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Kythuatsieucaotan
Kythuatsieucaotan
GII THIU
1. Khi nim:
Khi nim siu cao tn c hiu ty theo trng phi hoc quc gia, c th t
30 MHz 300 GHz (1) hoc 300MHz 300 GHz (2),, hoc 1 GHz 300 GHz (3)
Cc di tn s
AM pht thanh 535 1605 kHz
L band
1 2 GHz
V tuyn sng ngn 3 30 MHz
S band
2 4 GHz
Pht thanh FM 88 108 MHz
C - band 4 8 GHz
VHF TV (2 4) 54 72 MHz
X band 8 12 GHz
VHF TV (5 6) 76 88 MHz
Ku band 12 18 GHz
UHF TV (7 - 13) 174 - 216 MHz
K band 18 - 26 GHz
UHF TV (14 - 83) 470 - 894 MHz
Ka band 26 - 40 GHz
L vi ba
2.45 GHz
U band
40 60 GHz
* V tn s cao di microwaves nn l thuyt mch c s khng cn hiu lc,
do pha ca p dng thay i ng k trong cc phn t (cc phn t phn b).
* Thng s tp trung: l cc i lng c tnh in xut hin hoc tn ti
mt v tr xc nh no ca mch in. Thng s tp trung c biu din bi mt
phn t in tng ng (phn t tp trung Lumped circuit element), c th xc nh
hoc o c trc tip (chng hn R, C, L, ngun p, ngun dng).
* Thng s phn b: (distributed element) ca mch in l cc i lng c
tnh in khng tn ti duy nht mt v tr c nh trong mch in m c ri u
trn chiu di ca mch. Thng s phn b thng c dng trong lnh vc SCT,
trong cc h thng truyn sng (ng dy truyn sng, ng dn sng, khng gian t
do) Thng s phn b khng xc nh bng cch o c trc tip.
* Trong lnh vc SCT, khi so snh c vi kch thc ca mch th phi xt
cu trc ca mch nh mt h phn b. ng thi khi xt h phn b, nu ch xt mt
phn mch in c kch thc << th c th thay tng ng phn mch in ny
bng mt mch in c thng s tp trung n gin ha bi ton.
2. Lch s v ng dng:
- Lnh vc SCT c coi nh mt chuyn ngnh c s, c nn mng c pht
trin trn 100 nm v c bit pht trin mnh do cc ng dng trong radar.
- S pht trin ca k thut SCT gn lin vi nhng thnh tu trong lnh vc
cc linh kin high frequency solid state devices, cc mch tch hp SCT v cc
vi h hin i.
- Maxwell (1873) trng in t Heaviside (1885 1887) l thuyt ng dn
sng Heinrich Hertz (1887 1891) th nghim ng dn sng Radiation
Laboratory Massachusetts Intitute of Tech. (MIT)
2
* ng dng:
- Anten c li cao
- Thng tin bng rng (dung lng ln), chng hn rng bng 1% ca tn s
600 MHz l 6 MHz ( l rng ca mt knh TV n l), 1% 60 GHz l 600 MHz
(cha c 100 knh TV). y l tiu chun quan trng v cc di tn c th s dng
ngy cng t i.
- Thng tin v tinh vi dung lng ln do sng SCT khng b b cong bi tng
ion
- Lnh vc radar v din tch phn x hiu dng ca mc tiu t l vi kch
thc in ca mc tiu v kt hp vi cao li ca angten trong di SCT.
- Cc cng hng phn t, nguyn t, ht nhn xy ra vng tn s SCT do
k thut SCT c s dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc c bn, cm bin t xa, chn
tr y hc v nhit hc.
* Cc lnh vc ng dng chnh hin nay l raar v cc h thng thng tin:
- Tm kim, nh v mc tiu cho cc h thng iu khin giao thng, d tm
ha tin, cc h thng trnh va chmj, d bo thi tit
- Cc h thng thng tin: Long haul telephone, data and TV transmissions;
wireless telecom. Nh DBS: Direct Broadcast Satellite television; PCSs: Personal
communications systems; WLANS: wireless local area computer networks; CV:
cellular video systems; GPS: Global positioning satellite systems, hot ng trong di
tn t 1.5 n 94 GHz.
i ( z , t )
( z + z , t ) = 0
t
i ( z , t ) G z ( z + z , t ) C z
( z + z , t )
i ( z + z , t ) = 0
t
(2.1a)
(2.1b)
0 =>
(2.2a)
(2.2b)
= ( R + j L ) I ( Z )
(2.3a)
= ( G + j C )V ( Z )
(2.3b)
E = j H
H = j E
2) S truyn sng trn ng dy
D thy c th a (2.3 a,b) v dng
d 2V ( Z )
2V ( Z ) = 0
(2.4a)
2 I (Z ) = 0
(2.4b)
z
d 2 I (Z )
z
(2.5a)
I ( Z ) = I o+ e Z + I o e Z
(2.5b)
I(Z )
Vo+ Z Vo Z
=
e
e
Zo
Zo
(2.6)
(2.7)
p =
= f
(2.8)
(2.9)
3) ng dy khng tn hao:
(2.7) l nghim tng qut cho ng dy c tn hao vi hng s truyn v tr
khng c trng c dng phc. Trong nhiu trng hp thc t tn hao ng dy rt
b, c th b qua khi c th coi R = G = 0 v ta c
= + j = ( R + j L )(G + j C ) = j LC
(2.10)
=> = 0, = LC
Tr khng c trng:
Z0 =
L
C
l mt s thc
(2.11)
Khi :
V ( Z ) = V o+ e j Z + V o e j Z
(2.12a)
I ( Z ) = I o+e jZ + Ioe jZ
(2.12b)
p =
(2.13)
LC
1
=
LC
(2.14)
Wm =
H .H
4
s
ds => L =
I0
H .H
ds ( H / m )
(2.15)
Wl =
E *
E
.
E
ds
=>
C
=
4 s
V0
*
E .E ds ( F / m )
(2.16)
Pc =
Vi Rs =
-
*
H .H dl
C1 +C2
l in tr b mt ca kim loi
R=
-
Rs
2
Rs
I0
H .H
dl ( / m)
(2.17)
C1 +C2
Pd =
''
E .E
ds
'
''
'
Vi '' l phn o ca hng s in mi phc = j = (1 jtg )
Theo LTM => li G l:
G=
''
E .E
ds ( S / m )
(2.18)
V0 S
2, V d: Cc thng s ng dy ca ng truyn ng trc trng ca sng TEM
trong ng truyn ng trc c th biu din bi :
V z
E= 0
e ,
b
ln
a
I
H = 0 e z ,
2
= ' j '' ,
= 0 .r
L=
2 b 1
b
=
ln (H / m)
d
d
2 0 a 2
2
a
(2 )
2 '
(F / m)
C =
b
ln
a
R=
Rs 1 1
( + )( / m )
2 a b
2 "
G=
( S / m)
b
ln
a
L
cosh1 ( )
W
2a
C
'
'W
Cosh 1 ( D / 2a)
2 Rs
W
Rs
a
R
G
'
"W
Cosh 1 ( D / 2a)
Ez = Hz = 0 v
= 0 (do tnh i xng trc)
E E 1
+
+z
( E ) = j ( H + H )
z
z
H
H
+z
( E ) = j ( E + E )
+
z
z
(2.20a)
(2.20b)
f( z )
(2.21a)
g
H = (z)
(2.21b)
(2.22a)
(2.22b)
hz
(2.23)
(2.24a)
(2.24b)
=a
E ( , z )d = h( z ).ln
b
a
(2.25a)
I(z) =
=0
H (a, z )a.d = 2 .g ( z )
(2.25b)
V ( z )
= jLI ( z )
z
I ( z )
= (G + jC )V ( z )
z
(2.26a)
(2.26b)
+ 2 E = 0
Z 2
2 = 2 => = + j
(2.27)
=
=
=
Z =
(2.29)
H
Vi l tr khng ni ca mi trng
* Tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn ng trc
b
b
E ln
ln
V0
a =
a =
Z0 =
=
I0
2H
2
ln
a
2
(2.30)
* Dng cng sut (theo hng lan truyn Z) c th dc tnh qua vector
Poynting:
2
1
1
P = E H .dS =
2S
2 =0 = a
V0 I 0*
2 2 ln
b
a
1
2
.d .d = V0 I 0*
(2.31)
j z
+ V 0 e
j z
(2.32a)
9
- Dng tng :
I (Z ) =
V 0+ j z V 0 j z
e
e
Z0
Z0
(2.32b)
V 0+ + V 0
Z Z0 +
Z 0 => V 0 = L
V0
+
ZL + Z0
V0 V0
V0 Z L Z 0
=
V0+ Z L + Z 0
(2.33)
Khi =>
V( Z ) = V0+ e jz + e jz
I(Z )
[
V
[e
=
Z
+
0
jz
+ e jz
(2.34a)
(2.34b)
+
1
1 V0
2
*
Pav = Re V( Z ) .I ( Z ) =
Re 1 * e 2 jz + e 2 jz
2
2 Z0
=>
+
1 V0
2
Pav =
1
2 Z0
(2.35)
- Nhn xt: Dng cng sut trung bnh bng const ti mi im trn ng
truyn. Cng sut ton phn t trn ti Pav bng cng sut sng n
2
V0+
2Z 0
V0+
2Z 0
tr i
T (2.34a) V ( Z ) = V 0+ 1 + .e
j ( 2 l )
(2.37)
e j ( 2 l ) =1
= V0+ 1 +
(2.38)
Vmax 1 +
=
Vmin 1
(2.39)
Nhn xt:
+ 1 SWR , SWR = 1 matched Load
+ Khong cch gia hai cc i lin tip l:
l = 2
vi :bc sng =
V0e jl
= ( 0 ) e jl
+ j l
V0 e
(2.40)
11
Z in =
V( l )
I (l)
1 + e 2 jl
Z0
1 e 2 j l
(2.41)
Z L + jZ 0 tgl
Z 0 L + jZ L tgl
(2.42)
3, Cc trng hp c bit:
a) Ngn mch u cui: ZL = 0
-
t (2.31) => = 1
+
t (2.32) => V( Z ) = 2 jV0 sin z
I (Z )
2V0+
=
cos z
Z0
(2.43a)
(2.43b)
Z in = jZ o tg l
(2.43c)
V( Z ) = 2V0+ cos z
I (Z )
2 jV0+
sin z
=
Z0
=> I = 0 ti Z = 0, V = Vmax ,
(2.44a)
(2.44b)
Z in ( l ) = jZ o cot g l
(2.44c)
c) S thay i ca Zin(l)
Z i n (l = /2) = ZL
(2.45)
Z02
Zi n (l = /4) = Z
L
(2.46)
Z1 - Z0
=Z +Z
1
(2.47)
Nhn xt:
- Khng phi tt c cc sng ti u b phn x, mt s s truyn tip ln
ng dy th hai vi bin xc nh bi h s truyn T
- T (1.32a) vi z < 0
V( Z ) Z <0 = V0+ e jz + e jz
(2.48a)
vi z > 0
V( Z ) Z >0 = V0+ e jz
(2.48b)
(B qua sng phn x trn ng dy 2)
- Cn bng (2.46 a) v (2.46b) ti z = 0
Z1 - Z0
2Z1
T=1+=1+Z +Z = Z +Z
(2.49)
1
0
1
0
- H s truyn gia hai im ca mt mch thng c biu din theo dB,
gi l tn hao chn (IL: Insertion loss)
IL = - 20 lg T (dB)
(2.50)
13
ZL 1
= e j
ZL +1
(2.51)
ZL
Vi ZL = Z l tr khng ti chun ha. t quan h ny
0
ZL =
1 + e j
(2.52)
1 e j
- Nu t = r + j i v zL = rL + j xL th t (2.50)
rL =
xL =
1 r2 i2
(2.53a)
(1 r )2 + i2
2i
(2.53b)
(1 r )2 + i2
r
r L
1 + rL
1
+ i2 =
1 + rL
2
(r 1) + i 1 = 1
xL
xL
2
(2.54a)
(2.54b)
Z in =
1 + e 2 jl
Z0
1 e 2 jl
(2.55)
V d 2:
Cho ti ZL = 100 + j 50 kt cui ng dy c tr khng c trng 50 .
Tm dn np ca ti v dn np vo ca on ng dy 0,15 .
Gii: + Zl = 2 + j 1. c th tin hnh nh cc bc v d 1 ri quay gc /4
trong gin tr khng, sau quay gc 0,15 .
+
Cng c th v im zL ri c yL tng ng theo thang ca gin
dn np: yl = 0,40 j 0,20
yL
YL = yL . Y0 = Z = 0,008 j 0,004 (S)
0
Sau trn thang WTG tm im tham chiu tng ng 0,214 ,di chuyn
on 0,15 cho n 0,,364 , v tia qua im ny ri c im ct vi vng trn
SWR cho gi tr y = 0,61 + j 0,66 Y = 0,0122 + j 0,0132 (S)
2. 5 BIN I BC SNG
1) Tr khng:
Gi thit ti thun tr RL kt cui on /4 c tr khng c trng cn tm Z1
sao cho = 0 ti u vo ca n (on )
Z in = Z 1
RL + jZ 1tgl
Z1 + jRL tgl
(2.61)
Z 12
2
=> Z in =
l = , =
4
4
RL
(2.62)
(2.63)
= 0 cn c Z in = Z 0 => Z1 = Z 0 RL
=> Khng c sng ng trn feedline (SWR = 1).
2) p ng tn s:
V d: Xt ti RL = 100 ghp vi ng truyn 50 qua b ghp hy
v th bin ca h s phn x theo tn s chun ha f/f0 vi f0 l tn s m ti
chiu di on ghp bng /4
Z 1 = 50.100 = 70,71
Gii:
=
Z in Z 0
Z in + Z 0
2 0 2f
=
4 p
l =
4 f
0
f
=
2 f0
16
Vi
l =
V( l )
I (l)
Zl Z0
Zl + Z0
Z + jZ 0 tg l
1 + l e 2 jl
Z0 = Z0 L
2 j l
Z 0 + jZ L tg l
1 l e
(2.67)
(2.68)
(2.69)
Z in
1
jl
Z in + Z g e + l e jl
(2.70)
Z0
e j l
V = Vg
Z 0 + Z g 1 g l e 2 jl
(2.71)
g =
(2.72)
V0+ = Vg
=>
-
Dng (2.67)
+
0
Vi
Z g Z0
Z g + Z0
1 + l
(2.73)
1 l
1
Z in
Re
Z in + Z g
Z in
(2.74)
t Z in = Rin + jX in v Z g = R g + jX g
=>
P=
1
Vg
2
(R
Rin
+ R g ) + (X in + X g )
2
in
1
2
(Z
(2.75)
Zl = Z0 , l = 0, SWR = 1
a) Ti phi hp vi ng truyn:
Z in = Z 0 v P = Vg
Zo
+ Rg ) + X g2
2
(2.76)
Zi n - Zg
=Z +Z =0
in
(2.77)
1
Vg
2
Rg
4 Rg2 + X g2
(2.78)
(2.79a)
P
= 0 => 2Xin (Xin + X g ) = 0
Xin
(2.79b)
T (2.79a,b) =>
Rin = Rg , Xin = Xg
Zin = Zg
Hay
(2.80) c gi l iu kin phi hp tr khng lin kt
*
(2.80)
2 1
1
Vg
2
4 Rg
(2.81)
Nhn xt:
- Cng sut (2.81) ln hn (2.76) v (2.78)
- l, g, c th khc khng. V mt vt l iu c ngha l trong hin tng
a phn x c th xy ra hin tng ng pha dn ti cng sut ln hn khi ch c
sng ti.
- V phng din hiu qu th t hiu qu bcao c iu kin phi hp tr
khng (Zl = Z0) hay iu kin phi hp lin kt (Z i n = Zg*) vn cha . chng hn
khi Zg = Zl = Z0 ch c cng sut ca pht ri trn ti tc hiu sut l 50%. Hiu
sut ny ch c th c ci thin nh gim Zg nh c th c.
Bi tp chng
1. Cho ng truyn c L = 0,2 H/m, C = 300 p F/m, R = 5 /m v G = 0,01
S/m. Hy tnh hng s truyn sng v tr khng c trng ti tn s 500M Hz. Hy
xt trng hp khng hao tn.
2. Cho mt hnh T
CMR m hnh ny dn ti cng phng trnh Telegraph.
3. Mt ng truyn ng trc bng Cu vi bn knh vt dn trong l 1mm v
ngoi l 3mm. Lp in mi c r = 2,8 vi gc tn hao 0,005. Tnh R, L, G, C ti tn
s 3 GHz, tnh Z0 v vp.
18
19
Chng III:
V = E dl
+
I=
H .dl
C+
(3.4.a )
= Ae y ( x , y , z )e j z
H x( x, y, z ) =
j a
A sin
x
a
ja
A sin
x
a
e jz = Ah x ( x , y ) e jz
(3.4.b )
=>
e jz dy
(3.5)
H t ( x , y , z ) = h x , y A + e jz A e jz =
e x , y + jz
(
V e
+ V e j z )
c1
(3.6a )
h( x , y )
(3.6b )
c2
(I
e jz I e jz
a z e( x, y )
(3.7 )
vi : tr khng sng.
T (3.6,a,b) c th nh ngha p v dng tng ng:
(4.8a )
(3.8.b )
V ( z ) = V + e j z + V e j z
I ( z ) = I + e j z I e j z
V+ V
Vi + = = 0
I
I
Nhn xt:
- nh ngha (3.8) bao hm quan h t l gia p v dng tng ng vi
in v t trng ngang.
- Cc hng s t l c cho cc mi quan h ny l:
C1 =
V+ V
I+
I
=
,
=
=
C
2
A+ A
A+ A
cng sut
1 +
A
2
e h * .a z ds =
s
V +I + *
e h *.a z ds
2C1C 2 *
s
1
P+ = V *I + *
th phi c
2
C1C 2 * = e h * .a z ds
(3.9)
(3.10 )
- Tr khng c trng
Z0 =
V + V C1
= =
C2
I+
I
(3.11)
( TE hoc TM )
(3.12 ) a
21
A e jz sin
H =
A e
TE
a
V ( z ) = V + e j z + V e j z
I ( z ) = I + e j z I e j z
1
(
V + e jz V e jz )
0
1
P = V +I + *
2
1
P + = E y H x ddy
2 s
=
Nu chn 0 = TE th
ab
A+
4 Z TE
2
1
1
= V + I + * = A + C1C 2 *
2
2
V + C1
=
= TE
I + C2
=>
ab
2
ab
1
C2 =
TE 2
C1 =
Et
1
=
c trng cho cc dng sng (TEM, TE, TM)
Ht Yvv
L
C l t s p trn dng cho cc sng chy.
22
H t ( x , y , z ) = I ( z ) h ( x , y ) e jz
Vi se h *.ds = 1 th P =
1
1
VI * e h * ds = VI *
2s
2
V VI Pl + 2 J (Wm We )
= 2 =
1 2
I
I
I
2
P
=
1 2
I
2
Phn thc ca in ,R lien quan n cng sut tn hao Pl
Khi in = R + jx =
Vy : -
Phn o X lien quan n nng lng tng cng tch t trong mng
Nu mng khng tn hao th in thun o v
X=
4 (Wm We )
I
(3.24a )
(3.24b )
(dng 3.8 vi ta Z = 0 )
Ma trn tr khng c nh ngha:
23
V
V
1
2
Hay vit gn hn
11
21
[V ] = [ ][I ]
......
12
22
......
......
1 N
NN
I
I
1
2
(3.25)
[I ] = [Y ][V ]
[Y ] = []1
R rng
T (3.25) =>
Vi
I
I k = 0, k j
(3.26)
(3.27 )
(3.28)
Y =
Ii
Vj
V k = 0 ,k j
(3.29)
2) Cc trng hp c bit:
- Vy mt mng n cng ty s c th 2N2 i lng c lp, hay bc t do.
(ng vi phn thc v o ca cc Zi j).
- Nu mng l thun nghch, tc khng cha cc mi trng khng thun nghch
(nh ferrile hay plasma) hoc cc linh kin tch cc, th Z i j = Z j i v Y i j = Yj i.
- Nu mng l khng tn hao th Z i j v Y i j l cc i lng thun o.
3.3 MA TRN TN X
1) Ma trn tn x:
Xt mng N cng nh trong mc trc. nh ngha ma trn tn x tha mn
quan h sau:
V hnh:
V 1 S 11 S12 ....S 1N V1+
1
V 2 =
V S ..........S V +
NN N
N N1
+
V = [S ] V
[ ]
Hay gn hn
=>
S =
Vi
[ ]
(3.40 )
V j+
Vk+ = 0 , k j
24
Vn = V+n + V-n
(3.42a)
+
+
(3.42b)
I n = In - I n = V n - V n
T (3.25) v (3,42)
[ Z ] [ I ] = [ Z ] [ V+ ] - [ Z ] [ V- ] = [ V ] = [ V+ ] + [ V- ]
tc l c th vit
( [ Z ] + [ U ] ) [ V- ] = ( [ Z ] - [ U ] ) [ V+ ]
(3.43)
Vi [ U ] l ma trn n v
So snh (3.43) vi (3.40)
(3.44)
[ S ] = ( [ Z ] + [ U ] )1 ( [ Z ] - [ U ] )
Z11 - 1
- Vi mng mt cng: S11 = Z + 1 , y chnh l h s phn x nhn vo ti
11
vi tr khng vo chun ha Z11.
- biu din [ Z ] theo [ S ] c th vit li (3. 44):
[Z] [S] + [U] [S]= [Z]- [U]
(3.45)
[ Z ] = ( [ U ] - [ S])- 1 ( [ U ] + [ S ]
2) Mng thun nghch v mng khng tn hao.
a,Mng thun nghch:
1
2
[V ] = 12 ([ ] + [U ])[I ]
+
1
(Vn I n )
2
1
= ([] [u ])[I ]
2
(3.46)a
Vn =
Hay
[V ]
(3 .46 b )
(3.47 )
25
Vy [S ] l ma trn i xng
b,Mng khng tn hao:
Cng sut trung bnh tiu th trn mng phi bng khng. Gi thit tr khng
c trng bng n v cho tt c cc cng
Pav =
{[ ] [ ] ([ ] [ ] )}
t
t
1
1
t
Re [V ] [I *] = Re V + + V V + * V *
2
2
t
t
t
t
1
= Re V + V + * V + V V + * V V *
2
t
1 + t +
1
= V V * V V *=0
2
2
{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] }
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
(3.49 )
1
2
[ ][ ]
1 t
V V * l cng thc phn x tng.V mng khng tn hao nn 2 cng sut trn
2
[V ] [V ]* = [V ] [V ]*
+ t
[V ] = [S ][V + ]
=>
[V ] [V ]* = [V ] [S ] [S ] * [V ]*
+ t
=>nu [V
] 0
+ t
th [S ]t [S ]* = [U ]
(3.51)
=>
(3.50 )
ki
S *ki = S
ki
S *ki = 1
ki
S *ki = 0
k =1
N
k =1
N
k =1
, i, j
(3.52 )
(3.53a )
vi i j
(3.53b )
e j2
V = [S ]
e jN
+
V = [S ]V
[ ]
[ ]
j2
[ ]
0
+
V
e jN
[ ]
V =
[ ]
j2
0 e j1
[S ]
j N
j2
0
+
V
j N
e
[ ]
So vi (3.54b)
e j1
S =
[ ]
j2
0 e j1
[S ]
j N
j 2
e jN
(3.56)
an =
Vn+
0n
(3.57a )
bn =
Vn_
0n
(3.57b )
Vn=Vn+ + Vn = (an + bn )
In =
( 3.58a )
1
1
(an bn )
Vn+ + Vn =
0n
0n
( 3.58b )
1
1
2
2
Re {Vn I n } = Re an bn + bn an* bn*an
2
2
1
2
1
2
= an bn
)}
( 3.59 )
S ij =
bi
a
a k = 0 ,k j
( 3.61)
S ij =
v i 0 j
V j+ 0 j
V k+ = 0 , k j
( 3.62 )
Cng thc ny cho bit cch chuyn t cc thng s S cho mng vi tr khng
c trng ng nht (V-i/V+j) thnh cc thng s S cho mng ni vi cc ng
truyn c tr khng c trng khng ng nht.
28
V1 A B V2
I = C D I
2
1
Hay
( 3.63 )
B1 V2
D 1 I 2
B 2 V 3
D 2 I 3
V 2 A2
I = C
2 2
A
( 3 .64 a )
B A
( 3.64 b )
B V
3
2
=> 1 = 1 1 2
I1 C1 D 1 C2 D2 I 3
( 3 .65 )
Hay
A B A1
C D = C
* Ch :
B1 A2
D 1 C2
B2
D2
( 3 .66 )
V2 = I1 21 I 2 22
A=
B=
v1
I2
v1
V2
v2 = 0
= 11
I 2 =0
I 1 11 11
=
I 1 21 21
I 1 11 I 2 12
I2
v2 = 0
12 21
I1 22
12 = 1 22
21
I1 21
( 3 .67 a )
= 11
I1
I2
v2 = 0
12
( 3 .67 b )
29
v1
V2
I
D= 1
I2
C=
I 2 =0
v2 = 0
I1
1
=
I 1 21 21
I
= 2 22 21 = 22
I2
21
( 3.67 c )
(3.67d)
30
V2 =S 21V1 +S 22V2
V2 = 21 V1
1 S22
(3.71)
V3 = S33V2
V3 = S32V2
S 32 S 21
V1
(3.72)
V3 =
1 S 22
+ Lut 4: (Lut tch) Mt nt c th tch thnh 2 nt c lp khi v ch khi bt
k mt s kt hp no ca cc nhnh vo v ra (khng phi l cc nhnh vng n)
u dn ti nt ban u.
31
32
2) Li gii gii tch: (dng cho computer aided design program, hoc khi cn c
chnh xc cao hn so vi phng php dng Smith chart)
ZL
- Xt mch (h 4.2a), t ZL = RL + j XL, v zL = Z nm bn trong ng trn
0
1 + j x (r = 1), nn RL > Z0.
- Tr khng nhn vo matching network c ti pha sau phi bng Z0, tc l:
1
Z0 = j X + j B + 1/(R + j X )
(4.1)
L
L
- Tch phn thc v phn o ca (4.1)
(4.2a)
B (X RL XL Z0) = RL Z0
(4.2b)
X (1 B XL) = B Z0 RL - XL
=>
B=
XL
RL
Z0
RL2 + XL2
Z
1 X Z
X= + L 0 0
B RL
BRL
(4.3a)
(4.3b)
B Z0 ( X + XL) = Z0 - RL
(4.5a)
(4.5b)
X + XL = B Z0 RL
33
y1 = 1 j 1,33
y2 = 1 + j 1,33
dn np dy chm cho li gii y1 l j 1,33 v li gii y2 l j 1,33.
- Nu dy chm h mch th chiu di ca n c tm bi vic dch chuyn t
y = 0 theo mp ngoi ca gin (g = 0) v pha ngun pht n im j 1,33
l1 = 0,147
l2 = 0,353
- nghin cu s ph thuc tn s ca 2 li gii trn, cn tm gi tr ca R v
L tn s cho trc (2 GHz): R = 15 , L = 0,796 nH. Sau v th theo f
(GHz).
1
* Phng php gii tch: t ZL = Y = RL + j XL
L
- Tr khng on ng truyn d c ti ZL kt cui
Z = Z0
(4.7)
1
- Chn d (tc t) sao cho: G = Y0 = Z , t (4.8)
X L RL (Z 0 RL ) + X L2 Z 0
t=
, vi R L Z 0
RL Z 0
2
(4.9)
- Nu RL = Z0 th t = XL/2Z0 ->
34
1
tg 1t , t 0
d
2
=
1
( + tg 1t ), t > 0
2
(4.10)
Y0
2
Y0
2
Vi dy chem. h mch =>
lS
Y
1
Y
1
=
tg 1 ( 0 )
tg 1 ( 0 ) =
(4.11b)
B
2
BS
2
Nu cc chiu di trong (4.11a,b) c gi tr m th chiu di cn tm s c c
nh cng thm on /2.
3) Dy chm ni tip:
V d: Ghp ZL= 100 + j80() vo ng truyn 50 dng mt dy chm h
mch mc ni tip.Tn s hot ng 2GHz, ti gm 1 in tr v 1 cun mc ni tip.
Gii:
Theo phng php dng gin Smith
- Tm im tr khng chun ha ZL = 2 + j1,6 , v vng SWR.
- Vi trng hp dy chm ni tip dng gin tr khng
- ng trn SWR ct vng 1+jx ti 2 im Z1, Z2.
- i chiu trn thang WTG
d1 = 0,328 0,208= 0,120
d2 = (0,5 0,208) + 0,172 = 0,463
- Tr khng chun ha
(1)
z1 = 1 j 1,33
(1)
z2= 1 + j 1,33
- (1) yu cu on chm c tr khng j 1,33. di ca 1 dy chm hmch c
th tm c khi xut pht t z = . Dch chuyn dc theo mp ngoi ca gin (T=
0) v pha ngun ti im j 1,33
l1 = 0,397
l2 = 0,103 = 0,25 0,147 = 0,5 0,103 .
* kho st s ph thuc vo tn s ca SWR cn tnh ra
R = 100 v L = 6,37 nH ri v li s mch dng kt qu trn.
V hnh
1
= GL + BL
Zl
- Dn np vo on d c ti kt cui :
35
Y = Y0
(4.12)
Z = R + jX = 1
Y
=> tr khng vo :
GL (1+ t 2 )
R= 2
GL + (BL + Y0t)2
Vi
(4.13a)
(4.13b)
BL GL (Y0 GL ) 2 + BL2 Y0
t=
, vi GL Y0
GL Y0
t =
(4.14)
BL
, vi GL = Y0
2Y0
- T t => d :
1
tg 1t , t 0
d
2
=
1
( + tg 1t ), t > 0
2
- Dng t v (4.13b) => cm khng X, yu cu XS = -X =>
+ Dy chm ngn mch :
lS
X
1
X
1
=
tg 1 ( )
tg 1 ( S ) =
Z0
2
Z0
2
+ Dy chem. h mch :
l0
Z
1
Z
1
=
tg 1 ( 0 )
tg 1 ( 0 ) =
X
2
XS
2
(4.15)
(4.16a)
(4.16b)
36
Z L + jZ 1t
Z 1 + jZ L t
( 4.26 )
(
(
Z Z 0 Z 1 (Z l Z 0 ) + jt Z 1 Z 0 Z l
- H s phn x
=
= in
Z in + Z 0 Z 1 (Z l + Z 0 ) + jt Z 1 2 Z 0 Z l
Z l Z 0
=
Z l + Z 0 + 2 jt Z 0 Z l
1
=
{1 + 4Z 0 Z L (Z L Z 0 ) 2 sec 2 }12
Zl Z0
=
cos
2 Z0Zl
)
)
( 4.27 )
(4.28)
(4.29)
( 4.30)
= 2 m
2
2 Z0Zl
m
cos n =
Zl Zo
1 2m
rng bng t i
(4.31)
(4.32)
f
f
thng c biu din theo %:100
(%)
fo
fo
37
1 =
Z 2Z 1
Z 2+Z1
(4.34)
( 4.35)
2 = 1
Z Z
3 = l 21
Z l+Z 2
(4.36)
1 + 3 e 2 j
=
1 + 1 3 e 2 j
(4.40)
1 + 3 e
(4.43a)
0 =
(4.43b)
(4.43c)
{[
] [
] }
jN
jN
jN
+ 1 e j( N2) +e j( N2) +..... (4.45)
Vy (4.44) ( ) = e 0 e + e
(4.4.6a)
Lu rng ( ) = 0 vi =
vi n=.2,,N-1;( =
= l =
(4.48)
d n ( )
d
= 0 ti =
tng ng vi tn s trung tm f 0 m vi l =
Xc nh t iu kin khi f 0 0 = 0
T 4.47 suy ra
(0 ) = 2 N A =
Suy ra
A=2
ZL Z0
ZL + Z0
N Z L Z 0
(4.49a)
( 4.49b)
ZL + Z 0
(0 ) = A C n e 2 jn
N
( 4.50)
n0
vi
N
n
N!
( N n)! n!
( 4.51)
Z n +1 Z n 1 Z n +1
2( x 1)
ln
dung ln
Z n +1 + Z n 2
Zn
x +1
T (4.52) v (4.49)
ln
Z n +1
Z Z0
N
2n = 2 A C n = 2 2 N L
Zn
ZL + Z0
( )
N
n
2 N
N
n
ln
ZL
Z0
(4.53)
m = 2 N A cos N m
(4.54)
1
= 2 coqs 1 m
2 A
( 4.55)
ln dw = ln
0
= w ln
dw
( 4.79)
1
<
m RC
1
t l vi tn hao ngc (return loss, dB) ti u vo ca mng phi
40
5.2 CC C TRNG C BN
Trong phn ny s s dng l thuyt ma trn tn x rt ra nhng c trng c
bn ca cc mng 3 v 4 cng, v nh ngha cc khi nim: cch ly, ghp v
tnh nh hng l nhng i lng c bn c trng cho cc b ghp v chia hn
tp.
1) Mng 3 cng (T Junctions)
- L dng n gin nht ca cc b chia cng sut, gm 2 cng ra v 1 cng
vo.
- Ma trn tn x c 9 phn t c lp
V hnh
S11 S12 S13
[S ] = S21 S22 S23
(5.1)
S31 S32 S33
- Nu cu phn l th ng v khng cha cc vt liu bt ng hng th phi
l thun nghch v [S] phi i xng.
41
42
2
2
S12 + S 23 = 1
(5.3a,b,c)
2
2
S13 + S 23 = 1
S 13* . S 23 = 0
*
S 23
. S 12 = 0
(5.3d,e,f)
S . S 13 = 0
*
12
S .S 32 = 0
*
S 21 .S 23 = 0
*
S12 .S13 = 0
*
31
(5.5a,b,c)
S12 2 + S13 2 = 1
2
2
S12 + S 23 = 1
2
2
S13 + S 23 = 1
(5.5d,e,f)
(5.6a)
(5.6b)
43
0 S12 S13
[S ] = S12 0 S23
S13 S23 S33
khng tn hao cn c :
S13* .S 23 = 0
*
*
S12 .S13 + S 23 .S 33 = 0
*
*
S 23 .S12 + S 33 .S13 = 0
S12 2 + S13 2 = 1
2
2
S12 + S23 = 1
2
2
2
S13 + S23 + S33 = 1
(5.7)
(5.8a,b,c)
(5.8d,e,f)
Cc phng trnh d-e => S13 = S23 nn t (5.8a) => S13 = S23 = 0. Do
S12 = S33 = 1
* Nhn xt: Mng bao gm 2 cu phn tch bit, mt phn c phi hp 2
cng, 1 phn khng phi hp, 1 cng
* Trng hp mng 3 cng c tn hao th c th thun nghch v phi hp; y
l trng hp ca b chia tr tnh.
2) Mng 4 cng (Cc b ghp nh hng)
[S ] =
S13 S23 0 S34
(5.9)
S13* .S 23 + S14* .S 24 = 0
*
S14* .S13 + S 24
.S 23 = 0
(5.10a,b)
S14* ( S13 S 24 ) = 0
(5.11)
S13* .S 23 + S14* .S 34 = 0
*
S14* .S12 + S 34
.S 23 = 0
(5.12a,b)
S 23 ( S12 S 34 ) = 0
(5.13)
44
=1
=1
=1
=1
S12 S13
S12 S 24
S13 S 34
S 24 S 34
(5.14a,b,c,d)
(5.15)
+ = + 2 n
(5.16)
0 . j
0
[S ] = 0
j
0
j
0
j
0
0
0
j
(5.17)
0 0
0 0
[S ] =
(5.18)
0 0
0 0
Ch : - 2 dng b ghp ch khc nhau vic chn cc mt tham chiu.
- Cc bin , tun theo chng trnh :
2 + 2 =1
(5.19)
=> Ngoi gc pha tham chiu, mt b ghp nh hng l tng ch c 1 bc
t do
b) Nu S13 = S24 v S12 = S34
45
- Nu chn pha tham chiu sao cho S13 = S24 = v S12 = S34 = j (tho 5.16) th t
(5.10a) =>
vi :
0 1 j 0
1 1 0 0 j
[S ] =
2 j 0 0 1
0 j 1 0
V gc lch pha 1800 gia ng 2 v 3 v ghp bt i xng .
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
[S ] =
2 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
(5.22)
(5.23)
46
47
V2 = V3 =
=>
1
V1
2
(5.29)
(5.30)
1 V12
Pin =
2 Z0
- Cng sut cc u ra :
1
P2 = P3 =
2
(5.31)
(12 V ) = 1 P
2
1
Z0
in
(5.32)
48
Z2
Z =
2
e
in
(5.33)
V2e = V = jV + (1 ) = 1V
4
+1
V1e = V (0) = V + (1 + ) = jV
1
(5.34)
2 2
2+ 2
=> V1e = jV 2
(5.35)
( )
- Gi s
P3
= K2
P2
1+ K 2
Z03 = Z0
K3
(5.37a)
(5.37b)
R = Z0 K +
K
(5.37c)
49
R2 = Zo K, R3 =
Z0
. Cc b ghp phi hp c th c dng chuyn i cc tr
K
khng ra ny.
* Cc b chia Winkinson cng c th c thit k c N way divider hoc
combiner nh hnh v.
Mch ny c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng vi s cch ly gia tt c cc cng.
Hn ch ca mch l yu cu c in tr ngang khi N 3, l hn ch khi ch
to dng planar.
Winkinson divider c th thc hin vi cc on bc thang tng rng
bng
50
Ey = Asin
x
a
e jz
(5.38a)
A
x j z
sin
e
Z 10
a
x j z
jA
cos
e
Hz =
aZ 10
a
Hx =
(5.38a)
(5.38a)
0m 2 s 2
jA
2 s
2 s
A =
sin
sin
cos
+
0 e
P10
a
Z102
a 2a2
a
10
(5.40a)
(5.40b)
Nhn xt: Bin sng ti cng 4 ( A10+ ) ni chung khc vi bin sng ti
cng . trit tiu cng sut ti cng 3 ( A10 ) cn iu kin:
A10+ = 0 <=> sin
s
a
0
2
=
2 2
4 k0 a
2(20 a 2 )
2
(5.41)
Khi h s ghp l :
C = 20 lg
A
(dB)
A10
(5.42a)
H s nh hng l :
D = 20 lg
A10
(dB)
+
A10
(5.42a)
* Cc bc thit k
Dng (5.41) tm S (v tr ca l)
Dng (5.42) xc nh r0 (bn knh l) tha mn D, C cho trc.
* Cu hnh xin: L t ti v tr S = a/2, iu chnh , trit tiu sng n cng
4. Trong trng hp ny in trng khng thay i theo nhng thnh phn t
trng ngang thay i theo h s cos , do c th dng (5.40) vi vic thay m =
mcos .
Khi vi s =
a
2
A10+ =
0m
jA
cos
0 e
P10
Z102
(5.43a)
A10 =
0m
jA
0e + 2 cos
P10
Z10
(5.43b)
iu kin A = 0 ->
k02
cos = 2
2
H s ghp :
C = 20 lg
+
10
4k02 r03
A
=
20
lg
(dB)
A10
3ab
(5.44)
(5.45)
51
(5.42) =>
20
A
6
20
=
10
= 10 => t (5.40) => r0 theo iu kin : 0,1 =1,44.10
A10
52
53
C D =
b
b
b
j (sin + cos )
(cos 2 sin )
2
2
=
b
b
b
j (sin + cos )
cos sin
2
2
2
(6.2)
Vi = kd
* Vi sng truyn theo hng +Z phi c :
V( z ) = V( 0 ) e z
(6.3a)
I ( z ) = I ( 0 ) e z
(6.3b)
Vn+1 = Vn e d
(6.4a)
I n+1 = I ned
(6.4a)
=.>
V n A
I = C
n
=>
A e d
B V n +1 V n +1 e d
=
D V n +1 I n +1 e d
B Vn +1
D e d Vn +1
* Nu = + j =>
A+ D
b
= cos sin
2
2
(6.5)
(6.6)
(6.7)
b
Coshd = CoshdCoshd + j sinhd.sin d = cos sin
2
=> = 0 hoc = 0 (V v phi thun thc)
(6.8)
54
b
Coshd = cos sin 1
2
(6.9b)
b
2
ZB = Z0
V n +1
I n +1
V t (6.10) =>
ZB =
t (6.6) =>
Z B =
BZ 0
A e d
(6.10)
n +1
= 0
)
BZ0
2A A D m
( A + D )2 4
(6.11)
Vi cc cell n v i xng , A = D
ZB =
BZ0
A2 1
(6.12)
jnd
0
In = I e
Vi
=>
+I e
Vn+ Vn
Vn = V +V , I n = + +
ZB ZB
+
n
(6.13a)
(6.13b)
(6.14a)
(6.14b)
(6.15)
- Ti ti (n = N) :
VN+ VN
VN = V +V = ZL I N = ZL + +
B B
+
N
V
=
V
n
+
n
ZL
=
ZL
Z B+
Z B
(6.16)
1
1
(6.17)
ZL ZB
ZL + ZB
(6.18)
(6.23)
(V V2 = Z i 2 I 2 ). AD BC =1 =>
56
V2 = DV1 BI 1
(6.24)
I 2 = CV1 + AI 1
=>
Z in2 =
V2
DV1 BI 1
DV1 + BI 1
=
=
CV1 + AI 1
I2
CZ i1 + D
(6.25)
Z i1 =
AB
, Zi2 =
CD
(6.26)
BD
AC
(6.27)
DZ
V Z in2 = in1 A
B
V2 = DV1 BI1 = D V1
Zi1
(6.28)
(V V1 = I1 Z i1 ) =>
V2
B
D
= D
=
AD BC
Zi1
A
V1
(6.29a)
I2
V
A
AD BC
= C 1 + A =
D
I1
I1
+ H s
(6.29b)
D
nghch o nhau (6.29a) v (6.29b) v c gi l t s chuyn
A
i ngc.
+ Phn cn li c nh ngha l h s lan truyn ca mng
=>
e = AD BC
(6.30)
cosh = AD
(6.31)
57