Ordinary Dierantial Equations

Murat Eymen KU, mek38@windowslive.com June 9, 2013

1
1.1

First Order Dieratial Equations

Homegenous Dierantial Equations

Denition 1.1. M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0 is called homogenous equation if it can be written in the form M (x, y ) y dy = =g dx N (x, y ) x Denition 1.2. The function f (x, y ) is called homogenous equation of degree k if f (tx, ty ) = tk f (x, y ) where t > 0 and k is constant. Example 1.3. Find a degree of f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + xy . Solution 1.4. f (tx, ty ) = = = = (tx)2 + (ty )2 + (tx)(ty ) t2 x2 + t2 y 2 + t2 xy t2 x2 + y 2 + xy t2 f (x, y )

f is homegenous funtion of degree 2. Example 1.5. Find a degree of f (x, y ) = xey/x .

Theorem 1.6. If M (x, y ) and N (x, y ) are homogenous function of the same degree then M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0 is homegenous dierantial equation. Proof. Assume that M , N be homegenous functions of degree k , M (tx, ty ) = tk M (x, y ) N (tx, ty ) = tk N (x, y ) 1 x M (1, y/x) = N (1, y/x) = and then, M (x, y ) xk M (1, y/x) dy = = k dx N (x, y ) x N (1, y/x) M (1, y/x) = N (1, y/x) y = g x 1 x 1 x
k

Let t =

M (x, y )
k

N (x, y )

Theorem 1.7. If M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0 is homogenous dierantial equation the y transformation = reduces it to seperable equation in . x y dy =g dx x Let = y y = x , x dy d = + x = g ( ) dx dx d x = g ( ) dx is separable equation.

We dierantiate over x ,

Example 1.8. Find a general solution of (x2 + y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0 . Solution 1.9. M (tx, ty ) = t2 x2 + t2 y 2 = (t2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = t2 M (x, y ) N (tx, ty ) = 2txty = (t2 )2xy = t2 N (x, y )

M and N are homegenous of degree 2.

dy x2 + y 2 1 + (y/x)2 y = = =g dx 2xy 2(y/x) x Let =

y x

y = x

dy 1 + 2 = + x = dx 2 2 1+ 1 2 2 2 x = = 2 2 2 1 3 x = 2 d 1 3 2 x = dx 2 1 2 dx d = 2 1 3 x We integrate both sides, 2 d 1 + 3 2 2 1 3 d 3 1 + 3 2 1 ln 1 + 3 2 3 ln ( 1 + 3 2 )3 ln (|x|)3 ln ((1 + 3 2 )x3 ) ((1 + 3 2 )x3 ) = = 1 dx x 1 dx x

= ln |x| + c = c = ln c = c

x3 (1 + 3(y/x)2 ) = x(x2 + 3y 2 ) = c

Example 1.10. Find a general solution of ydx + (x + . xydy ) = 0