AIM: To study CRO and measure the phase difference,frequency ratio of two signal s, voltage of a signal and current

flowing in the circuit. APPARATUS: Two Channel CRO, Rheostat, capacitor and signal generator, connecting lead, trac e paper. THEORY: Cathode ray oscilloscope is one of the most useful electronic equipment, which g ives a visual representation of electrical quantities, such as voltage and curre nt waveforms in an electrical circuit. It utilizes the properties of cathode ray s of being deflected by an electric and magnetic fields and of producing scintil lations on a fluorescent screen. Since the inertia of cathode rays is very small , they are able to follow the alterations of very high frequency fields and thus electron beam serves as a practically inertia less pointer. When a varying pote ntial difference is established across two plates between which the beam is pass ing, it is deflected and moves in accordance with the variation of potential dif ference. When this electron beam impinges upon a fluorescent screen, a bright lu minous spot is produced there which shows and follows faithfully the variation o f potential difference. When an AC voltage is applied to Y-plates, the spot of l ight moves on the screen vertically up and down in straight line. This line does not reveal the nature of applied voltage waveform. Thus to obtain the actual wa veform, a time-base circuit is necessary. A time-base circuit is a circuit which generates a saw-tooth waveform. It causes the spot to move in the horizontal and vertical direction linearly with time. W hen the vertical motion of the spot produced by the Y-plates due to alternating voltage, is superimposed over the horizontal sweep produced by X-plates, the act ual waveform is traced on the screen. It is well known that the phase difference between any two port network is measu red by forming Lissajous figure using an oscilloscope (C R O ). Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is a versatile tool for the development of electr onic circuits and systems. ?? The CRO depends on the movement of an electron beam which is deflected on the X and Y- axis. ?? Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is the heart of the oscilloscope. ?? The CRT makes the applied signal visible by the deflection of a thin beam of electrons. ?? Oscilloscope can be used in any field where a parameter can be converted into a proportional voltage for observation, eg. biology and medicine.