2010 04 01 1 464

20

[2] 1960
New

Public Involvement1964
1990
J.N.Rosenau

[3]
1995 [4]

Public
Involvement[5]

Citizen Governance

active citizens
neighborhood

engagement

1990 [6]

[7]

19

Sherry Arnstein
Citizen ControlDelegated Power
PartnershipCitizen PowerTokenism
PlacationConsultation Informing

Nonparticipation TherapyManipulation
[8] Sherry 1969

1978 [9]
1

NGO

12

[10]

[11]
[12]


NGP
NonGovernmental Person
1990

2005

30
20 50

1980

NGO
20032005 37 35
16 12 1146
[13]


[14]
2006 8 5

3
1990

3
1996

2003

4


2005
1100
"(NGO)"6

90 3
[15]

???

???
:
Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224.
NormanH.NieSidneyVerba. Political Participation". in Handbook of Science , Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, eds. Philippines: AddisonWesley, 1975,Vol.4:1-74.
C.
21 2005
--

1989

2005


*NGO
[1] 03CZZ002
[2] NormanH.Nie SidneyVerbaBereleson, Bernard

[3] N
2001
[4] 1995
[5] public participation, public involvement, public engagement
2005Pp10
[6] C 21
2005Pp510
[7] --1989
[8] Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224.
[9] (1994)13753
[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]
[14]

[15] NGO 2006