DIEN DAN BAT DANG THUC VIET NAM

VietNam Inequality Mathematic Forum

www.vimf.co.cc

Tc Gi Bi Vit:
Admin

Bi vit ny (cng vi file nh km) c to ra v mc nh gio dc. Khng c s dng bn ebook ny di bt k mi mc nh thng mi no, tr khi c s ng ca tc gi. Mi chi tit xin lin h: www.vimf.co.cc

KHM PH NH L PTOLEME
I. M u: Hnh hc l mt trong nhng lnh vc ton hc mang li cho ngi yu ton nhiu iu th v nht v kh khn nht. N i hi ta phi c nhng suy ngh sng to v tinh t. Trong lnh vc ny cng xut hin ko t nhng nh l, phng php nhm nng cao tnh hiu qu trong qu trnh gii quyt cc bi ton, gip ta chinh phc nhng nh ni ng gh v him tr. Trong bi vit ny zaizai xin gii thiu n cc bn mt vi iu c bn nht v nh l Pt-l-m trong vic chng minh cc c tnh ca hnh hc phng. D rt c gng nhng bi vit s khng th trnh khi nhng thiu xt mong rng cc bn s cng zaizai b sung v pht trin n. II. Ni dung - L thuyt: 1. ng thc Pt-l-m: Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O). Khi :

AC.BD = AB.CD + AD.BC

Chng minh: Ly M thuc ng cho AC sao cho ABD = MBC Khi xt ABD v MBC c: ABD = MBC , ADB = MCB. Nn ABD ng dng vi MBC (g.g). Do ta c: AD MC = ADBC = BDMC (1) . BD BC BA BM Li c: v ABM = DBC nn ABM ~ DBC ( gg ) = BD BC AB BD Suy ra hay ABCD = AMBD (2). = AM CD T (1)v (2) suy ra: AD.BC + AB.CD = BD.MC + AM.BD = AC.BD Vy ng thc Pt-l-m c chng minh. 2, Bt ng thc Pt-l-m y c th coi l nh l Pt-m-l m rng bi v n khng gii hn trong lp t gic ni tip . nh l: Cho t gic ABCD. Khi : AC.BD AB.CD + AD.BC Chng minh: Trong ABC ly im M sao cho: ABD = MBC , ADB = MCB D dng chng minh: AD BD BAD ~ BMC = BD.CM = AD.CB MC CB Cng t kt lun trn suy ra:

AB BD AB BD = , ABM = DBC ABM ~ DBC (cgc) = AB.DC = BD. AM BM BC AM CD p dng bt ng thc trong tam gic v cc iu trn ta c: AD.BC + AB.DC = BD ( AM + CM ) BD. AC Vy nh l Pt-l-m m rng c chng minh.

3, nh l Pt-l-m tng qut: Trong mt phng nh hng cho a gic A 0 ,A1 ,..., A 2n ni tip ng trn (O). M l mt im thuc cung A0 A2 n (Khng cha A1 ; ...; A 2n1 ) Khi :
0k n

tg[ 4 OA

2 k 2

1 1 1 , OA2 k )] + tg[ OA2 k , OA2 k +2 )]OA2 k = tg[ OA2 k 3 , OA2 k 1 )] + tg[ OA2 k 1 , OA2 k +1 )]OA2 k 1 4 4 4 1k n

Trong :
A 1 = A 2 n , A 2 = A 2 n1 , A 2 n+1 = A 0 , A _ {2n + 2} = A1 y l mt nh l khng d dng chng minh c bng kin thc hnh hc THCS. Cc bn c th tham kho php chng minh trong bi vit nh l Pt-l-m tng qut ca Tin s Nguyn Minh H, HSP , H Ni thuc Tuyn tp 5 nm Tp ch ton hc v tui tr.

III, ng dng ca nh l Pt-l-m trong vic chng minh cc c tnh hnh hc: 1, Chng minh quan h gia cc i lng hnh hc M u cho phn ny chng ta s n vi 1 v d in hnh v c bn v vic ng dng nh l Pt-l-m. Bi ton 1. Cho tam gic u ABC c cc cnh bng a (a>0).Trn AC ly im Q di ng, trn tia i ca tia CB ly im P di ng sao cho AQ.BP = a 2 . Gi M l giao im ca BQ v AP. Chng minh rng: AM+MC=BM thi vo trng THPT chuyn L Qu n, th x ng H, tnh Qung Tr, 2005-2006 Chng minh: AQ AB T gi thit AQ.BP = a 2 suy ra = . AB BP Xt ABQ v BPA c: AQ AB = ( gt ) BAQ = ABP ABQ ~ BPA(cgc) ABQ = APB(1) AB BP Li c ABQ + MBP = 60 o (2)
T: (1), (2) BMP = 180o MBP MPB = 120o AMB = 180o BMP = 180o 120o = 60o = ACB. Suy ra t gic AMCB ni tip c ng trn. p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic AMCB ni tip v gi thit AB=BC=CA ta c: ABMC + BCAM = BM . AC AM + MC = BM (pcm) y l 1 bi ton kh d v tt nhin cch gii ny ko c n gin lm.V nu mun s dng ng thc Pt-l-m trong 1 k thi th c l phi chng minh n di dng b . Nhng iu ch y l ta chng cn phi suy ngh nhiu khi dng cch trn trong khi nu dng cch khc th li gii c khi li ko mang v tng minh.

Bi ton 2. Tam gic ABC vung c BC>CA>AB. Gi D l mt im trn cnh BC, E l mt im trn cnh AB ko di v pha im A sao cho BD=BE=CA. Gi P l mt im trn cnh AC sao cho E, B, D, P nm trn mt ng trn. Q l giao im th hai ca BP vi ng trn ngoi tip ABC . Chng minh rng: AQ+CQ=BP thi chn i tuyn Hng Kng tham d IMO 2000, HongKong TST 2000 Chng minh: Xt cc t gic ni tip ABCQ v BEPD ta c:

CAQ = CBQ = DEP (cng chn cc cung trn)

Mt khc AQC = 108o ABC = EPD Xt AQC v EPD c:

AQC = EPD, CAQ = DEP AQC ~ EPD AQ CA = AQ.ED = EP.CA = EP.BD(1) EP ED

(do AC=BD) AC QC = ED.QC = AC.PD = BE.PD (2) (do AC=BE) ED PD p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip BEPD ta c: EP.BD+BE.PD=ED.BP T (1), (2), (3) suy ra: AQ.ED + QC.ED = ED.BP AQ + QC = BP (pcm)

C th thy rng bi 1 l t tng n gin ta xy dng cch gii ca bi 2. Tc l da vo cc i lng trong tam gic bng nhau theo gi thit ta s dng tam gic ng dng suy ra cc t s lin quan v s dng php th suy ra iu phi chng minh. Cch lm ny t ra kh l hiu qu v minh ha r rng qua 2 v d m zaizai nu trn. lm r hn phng php chng ta s cng nhau n vi vic chng minh 1 nh l bng chnh Pt-l-m. Bi ton 3. ( nh l Carnot) Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O, R) v ngoi tip ng trn (I, r). Gi x,y,z ln lt l khong cch t O ti cc cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng: x+y+z=R+r Chng minh: Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BC, CA, AB. Gi s x=OM, y=ON, z=OP, BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. T gicOMBP ni tip, theo ng thc Pt-l-m ta c: OB.PM=OP.MB+OM.PB b a c Do : R = z + x 2 2 2 Tng t ta cng c : c a b a c b R = y + x (2) ,R = y + z (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 Mt khc:

a b c a b c r ( + + ) = S ABC = S OBC + S OCA + S OAB = x + y + z (4) 2 2 2 2 2 2 T (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c: a+b+c a+b+c ( R + r )( ) = ( x + y + z )( ) R+r = x+ y+ z 2 2 y l 1 nh l kh l quen thuc v cch chng minh kh n gin. ng dng ca nh l ny nh ni l dng nhiu trong tnh ton cc i lng trong tam gic. i vi trng hp tam gic khng nhn th cch pht biu ca nh l cng c s thay i. 2, Chng minh cc c tnh hnh hc Bi ton 1. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O) v AC=2AB. Cc ng thng tip xc vi ng trn (O) ti A, C ct nhau P. Chng minh rng BP i qua im chnh gia ca cung BAC. Chng minh:

Gi giao im ca BP vi ng trn l N. Ni AN, NC. chung Xt NPC v CPB c: PCN = PBC , P PC NC NPC ~ CPB ( gg ) = (1) PB BC Tng t ta cng c AP AN PAN ~ PBA( gg ) = (2) BP AB Mt khc PA=PC( do l 2 tip tuyn ca ng trn ct nhau) Nn t PA NC AN (1), (2) = = NCAB = BCAN (3) PB BC AB p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip ABCN ta c: AN.BC+AB.NC=AC.BN T (3) 2 AB.NC = AC.BN = 2 AB.BN NC = BN Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. y c l l mt trong nhng li gii kh l ngn v n tng ca bi ny.Ch cn qua vi qu trnh tm kim cc cp tam gic ng dng ta d dng i n kt lun ca bi ton. T tng ban u khi lm bi ton ny chnh l da vo l thuyt trong cng mt ng trn hai dy bng nhau cng hai cung bng nhau. Do c lin quan n cc i lng trong t gic ni tip nn vic chng minh rt d dng. Bi ton 2. Cho tam gic ABC c I l tm ng trn ni tip, O l tm ng trn ngoi tip v trng tm G. Gi s rng OIA = 90 o . Chng minh rng IG song song vi BC. Chng minh Ko di AI ct (O) ti N. Khi N l im chnh gia cung BC (khng cha A). Ta c: BN=NC (1). Li c : IBN = BIN BN = IN (2) 1 Do OI AE IA = IN = s cung BC(3) 2 T (1), (2), (3) BN = NC = IN = IA(4) p dng nh l Ptl-m cho t gic ni tip ABNC ta c: BN.AC+AB.NC=BC.AN T (4) BN ( AC + AB) = 2 BN .BC AC + AB = 2 BC (5) p dng tnh cht ng phn gic trong tam gic v (5) ta c: AB IA AC AB + AC AB + AC 2 BC = = = = = =2 BD ID CD BD + CD BC BC IA V y = 2(6) ID AG Mt khc G l trng tm ca tam gic suy ra = 2(7) GM IA AG T (6), (7) =2= ID GM Suy ra IG l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ADM hayIG song song vi BC. y l mt bi ton kh l hay t nht l i vi THCS v vi cch lm c v "ngn gn" ny ta phn no hnh dung c v p ca cc nh l. Bi ton 3. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O), CM l trung tuyn. Cc tip tuyn ti A v B ca (O) ct nhau D. Chng minh rng: ACD = BCM Chng minh:

Gi N l giao im ca CD vi (O). Xt tam gic DNB v DBC c: ACD = BCM chung. NB BD DBN ~ DCB ( gg ) = (1) CB CD Tng t ta cng c : NA DA DNA ~ DAC ( gg ) = (2) AC CD M BD = DA nn t NB NA (1), (2) = NB. AC = AN .BC (3) CB AC p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip ANBC ta c: AN.BC + BN.AC = AB.NC T (3) v gi thit AN BM AB = 2 BM 2 ANBC = 2 BMNC = NC BC Xt BMC v NAC c: AN BM MBC = ANC , = BMC ~ NAC (cgc) BCM = NAC NC BC Vy bi ton c chng minh.
C s ta gii quyt cc bi ton dng ny l to ra cc t gic ni tip p dng nh l sau s dng l thuyt ng dng tm ra mi quan h gia cc i lng. y l mt li suy bin ngc trong hnh hc.

3, Chng minh cc ng thc hnh hc Bi ton 1. Gi s M, N l cc im nm trong ABC sao cho MAB = NAC , MBA = NBC . Chng minh rng: AM . AN BM .BN CM .CN + + =1 AB. AC BA.BC CA.CB Chng minh: Ly im K trn ng thng BN sao cho BCK = BMA , lc BMA ~ BCK suy ra: AB BM AM AB BK = = (1) = BK BC CK MB BC AB BK AK Mt khc d thy rng ABK = MBC , t ABK ~ MBC dn n = = (2) BM BC CM Cng t BMA ~ BCK ta c: CKN = BAM = NAC suy ra t gic ANCK ni tip ng trn. p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ABCK ta c: AC.NK = AN.CK + CN.AK (3) Nhng t (1) v (2) th : AM .BC AB.CM AB.BC CK = , AK = , BK = BM BM BM Nn ta c ng thc (3) AB.BC ANAMBC CNABCM AC ( BK BN ) = ANCK + CNAKAC ( BN ) = + BM BM BM AM . AN BM .BN CM .CN ABBCCA = ANAMBC + CNABCM + BNBMAC + + =1 AB. AC BA.BC CA.CB

y l 1 trong nhng bi ton kh l c in ca IMO Shortlist. Ta vn c th gii quyt bi ton theo mt hng khc nhng di v phc tp hn l s dng b : Nu M,N l cc im thuc cnh BC ca ABC sao cho MAB = NAC th AMAN = ABAC BMBNCM .CN . y l mt b m cc bn cng nn ghi nh. Bi ton 2. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip trong ng trn (O). Chng minh rng: AC BCCD + ABBD = BD BCBA + DCDA Chng minh: Ly E v F thuc ng trn sao cho: CDB = ADE , BDA = DCF Khi : AE = BC, FD = AB, EC = AB, BF = AD p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho hai t gic ni tip AECD v BCDF ta c:
AC.ED = AE.CD + AD.EC = BC.CD + AD.AB (1) , BD.CF = BC.DF + BF.CD = BC.AB + AD.CD ( 2)

Mt khc:
CDE = CDB + BDE = ADE + BDE = ADB = FCD Do : FDC = FDE + EDC = FCE + FCD = ECD Suy ra: ED = FC (3) T (1), (2), (3) ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi ton 3. Cho tam gic ABC vi BE, CF l cc ng phn gic trong. Cc tia EF, FE ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic theo th t ti M v N. Chng minh rng: 1 1 1 1 1 1 + = + + + BM CN AM AN BN CM
Chng minh: t BC=a, CA=b, AB=c p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho hai t gic ni tip AMBC v ANCB ta c: a.AM + b.BM = c.CM (1) , a.AN + a.CN = b.BN (2) T (1) v (2) ta c: a ( AM + AN ) = b (BN BM ) + c (CM CN ) (3) Mt khc ta li c: AM MF ANF ~ NBF ( gg ) = (4) BN BF Tng t : AN AF ANF ~ MBF ( gg ) = (5) BM MF T (4), (5) v tnh cht ng phn gic ta c: AM . AN AF b = = (6) BM .BN BF a Chng minh tng t ta c: AM . AN AE c = = (7) CM .CN CE a T (3), (6), (7) ta c iu phi chng minh. C th d dng nhn ra nt tng ng gia cch gii ca 3 bi ton l vn dng cch v hnh ph to ra cc cp gc bng cc cp gc cho sn t tm ra cc biu din lin quan. Mt ng li rt hay c s dng trong cc bi ton dng ny.

4, Chng minh bt ng thc v gii ton cc tr trong hnh hc Bi ton 1 (Thi HSG cc vng ca M, nm 1987) Cho mt t gic ni tip c cc cnh lin tip bng a,b,c,d v cc ng cho bng p,q. Chng minh rng:

pq (a + b )(c + d )
Chng minh: p dng nh l Pt-l-m cho t gic ni tip th ac+bd=pq Vy ta cn chng minh p 2 q 2 = ( ac + bd ) 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 ) Bt ng thc ny chnh l mt bt ng thc rt quen thuc m c l ai cng bit l bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki-BCS. Vy bi ton c chng minh. Mt li gii p v v cng gn nh cho 1 bi ton tng chng nh l kh. tng y l a bt ng thc cn chng minh v 1 dng n gin hn v thun i s hn. Tht th v l bt ng thc li l BCS. Bi ton 2. Cho lc gic li ABCDEF tha mn iu kin AB = BC, CD = DE, EF = FA Chng minh rng: 2 2 2 BC DE FA 3 ( AC CE ) + (CE AE ) + ( AE AC ) + + + BE DA FC 2 ( AC + CE ) 2 + (CE + AE ) 2 + ( AE + AC ) 2 Chng minh: t AC=a, CE=b, AE=c. p dng nh l Pt-l-m m rng cho t gic ACEF ta c: AC.EF + CE. AF AE.CF . V EF=AF nn suy ra: FA c FC a + b Tng t ta cng c: DE b BC a , DA c + a BE b + c T suy ra

BC DE FA 3 ( AC CE ) + (CE AE ) + ( AE AC ) + + + BE DA FC 2 ( AC + CE ) 2 + (CE + AE ) 2 + ( AE + AC ) 2 a b c 3 (a b) + (b c) + (c a) + + + b + c c + a a + b 2 (a + b) 2 + (b + c) 2 + (c + a) 2 a b c 3 (a b) + (b c) + (c a) + + b + c c + a a + b 2 (a + b) 2 + (b + c) 2 + (c + a) 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

( a b) (b c) (c a ) (a b) + (b c) + (c a) + + 2(b + c)(a + c) 2(b + a)(c + a) 2(c + b)(a + b) (a + b) 2 + (b + c) 2 + (c + a) 2 1 1 ( a b) 2 2(a + c)(b + c) (a + b) 2 + (b + c) 2 + (c + a) 2 Bt ng thc qui v dng chnh tc SOS : S a (b c ) 2 + S b ( c a ) 2 + S c ( a b ) 2 0 D thy:

2( a + c)(b + c) ( a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a )

1 1 2 2( a + c)(b + c) ( a + b) + (b + c) 2 + (c + a ) 2

Nh vy S c 0 , nh gi tng t ta cng d dng thu c kt qu S a , S b 0 Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a=b=c. Tc l khi ABCDEF l mt lc gic u ni tip. y l mt bi ton do zaizai pht trin t mt bi ton quen thuc. N cng xut pht t bi Stronger than Nesbit inequality ca mnh. C s khi gii bi ton ny l s dng phng php SOS lm mnh bi ton.Vi bc chuyn t vic chng minh 1 bt ng thc hnh hc sang bt ng thc i s ta d dng tm ra 1 li gii p. Nu chun ha bt ng th ny ta cng c kt qu rt th v. Bi ton 3. Cho lc gic li ABCDEF tha mn iu kin AB=BC, CD=DE, EF=FA v tng di ba cnh AC, CE, AEbng 3. Chng minh rng: 3 3 3 BC DE FA 21 27( AC + CE + AE ) + + + 3 BE DA FC 16 16( AC + CE + AE ) Li gii: Ta chuyn vic chng minh bt ng thc trn v chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a b c 21 27( a 3 + b3 + c 3 ) a b c 21 (a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) + + + + + + b + c c + a a + b 16 3 a 3 b 3 a 16 16 16(a + b + c) 3

Bng cch s dng phng php h s bt nh ta d dng tm c bt ng thc ph ng: a 9a + a 3 2 2 2 ( a 1) ( a a + 6) 0 3 a 16 Tng t vi cc phn thc cn li ta c iu phi chng minh. Khi nh hng gii bi ny chc hn bn s lin tng ngay n SOS nhng tht s th n ko cn thit trong bi ton ny bi ch lm phc ha bi ton. Dng phng php h s bt nh gip ta tm ra 1 li gii ngn v rt p. Tuy nhin li gii ny ko d hiu lm i vi THCS. Thc ra cch lm mi bi ton ny cng cc k n gin v xut pht im ca dng chun l bt ng thc Nesbit quen thuc v vy d dng thay i gi thit bin i bi ton. M cch thay i iu kin y chnh l bc chun ha trong chng minh bt ng thc i s. Ni chung l dng ng bc bt ng thc thun nht. Vi t tng nh vy ta hon ton c th xy dng cc kt qu mnh hn v th v hn qua mt vi phng php nh SOS, h s bt nh, dn bin v chun ha. c bit sau khi chun ha ta c th dng 3 phng php cn li chng minh. Bi ton 4. Cho ng trn (O) v BC l mt dy cung khc ng knh ca ng trn. Tm im A thuc cung ln BC sao choAB+AC ln nht. Li gii: Gi D l im chnh gia cung nh BC. t DB=DC=a khng i. Theo nh l Pt-l-m ta c: BC AD.BC = AB.DC + AC.BD = a ( AB + AC ) AB + AC = . AD a Do BC v a ko i nn AB+AC ln nht khi v ch khi AD ln nht khi v ch khi A l im i xng ca D qua tm O ca ng trn. IV, Bi tp Bi 1.(CMO 1988, Trung Quc) ABCD l mt t gic ni tip vi ng trn ngoi tip c tm ) v bn knh R. Cc tia AB, BC, CD, DA ct (O, 2R) ln lt ti A', B', C', D'. Chng minh rng: A B + B C + C D + D A 2( AB + BC + CD + DA)

Bi 2. Cho ng trn (O) v dy cung BC khc ng knh. Tm im A thuc cung ln BC ca ng trn AB+2AC t gi tr ln nht. Bi 3. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). ng trn (O') nm trong (O) tip xc vi (O) ti T thuc cung AC (ko cha B). K cc tip tuyn AA', BB', CC' ti (O'). Chng minh rng: BB'.AC = AA '.BC + CC '.AB Bi 4. Cho lc gic ABCDEF c cc cnh c di nh hn 1. Chng minh rng trong ba ng cho AD, BE, CF c t nht mt ng cho c di nh hn 2. Bi 5. Cho hai ng trn ng tm, bn knh ca ng trn ny gp i bn knh ca ng trn kia. ABCD l t gi ni tip ng trn nh. Cc tia AB,BC,CD,DA ln lt ct ng trn ln ti A',B',C',D'. Chng minh rng: chu vi t gic A'B'C'D' ln hn 2 ln chu vi t gic ABCD.