CU HI N H IU HNH (OPERATING SYSTEM)

Chng 1: Tng quan H iu hnh 1 Cu hi Tm tt chc nng ca h iu hnh ? p n 1. T chc, qun l v phn phi ti nguyn 2. Gi lp my tnh m rng Cung cp cc dch v Cung cp giao tip logic cho user s dng cc dch v Che giu hot ng v data h thng Bin i cc yu cu ca user thnh cc tn hiu k phn cng 2 Cu hi Tm tt cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh ? p n 1. Qun l tin trnh (Process). 2. Qun l b nh (Main Memory). 3. Qun l h thng tp tin (File System). 4. Qun l nhp xut (I/O). 5. Qun l thit b lu tr (Secondary-storage). 6. Qun l mng (Networking). 7. H thng bo v (Protection System). 8. H thng dch lnh (Commander-Intpreter System) 3 Cu hi Tm tt cc dch v ca h iu hnh ? p n 1. Giao tip vi ngi s dng (User Interface UI). 2. Thc thi chng trnh (Program execution). 3. T chc v qun l xut nhp (I/O operations). 4. Qun l h thng File (File-system manipulation). 5. Truyn tin (Communications). 6. Xc nh v x l li (Error detection). 7. Cc dch v h thng 4 Cu hi M t t chc b nh ca h iu hnh MS DOS. p n T chc b nh ca MS-DOS (theo a ch) F000:0000 FFFF:FFFF ROM(thng tr) BIOS h thng C000:000 EFFF:FFFF ROM thit b - BIOS ca thit b A000:0000 BFFF:FFFF B nh qun l mn hnh CT USER COMMAND.COM (thng tr) 0000:0600 9FFF:FFFF 0000:0400 0000:05FF 0000:0000 0000:03FF 5 Cu hi p n Tham s ROM BIOS-thng tin v thit b hin cc trong my tnh INTERRUPT VECTOR, 256 Interrupt

Cu hi

Trnh by dch v giao tip vi ngi s dng trong h iu hnh Windows98 Dch v giao tip vi ngi s dng cung cp 2 mode giao tip : - MS-DOS mode : iu khin bi COMMAND.COM giao din dng lnh. - GUI (giao din ha) mode. - Ngi s dng c th ty chon la cc mode ny trong Windows 98. M t cu trc, c ch hot ng ca chng trnh ng dng trong H iu -1-

hnh MS DOS? p n Cu trc CT ng dng CT thng tr h thng (COMMAND.COM) Dch v MS-DOS Dch v ROM BIOS Phncng C ch hot ng : - Chng trnh ng dng gi yu cu n chng trnh thng tr h thng (COMMAND.COM). Chng trnh thng tr h thng gi n dch v do MS-DOS cung cp. Dch v MS-DOS gi n dch v do ROM BIOS cung cp. Dch v ROM BIOS thc hin cc iu khin phn cng (lnh COPY). - Chng trnh ng dng gi cc dch v do MS-DOS cung cp. Dch v MSDOS gi n dch v do ROM BIOS cung cp. Dch v ROM BIOS thc hin cc iu khin phn cng (Int 25h). - Chng trnh ng dng gi cc dch v do ROM BIOS cung cp. Dch v ROM BIOS thc hin cc iu khin phn cng (Int 13h). Cu hi Trnh by khi nim, phng php chuyn tham s v dng ca li gi h thng. p n Kn: Khi tin trnh s dng cc dch v do OS cung cp. Li gi h thng c thc hin thng qua cc phng php chuyn tham s Phng php chuyn tham s : 3 phng php ph bin Tham s c t vo trong thanh ghi Tham lu trong b nh v a ch ca vng b nh t trong thanh ghi Tham s lu trong Stack Dng ca li gi h thng. iu khin tin trnh Qun l File Qun l thit b Thng tin Truyn tin

Chng 2: Qun l tin trnh 8 Cu hi Tin trnh l g ? Cc trng thi v mi quan h gia cc trng thi ca 1 tin trnh ? p n Tin trnh : chng trnh thc thi to ra tin trnh. Tin trnh bao gm : M lnh Con tr lnh -2-

Stack Cc thanh ghi Data ... Cc trng thi ca 1 tin trnh : New : mi to ra. Ready : sn sng hot ng. Running : hot ng. Watting (Blocked) : b kha. Terminated : kt thc. Mi quan h gia cc trng thi : 1 5 6

2 4 3

1 : Lp lch. 2 : Cp CPU v ti nguyn 3 : i I/O hoc s kin ca tin trnh. 4 : p ng I/O hoc s kin ca tin trnh. 5 : Interrupt hoc s kin ca h thng. 6 : Hon tt hot ng. 9 Cu hi p n Version ... Danh sch TT Ready List CPU 1 (hot ng) CPU 2 ... KhngH.ng
PCB2

S ci t tin trnh trong h iu hnh ? L do ca vic t tin trnh NULL vo cui Ready list ?

PCB 1 PCB 2

H.ng
PCB1

H.ng
PCB3

Null
PCB NULL

-3-

Vic ci t tin trnh Null (vng lp rng, c u tin thp nht) vo cui Ready list l duy tr s tn ti ca n trong sut thi gian hot ng ca h thng v nu khng c tin trnh ny, ready list s b hy khi trong h thng khng c tin trnh v to li khi c tin trnh. 10 Cu hi p n M hnh iu phi tin trnh v c ch hat ng ? M hnh iu phi tin trnh

C ch hot ng : Tin trnh trng thi ready (trong ready queue-ready list) c cp CPU v ti nguyn hot ng. C th xy ra cc trng hp sau: - Hon tt cng vic. - i I/O. Tin trnh s chuyn sang trng thi waitting v a vo hng i I/O cho n khi yu cu I/O c p ng tin trnh s chuyn sang trng thi ready. - Ht thi gian s dng CPU s chuyn sang trng thi ready. - To tin trnh con. Sau khi to xong tin trnh con. Tin trnh v tin trnh con s chuyn sang trng thi ready. - i Interrupt. Sau khi hon tt Interrupt, tin trnh s chuyn sang trng thi ready. 11 Cu hi nh gi thi gian ch trung bnh ca cc tin trnh sau theo thut ton FCFS: Tin trnh Thi gian x l P1 24 P2 3 P3 4
CPU

p n P1 0 24 P2 27 P3

Thi gian ch ca P1 : 0 Thi gian ch ca P2 : 24 Thi gian ch ca P3 : 27 TGTB=(0+24+27)/3 12 Cu hi nh gi thi gian ch trung bnh ca cc tin trnh sau theo thut ton SJF ( u tin t l vi thi gian x l) c quyn (ch tr li CPU khi tin trnh thi hnh xong) : -4-

Tin trnh P1 P2 P3 P4 p n
CPU

Thi gian x l 6 8 7 3 P1 0 6 P4 9 P3 16

Thi gian n 0 2 4 5 P2

Thi gian ch ca P1 : 0 Thi gian ch ca P2 : 14 Thi gian ch ca P3 : 5 Thi gian ch ca P4 : 1 TGTB=(0+14+5+1)/4 13 Cu hi nh gi thi gian ch trung bnh ca cc tin trnh sau theo thut ton SJF ( u tin t l nghch vi thi gian x l) khng c quyn (c th b thu hi CPU khi ht quyn u tin): Tin trnh Thi gian x l Thi gian n P1 8 0 P2 5 2 P3 1 4 P4 4 5 p n P1 P2 P3 P2 P4 P1 CPU 0 2 4 5 8 12 Thi gian ch ca P1 : 0+10 Thi gian ch ca P2 : 0+1 Thi gian ch ca P3 : 0 Thi gian ch ca P4 : 3 TGTB=(10+1+0+3)/6 14 Cu hi nh gi thi gian ch trung bnh ca cc tin trnh sau theo thut ton Round Robin vi quantum=4 : Tin trnh Thi gian x l P1 13 P2 8 P3 3 P4 5 p n P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P2 P4 P1 CPU 0 4 8 11 15 19 23 24 Thi gian ch ca P1 : 0+11+9 Thi gian ch ca P2 : 4+11 Thi gian ch ca P3 : 8 Thi gian ch ca P4 : 11+12 -5-

15 Cu hi p n

TGTB=(20+15+8+23)/4 Trnh by c ch lin lc gia 2 tin trnh bng bng tn hiu. Mi tin trnh s hu 1 bng tnh hiu. Mi tn hiu trong bng tn hiu tng ng vi 1 on m x l tn hiu. Cch x l tn hiu c th l theo mc nh (h thng), theo cch ring hoc b qua (theo m t bng sau). Nguyn nhn
P.cng P.cng HH HH TT TT khc User khc User

Bng Tn hiu ca P
P
A A B B C C ...

PP x l TH
M X l TH A CT X l TH A M X l TH B CTX X l TH M l TH CB CT X l TH C Mc nh Cch ring B qua

...

Cch ring B qua

Khi tin trnh nhn c yu cu (t phn cng, HH, TT khc, User, ). Tin trnh ch x l nu yu cu nhn c trng vi 1 trong cc tn hiu m n s hu (v d khi bm t hp phm CTRL+BREAK kt thc hot ng ca chng trnh). 16 Cu hi p n Trnh by c ch lin lc gia 2 tin trnh bng IPC (tng qut). Tin trnh truyn tin v ng b hot ng H thng thng bo (message) gip cho TT truyn tin vi nhau khng cn n bin dng chung. Cung cp 2 hot ng : Send(message). Receive(message). iu kin 2 TT truyn thng ip. Thit lp 1 lin kt (b nh dng chung, bus, thuc tnh logic, ...) Trao i thng bo trn c s Send() v Receive() Tin trnh s dng Send(message) gi v Receive(message) nhn thng ip. Cc hnh thc truyn thng ip Trc tip Gin tip ng b Bt ng b Buffering Cho v d v gii thch v tranh ot iu khin gia 2 tin trnh. Cho P1, P2 cng s hu bin TaiKhoan, TienRut v on CT sau If (TaiKhoan-TienRut>=0) TaiKhoan=TaiKhoan-TienRut Else error(); Khi u : Taikhoan=1000 P1 TienRut=600 P2 TienRut=500 -6-

17 Cu hi p n

Hot ng Gi s P1 c cp CPU trc P1 Kim tra iu kin : TaiKhoan-TienRut=1000-600=400>0 B thu hi CPU P2 Kim tra iu kin : TaiKhoan-TienRut=1000-500=500>0 Cp nht bin TaiKhoan=500 B thu hi CPU P1 18 Cu hi Cp nht bin TaiKhoan=500-600=-100 (li)

nh ngha Semaphore. Thit k hm Signal() v Wait(). Ti cu trc li min Gng bng Semaphore. p n N : Semaphore S l 1 s nguyn khng m S ch c th b thay i bi 2 hm Signal(S)=S+1 S-1; S>0 Wait(S)= Ch ; S=0 Trong thi gian thay i S, khng c s tham gia ca bt k TT Thit k hm Signal() v Wait() Signal() : signal (S) { S=S+1; } Wait() : wait (S) { while S <= 0 ; // no-op S=S-1; } Ti cu trc li min gng (on CT c kh nng xy ra mu thun khi truy xut n TN dng chung hoc TN khng phn chia c) Wait(S); Min gng; Signal(S); Trong S l Semaphore bo v ti nguyn trong min gng.

19 Cu hi Tr li

Cho v d v gii thch ng dng ca Semaphore trong truy xut c quyn. P1, P2 cng truy xut Buffer P1 t data vo Buffer P2 ly data t Buffer Vn : P1, P2 khng th cng truy xut Buffer -7-

Min Gng P1 : on CT t data vo Buffer Min Gng P2 : on CT ly data t Buffer S Semaphore truy xut Buffer (S=1) Cu trc li min Gng trong P1, P2 P1 P2 Wait(S); Wait(S); on CT t data vo Buffer; on CT ly data t Buffer; Signal(S); Signal(S); Vi cch cu trc li nh trn, P1 v P2 khng th truy xut ng thi Buffer. Gi s P1 c cp CPU trc P1 Thc hin Wait(S) {S=0} B thu hi CPU P2 Thc hin Wait(S) {i v S=0} B thu hi CPU P1 t data vo Buffer Thc hin Signal(S) {S=1} B thu hi CPU P2 Thc hin Wait(S) {S=0} t data vo Buffer B thu hi CPU P1 Thc hin Wait(S) {i v S=0} B thu hi CPU P2 20 Cu hi p n Cho v d v gii thch ng dng ca Semaphore trong hot ng phi hp. Cho tc v X = tc v X1+tc v X2 (tc v X1 thc hin trc tc v X2 v kt thc tc v X) P1 thc hin tc v X1 P2 thc hin tc v X2 Vn : tc v X1 thc hin trc cho n khi hon thnh th mi thc hin tc v X2 v khi thc hin xong tc v X2 th kt thc tc v X (khng thc hin li tc v X1). Min Gng : on CT trong P1 thc hin tc v X1, on CT trong P2 thc hin tc v X2. S Semaphore kim sot truy xut ng thi P1, P2 (S=1) Cu trc li min Gng P1, P2 P1 -8P2 Thc hin Signal(S) {S=1} B thu hi CPU

 Wait(S); Wait(S); on CT P1; on CT P2; Signal(S); Vi cch cu trc li nh trn, P1 thc hin trc (tc v X1) v P2 thc hin sau (tc v X2) v khng quay li thc hin P1. Gi s P1 c cp CPU trc P1 Thc hin Wait(S) {S=0} B thu hi CPU P2 Thc hin Wait(S) {i v S=0} B thu hi CPU P1 Thc hin on CT P1 Thc hin Signal(S) {S=1} B thu hi CPU P2 Thc hin Wait(S) {S=0} B thu hi CPU P1 Thc hin Wait(S) {i v S=0} B thu hi CPU P2 Thc hin on CT P2 B thu hi CPU 21 Cu hi Pht biu vn c in ca ng b. Cc gii quyt vn ny bng Semaphore ? p n Bi ton : P1, P2 cng truy xut Buffer hu hn. P1 t data vo vo Buffer, P2 ly data t Buffer. Vn : P1, P2 khng truy xut ng thi. P1 khng t data vo Buffer y. P2 khng ly data khi Buffer rng. Min Gng P1 : on CT t data vo Buffer Min Gng P2 : on CT ly data t Buffer Gii php : s dng 3 Semaphore Mutex : KT truy xut ng thi P1, P2 (mutex=1). full : s phn t c data trong Buffer (full=0). empty : s phn t cn trng trong Buffer (empty=0). Cu trc li min Gng P1, P2

-9-

P1 P2 To data; Wait(full); Wait(empty); Wait(mutex); Wait(mutex); on CT ly data t Buffer; on CT t data vo Buffer; Signal(mutex); Signal(mutex); Signal(empty); Signal(full) X l data; Vi cch cu trc nh trn ta c : Semaphore mutex kim sot truy xut ng thi P1, P2. Vi Buffer y : full = n; empty = 0. P1 khng th t data vo Buffer v phi i khi thc hin Wait(emty). Vi Buffer rng : full = 0; empty = n. P2 khng th ly data t Buffer v phi i khi thc hin Wait(full). 22 Cu hi nh ngha Deadlock. Cho v d v gii thch v vic s dng Semaphore gy ra Deadlock. p n nh ngha Deadlock : Tp hp cc tin trnh trng thi Waiting(Blocked) m mi tin trnh ang gi ti nguyn v yu cu thm ti nguyn ang ang b chim gi bi tin trnh khc cng trong tp hp ny . V d s dng Semaphore gy ra Deadlock semaphores A v B khi u bng 1. Tin trnh P1 v P2 s dng cc Semaphore nh sau : P1 P2 wait (A); wait(B); wait (B); wait(A); P1, P2 trng thi Deadlock v P1 ang gi ti nguyn A v yu cu thm ti nguyn B. Trong khi P2 ang gi ti nguyn B v yu cu thn ti nguyn A. Tin trnh P1, P2 cng i tin trnh cn li tr ti nguyn Cho 1 v d v th cp pht ti nguyn c Deadlock.

23 Cu hi

- 10 -

p n

th cp pht ti nguyn trn c Deadlock v cc tin trnh v cc phn ti nguyn c lin quan hnh thnh cc chu trnh. 24 Cu 24 th cp pht ti nguyn sau y c th c Deadlock hay khng ? Ti sao ?

p n

th cp pht ti nguyn ny khng c Deadlock v cc tin trnh v mt s phn ti nguyn c lin quan khng hnh thnh chu trnh (R2,P1,R1,P2). Tuy P1 ang gi 1 phn ti nguyn R2 v yu cu thm 1 phn ti nguyn R1 trong khi P3 ang gi 1 phn ti nguyn R1 v yu cu thm 1 phn ti nguyn R2. Tnh trng ny s c gii quyt v n mt lc no P2 hoc P4 hoc c 2 s tr li ti nguyn.

Chng 3: Qun l b nh (Memory Management) 25 Cu hi Trnh by k thut Swapping. p n M phng 1 phn a cng nh l b nh - b nh ph. Tin trnh b nh khng thc thi (Waiting) b nh ph (swap out) Tin trnh b nh ph b nh (swap in) tip tc thc thi

- 11 -

Vng b nh cp pht cho tin trnh

Swap in P1 Swap out P2

OS K.Thc Quyn trng B nh Partition /c PartitionThit btruy lu xutTnh tr 100K 200K P3 Busy To ra bng qun l cp pht tng ng vi hnh v sau y: 300K 300K P2 Busy 500K 600K Free 100K 1100K P1 Busy

26 Cu hi

p n

27 Cu hi

Trong cp pht b nh vi k thut phn vng ng. Cho cc tin trnh Tin trnh A B C D E S n v b nh yu cu 3 5 2 2 3

V hnh minh ha chui cp pht sau : - 12 -

ABCthu hi BDthu hi AE

p n

B 3 A

B 3 D 3 D 3 D 3

A A A A E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A(3) B(5) C(2) th B D(2) th A E(3) 28 Cu hi Cho hin trng ca b nh nh sau (mi l 1 n v cp pht) : A (3 n v cp pht), B (4 n v cp pht), C (3 n v cp pht).

A
0 3 5

B
9 1 2

C
1 5

a. Xy dng bng bitmap qun l b nh. b. Xy dng danh sch lin kt qun l b nh. p n a. Bng Bitmap : 1 cp; 0 cha cp. Th t ca cc phn t trong bng Bitmap tng ng vi th t ca cc n v cp pht trong b nh.

A
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 5

B
9 12

C
15

- 13 -

b. Danh sch (lin kt) qun l cp pht.

A
0 A H B H C H 3 0 3 5 9 12 15 5

B
9 3 2 4 3 3 5 1 2

C
1 5

29 Cu hi

Cho hin trng ca b nh nh sau (mi l 1 n v cp pht) : A (3 n v cp pht), B (4 n v cp pht), C (3 n v cp pht).

A
0 3 6

B
1 0 1 2

C
1 5

Gi s cn cp pht b nh cho tin trnh D (yu cu 2 n v cp pht). a. Xy dng danh sch lin kt qun l b nh sau khi cp pht b nh cho D theo gii thut First-Fit. b. Xy dng danh sch lin kt qun l b nh sau khi cp pht b nh cho D theo gii thut Best-Fit. p n a. Hin trng b nh sau khi cp pht cho D theo gii thut First-Fit

A
0 A D H B H 3

D
5 0 3 5 6 10 6

B
1 0 3 2 1 4 2 - 14 1 2

C
1 5

C H

12 15

3 5

b. Hin trng b nh sau khi cp pht cho D theo gii thut Best-Fit

A
0 3 5 6

B
1 0 3 3 4 2 3 5

D
1 2

C
1 5

A H B D C H 30 Cu hi

0 3 6 10 12 15

Cho kch thc trang v kch thc khung trang l 100K v a ch bt u cp pht l 0K. Tin trnh P1 c 3 trang, P2 c 4 trang, P3 c 5 trang. Xy dng cc bng qun l cp pht. Bit rng h thng cp theo yu cu ca tin trnh. JT 300K 400K 500K P1 0 1 2 P2 0 1 2 3 P3 0 1 2 3 4 37000 (a ch PMT) 42000 45000 P1/1 P2/0 P3/2 P1/0 P2/1 P3/3 P3/1 P1/2 P3/0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 MMT 0K B 100K F 200K B

p n

PMT P1 0 4 1 0 2 9 PMT P2 0 2 1 5 2 12 3 13 PMT P3 0 10 1 8 2 - 15 - 3 3 7 4 14

P2/2

Khng gian a ch 31 Cu hi

B nh

V s bin i a ch logic thnh a ch vt l trong k thut phn trang. Cho kch thc trang v kch thc khung trang l 100K, a ch bt u cp pht trong b nh l 0K. Cho bng trang (PMT) ca P nh sau : p f 0 7 1 2 2 5 3 4 Tnh a ch vt l tng ng vi cc a ch logic sau : 0 30K 2 70K 3 25K

p n

a ch logic c dng

p d p : s hiu trang; d: di trong trang S bin i a ch.

CP U p d

f PMT P p f

a ch vt l tng ng : 0 30K p = 0 f = 7 , d = 30K /c vt l = 7*100K + 30K = 730K 2 70K

p = 2 f = 5 , d = 70K /c vt l = 5*100K + 70K = 570K 3 25K

- 16 -

p = 3 f = 4 , d = 25K /c vt l = 4*100K + 25K = 425K 32 Cu hi Trnh by cch t chc bng trang 2 cp trong h iu hnh Windows 32 bit. ngha ca vic lm ny ? p n Trong HH windows 32 bit. a ch logic 32 bit c t chc nh sau 10 bit Th mc trang (=1024 mc) 10 bit Bng trang (=1024 bng) 12 bit Kch thc trang (=4096 Byte=4 KB)

Th mc trang 0 Bng trang 0 Trang 4 KB 4 KB 4 KB 4 KB 4 KB 1023 0 1023 1023

Cch t chc ny gip tit kim thi gian tm kim 1 trang trong 1048576 (= 220). Ch mt 1024 + 1024 ln tm kim. 33 Cu hi Cho cc tin trnh : 0K P1 c cc phn on S0 (200K), S1(300K), S2 (400K). P2/S2 P2 c cc phn on S0 (100K), S1(400K), S2 (200K), S3 (300K). 200K Xy dng cc bng qun l cp pht khi h thng cp pht b nh theo yu P1/S1 cu cho P1 v P2. Bit rng h thng bt u cp pht ti a ch 0K. p n JT 500K 900K 37000 (a ch SMT) 1000K 42000 700K P1/S0 P1 SMT P1 P2/S0 900K S0 200K 0 200K 700K 1000K 1 300K 200K 1100K S1 300K 2 400K 1900K P2/S3 P2 400K S2 S0 100K S1 400K SMT P2 0 100K 900K 1 400K 1400K - 17 2 200K 0K 3 300K 1100K 1400K P2/S1 1800K 1900K P1/S2

S2 200K S3 300K

B nh Khng gian a ch Bng MMT tng t nh trong cp pht b nh vi k thut phn vng ng. 34 Cu hi V s bin i a ch logic thnh a ch vt l trong k thut phn on. Cho a ch bt u cp pht trong b nh l 200K. Cho bng phn on (SMT) ca P nh sau : S Kch thc a ch 0 300K 200K 1 200K 1300K 2 500K 700K 3 400K 1500K Tnh a ch vt l tng ng vi cc a ch logic sau : s0 p n 130K s2 270K s3 125K

a ch logic c dng

s : s hiu phn on; d: di trong phn on

S bin i a ch.
CP U

d
> =

SMT P s a ch vt l tng ng : s0 130K - 18 kt /c

/c

/c

s0 /c = 200K , kt = 300K>d =130K /c vt l = 200K + 130K +200K = 530K s2 270K s2 /c = 700K , kt = 500K>d =270K /c vt l = 700K + 270K +200K = 1170K s3 125K

s0 /c = 1500K , kt=400K>d=25K /c vt l = 1500K + 125K +200K = 1825K 35 Cu hi Cho cc tin trnh : P1 c cc phn on S0 (250K), S1(370K), S2 (420K). P2 c cc phn on S0 (180K), S1(470K). Xy dng cc bng qun l cp pht khi h thng cp pht b nh theo yu cu cho P1 v P2 vi k thut phn on kt hp. Bit rng kch thc trang, khung trang l 100K v a ch bt u cp pht l 0K. P1 : S0(250K) 3 trang; S1(370K) 4 trang; S2(420K) 5 trang P2 : S0(180K) 2 trang; S1(470K) 5 trang JT 1200K (12 trang) 37000 (a ch SMT) 700K (7 trang) 42000 MMT P1 S0 S1 P1/s0/0 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 SMT P1 0 300K 1 400K 2 500K (0) (1) (2) P1/s2/1 P1/s0/1 P2/s0/0 P1/s1/1 P1/s1/0 P1/s0/2 P2/s1/4 P1/s2/0 P2/s1/0 P2/s0/1 P1/s1/2 P1/s2/3 P2/s1/1 P1/s1/3 P2/s1/2 P2/s1/3 P1/s2/2 P1/s2/4 B nh
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

p n

(0) PMT S0

0K B 100K F 200K B

0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4

0 3 8 7 6 13 17 10 2 20 15 22

(1) PMT S1

S2

(2) PMT S2

P2 S0 S1

0 1 0 1 2 3 4

SMT P2 0 200K 1 500K

(0) PMT S0

(0) (1) - 19 -

0 1

4 12

(1) PMT S1

0 1 2 3 4

11 16 18 19 9

Khng gian a ch 36 Cu hi V s bin i a ch logic thnh a ch vt l trong k thut phn on kt hp. Cho a ch bt u cp pht trong b nh l 0K, kch thc trang v khung trang l 100K. Cho bng phn on (SMT) v cc bng trang (PMT) ca P nh sau : SMT S 0 1 2 Kch thc 300K 400K 500K a ch (0) (1) (2) (0)PMT ca S0 0 5 1 4 2 1 (1)PMT ca S1 0 3 1 7 2 10 3 9 (2)PMT ca S2 0 8 1 2 2 6 3 15 4 12

Tnh a ch vt l tng ng vi cc a ch logic sau : s1 330K s2 230K p na ch logic c dng s d

s : s hiu phn on; d: di trong phn on S bin i a ch.

CP U

d
> =

SMT P s kt (*)

d f (*) PMT s p f
d

a ch vt l tng ng : - 20 -

s1

330K

s1 (1) PMT s1; kt = 400K > d = 330K; d(330K) mod 100K = 30K = d d(330K) div 100K = 3 = p t (1) PMT s1 v p = 3 f = 9 a ch vt l = 9*100K + d(30K) = 930K.

s2

230K

s2 (2) PMT s2; kt = 500K > d = 230K; d(230K) mod 100K = 30K = d d(230K) div 100K = 2 = p t (2) PMT s2 v p = 2 f = 6 a ch vt l = 6*100K + d(30K) = 630K. 37Cu hiTm li trang pht sinh khi s dng tht ton thay th trang LRU trn chui truy xut trang 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 0,1, 2 vi tng s khung trang l 3 v 5.p n S khung trang l 3 (* - li trang) 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 3 3 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * S khung trang l 5 (* - li trang) 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * * * * * * * 38Cu hiTm li trang pht sinh khi s dng tht ton thay th trang ti u trn chui truy xut trang 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 0,1, 2 vi tng s khung trang l 3 v 5.p n S khung trang l 3 (* - li trang) 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * S khung trang l 5 (* - li trang) - 21 -

4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 * * * * * * 39Cu hiTm li trang pht sinh khi s dng tht ton thay th trang FIFO trn chui truy xut trang 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 0,1, 2 vi tng s khung trang l 3 v 5.p n S khung trang l 3 (* - li trang) 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * S khung trang l 5 (* - li trang) 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * * * * * * * * 40Cu hiTrnh by t chc v cch qun l b nh o.p nT chc b nh o : HH ly 1 phn thit b lu tr (a cng) m phng nh l b nh, gi l b nh ph. B nh o bao gm b nh v b nh ph. Hin nay HH ch t chc b nh o trong k thut phn trang v phn on kt hp. Tt c cc trang ca 1 tin trnh c np vo cc khung trang ca b nh o. Ph thuc vo HH, c th cc trang tch cc (hot ng) c chuyn vo b nh thc thi, cc trang khng tch cc s c chuyn ra b nh ph. C th s dng thut Swapping chuyn cc khung trang gia b nh v b nh ph. M hnh np trang trong b nh o :

1 1

2 1 2

3 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 0

1 1 2 3 0

2 1 2 3 0

- 22 -

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B nh

0 1 2 3 4

KT Swapping

012 Khng gian /c B nh o B nh ph Cch qun l trang trong b nh o : b sung thm 1 bit qun l trang. gi tr bit = 1(i - invalid); trang trong b nh. 0(v- valid); trang trong b nh ph. V d sau minh ha cch qun l trang. 0 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E F PMT 0 i 1 v 2 i 3 i 4 v 5 i 0 1 3 2 2 5 A D C F 0 1 2 3 4 5

0B1E23

Khng gian /c

B nh

B nh ph

Chng 4: Qun l h thng tp tin (File system management). 41 Cu hi Tm tt t chc a mm 1.44 MB s dng FAT12 p n T chc a mm 1.44 MB s dng FAT12 Boot sector FAT Copy FAT Directory Entry Data

Boot sector : sector u tin ca a mm. Cha bng tham s a (BPB) v - 23 -

on m np cc file h thng ca HH. FAT : bng qun l cc khi (sector/cluster) trn a. Gm cc entry, mi entry di 12 bit, qun l 1 khi trn a. Copy FAT : bn copy ca FAT. Directory Entry : gm cc Entry. Mi Entry di 32 Byte cha thng tin v file / th mc lu tr trn a. Data : cha data ca file/th mc. 42 Cu hi p n Tm tt t chc 1 partition s dng FAT16. T chc partition s dng FAT16. Boot sector Cha s dng FAT Copy FAT Directory Entry

Boot sector : sector u tin ca a mm. Cha bng tham s a (BPB) v on m np cc file h thng ca HH. FAT : bng qun l cc khi (sector/cluster) trn a. Gm cc entry, mi entry di 16 bit, qun l 1 khi trn a. Copy FAT : bn copy ca FAT. Directory Entry : gm cc Entry. Mi Entry di 32 Byte cha thng tin v file / th mc lu tr trn a. Data : cha data ca file/th mc. 43 Cu hi p n Trnh by tng qut h thng lu tr tp tin I-node S dng Bitmap qun l khi Mi tp file/th mc chim 1 I-node c cu rc nh sau : I node I-node number Filename

- 24 -

44 Cu hi p n

Trnh by cch c chui FAT ca 1 tp tin trn a mm 1.44 MB. 1. c gi tr FAT12 (=f) u tin ca file trong Directory entry ca tp tin. 2. Tnh /c = (f*3) div 2. 3. - Nu /c c gi tr l, c 2 Byte bt u ti /c v ly gi tr 2 Byte ny dch phi 4 bit c gi tr FAT12 tip theo. - Nu /c c gi tr chn, c 2 Byte bt u ti /c v ly gi tr 2 Byte ny AND 0Fh c gi tr FAT12 tip theo. 4. t f = gi tr FAT12 va c. - Nu f = FFFh, kt thc. - Nu f <> FFFh quay li 2.

45 Cu hi

S Cu hi Cho tp tin c tn CVXX.TXT c di 5 khi. Cc khi ca tp tin lu tr Root h thng qun l ch s khi data cha trong khi data theo th t dn trong Directoy g 759813. V hnh minh ha. FA T1 2 qu n Data l kh - 25 -

Cho tp tin c tn CVXX.TXT c di 5 khi. Cc khi ca tp tin lu tr trong h thng qun l FAT12 theo th t 71051213. V hnh minh ha. 0CA15DFFF23CVXX.TXT456789AB p n CDEF FAT

Directory Entry ca CVXX.TXT CVXX.TXT 7

p n

S dng Bitmap qun l khi.

Bitmap

01111111111123CVXX.TXT4596758 D98ABCDNullEF
Directory Entry ca CVXX.TXT CVXX.TXT 7

Root Directoy

Data

- 26 -

Cu hi p n 48 Cu hi

Cho tp tin c tn CVXX.TXT c di 5 khi. Cc khi ca tp tin lu tr trong h thng qun l cc ch s khi data cha trong directory entry theo th t 10571312. V hnh minh ha.

Trnh by cc thao tc tng qut hin th ni dung ca mt tp tin trong Directory Entry ca CVXX.TXT FAT12 mc 0 BIOS 1111111111123CVXX.TXT456789A CVXX.TXT A 5 p n 1. S dng Int 13h c Boot sector. BCDEF 7 D C Bitmap 2. Xc nh sector bt u v di ca FAT, Root Directory. 3. S dng Int 13h c cc sector Root Directory v chia thnh cc phn, mi Rootdi 32 Byte. D tm tn tp tin trong cc phn ny. phn Directoy Nu tm thy tn tp tin 4. Nu khng tm thy, thng bo li v kt thc. 4. D tm chui FAT ca tp tin. 5. S dng Int 13h c cc khi Data tng ng vi chui FAT v hin th ni dung. 49 Cu hi Trnh by cc thao tc tng qut lit k ni dung ca 1 th mc th mc gc v khng cha th mc con trong FAT12 mc BIOS Data p n 1. S dng Int 13h c Boot sector. 2. Xc nh sector bt u v di ca FAT, Root Directory. 3. S dng Int 13h c cc sector Root Directory v chia thnh cc phn, mi phn di 32 Byte. D tm tn th mc trong cc phn ny. Nu tm thy tn th mc 4. Nu khng tm thy, thng bo li v kt thc. 4. D tm chui FAT ca th mc. 5. S dng Int 13h c cc khi Data tng ng vi chui FAT. 6. Chia cc khi Data thnh cc phn, mi phn di 32 Byte v in ra ni dung trong 11 Byte u tin ca cc phn. 50Cu hiV s tng qut 1 Master Boot Record trn a cng. Cho bit chc nng tng qut ca tng thnh phn.p nS v chc nng tng qut ca Master Boot Record Master Boot Code Partition Entry Table 1 Partition Entry Table 2 Partition Entry Table 3 Partition Entry Table 4 55AAh
0

Data on m xc nh Partition Active Np Boot sector Partition Active 1BE Mi Partition Entry Table di 16 Byte. 1CE Cha cc thng tin v partition
1DE 1EE 1FE

nh du kt thc Master Boot record

- 27 -

- 28 -