gia i quyet hn. V vay, thng c s dung trong SBVL.

H.1.13 Nguye n ly co ng ta c du ng
1
2
P 1
P 2 P1
P 2

q
a)

b)

H. 1.12 S o tnh