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ti: Mnh o nh l Lagrange v cc phn th d trong l thuyt nhm
TP H Ch Minh, 03/06/2011
I.
Tm phn th d chng minh chiu o nh l Lagrange khng ng. Chng minh mnh o ng trong lp nhm aben.
nh l Lagrange khng nh rng: nu l mt nhm con ca nhm hu hn th cp ca chia ht cp ca . Tuy nhin trong trng hp tng qut mnh o ca nh l Lagrange rng: nu l mt nhm hu hn cp v l mt c ca th c mt nhm con ca c cp l , khng cn ng na. y ta s nu mt phn th d chng minh mnh o khng ng v chng minh n ng khi l nhm aben. Trc tin ta cn nhc li v nh l Sylow: nh l Sylow[1]. Gi s l mt nhm hu hn v | |. Khi tn ti mt nhm con Sylow ca . l s nguyn t chia ht
Phn th d chng minh mnh o nh l Lagrange khng ng. Nhm thay phin c cp nhng khng cha nhm con cp
[2]
chng minh phn th d ny ta cn b sau: B 1. Nu Chng minh. Ta c l nhm con ca nhm * ghp tri bng nhau, tc l N u N u Do th th ta c . l nhm con ca v nn ( ) hay v c ch s l , th s lp ghp phi v lp + * + . , v l nhm con ca nhm v c ch s l th .
B c chng minh. By gi ta chng minh phn th d nu trn. Chng minh phn th d. Gi s ngc li, nhm thng th ( Nhng nu ) (v . l mt _chu trnh th c cp 3, tc l v l nhm con ca ). , suy ra c nhm con | | | c cp l . M c cp l , nn
c cp l |
. Do theo b trn ta c vi mi
l 8, l )( )( )( )( )
ln hn cp ca
(l 6), mu thun.
Chng minh mnh o nh l Lagrange ng khi Trc tin ta cn chng minh b sau. B 2. Gi s dng. Khi vi mi l Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng quy np theo .
Vi th ta chn l nhm n v c cp l . Do b ng vi . Vi th do nn tn ti phn t thuc . Theo nh l Lagrange th cp ca chia ht | | , nn sao cho | | . - N u th chn l nhm con cyclic c cp . N u th do nn ( ) . Ta chn . , suy ra l nhm con ca l l nhm con cyclic cp . Gi s mnh ng vi Theo gi thit quy np th nhm con ca v c cp l c nhm con || | cch chn trn th v c cp l | | |
. Khi v vi cp l . Suy ra .
nn theo nh
By gi ta chng minh mnh o ca nh l Lagrange ng khi aben hu hn bt k. Mnh o. Nu l nhm aben hu hn bt k cp nguyn dng ca , tn ti mt nhm con ca c cp l . Chng minh.
th vi mi c
Gi s tiu chun ca . l
| nn phn tch
Theo nh l Sylow, tn ti cc nhm con Sylow ca vi cp . Khi v nn theo b 2 th tn ti cc nhm con ca vi . M cp l l nhm con ca nn cng l nhm con ca v c cp l . Ta s chng minh v c cp l . v ) ( ) ( )( { | } l nhm con
ca
. Mt khc vi mi th do aben v ) ( )
nn
sao cho
iu ny chng t T ta c hay | | c
. c ng phn t,
v c cp l
. Mnh o ca nh l
II.
Tm phn th d chng minh nhm con ca nhm hu hn sinh khng hu hn sinh. Xt tp gm cc ma trn tam gic trn
( )
| (
( )
l cc s nguyn ) l tt c cc ma trn
nh ngha
c dng
1 * * 0 u * 1 0 0 u2 0 0 0
trong
* * * 1
; hoc ngc li
1 a1 a2 0 1 a3 0 0 1 0 0 0
trong ch c mt
0 a4 a5 1
(
( )
, cn nhng phn t (
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
a 0 0 1
Ta chng minh ( ) l nhm v hn sinh. Tht vy, gi s ngc li th ( ) phi c sinh bi mt s hu hn cc ma trn. Ta gi tp cc ma trn hu hn nh th l . Khi c mt s nguyn sao cho l mu s ln nht ca s hng trong s cc phn t ca tp . By gi ta ch rng cc ma trn trong ( ) sau y khng th sinh bi cc phn t ca :
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 p n1 0 0 1
Th nn ( ) l nhm v hn sinh. Vy ta thy rng ( ( ) ) l mt v d nhm hu hn sinh nhng c nhm con l tm nhm th v hn sinh[3].
III.
) nhng
Ta bit rng nu l nhm aben th vi mi ta c ( ) . Tuy nhin iu ngc li c ng khng, tc l nhm tha iu kin ( ) th nhm c l nhm aben khng. Ta s tm mt phn th d chng minh iu . Gi s l tp gm cc ma trn ( ( Khi ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
Tnh kt hp: hin nhin Phn t trung ha: (ma trn n v Phn t kh nghch:
V vi php ton nhn lp thnh mt nhm nn th . M theo nh ta kim tra c l th , nn ta suy ra ( Vy ta chng minh c nhm aben v ( )( ) ( ) v ( ) . Tuy nhin
khng phi l
)(
) (
( ) vi
xc nh nh trn tha
IV.
Tm phn th d chng minh nhm tha iu kin nguyn lin tip nhng khng l nhm aben. gm cc ma trn ging nh mc III. ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( (
) v i
Chn nhm
) )
Tht vy, mc III ta chng minh c vi mi ) ( ) nn ta suy ra v ( ( ) . Do ta cng suy ra c Vy ta chng minh c V cng nh mc III th . ( ) vi ( ) v ( )