1

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C A  
-1.1
n ( HA1 )
m
0,305
2
1
=
=
= 10 mol.L
CA = 0
V
M ( HA1 ).V 122 0,25
:)
 % C6 H 5COOH &

" !  $% -2.1

C6 H 5COOH ( aq ) + H 2O( l )

C6 H 5COO

( aq )

+ H 3O( aq )

. C A "
01* HA1 / A1 "-
pK A " * +
 ,$! -3.1
: 2
13
45

C6 H 5COOH ( aq ) + H 2O( l ) C6 H 5COO



C A .V
0
!"
xq
C A .V xq
!"
C A .V xm
xm
!"

[
H O ] [C H COO ]
=

+ H 3O( aq )

( aq )

  

0
xq

x 18

x =0
x = xq

  
  

xm

x = xm

%( '

  

KA

[C6 H 5COOH ] q

:


@ A K A ,$! ; <= ?=$
; -

[
H O ] [C H COO ]
= log ( K ) = log (
+

pK A

nq ( H 3O ) = xq H 3O

q =

[C6 H 5COOH ] q

xq
+
xq = H 3O
V

: D$5 -

] .V

: 135 13
; -

C AV xm = 0 xm = C A .V

x
H O .V
+
= q = 3 q H 3O
xm
C A .V

[H O ] = [CH COO ]

= .C A

::F
G 135  2
13
E% -

nq (C6 H 5CO2 H ) = C A .V xq
C .V xq
[C6 H 5CO2 H ] q = A
V
x
[C6 H 5CO2 H ] q = C A q
V
+
[C6 H 5CO2 H ] q = C A H 3O q = C A .(1 )

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2 .C A
pK A = log

: H@%

(7,94.102 ) 2 102
pK A = log
: pK A *  -4.1
4,16
2

1 7,94.10
. C6 H 5COOH M
< 4
 EO

@ : pH = 3,10 < pK A 4,16 *

3   
5 ,- .  67) -2

: HO C6 H 5COOH E@
E* =$
"
 -G@

" $
*" -1.2

C6 H 5COOH ( aq ) + HO

C6 H 5COO

( aq )

( aq )

+ H 2O(l )

:"Q O@


" R ST
 R -
n( HO ) f  "
 -2.2
:"3
 V
 2
13
45

C6 H 5COOH + HO C6 H 5COO + H 2O


C A .VA
CB .VB
0
0
C A .VA x
CB .VB x
x
x
C A .VA x f
CB .VB x f
x = xf
x = xf
2

  

x 18

x =0
x
x = xf

n( HA1 )i = C A .VA =10 40.10 = 4.10 mol

  
  
)"*    +
)"*  

: CB .VB C A .VA EQ13

; 5 -

n( HO )i = CB .VB = 2,5.10 5.10 =1,25.10 mol *

HO 11O
5=  1
*


  n( HA1 )i > n( HO )i WX5 -

[HO ]f =

Ke

[H O+ ]f

10
10

[ ] [

14

: HO f . H 3O f = Ke :
 5=Y 13
 $ 5 -

pH

pH 14

3,8014

n( HO ) f = 10
n( HO ) f =10

.(VA + VB )

:H@%
3

.(40 + 5).10 = 2,84.10

12

mol

:1 [,V!

n( HO ) f = CB .VB x f x f = CB .VB n( HO ) f : 

Q O@
18
" ,5 ^ @ -3.2
CBVB xm = 0 xm = CB .VB

CB .VB n( HO ) f
x
= f =
xm
CB .VB
4
12
1,25.10 2,84.10
=
1
4
1,25.10

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1
",@
* 
2

:"
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01*  
Q O@
18
" ,5 ,$! 0 15 -

[ ]

= H 3O + H 3O + A A

:"
2
 ,$! ; <= -

n( A ) = n( H 3O ) = xq
x

+
A q = H 3O q = q (*)
V

[ ] [

[H O ]
+

H O + + A

:H@%

:"
2% ; <! -

(1)

:


 ,$! _ @ 5 -

= (H O + + A ). H 3O
3

:A
 2 5  2
13
E% -

xq = H 3O

] .V

CV xm = 0 xm = C.V

: Q O@
18
" ,5 ,$! A
 2
-

x
H O .V
= q = 3 q =
xm
CV

: 135 (*) "`X$

E%

[H O ]

:F
G

(2)

:_ @ 5 (2)( 1) E `X$
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C.(H O + + A )
3

C.(H O + + A )
2
2
3
1
=

1 C.(H O + + A )
1

:"*V
" ,@
15 -

2 2 .(H3O + + A 1 )
=
1 1.(H O + + A )

2 0,86.10 (35.10 + 3,20.10 )

= 0,36
=
1 2,36.102 (35.103 + 3,62.103 )

:1 [,V!

.F

 & % E% "M + F=@,
 & % aR H@% 1 > 2 WX5 *

%/!0*   1/ 2  :%-. 

.b <
 Ec
; =< 3= -1
:Q *O<
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 e=3
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 -3 m
< "
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  hV^ A "$i
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) ( aq

2 H 2O ( l ) + 4 Ag

m = .V = .S .e =10,5 190,5 20.10 = 4 g

-4



Q1,Y
A5  5
:"M
+
n( Ag )i
m
4
+
1
=
=
= 0,185 mol.L
= Ag i
V
M ( Ag ).V 108 0,2
k = -5

< Q *O
1
: t = 30 min "@%
* -1.5
13
 
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< b ,  * 1  <
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 )(mol

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x =0

..

ni

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4.x 1

..

ni 4.x 1

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"

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I .t

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4.F
m
m
;
13
 n( Ag ) = 4.x1 : 2= ) n( Ag(2) :H@%
= . x1
) 4.M ( Ag
) M( Ag
= . x1

m.F
4 9,65.10
= 1,98 A
=I
=
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M ( Ag ).t 108 30 60
 -2.5
 k
V (O2 ) D3 Q @bY E3
 < Xg
1 : t = 30 min
m
) V (O2

= x 1:H@%
;
13
= n(O2 ) = x1 : 2) 4.M ( Ag
Vm
m.Vm
4 25
=
= 0,23 L
= ) V (O2
4.M ( Ag ) 4 108

=-
=- ?@ A*'

 1=5
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M
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c
c
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=
@=1
.a

a
L /2 L
tan(1 ) = 1 = 1 : H,5 - <4
; 2.D
D

(1)

1 =

L1
(2) H@% tan(1 ) 1 (rad ) ;=8
 $ 5 k2 "=*

2.D
2.c.D
a=
(*)
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8

a=

2 3.10 0,5
14

4,44.10 0,67

10

m =1 m

:1 [,V! -

: D- = :  -2
.XV 
 % <q A -" $V` "q 4
" c
E* )M5
: -
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:; <5 (*) "`X$
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[4
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 R M
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c
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: @ _ 5 n = :"`X$
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V
c
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-3
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*" 1$5
.L 3
8

d=

2 3.10 0,5
14

4,44.10 10

6,76.10
2

m = 67,6 m

:1 [,V!

2-=
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q "@4
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ub + uc = 0 (*) :"
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di
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: ,8 
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C
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2
2
di d q
d q
dq
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: @=1
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dt
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d q
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1
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LC

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Qm = q (0) = C.U
6
5
=10.10 6 = 6.10 C

"`X$
[ 8 ! t = 0 "}
1@

:* G*G 
T0 T
1
 ,$! 3=*
2

d q
dt

=(

2. 2
2.
2.
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d q
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q E%  ,$! $5 -

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2.
1
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.Qm cos(
.t ) = 0
T0
T0
LC
T0
2.
2. 2 1
) +
.Qm cos(
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(

T0
LC
T0

2. 2 1
T0 = 2. LC :,$
A c5 H@% (
) +
= 0 : @ _ 5 "
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2 2
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E
T0
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1@ ?+<
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2C
2C
T0
: E 1
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E = Ee + Em
2
1 2 1 dq
=
q + .L.
2C
2 dt
2
2.
1 2.
1
2
2 2
Qm cos ( .t ) + .L (
=
.t )
).Qm .sin(
T0
T0
2 T0
2C
2. 2 1
1
2
2 2
2 2.
cos ( .t ) + sin ( .t ) = 1)
Qm
=
((
) =
T0
L.C
T0
T0
2C
Ee
2 2
2 2
= cos ( .t ) :H@% Ee = E. cos ( .t ) : WX5
E
T0
T0
:13
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(

T0
2

3T0
8

T0
4

T0
8

0,5

0,5

t "}

Ee
2 2
= cos ( .t ) :",@

E
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1
WX5 13
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2
T0
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 -1.1
3

MM
10
6
t = 1 2 =
3,33.10 s = 3,33 s
H@% M 1M 2 = c. t "`X$
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8
c
3.10
8
1
( c = 3.10 m.s ) O
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uG ^" Y "V@k%O<
-
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-2.1
. [900 MHz;1800 MHz ] : 3
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135 - -3.1
. C "V8@
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qd 135 - *
:5# 9: -2
S m (t ) = A.[m. cos(2 . f .t ) +1] :<4
A ; <= "@ M
qd ^) E,5 -1.2
: S T
1@ !

s (t ) = k .u1 (t ).u2 (t )
s (t ) = k .[ u (t ) + U 0 ].Vm cos(2 .F .t )
s (t ) = k .[U m cos(2 . f .t ) + U 0 ].Vm cos(2 .F .t )
U

s (t ) = kU 0 . m cos(2 . f .t ) + 1 .Vm cos(2 .F .t )

U0

s (t ) = kU 0Vm . m cos(2 . f .t ) +1. cos(2 .F .t )

U0
U
m = m A = kU 0Vm :y S m (t ) = A.[m. cos(2 . f .t ) +1] :<4
A ,$
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U0
. t E%

" 01* s (t ) EM


! V$= H,5 - <4
-2.2
:"% 
" -
! -
5.T = 2div 0,25 ms / div = 0,5 ms
4
T = 0,1ms =10 s
1
1
4
F = = 4 = 10 Hz
T 10
:"@M
qd ! - *
T ' = 8div 0,25 ms / div
3
T ' = 2 ms = 2.10 s
1
1
f= =
= 500 Hz
T ' 2.103
Smmin =1div 1V / div = 1 V
:A5Y
^) -

Smmax = 5div 1V / div = 5 V

:Ac`Y
^)

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m=

Smmax Smmin 5 1
=
0,66
Smmax + Smmin 5 + 1

: O ` EM
" ,5 ,$! -3.2

.
D )^
EM! A c@R F =10 Hz >> f = 500 Hz m < 1 * -4.2

3-=
K A7 AU; A= :I -J
2+

2+

q ( Zn ) = + 2.e :",-% Zn 5=Y@" q Y ( P1 )  Q *O 1O- , O

; =<3= 
" c
-1
2+

=<E  c
E* 1
E E^ O<
3
y Fe = q ( Zn ) .E "@^ O 8
=Y) MT= ; 3=
. ( P 2 ) " c
 5 A5Y 1O3
 5 O-%
.O "V8@
1@ " `"
V
5

2+

68

Zn Zn

2+

E5=
-2

"@,% [,V * Fe "@^ O<

 8
A
( P 2 ) ( P1 ) E* =Y) MT=
:; <5 " `"
V

Ec( P 2 ) Ec( P 1 ) = W ( F e)
P1 P 2

Ec 0 = q .(VP1 VP 2 ) = q.U
Ec = 2.e.U (*)
A

2+

68

. Zn Zn

2+

E5=
",@
* O 5  `"
" V
aR H@%
68

2+

:O "V8@
1@ Zn =Y ^" v 1 ,$! * -3
4.e.U
1
1
68
2+
2
2
Ec( Zn ) = 2.e.U .m1.v1 = 2.e.U .(68.m).v1 = 2.e.U v1 =
68.m
2
2
m1.v1 = m1.

:(*) "`X$
;

4.e.U
= 272.m.e.U
68.m

:"%
A

2+

:O "V8@
1@ Zn =Y ^" v 2 ,$! *
4.e.U
1
1
2+
2
2
A
Ec( Zn ) = 2.e.U .m2 .v2 = 2.e.U .( A.m).v2 = 2.e.U v2 =
A.m
2
2
68
v2 = v1 .
:=  v 2 ,$! ; <= H@%
A
68
4.e.U
:"%
= m.v1 68. A = m.
. 68. A = 4.m. A.e.U
A
68.m
. B = 0,10 T H!1q D} @% V@k% 3% HR 1-= M
E% 5=Y g1! -4
.A@
1
"bX+
*) 2Y 1 ` [,V * uX@" ,
" 5 ,
g 5 O-% V@k
3
" O3 % A@% =<-1.4
m2 .v2 = m2 . v1 .

2+

(O, x, y ) 
 R D ! Zn 5=Y " -2.4
B = B .k : (O, i , j , k ) ^ Y R B 3
" O3 % ,$! ; <= -

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f = q.v B = qB. v k :y* f  5 `

A
= Y) MT= : 
u, $5 G
Y * S,!
( O, i , j , k ) D$
 R E!@
5 +
 5 8
[ ,V5 qB
f = m.a m.a = qB. v k a = . v k (*)
m
E
% E% <! 35a* az = 0 (Oz )
A "="
 O3 % aR "O3 
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uG ; ."= % 5=Y < " R z = 0 A
 2 5 (z 0 = 0 ( vz )0 = 0 t = 0 1@ )"Q1,
 4
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3
 g 5=Y" " $, -3.4
v A "= Q
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A
D} @
 V@k
3% R O @ b 5=Y) MT! dEc
. Ec = Cte  @ _ 5
= P( F ) = 0 * P( F ) = F .v = 0 :"%1$@% 8
uG 1` f .v = 0
dt
2+

.$U H < R X) Zn W $A $'* :"3 5

: (u , n ) @=R ^ Y n "=1"
O3 
A "="
 O3 % aR "8* 
" O3 
`" X$
uG ; 2

. a = an =

v0

aT (=

dv
) = 0 H@% a = an . n
dt

qB
qB
qB
v
m.v
= 0 = Cte
v0 = 0 : a =
v0 :(*) "`X$
; v0 .sin( / 2) =

m
m
m
q .B
R = m.v 0 : = H $q AK" 8`1
 % :"3 5
q .B
A

2+

: Zn
=A " <
1 "` ^ @ -4.4
: WX5 "8* 
" 5 ,
E%

CC' = D' D
CC' = 2. R' 2. R
CC' = 2 m2.v2 2 m1.v1
2.e.B
2.e.B
4. A.m.e.U 272.m.e.U
CC' =
e.B
CC'.e.B + 272.m.e.U = 4.A.m.e.U
2
1
CC'.e.B + 272.m.e.U
A =
4.m.e.U
2
1
3
3
19
27
19

8.10 1,6.10 0,1 + 2721,67.10 1,6.10 10

A=
3
27
19

4 1,67.10 1,6.10 10
A= 70
 $'* $# 
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$A $ ) $F -1

Ep = m.g . (1 cos( ) ) :

< 4
A ; <=
"
 8+
) i
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2

10

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; AY 5 H-% Oz
y (*) Ep (z ) = mgz + Cte : D$5 E pp ( z ) = mgz :(*) "`X$
< ; R Cte = 0 aR Ep (0) = 0 "$-

: G "V8@
z 5Y ,$! =<H,5 - <4
E% l l
l
z = OH = OA HA = . cos( ) = .(1 cos( ))
2 2
2

Ep ( ) = mg .(1 cos( ))
2

:
" 8+
) i
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.kc
* G*G
 
" R t "}
1@ <"
 5 <
`" V
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Em = Ec(t )
+ Ep (t )
. 2
l
1
= J. ( ) + mg .(1 cos( ))
4
3
2
2 142
2
/2

l 2
1 1
2 d 2
= .( m.l )( ) + mg .
4
2 3
dt
1 2 d 2 1
2
= ml .( ) + mgl .
6
4
dt
:kc
* G*G
 
" R 
cRY O88= 
" i

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^ @ -3.1
d 1 2 d 2 1
dEm
2
ml .( ) + mgl . = 0
= 0 "*G*G 
" 3
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`" V
W @!
dt 6
4
dt
dt

2
d
1 2 d d 1
ml .2.
. 2 + mgl .2. . = 0 : 13@R
dt
6

dt dt 4
2
d 1 d 1

( l. 2 + g . ) = 0
dt 1
3 4dt
424243

=0

3g
. = 0 :" i

" $
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2l
dt
:$'* $# 
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:"*3!  Xg " "
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."*G*G! "5 !< "
 (1) "*3
 R ."*G*G!  "5 !< "
 (2) "*3
 R 2

m = rad :
 cR
c8
" 8
(1) "*3
Xg 5 ,% * -2.2
3

:
 m " <
* ^ @

: H@% m.g .(1 cos( m )) = Em : Em( m ) = Ep( m ) "`X$

[ 8 ! = m 
cRY 1@
2

2 : )( )(

    

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)) g .l.(1 cos( m
2 0,5
=
))9,80 0,60 (1 cos( / 3
= 0,34 kg

=m

Xg * -3.2
(2) "*3
"8
c8
 "` V
"
 Ec(max) = Em 2 Ep(min) = 2,5 0 = 2,5 J :
* Xg
(2) "*3
"8
"` V
51
"
 :

Ec(min) = Em 2 Ep(max) = 2,5 2 = 0,5 J

11