CHNG I

NGUYEN LY RADAR HANG HAI

1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG

Radar la phng tien vo tuyen ien dung e phat hien va xac nh v tr cua muc tieu so vi tram radar . V vay radar c s dung rong rai trong ca lnh vc quan s va giao thong . ac biet la nganh ng bien va ng khong . Thuat ng RADAR la viet tac cua Radio Detection And Ranging , tc la dung song vo tuyen e xac nh phng v va khoang cach ti muc tieu . Du cac nguyen ly c ban cua radar c cac nhakhoa hoc Anh va My phat hien au tien trong chien tranh the gii th hai , viec dung tn hieu doi nh la mot thiet b hang hai khong phai la mot phat minh mi . Trc khi co radar , khi hanh hai trong sng mu gan b bien go ghe , tau thuyen co the thoi mot hoi coi , ban mot phat sung , hoac go chuong . Khoang thi gian t khi phat tn hieu am thanh en khi nhan c tn hieu phan hoi se ch ra khoang cach t tau ti b bien hoac vach a, ong thi hng nghe c tn hieu doi ve cung cho biet goc phng v tng oi (goc man ) cua b bien so vi tau . T khi ra i en nay , radar khong ngng c cai tien , ngay cang c hoan thien . Cung s phat trien cua cac nganh khoa hoc , c ng dung thanh tu ve t ong hoa , ky thuat ien , cung vi s phat trien ve vo tuyen ien t ; tnh nang ky thuat , khai thac va hoat ong cua radar c nang cao khong ngng . en nay vi tnh u viet cua no , tat ca cac loai tau hang hai tren bien eu trang b radar . Radar a cang ngay cang ngay i sau phuc vu i song . Vi can bo hang hai , e dan tau an toan can phai biet chnh xac v tr tau cua mnh va s chuyen ong tng quan vi cac muc tieu tren bien . Radar san sang cung cap nhng thong tin tren mot cach chnh xac va nhanh chongtrong khoang thi gian rat ngan e tranh va , xac nh v tr tau T nhng van e quan trong o , radar a tr thanh phng tien dan ng chu yeu va am bao an toan ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 1

cho tau khi hanh hai. ac biet la khi hanh hai ni co mat o tau thuyen ln , hanh hai ven b , trong sng mu , trong bang , trong em toi , khi tam nhn xa b han che ac biet loai radar phat xung c s dung hau het tren cac tau bien .

2. NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG

I-NGUYEN LY CHUNG : e o khoang cach, radar xung s dung nguyen ly nh sau: dung song ien t sieu cao tan (song radio) phat vao khong gian di dang xung radio va thu lai song phan xa t muc tieu tr ve. Cong thc tnh:
D= C *t 2

trong o: - D: khoang cach t radar en muc tieu - C: toc o truyen song (3*108 m/s) - t: thi gian truyen song (i va phan xa tr ve) Tnh chat cua song radio: - Lan truyen trong khong gian theo ng thang. - Toc o lan truyen khong oi: C = 3*108 m/s - Mang nang lng ln, gap muc tieu se phan xa tr ve. Mo ta nguyen ly chung cua radar theo s o khoi:
Kho i o ng bo Ma y pha t Anten

Kho i chuye n ma ch Kho i ch ba o Ma y thu

Dien giai: may phat tao ra 1 xung ien t sieu cao tan, qua chuyen mach, ti anten, bc xa vao khong gian. Xung radio gap muc tieu phan xa tr ve, qua mach vao may thu, qua bo khuech ai va sa oi tn hieu cho ta tn hieu quan sat c tren man hnh.

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II- NGUYEN LY RADAR XUNG : Radar c trang b cho nganh hang hai, hang khong la loai dung nguyen ly radar xung. Radar co nhiem vu phat hien va xac nh toa o muc tieu so vi tram radar. trong hang hai, toa o xac nh bang he toa o cc thong qua khoang cach va goc. 1- Xung ien: La ai lng bien thien nhanh theo 1 qui luat nhat nh (chu ky nhat nh), no c ac trng bi tan so f va bc song . Cong thc:
f = C

Hien nay xung ien dung trong radar co cac loai sau: - xung nhon - xung rang ca - xung vuong - xung sieu cao tan (xung radio) Cac ac trng cua xung radio bc xa vao khong gian i tham sat muc tieu: - chieu dai xung: x - chu ky lap xung: Tx Thong thng hien nay: - x = 0.01 3 s - Tx = 1000 4000 s Ta nhan thay rang x << Tx nen cung co the coi T x la khoang cach gia 2 xung. Vi xung radio hien nay thng s dung tan so f = 9400 Mhz ( = 3.2 cm). 2- Nguyen ly phat xung trong radar xung: Radar phat 1 xung radio trong thi gian x tham sat muc tieu, sau o ch xung phan xa tr ve mi phat xung tiep theo theo mot chu ky nhat nh la Tx. Radar phat song hng nao se thu song phan xa tren hng o. Do x << Tx nen cung co the coi Tx la thi gian thu xung. Tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu tr ve, qua anten, vao chuyen mach roi vao may thu, khuech ai, sa oi thanh tn hieu ien, a sang bo ch bao thanh tn hieu anh sang trong thay c tren mat ch bao v tr tng ng vi v tr ngoai thc a. e cho may phat, may thu va may ch bao hoat ong ong bo vi nhau, ngi ta tao ra cac xung ch th t khoi ong bo ieu khien toan tram radar. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 3

e anten co the dung chung cho ca bo phat va bo thu, ngi ta tao ra bo chuyen mach anten tach may phat va may thu phu hp luc phat va luc thu: - Ngat may thu khi may phat hoat ong (phat song), chong cong suat ln pha hong may thu. - Ngat may phat khi may thu hoat ong (thu song), am bao cong suat u ln e the hien thanh tn hieu muc tieu. 3- C cau hien anh cua radar: Trong radar s dung ong phong tia ien t CRT e the hien anh cac muc tieu. Gia s tai thi iem t 1 co tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu tr ve, sau khi bien oi se tao tren cathode tn hieu am hn bnh thng (tn hieu dng vao li ong phong tia ien t) tai thi iem o mat o cac tia ien t ban ve man hnh nhieu hn, lam iem sang sang hn len o chnh la anh cua muc tieu. Khi tia quet i qua, nh co lp lu quang nen iem sang van con lu lai. Mot muc tieu khac xa tam hn nen tn hieu ve sau (thi iem t2) nen anh xa tam hn. Anten va tia quet quay ong bo, ong pha. Muc tieu 1 nho, bup phat lt qua nhanh nen tn hieu phan xa tr ve nho anh tren man hnh nho. Gia s co muc tieu la 1 dai b, tn hieu phan xa tr ve la 1 dai sang lien tuc. Vay cac muc tieu nho thi gian song phan xa t nen anh the hien nho & ngc lai. e tia quet quay ong bo, ong pha vi anten, ngi ta tao ra co CRT 1 t trng xoay bang cach a vao cuon lai tia e t trng nay ieu khien tia quet quay ong bo, ong pha vi anten. e tia quet chuyen ong t tam ra bien, ngi ta tao ra xung rang ca a vao cuon lai tia e xung nay ieu khien cac tia ien t chuyen ong t tam ra bien. 4- Nguyen ly o khoang cach: Radar phat xung radio bat au t anten lan truyen vao khong gian tham sat muc tieu ong thi iem sang (tren tia quet) cung chay t tam ra bien man anh. Khi xung gap muc tieu phan xa tr ve th iem sang cung chay c 1 khoang tren ban knh cua man anh tng ng t le vi khoang cach ngoai thc te. Tai iem o, iem sang se sang hn len do co tn hieu cua muc tieu a vao cathode cua ong phong tia ien t. Nh vay song phan xa t muc tieu ve se gay 1 vung sang tren man hnh co hnh dang, kch thc phu thuoc hnh dang, kch thc cua muc tieu. Do o ch can nhn v tr vung sang tren man anh la co the xac nh c khoang cach thc te cua muc tieu ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 4

ngoai thc a. Muc tieu xa th om sang gan bien man anh, ngc lai muc tieu gan th om sang gan tam nan anh (v tr tau ta). o sang cua anh phu thuoc mc o phan xa cua muc tieu. Neu goi t la khoang thi gian t khi phat xung va cho en khi thu c song phan xa t muc tieu tr ve radar, th khoang cach t anten ti muc tieu se la:
D= C *t 2

trong o: - D: khoang cach t radar en muc tieu. - t: thi gian truyen song - C: van toc truyen song trong moi trng Ma t =
d C *d = k *d D= v 2v

trong o: d:khoang cach t tam en v tr iem sang tren man hnh v: toc o dch chuyen cua iem sang tren man hnh. Nh vay muon o khoang cach t tau ta ti muc tieu th ch can o khoang cach t tam man hnh ti anh muc tieu qua c cau bien oi t le. Cr 2D r Hn na: tmax = = v = 2D max C v Ngha la thang tam xa khac nhau th toc o tia quet cung khac nhau. Minh hoa ieu tren nh sau: gia s co 2 muc tieu 1 & 2 cung nam tren 1 ng phng v so vi tau ta. Khi o cac muc tieu 1 & 2 se co anh tng ng la I & II tren cung ng phng v tren man hnh. Cac khoang cach
max

d1 & d2 cua I & II so vi tam man hnh t le vi khoang cach D1 & D2 cua cac muc tieu 1 & 2 so vi radar trong thc te.
D2 d D1 I II II

d1 d2

5- Nguyen ly o goc: e o c goc man cua muc tieu, khi anten quay va phat song vao khong gian tham sat muc tieu, th tren man anh tia quet cung quay. Ngi ta thiet ke sao cho chung quay ong ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 5

I
1 1

II

2 2

pha va ong bo vi nhau, ngha la anten va tia quet co cung toc o quay, va khi bup phat trung mat phang truc doc tau th tia quet ch ung hng 00 tren mat ch bao. Radar phai cung luc bao quat c ca khu vc quanh tau, va am bao phan biet c tng muc tieu cac hng khac nhau khi chung khong nam dnh vao nhau. e thc hien ieu nay, ngi ta thiet ke sao cho anten quay tron 360 0 va co tnh nh hng song phat: anten radar bc xa song ien t vao khong gian co gian o phat hnh bup (goi la bup phat radar). ac trng cua bup phat la goc m ngang n va goc m ng , ngha la cac goc theo mat cat ngang va ng. Bup phat radar co n << e tap trung nang lng vao goc m ng ong thi am bao phat hien c cac muc tieu ngay khi tau lac. Thong thng: n = 005 30 = 200 300

Gia s co 2 muc tieu 1 & 2 co goc man tng ng 1,2 ngoai thc a nh hnh ve. Khi anten quay goc chup vao muc tieu 1 th tia quet tren man anh cung quay c goc 1. Do o anh cua muc tieu 1 cung nam tren ng thang hp vi mui tau goc bang goc man that 1 cua muc tieu. Tng t, vi muc tieu 2 ta cung xac nh c goc tren man anh bang goc man ngoai thc te 2 cua muc tieu.
1 1 2 2

Nh vay theo nguyen ly tren ta o c goc man cua muc tieu. o sang cua anh tren man hnh phu thuoc: - s tang, giam o sang (do ngi dung thay oi) - song phan xa, khoang cach ti muc tieu, thi tiet

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CHNG 2

THONG SO KHAI THAC & KY THUAT CUA RADAR

1. THONG SO KHAI THAC
1- Tam xa cc ai cua radar: (tam xa tac dung) Dmax Tam xa tac dung cua radar la khoang cach ln nhat ma trong gii han o radar co the phat hien c muc tieu, tc anh cua muc tieu con xuat hien u e quan sat tren man hnh. Muc tieu cang xa, tn hieu phan xa tr ve cang yeu. Muc tieu xa nhat la muc tieu co song phan xa ve anten yeu nhat ma bo thu cua radar con co kha nang khuech ai len u ln thanh tn hieu muc tieu. Tam xa cc ai tnh theo cong thc:
4 4.Px .G 2 a .S0 .(h1.h2 ) D max = Pth.min2 trong o: Px cong suat phat xung cua radar. Ga he so phat nh hng cua radar (=4/n. ) S0 be mat hieu dung cua muc tieu h1, h2 chieu cao cua anten va muc tieu Pth.min o nhay may thu - bc song Ta thay rang tam xa cc ai cua radar khong ch phu thuoc vao khoang cach nh san tren man anh ma con phu thuoc vao: - o nhay may thu - cong suat may phat - ieu kien moi trng - o cao anten va muc tieu - kch thc, hnh dang, cau tao cua muc tieu Hai hien tng chnh anh hng en Dmax: (a) ng chan tri radar: Do be mat trai at la hnh cau nen vi radar cung xuat hien hien tng ng chan tri nh oi vi th giac (tuy nhien trong ieu kien bnh thng, chan tri radar xa hn chan tri th giac khoang 6%). Neu muc tieu khong cao hn ng chan tri, song ien t phat i t radar khong the phan xa t muc tieu tr ve. 8

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Trong khi ta co the thay cac muc tieu thap gan th radar lai co the bat c cac muc tieu xa hn ma cao tren mat nc. Hn na, radar c lap at cang cao th cang tang kha nang phat hien muc tieu xa. Tuy nhien lap at anten qua cao se lam tang nhieu bien. Cong thc tnh Dmax trong thc te: Dmax = 2.2( h1 + h2 ) trong o: Dmax co n v tnh la dam h1, h2 co n v tnh la met (b)Tnh chat cua muc tieu: Nguyen tac chung la muc tieu cang ln cang de phat hien khoang cach ln. Tuy nhien neu muc tieu ln ma tnh phan xa lai yeu co the kho nhan biet hn muc tieu nho lai co tnh phan xa tot. Cau tao cua vo tau muc tieu co anh hng en tam xa phat hien. Mot con tau co vo bang kim loai se cho tn hieu phan xa tot, ngc lai vo tau bang go hay si thuy tinh se cho tn hieu phan xa yeu hn. Cac muc tieu thang ng nh vach nui, la cac muc tieu tot. Cac be mat nam ngang, phang nh bai bun, b cat la cac muc tieu xau v chung lam khuc xa song hn la phan xa song. Nhng tn hieu phan xa t cac cong trnh xay dng, cau cang la nhng tn hieu manh bi t phu thuoc vao s thay oi hnh dang. Chung co 3 mat rong, phang va vuong goc vi nhau; va ngi ta li dung cach sap xep nay oi vi cac phao radar e tang khoang cach nhan biet cua chung. 2- Tam xa cc tieu cua radar (vung chet cua radar): Dmin Tam xa cc tieu cua radar la khoang cach gan nhat t radar ti muc tieu ma radar con co kha nang nhan biet c muc tieu. oi vi nhng muc tieu nam khoang cach gan hn, radar khong co kha nang phat hien. Tam xa cc tieu cua radar phu thuoc chieu dai xung phat, chieu cao anten va . (a) Theo chieu dai xung phat x: Theo nguyen ly phat xung cua radar, th radar phat xung vi chieu dai x xong, ch song phan xa tr ve mi phat xung th 2. Neu co 1 muc tieu rat gan radar, khi may phat va t =0 phat xung xong th tn hieu phan xa cua muc tieu a t = /2 tr ve ti anten. Nh vay t = thi gian t khi phat en
1 1 1 x x

So ng pha n xa

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luc thu xung la x. Vi muc tieu qua gan anten, khi xung th nhat ti muc tieu va phan xa ve anten ma phan t cuoi cung cua xung phat cha ri khoi anten, tc la cha phat xong th may thu se khong thu c v bo chuyen mach ang ngat may thu. Mat khac do bo chuyen mach, may thu, chuyen ong cua ien t e chuyen t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac can khoang thi gian goi la thi gian i. Nh vay muc tieu gan nhat ma radar co the phat hien c co khoang cach: Dmin= C.(x + I) Thong thng: x = 0.3s i = 0.2s Do o Dmin = 75 m (b)Theo chieu cao anten va Bup phat co goc h m ng gii han, do o co 1 vung gan anten song ien t khong ti c nen khong phat hien c muc tieu. Dmin = h * cotg

/2

Dmin

Cach xac nh Dmin trong thc te: a radar vao hoat ong, e thang c li nho nhat, sau o dung 1 xuong (co the la xuong cu sinh) buoc day roi tha ra xa cho en khi bat c anh tren man hnh. Sau o dung day keo t t xuong lai gan tau, quan sat tren man anh radar ti khi nao anh cua xuong mat i. Khi o chieu dai day cong chieu dai xuong la Dmin.

3- o phan giai theo C A B khoang cach: o phan giai theo khoang c cach la kha nang phan biet a b gia anh cac muc tieu ng gan nhau hien trng tren cung phng v, tc la cac muc tieu tach ri nhau th anh cua chung khong b chap tren man anh cua radar. ieu kien phan giai theo khoang cach: Gia s muc tieu A va B gan nhau, khi phan t au tien t B phan xa ve en A ma phan t cuoi ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 9

cung phan xa t A cha ri khoi A th song phan xa cua 2 muc tieu se noi tiep nhau ve anten gay nen 1 vet sang cua ca 2 muc tieu tren man ch bao, v vay khong phan biet c anh cua 2 muc tieu nay. e anh cua 2 muc tieu khong trung nhau tren man hnh th khoang cach d gia chung phai la: C * x d> 2 Ngoai ra do iem sang tren mat may co kch thc nen o phan giai theo khoang cach phai am bao: C * x d *D D + a 2 0.5Dmax trong o: da: ng knh iem sang tren mat ch bao D: thang tam xa Dmax: ng knh man anh 4- o phan giai theo goc: o phan giai theo goc la kha nang phan biet gia anh cac muc tieu ng gan tren man hnh khi chung co cung khoang cach ti tam (tc la cac muc tieu ng gan nhau, co cung khoang cach ti radar ngoai thc te). Trng hp 2 muc tieu co cung khoang cach ti radar va nam gan nhau, anh cua chung tren man hnh b chap lam mot. ieu kien phan giai theo goc: Neu 2 muc tieu co cung khoang cach ti radar, goc kep gia chung vi radar ng th anh cua chung la 1 vet sang noi lien nhau do tn hieu phan xa ve ke tiep nhau, khong phan biet c. e anh cua 2 muc tieu nay khong trung nhau th goc kep gia chung: 0 > ng Ngoai ra o phan giai theo goc con phu thuoc vao ng knh iem sang va khoang cach t tam man hnh ti anh muc tieu. 0 > ng + 57.3da/D

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A B

B ab a b

[ ng

> ng

2 . THONG SO KY THUAT
1- Chieu dai bc song : Ngi ta chon bc song (tng ng tan so f = C/) sao cho thoa man cac yeu cau: song truyen thang, tap trung nang lng vao 1 bup phat hep, co kha nang nh hng cao va loai bo c anh hng cua cac yeu to kh tng thuy van. ong thi e cho song co the mang u nang lng i xa th trong chieu dai xung phat x phai co t 300 500 dao ong toan phan. Tuy nhien e tang o phan giai theo khoang cach th phai giam x tc giam (tang f). Radar ngay nay dung song co bc song cm, truyen thang toan bo oi vi muc tieu ln. Thng co 3 loai bc song: = 10 cm = 3.2 cm = 0.8 cm Bc song dai th tam tac dung ln song o phan giai kem, trai lai bc song ngan co tam tac dung nho nhng lai phan giai tot hn. V vay tuy tng loai radar ma che tao theo bc song phu hp. Hien nay radar dung chu yeu bc song 3.2 cm tc co tan so 9400 Mhz. 2- Chieu dai xung phat x:

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Vi cac loai radar khac nhau, se co x khac nhau. x cang ln th nang lng cua xung ti muc tieu cang ln, tang tam xa tac dung nhng giam o phan giai, tang ban knh vung chet. Ngc lai, x nho, tam xa tac dung nho, giam ban knh vung chet nhng o phan giai tot hn. Ngay nay radar c san xuat vi 2 che o xung dai va ngan, tuy thang tam xa va yeu cau thc te hang hai ma chuyen che o xung phat cho phu hp. Ngi ta tao ra cong tac chuyen oi che o PULSE SWITCH vi 2 che o LONG va SHORT (vi mot so may cua Nhat th 2 che o nay la NORMAL va NARROW) Thong thng x = 0.01 3 s 3- Chu ky lap xung Tx. Tan so lap xung Fx = 1/Tx: Chu ky lap xung la khoang thi gian gia 2 lan phat xung ke tiep, tan so lap xung la lng xung xuat hien trong mot n v thi gian, phu thuoc vao toc o quay cua anten. e thu c song phan xa t muc tieu xa nhat ( thang c li ang s dung) th trong thi gian thu xung: Tx 2Dmax/C (do x << Tx nen co the coi Tx la thi gian thu xung)
Fx C 2 * Dmax

Ngoai ra e anh muc tieu luon hien ro va tot tren man hnh, phai am bao trong 1 vong quay cua anten phai co t 8 12 xung ap vao muc tieu (gia tr 8 12 xung c goi la Nmin). Vay tan so lap xung toi thieu: Fxmin = 6Nmin* n / ng Nh vay tan so lap xung e phat hien muc tieu D max la: 6Nmin * n / ng Fx C / 2Dmax trong o: n: toc o quay cua anten (vong / phut) N: so xung ap vao muc tieu trong mot vong quay cua anten Tan so lap xung cua cac radar hien nay: F x = 400 3200 xung / giay 4- Cong suat phat xung: Cong suat phat xung Px la cong suat may phat phat i trong thi gian x.
x
P

Px

x Cong suat trung bnh Ptb cua may phat trong ca chu ky Tx.

Px =

Pdt
0

Ptb x
t

Tx

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Do o:

Ptb * Tx = Px * x
Ptb = Px * x Tx

5- o nhay may thu Pth.min: o nhay may thu la cong suat nho nhat phan xa t muc tieu tr ve ma may thu con co kha nang khuech ai len a sang may ch bao the hien thanh anh tren man hnh. o nhay may thu tnh theo cong thc: Pth.min = N * q * K * f * T Trong o: N: he so tap am q: he so phan giai K: hang so Bozman (= 1.38 * 10-3 J/o) f: o rong dai lot (dai thong) T: nhiet o tuyet oi ni thu (0K) Trong may thu, Pth.min cang nho, o nhay cang tot, radar cang co kha nang khuech ai tn hieu muc tieu xa. Mot so cach e tang o nhay may thu: - Giam he so tap am N: thay linh kien ien t bang linh kien ban dan - Giam o rong dai lot f - Giam he so phan giai q. 6- o rong dai lot (dai thong) f Dai thong la khoang tan so ma trong o may thu thu c tn hieu: f = (0.8 1.2) / x 1 / x 7- He so nh hng cua anten Ga: ai lng nay ac trng cho kha nang tap trung nang lng bc xa ve 1 pha (trong 1 bup phat) cua anten radar. He so nay phu thuoc vao goc m cua bup phat ( ng va ). Ga = 4 / (ng * ) oi vi anten khe co chieu dai l, o rong d th ng va tnh theo: ng = 70 / l = 70 / d 8- Toc o vong quay cua anten: n (vong / phut) Toc o thng c thiet ke trong cac loai anten hien nay la 18 30 vong / phut. Thong thng hay dung n = 22 24 vong / phut.

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CHNG 3

MUC TIEU RADAR , CAC LOAI ANH AO TREN MAN ANH RADAR , ANH HNG CUA MOI TRNG TI TAM TAC DUNG CUA RADAR

1. MUC TIEU RADAR

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1- Muc tieu rieng biet: La nhng muc tieu nam rieng biet vi nhau, anh cua chung la nhng iem sang rieng biet tren man hnh. ieu kien e co muc tieu rieng biet: C * x d *D + - o phan giai theo khoang cach: D 2 0.5 Dma o phan giai theo goc: 0 ng + 57.3
d D

2- Muc tieu nhom: La cum muc tieu khong phan biet c ve goc va khoang cach. Nhng muc tieu nay tren man anh se chap lai vi nhau khong phan biet c. Trong trng hp nay, e kh ta ha thang tam xa va chuyen sang che o phat xung ngan. 3- Muc tieu khoi: Hien tng nay do cac am may huyen phu, may tch ien gay ra. Anh cac muc tieu nay tren man anh tng oi ln, bien m va bien oi theo thi gian. e phan biet, da vao tnh chat quan trong nhat la hnh anh co o ln thay oi theo thi gian va ha thang tam xa xuong.

2. PHAN XA SONG RADIO VA KHUC XA D THNG

Tat ca moi vat co tnh chat khac vi tnh chat cua moi trng truyen song va nam tren ng lan truyen cua song ien t, khi co tac dung cua ien t trng se xay ra hien tng xuat hien dong ien cao tan. Nguon nang lng th cap nay se bc xa nang lng ngc tr lai ve pha nguon phat. S phan xa nay phu thuoc vao kch thc vat the so vi bc song . 1- Phan xa gng: Xay ra theo nh luat quang hnh (goc ti = goc phan xa). Muon vay be mat phan xa (be mat vat the) phai nhan va vat the phai co kch thc ln hn nhieu so vi . oi vi nhng vat the nh vay, nang lng tr ve radar ln nen anh cua muc tieu ro net hn. 2- Phan xa phan ky:

Pha n xagng

______________________________________________________________________ Pha n xapha n ky 15 Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- ---------------------------------------

Hien tng nay xay ra oi vi cac vat the co kch thc ln hn rat nhieu so vi nhng co be mat go ghe. Trng hp nay nang lng phan xa tr ve nho va anh muc tieu tren man hnh m nhat. 3- Phan xa cong hng: Hien tng nay xay ra oi vi cac vat the co kch thc bang hoac xap x . Trng hp nay vat the b kch thch, song phan xa tr lai rat manh, anh muc tieu ro net tren man hnh nhng khong ben do t khi gap nhng vat the co kch thc nho nh vay. 4- Khuc xa vong: oi vi nhng vat the co kch thc nho hn , song radio se i qua vat the ma khong tr lai. 5- Hien tng khuc xa thap: sub-refraction Trong nhng ieu kien kh quyen ac biet, ch so khuc xa co the thay oi lam cho s bc xa song se khuc xa len tren hoac xuong di hn bnh thng. Hien tng khuc xa thap thng xay ra v o cao khi 1 khoi kh lanh thoi ti 1 be mat nong. Khi o nhiet o giam nhanh theo o cao so vi ieu kien bnh thng, con o am co the tang theo o cao. Do o mc suy giam ch so khuc xa (theo o cao) thap hn bnh thng, lam chum tia radar cong len. Mc o suy giam cang chenh lech so vi ieu kien bnh thng th chum tia cang b be cong nhieu hn, v vay tam xa tac dung cua radar b giam.
ng bien thien he so khuc xa trung bnh trung bnh
khuc xa thap

cao

nhanh cham

6- Hien tng khuc xa cao: super-refraction Hien tng nay la chum tia radar b be cong xuong di nhieu hn so vi ieu kien kh quyen bnh thng. No xay ra sau khi khong kh thoi qua 1 vung at nong lai thoi ti 1 vung bien lanh hn. Chenh lech nhiet o gia khong kh va bien cang ln th hien tng nay cang de xay ra. Hien tng nay thng xay ra vung lan can at lien vung nhiet i. No cung co the xay ra trong vung bien co gio mau dch. Anh hng cua hien tng nay la tam xa tac dung cua radar se ln hn mc bnh thng. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 16

Trng hp song b khuc xa nhieu hn na, no ap vao mat bien roi phan xa len tren, sau o lai uon cong xuong mat bien. C nh vay chum tia radar se men theo be cong cua trai at lam tam xa tac dung tang len rat nhieu. Trng hp khuc xa cao hiem hoi nay coi nh chum tia radar c dan trong ong dan va gii han trong ong dan o, goi la hien tng ong dan.

3. CAC LOAI ANH AO TREN MAN ANH RADAR

Thong thng anh ao hien tren man hnh nhng ni khong co muc tieu. trong mot so trng hp co the lam giam hay mat anh tren hng o. 1- Anh ao do phan xa nhieu lan. Khi tau ta i gan cac muc tieu ln phan xa song tot, th song phan xa qua lai gia tau va muc tieu nhieu lan dan ti ngoai anh A nh tha t that ra con co 1 hoac nhieu anh ao nam pha sau anh that. ac iem cac anh ao nay la cach xa tam va nho dan, anh that nam gan tam va ln nhat. Cac anh nay nam tren cung 1 hng va cach eu nhau. Tn hieu phan xa nhieu lan co the giam hay loai bo bang cach giam o khuech ai hay chnh ung A/C SEA. 2- Anh ao do bup phat phu: Moi khi bo phan quet quay, mot vai nang lng bc xa se Bu p pha t phu vt ra khoi gii han cua bup phat c goi la cac bup phat phu. Neu co 1 muc tieu xuat hien ni A nh tha t ma bup phat chnh cung nh bup Mu c tie u phat phu phat hien c no, cac tn hieu do bup phat phu gay nen se xuat hien 2 ben anh that cung 1 khoang cach ti tau. Cac bup phat phu thng ch anh hng khoang cach ngan va t cac muc tieu cho song phan xa manh. Ta co the giam hay loai bo bang cach giam o khuech ai hay chnh ung A/C SEA. 3- Anh do phan xa th cap: Neu gap nhng muc tieu phan xa tot nh e chan song, cau th song t radar ap vao cac muc tieu o roi phan xa ti
Va t pha n xa th ca p

A nh a o

A nh tha t Ta u ta

Man anh chuyen ______________________________________________________________________ ong that Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 17

cac muc tieu khac. Ti gap muc tieu sau nay no lai phan xa ve muc tieu 1, sau o mi phan xa tr ve anten. Nh vay tn hieu phan xa sau khi phan hoi t muc tieu se ve anten bang con ng gian tiep. Khi o tren man hnh se xuat hien anh ao cua muc tieu th 2, co cung hng vi be mat phan xa va co khoang cach ti tau khac so vi tn hieu phan xa trc tiep, cach be mat phan xa vi khoang cach t muc tieu that ti be mat nay. Anh ao nay khong xac nh, khi v tr tng oi gia tau ta va muc tieu thay oi th anh nay mat. 4- Anh ao do nhieu giao thoa: Neu tau ta i gan tau khac ma tren tau o co radar ang hoat ong co cung tan so vi radar tau ta th nhieu do radar tau o gay nen oi vi tau ta la nhng ng cong t net chay t tam ra bien man anh. e kh nhieu nay, tren radar co nut IR (Interference rejection). 5- Anh cua may: Khi tau chay trong vung co thi tiet xau, tri co nhieu may thap, khi bat radar th tren man hnh cung bat c anh cua chung do chum bup phat cung chup vao cac am may va cac am may nay cung phan xa tn hieu song radar ve anten. Anh cua chung la nhng am sang troi bong benh khong co nh. e giam anh do may ta giam thang tam xa.

4. ANH NHAN TAO

1- Anh cua RAMARK: RAMARK la 1 muc tieu nhan tao, 1 43 thc chat la 1 tram phat song lien tuc co bc song tng ng bc song lam viec cua radar. Khi tau i ngang khu vc co lap at Ramark th radar se nhan c song cua tram nay. Tren radar xuat hien nhng ng xuyen tam keo dai t tam ra bien man anh. Cac ng nay co the la chuoi cac net t, chuoi cac cham hay chuoi hon hp. Nhng ng nay i qua v tr Ramark, co o rong 10 30. Do o radar ch xac nh c phng v ti tram Ramark ma thoi. Cac tram nay thng lap at nhng khu vc nhieu tau qua lai hay gan nhng vung hanh hai nguy hiem nh bai ngam, bai can hay nhng muc tieu xung quanh ma radar kho phat hien.
0 0

2-

Anh cua RACON:

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 18

Racon la 1 tram thu phat song, phat ra 1 dau hieu de phan biet khi c khi ong bi xung en t radar. Ta u ta RACON Khi song radar truyen ti anten cua Racon th tram nay thu tn hieu o ong thi phat ngay tn hieu cua mnh tren cung tan so vi radar. Tn hieu Racon hien tren man hnh la 1 ng xuyen tam co goc la 1 iem nam ngay ben ngoai phao tieu radar, hoac la tn hieu ma Morse c the hien xuyen tam ngay t pha ngoai phao tieu. Tram Racon cho biet khoang cach va phng v t tau ta en tram. Khi m cac mach FTC hay IR nhng dau hieu cua tram Racon co the mat. 2- Anh cua SART: SART la phng tien chnh trong GMDSS dung xac nh v tr tau thuyen ang gap nan. No hoat ong dai tan so SART 9 Ghz, phat ra tn hieu khi c khi ong bi song ti t ra t ga n bat ky radar nao ang hoat SART xa ta u khoa ng 1 Nm ong tren tau hay tren may bay dai tan so nay. Tren man hnh, anh cua no la nhng cham, bat au t v tr cua tram SART, keo dai theo ng phng v, khoang cach gia cac cham la 0.6 nm. e de phan biet, nen s dung thang tam xa 6 12 nm. Khi tau cu ho en gan SART khoang cach 1 nm th cac cham chuyen thanh cac cung tron, va tham ch khi qua gan SART chung se bien thanh cac ng tron e bao cho tau cu ho biet va x ly.

5. TAM XA TAC DUNG CUA RADAR

1- Tam xa tac dung cua radar khi khong co tac ong cua moi trng: ay ta bo qua anh hng cua cac yeu to khong kh, mat nc va song i thang t radar ti gap muc tieu phan xa tr ve. Gia s radar phat vi cong suat P x, khoang cach t radar ti muc tieu la D. Neu radar phat khong nh hng th mat o cong suat tai v tr co khoang cach D la: Px M = 4 .D 2 trong o 4D2 la dien tch mat cau tam la tau ta, ban knh D

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 19

Do anten phat co nh hng vi he so nh hng G a nen cong suat tai muc tieu la: P *G P1 = M * Ga = x 2a 4D Goi S0 la be mat hieu dung cua muc tieu. Cong suat phat t muc tieu phan xa tr lai anten la: P * Ga * S 0 P2 = P1 * S 0 = x 4D 2 Tai v tr anten thu c cong suat: P *G * S 1 P3 = P2 * = x 2a 2 0 2 4D 16 D Goi A0 la be mat hieu dung cua anten, trong o: Ga * 2 A0 = 4 Khi o cong suat au vao may thu: Px * Ga2 * S 0 * 2 Pth = P3 * A0 = 43 * 3 * D 4

Px * Ga2 * S 0 * 2 D=4 4 3 * 3 * Pth Muc tieu cang xa (D tang) th P th cang nho, ti 1 luc nao o tng ng Pth.min (ng vi Dmax), cuoi cung ta co tam xa tac dung cua radar khi khong co tac dung cua moi trng la:
Dmax = 4
vi Pth.min = N.q.f.k.T 2- Tam xa tac dung cua radar khi co tac dung cua moi trng: ay xet khi song truyen t anten ti mat nc, sau o phan xa ti muc tieu cung vi song truyen trc tiep t anten ti muc tieu. Goi E0 la cng o ien trng thu c tai v tr cua muc tieu do song truyen trc tiep, Ep la cng o ien trng thu c tai v tr muc tieu do phan xa. Ngi ta chng minh c: Ep = .E0 Trong o la he so phan xa. Khi o ien trng tong cong tai v tr muc tieu: ET = E0 + Ep = (1 + ).E0 at 1 + = & ET = &.E0 Vi &: la he so giao thoa gia song truyen trc tiep va song phan xa. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 20

Px * G a2 * S 0 * 2 64 3 * Pth. min

Tai v tr cua muc tieu, neu ien trng tong ET cang ln th tam xa tac dung cua radar cang ln. Neu ch co ien trng E 0 th tam xa tac dung la D max. Trong trng hp xet ti anh hng cua moi trng, ien trng thu c tai v tr muc tieu la ET. Khi o, ta co tam xa tac dung la Dmax: Dmax = &.Dmax Xac nh & theo cong thc: 4 * h1 * h2 = ' * Dmax Do o:

' max

4 4.Px .S0 .G 2 a .(h1.h2 ) Pth. min.2

6. ANH HNG CUA VUNG CHET VUNG MU VUNG RAM GOC CHET
1- Vung mu (re quat mu) : La vung b cac cau truc cua tau nh ong khoi, can cau che khong cho song cua radar vt qua dan ti toan bo khu vc pha sau cac cau truc o khong nhan c song radar. Do o radar khong phat hien c cac muc tieu nam trong khu vc o.
Vu ng mu Mu c tie u Co t che Vu ng ra m

2- Vung ram: La vung cung do anh hng cua cac cau truc tren tau nen song radar bc xa rat yeu, dan ti viec la radar luc phat hien c luc khong phat hien c cac muc tieu nam trong khu vc o. 3Goc chet: Do tau ta i gan nhng vat the hay muc tieu co kch thc ln ngan khong cho song radar vt qua dan ti radar khong phat hien c cac muc tieu nam sau vat the o. Goc b ngan bi muc tieu ma radar khong phat hien c goi la goc chet. 3- Vung chet: La 1 vung nam xung quanh tau ma bup phat anten khong chup xuong c, nen radar khong phat hien c cac muc tieu nam trong vung o.

Go c che t

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 21

oi vi moi con tau, ta can xac nh c vung chet, vung ram, vung mu e t o khi dung radar can phai chu y ti nhng vung nay. Viec xac nh vung mu va ram thng da vao song bien. Vung nao khong co tn hieu nhieu la vung mu, vung nao tn hieu nhieu yeu la vung ram. Con vung chet th xac nh bang phng phap theo doi anh cua xuong. Khi xac nh cac yeu to tren nen xac nh tren thang tam xa nho nhat.

CHNG 4

MAY PHAT RADAR

ay phat radar co nhiem vu tao ra dao ong sieu cao tan co cong suat u ln, o dai x va chu ky Tx nhat nh tng ng vi cac thang tam xa khac nhau e bc xa vao khong gian. Hien nay, ngi ta thng thiet ke radar co x = 0.01 3 s, tan so lap xung = 400 3200 , ng vi cong suat xung nh la 10 kw oi vi thang tam gan , 25 kw oi vi thang tam xa. S o khoi may phat:

Bo ie u che xung vuo ng

sie u cao ta n

dao o ng

Bo ta o

Chuye n ma ch

Tx

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 22

Xung t bo khi ong en khi ong bo ieu che Bo ieu che (co kem theo bo tien ieu che) se tao ra 1 xung vuong co be rong e a vao cathode cua en magnetron. o rong xung nay tuy thuoc vao thang tam xa va v tr cua cong tac chieu dai xung. en magnetron la bo phan chu yeu trong may phat, tao ra cac xung radio sieu cao tan. en hoat ong trong khoang thi gian tac ong cua x tao dao ong co tan so f = 9400 Mhz trong thi gian x (co khoang 300 500 dao ong hnh sin). Xung nay c a vao ong dan song, qua chuyen mach anten, ti anten va bc xa ra khong gian.

1.Bo ieu che xung: Bo ieu che xung co nhiem vu tao ra 1 xung cao ap khi co xung khi ong a ti. Xung cao ap nay co o dai x va co chu ky Tx nhat nh e a sang bo tao song sieu cao

Ha n che

Tch na ng Magnetron

Ch nh lu

Trigger

a o ma ch

Pha n do ng

tan. bo nay co cong tac PULSE SWITCH e chuyen oi chieu dai xung phat. S o khoi: S o khoi bo ieu che xung - Bo chnh lu cao ap: cung cap ien 1 chieu (t 10 20 Kv) cho mach ieu che. - Bo han che: han che bt bien o dong ien cao ap, gi cho ien ap bo tch nang on nh. - Bo ao mach: Khi cha co xung khi ong (trigger) ti se khong hoat ong. Dong 1 chieu cao ap se qua bo han

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 23

che, tch nang va phan dong e nap nang lng cho bo tch nang. Khi co xung khi ong ti, bo ao mach se hoat ong. Nang lng t bo tch nang qua ao mach ti en magnetron. en hoat ong sinh ra song sieu cao tan. Luc nay bo phan dong khong cho dong ien chay qua do xung ien qua nhanh. - Bo phan dong: phan dong cho nhanh, gom cuon cam va tu ien. - Bo tch nang: tch tr nang lng cung cap cho tai. Can c vao bo tch nang ngi ta phan loai bo ieu che: + Dung tu tch nang. + Dung t tch nang. + Dung ng day tch nang. Lu y: - Xung khi ong a en bo ao mach ong thi cung a en bo ch bao e khi ong tia quet chay t tam ra bien. - Cong tac chuyen oi xung phat PULSE SWITCH: ng vi cac thang tam xa khac nhau se phat xung co chieu dai phu hp. Muon xung dai th lam sao cho bo tch nang phong ien cham va ngc lai. 1- Bo tao dao ong sieu cao tan: Bo nay nhan xung vuong co chieu dai x, tan so lap xung Fx t bo ieu che: tao xung sieu cao tan cong suat ln co o dai xung x, tan so lap xung Fx a vao ong dan song. Dung cu tao dao ong sieu cao tan chu yeu la en magnetron co nguyen ly giong en ien t 2 cc, song mac gia anode va cathode 1 mach dao ong ac biet goi la hoc cong hng. Ngi ta at t trng co ng sc song song vi mach anode va cathode, vuong goc vi ien trng anode va cathode. Hoc cong hng tng ng vi mach cong hng co tan so cong hng vi tan so

Anode

Ca nh a m ma y ie n t Cathode K A S

Ea - +

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 24

dao ong sieu cao tan, thanh thang tng ng vi tu, phan quay tng ng vi cuon day. Cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua en magnetron: Cau tao en Magnetron Anode c lam bang ong hnh tru, tren o co khoet 1 so chan cac hoc cong hng. Cac hoc cong hng nay c thong vi khoang ben trong cua anode bi cac khe hep vuong goc. Cathode, ben trong, cung co hnh tru va la loai c ot gian tiep. e tang cng s bc xa ien t cathode, tren be mat cua cathode ngi ta phu 1 lp oxit. Khoang gia anode va cathode c hut chan khong. Tat ca c boc kn va c at trong t trng cua nam cham vnh cu NS. Nam cham vnh cu nay c che tao ac biet e tao ra cng o t trng ln. Cathode ban ra cac ien t khi b nung nong. Neu bo nam cham vnh cu NS th he thong giong en ien t 2 cc, cac ien t sau khi thoat khoi cathode se ban thang ve anode di tac dung cua ien trng E. Nhng do co t trng cua nam cham, quy ao cua cac ien t b thay oi. Chung chuyen ong theo ng xoan oc ve pha anode. S chuyen ong nay phu thuoc vao o ln cua t trng H: - Khi H = 0 (khong co nam cham): cac ien t ban thang ve anode - Khi H < Hti han: cac ien t chuyen ong ap vao anode khong tr ve. - Khi H = Hti han: cac ien t chuyen ong tiep xuc vi anode roi tr ve. - Khi H > Hti han: cac ien t chuyen ong khong ti anode a quay ngc tr ve. Cac ien t chuyen ong theo ng cong ti sat anode roi bat ngc tr lai cathode tao thanh nhng am may ien t (rotor ien t) hnh canh sao (so lng canh sao = so lng hoc cong hng). Cac rotor ien t kch thch cac ien t tren be mat anode. Cac ien t nay se chuyen ong gay ra cac dao ong sieu cao tan vi rat nhieu tan so, trong o co tan so f ma ta mong muon. Neu anode c noi vi khung dao ong LC th ta lay ra c cac dao ong o. Nhng thc te cac dao ong o la cac dao ong sieu cao tan nen ngi ta phai thay khung dao ong LC bang cac hoc cong hng, cong hng vi tan so f mong muon. Muon a c cac dao ong sieu cao tan nay ra ong dan song ngi ta lay bat c 1 hoc nao bang moc ghep. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 25

Cach mac en magnetron vao mach: en magnetron c at vao vi xung ieu che t 10 20 kv e tao ien trng xoay chieu sieu cao tan. Vay e am bao an toan, ngi ta khong a trc tiep xung dng vao anode ma cho anode noi at va a xung am vao cathode. Co 2 cach mac: + Mac trc tiep: a thang xung ieu che vao cathode. + Mac gian tiep: a xung ieu che vao cathode thong

Tr c tie p

Gia n tie p

qua 1 bien ap. Cach mac en magnetron vao mach . ien ap ot U khoang 6.3V . Do en hoat ong ien the rat cao va cong suat ln t 10 25 kw, v vay ngi ta phai dung quat gio e lam mat cho en. . Tu C co nhiem vu dap tia la ien. . Khoa K co nhiem vu ngat ra sau khi en hoat ong 1 thi gian. Lu y oi vi may phat: - Do ien ap at vao cathode va anode cua en magnetron rat ln nen e am bao an toan ngi ta noi anode tiep at va at ien ap am vao cathode. Xung t bo ieu che vao en magnetron la xung am. - Do s ban pha cua cac ien t len anode nen 1 phan nang lng ien tr thanh nang lng nhiet, do vay anode b ot nong. V vay ngi ta lam mat en magnetron bang cac la toa nhiet, bang quat gio Khi bat radar sang che o phat, nghe tieng rao rao trong may la do bo lam mat lam viec. Neu bo phan nay khong hoat ong th en nong, dong tang ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 26

len, bo phan bao ve en se t ngat. Cong tac thng at trong mach nay (OVERLOAD) se nhay sang v tr OFF. Tam tac dung cua radar ln hay nho phu thuoc vao s lam viec cua en magnetron tot hay xau. V vay yeu cau en phai hoat ong on nh nen tren mat may co cong tac kiem tra va ch bao cua en magnetron. en phai hoat ong ung quy trnh, phai co thi gian cho en chuan b trc khi phat. Khi a ieu chnh tat ca cac num nut v tr thch hp e co anh ro net ma anh van m, ngha la en magnetron phat xa yeu. Tren phng dien s dung va bao quan, en magnetron hoat ong theo nguyen ly ien va t, nen khong c lam mat hay anh hng en nguon t cua en. Cac radar hien nay eu s dung en magnetron e tao dao ong sieu cao tan. o la en tao dao ong theo nguyen tac co ien nen can co thi gian ot nong cathode. Khi tn hieu bao radar a san sang ta mi bat radar sang che o phat xung. mot so tau trong tai ln, ngi ta thng lap them radar co che o khan cap EMERGENCY. Khi s dung che o nay radar co the hoat ong c ngay ma khong can thi gian chuan b. Tuy nhien khong nen li dung chc nang nay v se gay hai cho radar. Neu tren man hnh, anh cua cac muc tieu thang ng, phang nh: e chan song, cau cang, b bien dang, th co ngha co s khong ong bo gia may ch bao va may phat va can phai kiem tra lai.

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 27

CHNG 5

ANTENNA RADAR HANG HAI

1- Yeu cau: Antenna radar la thiet b phat song radio va thu song phan xa tr ve a vao ong dan song, la loai antenna nh hng, lap at tren tau thoa man cac yeu cau sau: - Phai quet tron 3600 va chup nang lng xuong mat bien. - Tao ra bup phat co tnh nh hng cao, am bao kha nang phan giai theo goc va theo khoang cach, loai c cac bup phat phu neu nang lng bup phat phu nho hn 1% bup phat chnh. - Toc o quay cua antenna sao cho trong 1 vong quay cua antenna phai co t nhat 10 12 xung ap vao muc tieu (n = 22 24 vong / phut) - Be mat hieu dung cua antenna phai u ln e am bao tam xa tac dung cua antenna. - Dai lot phai u ln e thu tat ca cac tn hieu phan xa tr ve. - Chieu cao antenna phai u ln e tang tam xa nhng khong qua ln se lam tang ban knh vung chet. ong thi bo tr sao cho tranh c anh hng cua cac dung cu nghi kh hang hai, cot c, can cau e giam vung ram vung mu. - Phai gon nhe, o ben c hoc cao, chu c song gio. e co tnh nang tren ngi ta che tao 2 loai antenna: antenna parabol va antenna khe. Thc te hien nay tren tau ch dung antenna khe, antenna parabol ch dung cho radar b. 2- Cac thong so chnh cua antenna: - Thong so gian o phat: ac trng bi ng va bieu hien s phu thuoc cng o ien trng hoac mat o cong suat vao cac hng khi phat. - He so nh hng G: kha nang tap trung nang lng ve 1 hng. Neu bup phat cang hep th kha nang phan biet cang tot, o chnh xac nh hng cao va con co tac dung tang tam xa tac dung, giam nhieu xa t cac hng vao antenna. - He so hieu dung: la t so nang lng co ch / nang lng phat. - He so khuech ai: he so hieu dung * he so nh hng.

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Toc o quay cua antenna : am bao 20 30 vong / phut.

3- Mot so chu y khi s dung : - Nang lng bc xa t antenna la nang lng sieu cao tan co anh hng en sc khoe, khi antenna quet khong nen nhn vao antenna. - Khong sn vao mat bt nc cua loa bc xa. - Antenna phai kn nc - Trong khi lap at phai chu y ti khoang cach an toan vi la ban t va la ban ien theo hng dan cua nha san xuat. 4- Mot so thiet b: (1)Cap ong truc: Nang lng sieu cao tan co the truyen theo ng day dai, cap ong truc hay cac ong dan song. Neu truyen tai bang cac ng day tran song song th se b ton hao nang lng rat ln do bc xa ra ngoai khong gian (v cong suat bc xa t le bnh phng tan so) va chu anh hng rat nhieu bi dao ong ien t ben ngoai. Do o ngi ta s dung cap ong truc. (HNH VE) - Vector E : ng sc cua ien trng doc theo ban knh . - Vector H : ng sc t trng la nhng vong tron ong tam T trng nam gia li kim loai va loi , do o no tranh c ton hao do bc xa. Vo boc ben ngoai giup tranh c anh hng ien t trng ben ngoai . Ta thay rang dong ien va ien tch tap trung be mat ngoai cua loi va li kim loai , nen be mat loi ngi ta ma bac , con li kim loai c noi at . Nh vay li kim loai va loi nh hai cc cua nguon ien . Cap ong truc thng ch dung e truyen tai nang lng vi tan so < 3000 Mhz tng ng bc song > 10 cm. Trong radar ngi ta dung cap ong truc e noi cac khoi va lay nang lng t chung. Khi nang lng vi tan so > 3000 Mhz th dung ong dan song. (2)Ong dan song: Dung truyen tai nang lng song sieu cao tan t may phat ti anten va song phan xa tr ve anten ti may thu. Thanh ong dan song c lam bang vat lieu dan ien tot (thng la ong hay Ni), co tiet dien tron hay ch nhat. e tranh hien tng bc xa nang lng vao

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khong gian do hieu ng dong ien gay ra, be mat trong ong dan song c phu 1 lp bac mong. Ong dan song tron c dung trong khp noi gia ong co nh va anten khi quay, viec dan song chu yeu dung ong ch nhat vi thanh rong la a, thanh hep la b. Song radar hien nay = 3.2 cm th a*b = 22.9*10.2 mm a*b = 28.6*12.7 mm Ong dan song ch nhat c ac trng bi bc song ti han, la bc song dai nhat cua song ien t ma ong co the truyen ma khong ton hao. th 2a Bc song lan truyen trong ong c tnh bi cong thc: b = 1 ( )2 th Nguyen ly lan truyen song: song i ti phan xa t thanh no sang thanh kia, lan truyen t au en cuoi ong. ien trng, t trng trong ong phan bo nh hnh ve : ( HNH VE ) @. Cach uon ong dan song : Co 2 cach : . Uon theo ien trng 900 : sau khi uon ien trng doi chieu 900 con t trng van gi nguyen hng. . Uon theo t trng 900 : t trn doi hng 900, ien trng gi nguyen hng. ( HNH VE ) @. Cac dang ong dan song ac biet : ( HNH VE ) . Ong dan song cong bien oi t tiet dien nam ngang sang thang ng. . Ong dan song thu nho phong to tiet dien. . Ong dan song chuyen oi tiet dien t trong sang vuong ( ch nhat ). e tranh hien tng phan xa nang lng th chieu dai cua nhng oan ong nay thng vao khoang vai lan bc song. @. Phan nhanh nang lng : Trong radar nhieu khi phai phan nhanh nang lng t 1 ong dan chnh ra nhieu ong dan phu, v vay can co nhng oan phan hanh nang lng. . Phan nhanh nang lng theo ien trng : sau khi phan nhanh, ien trng 2 nhanh phu se ngc chieu nhau. ( HNH VE ) ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 30

. Phan nhanh nang lng theo t trng : sau khi phan nhanh t trng 2 nhanh phu cung chieu. ( HNH VE ) @. Ghep noi : e thuan tien cho viec ghep ong dan song, ngi ta che tao tng oan ong mot roi ghep lai vi nhau theo ung nguyen ly h ngan mach e tr khang bang 0. e lam nh vay 2 au ong dan song ( noi vi nhau ) ngi ta che tao cac mat bch co kch thc nh hnh ve. e tranh nc vao cac moi ghep, ngi ta s dung em cao su. (HNH VE ) @. Cach truyen tai nang lng vao ong dan song : e truyen tai nang lng vao ong /4 a/2 b/2 dan song ngi ta /4 b dung 1 cap ong truc co vo ngoai noi vi /4 thanh ong dan song ben di. au cua oan cap ong truc o c a len ong dan song di ong nh hnh ve. Cach ghep noi nay c s dung khi noi ghep ong dan song co nh vi ong dan song di ong anten. (3)Anten khe: La loai anten trc tiep bc xa song vao khong gian Va t ha p thuso ng khong can loa bc xa va gng phan xa. Khe hep c khoet tren thanh ong dan song o/2 thanh rong hay thanh hep, khe co chieu dai o / 2, chieu rong << o. e khe hep co the bc xa song vao khong gian, ngi ta khoet sao cho khe nam cat ngang chieu cua dong ien sieu cao tan chay tren thanh ong dan song tc la khe phai nam trung theo chieu vector t trng H hay cat H vi goc < 900. Thong thng khe hep nghieng goc 70 0 vi truc ong dan song. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 31

Khi dong ien sieu cao tan ti gap khe hep, dong nay se vong quanh khe hep, khe b kch thch ien ap. Khi o khe tr thanh nguon bc xa nang lng sieu cao tan vao khong gian. e tang cng o bup phat, tren thanh ong ngi ta khoet nhieu khe hep, khoang cach gia moi khe la o / 2. Khi o song phat ra t cac khe se cung pha. Gian o bup phat phu thuoc so lng khe, tang so lng khe giam ng nhng lai tang chieu dai anten cong kenh. e tranh s tac ong tng ho gia cac khe, bop nghet gian o phat (giam ng), ong thi giam cac bup phu ky sinh, ngi ta ngan cach gia cac khe bang nhng tam kim loai mong, tat ca at trong 1 loa bang uy-ra. Tren be mat cua loa nay ngi ta phu 1 lp bot xop mong e tranh anh hng ti s bc xa song. Mat trc cua loa ngi ta lam bang xop ac biet nham giup anten khong b anh hng cua moi trng. Cuoi ong dan song ngi ta at 1 vat hap thu song co tac dung tieu tan di dang nhiet song ti no e am bao hnh thanh song chay trong anten. ien t trng bc xa qua anten co bup phat phu thuoc chieu dai va rong anten: ng = 70. , = 70 .
l d

(4)Chuyen mach antenna : Antenna radar ong thi thc hien 2 nhiem vu: phat va thu song radio. Theo nguyen ly, thi gian phat xung (roi ngh e thu xung phan xa tr ve, sau o phat xung tiep theo) rat ngan, khoang 0.01 3 s. May phat phat nang lng rat ln, may thu lai co o nhay cao, do o phai ngat may thu khi may phat phat e bao ve may thu. Ngc lai khi may thu thu song, do song phan xa ve co nang lng nho, e am bao toan bo nang lng ve may thu e tn hieu nhan c co u o ln the hien len mat ch bao, can ngat may phat ra khoi may thu. V vay e thc hien cac chc nang tren can co bo chuyen mach. Yeu cau oi vi bo chuyen mach: - Khi may phat phat song, cong suat lot vao may thu < 0.2w. - Khi may thu thu song, nang lng lot vao may phat < 0.1% nang lng song phan xa. - Tnh cua bo chuyen mach phai nho, khoang 0.1 s. - o ton hao nang lng nho. a. Chuyen mach antenna ien t ( dung en phong ien ): ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 32

@. Cau tao cua en 2 cc : Bnh thuy tinh co 2 cc noi vi ien ap moi 800 1000 v. en nay khi co song sieu cao tan nang lng ln ti se co hien tng phong ien ngan mach. @. Chuyen mach : ( HNH VE ) Cau tao : Tren ong dan song phan nhanh ngi ta at cac en ien t ATR ( en phat ) va en TR ( en baao ve may thu ) lan lt trc may phat va may thu nh hnh ve. Nguyen ly hoat ong : . Khi phat : nang lng song rat ln lam cho cac en phong ien ngan mach. oi vi en ATR : noi lien thanh ong dan song. oi vi en TR : en phong ien gay ra hien tng ngan mach /2 lam tr khang gia 2 iem a va b bang 0, tach may thu ra ngoai. Khi o toan bo nang lng se t may phat a ti antenna. . Khi thu : nang lng song phan xa tr ve nho, 2 en ien t eu khong phong ien. en ATR cach c mot khoang /4 nen xay ra hien tng ngan mach /4 lam cho tr khang gia 2 iem b va c bang 0, ngat may phat ra ngoai. Khi o toan bo nang lng song phan xa tr ve se en may thu. Trng hp nang lng phan xa ve qua manh, en TR se phong ien, khong cho song phan xa vao may thu lam hong may thu. Hi nc va hydro ap suat thap trong en ien t co tac dung dap not nhng ion con lai sau khi en khong phong ien ( giam i ). u nhc iem : . u : gon nhe, re tien, de thay the. . Nhc : tnh ln do phu thuoc vao thi gian phong ien cua en ien t. b. Chuyen mach fe-rit : ( HNH VE ) Cau tao : . Ong dan song kep, co oan uon cong sao cho chieu dai ong di ln hn ong tren la /4 e khi i qua song di se cham hn song tren la 900 ( oan dch pha DF ).

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. Hai cau khe CK1 va CK2 co tac dung khi i qua cau khe se cham pha 900. . Hai thanh fe-rit 1 va 2 at ong tren va ong di trong t trng vnh cu. Thanh fe-rit co tac dung : + Khi phat song, song i qua oan ong ben di se cham pha so vi song ben tren la 900. + Khi thu song, song i ben tren se cham pha so vi song i ben di la 900. Kch thc thanh fe-rit khoang 100 * 8 * 6 mm. Nguyen ly hoat ong : . Khi phat : song ti CK1 chia lam 2 phan. Mot phan i qua CK1 se b cham pha 900. Neu song nay ti may thu, nang lng ln, en TR se chap mach ngan khong cho vao may thu. Song di i qua thanh fe-rit se cham pha them 900, qua oan dch pha DF tiep tuc cham pha i 900 na. Khi song ben di qua CK2 len ben tren lai tiep tuc cham pha them 900, tong cong cham pha 3600, cung pha vi song ben tren ti antenna, nang lng vao antenna cc ai. Tai CK2, mot phan song ben tren se i xuong di, b cham pha 900, ngc pha vi song 2700 ben di. Hai song nay se triet tieu nhau va tieu huy di dang nhiet vat hap thu. . Khi thu : song t antenna phan xa tr ve, 1 phan qua CK2 i xuong di cham pha 90 0, qua oan DF cham i 900 na. ong thi song be tren i qua thanh fe-rit b cham i 90 0, qua CK1 cham them 900, hai song tren va di cung pha ti may thu. Thanh phan song ben di qua CK1 len tren se cham pha tiep 900 ( -2700 ) ngc pha vi song ben tren ( -900 ) se b triet tieu. u nhc iem : . u iem : tnh nho . Nhc iem : che tao at tien, phc tap.

CHNG 6

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MAY THU RADAR

ay thu radar co nhiem vu nhan tn hieu sieu cao tan t muc tieu ve, qua antenna, bien thanh tn hieu ien roi khuech ai len a sang may ch bao. Yeu cau oi vi may thu: - o nhay cao. - Tap am nho, thu c nhng tn hieu yeu. - Dai lot u rong e am bao cac xung tn hieu khong b bien dang. - Co kha nang chu va cham c hoc, o ben cao, kch thc gon nhe, kha nang lam viec on nh. - Phai co bo ieu chnh tot e co anh ro net. S o khoi :
GAIN S.T.C STC CONTRAST

Chuye n ma ch

Ha n che

Bo tro n

K/a i trung ta n

Ta ch so ng

F.T.C

K/a i xung a nh

TUNE

dao o ng no i

/ch nh ta n so AFC

AFC FTC

CRT

I. Bo han che : Trng hp xung phan xa tr ve may thu qua manh co nguy c lam hong may thu th bo han che co nhiem vu han che bt xung phan xa (han che bt bien o nhng van am bao gi nguyen tan so). Bo han che thng dung diode can bien lap vao ong dan song trc khi vao bo tron, cung co the dung en phong ien. II. Bo tron oi xng: ( HNH VE ) Bo tron oi xng co nhiem vu nhan tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu tr ve (qua chuyen mach antenna) va tn hieu t bo dao ong noi a sang e ket hp tao ra tn hieu trung tan. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 35

Bo tron c lap tang au may thu. Mot oan ong dan song cau tao nh hnh ve. Nhanh tren thanh rong a tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu tr ve vao ( ft ). Nhanh hep a tn hieu t bo dao ong noi ti ( f k ). Hai ben thanh ong chnh at 2 en tron D1 va D2 giong het nhau. Hai en nay c noi vi bien ap trung tan e a ti cac khoi sau. Do ac tnh phan nhanh ien trng cua ong dan song, tn hieu ft sau khi phan nhanh ngc pha nhau 180 0 khi qua 2 en, fk qua 2 en cung pha. Tn hieu f t va fk c tron tai en D1va D2, lay ra tn hieu trung tan : ftt = fk ft Tan so trung tan nho hn rat nhieu nhng van am bao nguyen dang cua tn hieu phan xa. S d lam nh vay la e chon tan so thch hp cho may thu lam viec, nang cao tnh kinh te va chat lng may thu. Thng : ftt = 60 Mhz fk = 9460 Mhz ft = 9400 Mhz Theo s o tng ng, tn hieu phan xa qua phan nhanh T1, tn hieu t bo dao ong oi qua phan nhanh T2. Nh tac dung cua D1, D2 va khung LC ta lay ra c ftt. Tap am cua may thu chu yeu do bo dao ong noi gay ra. Vi s o tron can bang, phan tap am chu yeu c loai tr. Xet ve pha : D1 dong co pha tt1 = k t D2 dong co pha tt2 = k (t ) = tt1 + Vay tn hieu trung tan qua cuon L se cung chieu va c lay ra qua bien ap T3. Tap am : dong tap am do f k gay ra qua 2 en cung pha va ngc chieu nen chung se c loai tr khi qua cuon L. III. Bo dao ong noi: Bo dao ong noi co nhiem vu tao ra dao ong sieu cao tan vi cong suat nho a sang bo tron, vi tan so sao cho no tr i tan so tn hieu phan xa tr ve th bang tan so trung tan chuan. Cong suat do bo dao ong noi tao ra khoang 5 w. Bo dao ong noi co yeu cau : . Co he so nhieu on nho. . Hoat ong tan so on nh. . Khi can co the thay oi tan so bang phng phap c hay ien. Bo dao ong noi thng s dung en sieu cao tan co ien Klistron hoac diode Gunn. en Klistron : ( HNH VE) . en bao gom ong hnh tru bang thuy tinh co o chan khong cao, lien ket vi mot hop cong hng. Anode ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 36

cua en co dang li. Ngoai ra en con co cc phan xa c gan vi nguo 1 chieu tao ien ap am so vi cathode. hop cong hng co vt ieu chnh the tch cua buong cong hng va co moc ghep e lay dao ong sieu cao tan a sang bo tron. . Hoat ong : Cac ien t bat ra t cathode, di tac dung cua ien trng anode-cathode se chuyen ong ve anode. V anode co dang li nen mot so ien t se ti anode tao thanh dong anode ia, con mot so ien t do gia toc se chuyen ong vt qua anode ve pha cc F. Khi qua hoc cong hng, cac ien t nay se kch thch hoc cong hng. Tren hoc cong hng se xuat hien cac dao ong sieu cao tan, trong o co tan so f ma ta mong muon. Trong qua trnh dao ong, hoc cong hng se tao hai vach li cua hoc ien trng bien thien. Khi cac ien t i ti vach li vao thi iem tren di +, cac ien t nay se c tang toc o i ti cc phan xa. Do cc phan xa mang ien ap am so vi cathode, cac ien t se b bat ngc tr lai vi van toc nho. Nhng ien t tiep theo khi ti vach li vao thi iem tren + di -, se b can va i qua vach li vi van toc nho, b cc phan xa ay tr lai vi van toc ln. Cac ien t ti vach li vao thi iem ien trng bang 0 se b bat ngc tr lai vi van toc trung bnh. Ngi ta che tao ( bang cach thay oi ien ap va the tch hoc cong hng ) sao cho 3 lp ien t noi tren se tr ve hoc cong hng cung mot luc va cac ien t nay se bo sung nang lng e duy tr tan so fk. ay ngi ta dung moc ghep lay ra tan so f k a sang bo tron. Ngi ta dung vt ieu chnh the tch e hop cong hng vi tan so f k khi can thay oi ln. e ieu chnh tan so fk trong khoang thay oi nho, ngi ta se thay oi ien ap at vao cc phan xa va ay chnh la num ieu chnh TUNE tren mat may radar. . u iem : viec che tao tng oi n gian, de ieu chnh tan so, lam vien on nh, kch thc nho, am bao cong suat u ln e bien oi tan so dai song cm. . Nhc iem : o nhieu on ban than tng oi ln. Diode Gunn : ( HNH VE )

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. Cau tao : la loai diode khong tiep giap, thng dung cac loai hp chat GeAs, InSb, InAs at ben trong hop cong hng. . Hoat ong : Da tren hien tng Gunn : Khi co mot ien trng u ln at vao 2 au cua 1 thanh hp chat ban dan nh tren ( hoan toan tinh khiet ) th se nhan c trong hp chat ban dan nay 1 dao ong sieu cao tan, ket hp vi hoc cong hng chung ta co the lay c dao ong sieu cao tan nay ra lam dao ong noi. e ieu chnh tan so cua bo dao ong noi, ta co the thay oi the tch cua hoc cong hng hoac thay oi ien ap dat vao diode Gunn. Diode Gunn thng dung trong mach co cong suat nho. . u iem : + Gon, nhe, de che tao, cong suat tieu thu nho. + ng at tnh tuyen tnh hn en Klistron. + o nhieu on ban than nho. + Cong suat phat ra u ln, dai tan lam viec rong. . Nhc iem : de h hong. IV. Bo t ong ieu chnh tan so: Hieu qua lam viec cua radar phu thuoc rat nhieu vao s on nh cua tan so trung tan ftt. Khi ftt thay oi th he so khuech ai may thu thay oi rat ln. V vay ngi ta lap mach t ong ieu chnh tan so am bao may thu cong hng tot nhat. ( e ieu chnh tan so trung tan bang tan so trung tan chuan ngi ta ieu chnh tan so dao ong noi. Co 2 cach : bang tay hoac t ong. ) S o mach t ong ieu chnh tan so : ( HNH VE ) . Han che AFC : giam cong suat tn hieu roi a vao bo tron AFC. . Tron AFC : tron tn hieu t bo han che AFC a sang vi tan so dao ong noi. . Phan biet tan so : kiem tra xem tan so trung tan AFC ln hay nho hn so vi tan so trung tan chuan. . Bo ieu khien : tao ien ap ieu khien U kh at vao cc phan xa cua en Klistron. Hoat ong : Khi may phat phat song mot phan tn hieu se qua han che AFC ti bo tron can bang AFC cua mach ieu chnh tan so giong het bo tron may thu va co cung thong so. Bo tron

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 38

AFC se tron tn hieu nay vi tn hieu t bo dao ong noi a sang thanh tn hieu trung tan AFC ( fttAFC ). Khi en magnetron phat song tang th f ttAFC se giam va ngc lai, qua mach phan biet tan so cho thay co s thay oi tan so so vi tan so trung tan chuan, thay oi thanh tn hieu ien e a sang mach ieu khien. Mach ieu khien se tac ong lam cho bo dao ong noi thay oi sao cho tan so f k phat ra am bao khi a sang bo tron may thu tron vi tn hieu phan xa tr ve at ung bang tan so trung tan chuan. V. Bo khuech ai trung tan : Tn hieu phan xa ve may thu co nang lng rat thap. e co u kha nang lam viec, ngi ta khuech ai len e cho tn hieu gi nguyen hnh dang va o dai nhng bien o ln len rat nhieu, vi nang lng ln hn. Tuy tng loai radar ma bo khuech ai trung tan s dung en ien t hay ban dan, bo tr so tang khuech ai nhieu hay t, he so khuech ai ln hay nho. Thong thng ien ap ra khoi tang khuech ai c 1 1.5 v. Khi s dung nhieu tang khuech ai th he so khuech ai bang tch cac he so khuech ai cua tng tang. Ta co the thay oi he so nay qua nut ieu chnh GAIN bo tr mat may va trong may thu. Thong thng khuech ai trung tan c thiet ke e khuech ai tan so 60 Mhz, tuy nhien cung co loai tan so 35 Mhz, 40 Mhz So lng va he so khuech ai c thiet ke sao cho : . He so khuech ai ln, khong b meo va co the ieu chnh theo thi gian. . Thay oi c dai thong cho xung ngan va dai khac nhau. . Tranh c nhieu tap am, giam c o on, tang c o nhay may thu. VI. Bo tach song : Tn hieu phan xa, qua khuech ai trung tan co tan so cao, e a ti ong phong tia ien t phai tach xung th tan ra. Muon vay dung mach tach song tach xung th tan khoi xung cao tan. Bo tach song co 2 loai : tach song ca chu ky va na chu ky. No co cau tao n gian gom tu ien C 1 ong vai tro bo loc xung cao tan, tu ien C2 lay xung th tan, diode ( hoac en ien t ) tach song va ien tr e thoat thanh phan 1 chieu. ( HNH VE ) Dao ong nam trong ng bao khong gay sut ap khi qua tu C 1 ( Uc = Ic * Xc << ) con thanh phan ng bao khong qua C ma ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 39

qua R, gay tren R mot sut ap va ta lay ra c tn hieu xung anh ( la nhng xung vuong co bien o nh nhau ). VII. Mach kh nhieu giang thuy FTC ( Fast Time Constant ) : Khi co ma, tuyet ; cac hat nay nho nhng day va lien tuc nen no cung phan xa lai ang ke song radar. Song phan xa nay tao nen nhieu giang thuy ma thong thng nhat la nhieu ma. No co tnh chat la gay nhieu xung quanh cac muc tieu va mang tnh chat la hang so. Nhieu giang thuy lam chap anh cac muc tieu gan nhau, ac biet khi tau chay ven b thng b chap anh vi b. e kh nhieu ma ( mang tnh chat hang so ) ta dung mach vi phan ( Ur = duv/dt ) ket hp vi mach loc e loai anh do nhieu nay gay nen. ( HNH VE ) Cau tao cua mach n gian gom 1 tu ien bien dung e co the thay oi he so vi phan, 1 ien tr va 1 diode tach phan xung am hay dng. Tn hieu t khuech ai trung tan gom tn hieu cua ca muc tieu va nhieu, sau khi qua mach kh nhieu ma ( giang thuy ) se tach c nhieu ra va a tn hieu muc tieu sang khuech ai xung anh. Mach vi phan con co tac dung tang o phan giai cua cac muc tieu nho gan nhau. VIII. Mach kh nhieu bien ( Sensitivity Time Control ) : Khi mat bien co song ma s dung radar thang tam gan, ta thay tren man anh vung xung quanh tam tia quet b loa sang do anh phan xa rat manh cua song bien vung xung quanh tau gay nen, lam cho anh cua cac muc tieu nho nam trong khu vc o khong the hoac rat kho phat hien. Hn na cac muc tieu xa nam gan bien man hnh b m kho phat hien. e khac phuc ngi ta lap mach kh nhieu bien, thc chat la mach ieu chnh o khuech ai theo tam xa: muc tieu gan khuech ai t, muc tieu xa khuech ai nhieu, bang cach tao ra 1 ien ap giam dan theo ham mu, at vao bo khuech ai trung tan. e ieu chnh tren mat may co lap num ieu chnh STC, ieu chnh mc o kh nhieu bien cho phu hp vi trang thai mat bien. ( HNH VE ) IX. Mach khuech ai xung anh : Mach khuech ai xung anh co nhiem vu khuech ai tn hieu xung th tan cua muc tieu e tn hieu xung th tan co u o ln hien len man hnh. Mach khuech ai gom 1 hoac vai tang, khong oi hoi he so khuech ai cao song dai lot phai u ln e tranh meo tn hieu. Tuy theo phng phap a xung anh vao ong phong tia ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 40

ien t ma ngi ta bo tr mach sao cho ra khoi mach khuech ai xung anh se la xung am hay dng. Thong thng tn hieu c a en cathode nen thng la xung am. Mach nay tuy radar ma co the dung khuech ai ien t hay ban dan.

CHNG 7

MAY CH BAO RADAR

ay ch bao at buong lai, la thiet b au cuoi cua radar the hien moi thong tin can thiet va at toan bo cac num nut ieu khien. Ngi s dung trc tiep ieu khien tram radar lay cac thong so muc tieu can thiet. May ch bao cho 2 thong so chnh cua muc tieu la khoang cach ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 41

va goc. May ch bao co cac loai: ch bao chuyen ong tng oi, ch bao chuyen ong that, radar + ARPA. Cac yeu cau vi may ch bao: - Gon nhe - Tieu hao nang lng t - o ben c hoc cao - Cac ch tieu ky thuat ap ng - Kha nang t ong ln - Co cac num nut ieu khien vi chc nang m rong - o phan giai cao, cho anh ro. - Cac vong c li phai c ieu chnh chnh xac - o nhay thch hp. S o khoi (phan chnh la ong phong tia ien t)
cao a p Ta o xung kh i o ng

tre co nh

gia n xung

ta o que t

K/a i que t FOCUS

ma ch que t tro n

Anten

tre bie n o i

RR

ta o da u cli co nh

da p que t ngh ch

ho i tu CONTRAST ch nh ta m ta ng sa ng ta o da u mu i CENTER BRILLIANCE

ta o da u cli di o ng VRM Control VRM Brilliance

K/a i xung a nh MT

SHM

I. C cau o c li : o c li ti muc tieu la o khoang cach t le man hnh t tam tia quet en anh muc tieu. Thng e o c li ngi ta thiet ke c cau o bang vong c li co nh va di ong. . o bang vong c ly di ong : a mot xung vuong dng co the di chuyen c tren ng quet, khi tia quet quay ta c mot vong tron. Vong tron nay co the thay oi c ban knh. Viec thay oi ban knh vong tron do mot nut ieu khien tren mat may, quay nut th ban knh vong tron thay oi ong thi lam lam thay oi gia tr cua en ien t ch th khoang cach ten ong ho ch bao, tng ng vi khoang cach ngoai thc a. Muon o khoang cach ta ieu chnh cho vong tron nay tiep xuc vi muc tieu va oc gia tr tren ong ho. . o bang vong c ly co nh : co 2 cach + Cach 1 : ngi ta vach tren mot tam mica nhng vong tron ong tam hoac nhng ng thang song

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 42

song e o khoang cach bang noi suy. Tam cua tam mica c at trung vi tam tia quet cua man hnh. + Cach 2 : a cac xung dng cach eu nhau len tia quet, khi tia quet quay se tao thanh nhng vong tron ong tam cach eu nhau e co the noi suy ra c ly. Ngoai ra cac radar mi ngay nay tren man hnh ngi ta con tao ra con tro co the s dung e o khoang cach en cac muc tieu. II. C cau o hng : Ngi ta bo tr thc o o( con goi la vong khac o hoac vong phng v ) mep man anh. Thc o co nh ( vong khac o co nh hoac vong phng v co nh ) cho ta goc man ( hay con goi la phng v tng oi ), thc di ong ( vong khac o di ong hoac vong phng v i ong ) dung o phng v. Tuy loai radar ma ngi ta bo tr 1 hoac ca 2 loai tren. man hnh radar ngi ta bo tr thc ngam c kh ( thc song song ) hay ien t ( ng phng v ien t EBL ), chung xoay c nh nut ieu khien. Khi muon o hng en muc tieu ta xoay thc ngam len muc tieu va oc gia tr thc o o hoac cac ong ho ch th. Ngoai ra cung giong nh o khoang cach, cac radar mi nhi ta cung co the s dung con tro e xac nh ga tr nay. III. Ong phong tia ien t : Ong phong tia ien t co nhiem vu bien tn hieu ien Ma n thanh tn hieu anh sang quan sat huy nh Cuo n ho i tu c tren man hnh. X X quang Cau tao : Nguo n cao a p Cathode K Cc ieu che M K M A1 Y Y Anode A1 co dang tru Cuo n ga y le ch Anode A2 la man than dan ien, noi vi nguon cao ap. Cuon day hoi tu e hoi tu tia ien t. Cuon day gay lech XX, YY co 2 loai la co nh hay quay, nhiem vu quay tia quet. Man huynh quang phat sang khi ien t ap vao va gi lai 1 thi gian. ien ap nung khoang 6 12 v ng knh CRT thng khoang 10 16 VI. Bo tao xung khi ong : Bo tao xung khi ong co nhiem vu ieu khien toan bo tram radar hoat ong ong bo vi nhau, am bao cac khoi quan he thi gian chat che vi nhau. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 43

Thong thng la bo blocking t kch thch tao xung khi ong t nhng dao ong hnh vuong hoac trc tiep t nguon nuoi tram radar. Xet mach ien blocking : ( HNH VE ) Khi cung cap nguon ien E a, en se hoat ong. Trong cuon 2 se co dong ia chay qua. Do c ghep t vi nhau, cuon 2 se cam ng sang cuon 1 & 3. Tren cuon 1 sinh ra 1 suat ien ong. Ngi ta thiet ke sao cho au dng cua cuon nay at vao li cua en, au am at vao cathode. Khi o en hoat ong rat manh, dong ia tang ot ngot. Luc nay cuon 3 ta cung lay ra c mot ien ap tang. ong thi khi en hoat ong th se co dong li i g chay qua en : t au + cua cuon 1 qua tu C, qua en roi ve au -. Dong li se nap ien cho tu, au am cua tu at vao li cua en. Khi o co 2 ien ap at vao li cua en : + do cuon 1 tao ra va do tu C at vao. Ti luc nao o ien ap se ln hn ien ap + lam cho ien ap li giam en gia tr ti han va en khoa. V the dong i a mat, ien ap cam ng sang cuon 3 giam ot ngot. ong thi khi o dong i g mat, tu C phong ien qua cuon 1 & Rg. Ti 1 luc nao o ien ap + at vao li cua en lai ln hn ien ap -, en lai hoat ong tiep tuc qua trnh tiep theo. V. Bo gay tre : Bo gay tre ( bo tre xung ) co nhiem vu a xung khi ong ti cac mach co yeu cau xung khi ong nhng khoang thi gian khac nhau. Co 2 phng phap tao tre : 1. Tao tre ien t : ( HNH VE ) Xung khi ong kch thch tao xung vuong nham tao ra xung vuong am, sau o a qua mach vi phan va mach xen. Bang cach o ta co khoang thi gian chenh lech gia xung vao va ra la t. Gia tr nay co the thay oi c nh o dai cua xung vuong. 2. Tao tre theo phng phap dung ng day gay tre: ng day gay tre gon cac mat xch LC lien ket vi nhau. Tn hieu qua bo nay se cham i khoang thi gian can thiet thch hp cho tng khoi. Thi gian tre xac nh theo cong thc : t = n L * C trong o : n : so mat xch LC VI. Mach tao quet : Mach tao quet co nhiem vu a 1 ien ap co dang xung rang ca bien thien tuyen tnh theo thi gian vao cuon gay ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 44

lech lam tia ien t chay t tam ra bien tng ng vi viec xung sieu cao tan i tham sat muc tieu roi phan xa tr ve. Mach nay chnh la thc o thi gian. e radar co nhieu thang tam xa, ngi ta thiet ke bo tao quet co xung rang ca co o dai khac nhau tng ng tng thang tam xa. La mach o thi gian nen no phai quet t khi xung tham sat muc tieu ri antenna, viec nay do xung ieu khien lam ong bo phat va quet. e tao xung rang ca ngi ta da vao ng ac tnh nap ien cho tu, no la ng tuyen tnh nen am bao tia ien t chay eu. Mach tao quet co yeu cau la ng dac tnh cua ien ap phai thang va thi gian quet nghch cua tia quet phai nho. Khi tu ien tch ien th tia ien t cung bat au dch chuyen t tam. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua s o : ( HNH VE) Khi cung cap nguon ien +Ea cho mach ong thi cha co xung khi ong ti, do co ien ap dng qua R g at vao li cua en nen en hoat ong rat manh. Khhi co xung am ( rong bang ng quet ) a ti at ien ap am vao gia li va cathode, en b khoa. Khi o dong ien t Ea qua Ra, C1 ve at nap ien cho tu. ien ap lay ra tren tu C se tang dan theo thi gian. Ngi ta thiet ke R a va C sao cho ien ap nay la tuyen tnh. ien ap nay se c a qua khuech ai e at vao cuon lai tia. Khi xung khi ong mat en lai hoat ong rat manh, tu se phong ien. Thi gian phong nho tng ng luc radar phat xung. Khoa K ay thay oi ien dung tu ien ( C 1, C2, C3) e thay oi thi gian thu xung. V vay khoa K chnh la thang tam xa tren may. VII. Mach khuech ai quet : Xung rang ca t bo tao quet co nang lng yeu khong ieu khien c tia ien t nen phai c a qua bo khuech ai quet. Sau khi qua bo nay xung rang ca co bien o ln hn rat nhieu, u nang lng e ieu khien tia ien t. No c a ti cuon gay lech. Mach nay dung ban dan hay ien t. VIII. Mach tao quet tron : Nhiem vu cua mach tao quet tron la lam cho tia quet tren man anh quay ong bo, ong pha vi antenna, am bao khi antenna quay c goc so vi mui tau th tia quet cung quay goc so vi dau mui tau e muc tieu hien ung goc so vi thc te. e quay tia quet ngi ta dung cac sensin lam quay cuon gay lech hay tao t trng quay e quay tia ien t. Quay cuon gay lech goi la phng phap c, tao t trng quay la phng phap ien. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 45

 Phng phap c ( cuon gay lech di ong ) : ( HNH VE) Thi iem ban au, do c cau tao nh nhau va lam ong pha, hai motor quay he thong truyen banh rang lam antenna va cuon lai tia quay ong bo ong pha vi nhau. Khi o rotor cua 2 sensin quay ong pha vn nhau, cac sensin can bang nen khong co dong trong rotor sensin thu. Neu v ly do ben ngoai tac ong, motor lai antenna quay nhanh len ( hoac cham i ), 2 sensin quay vi toc o khac nhau lam cho 2 sensin khong con can bang, sinh ra dong trong sensin thu. Dong nay qua khuech ai phu tr, en motor lai cuon lai tia lam tang ( hoac giam ) toc o e at bang vi motor lai antenna. Mach sensin tr lai can bang. Phng phap ien ( cuon gay lech co nh ) : ( HNH VE ) Cuon gay lech gon 3 cuon day at co nh lech nhau 1200. Tn hieu t bo tao quet c a ti khuech ai quet, sau o a ti bo phan giai quet. ay la bo vi x ly. T bo phan giai quet nay tn hieu se c a en motor lai antenna, cung nh a ti 3 cuon day cua cuon gay lech e tao ra t trng xoay cuon nay. Viec ong bo ong pha gia antenna va t trng quay cuon gay lech do bo phan giai quet am nhiem. IX. Mach tao dau c li co nh : Nhiem vu cua mach tao dau c ly co nh la tao ra cac xung vuong cach eu nhau rai tren tia quet e a vao cathode ong phong tia ien t. Khi tia quet quay se tao thanh cac vong sang co nh ong tam cach eu nhau tren man anh. S o khoi : ( HNH VE ) Bo tao dao ong hnh sine tao ra dao ong vi so chu ky tng ng vi so vong c ly co nh mong muon treen man anh. Khi qua bo han che se cat phan am, lay phan dng a sang bo vi phan. Bo nay co nhiem vu bop hep gian o phat va lam cho khoang cach gia moi xung tng ng vi thi gian xung i c trong mot khoang cach D. Bo dao ong nghet blocking, tng ng vi 1 xung ien ap a t bo vi phan sang, se tao ra 1 xung vuong dng. Tn hieu nay khi a qua khuech ai xung anh se c khuech ai cung nh ao chieu xung e a ti cathode. e co c s ong bo, bo nay se hoat ong trong s kiem che cua xung khi ong. X. Mach tao dau c li di ong :

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 46

Nhiem vu cua mach tao dau c ly di ong la tao ra xung dng di chuyen c tren ng quet va ong bo vi ong ho ch th khoang cach. Khi tia quet quay ta co c vong tron ban knh thay oi c. Thay oi ban knh vong tron ket hp vi ch th khoang cach ta co the xac nh khoang cach en muc tieu 1 cach chnh xac. e tao c xung dng co the di chuyen tren ng quet can phai tao c dao ong hnh sine co pha thay oi c theo thi gian. e lam c viec o ngi ta thc hien nh sau : ( HNH VE ) Hai cuon day A va B ( goi la stator ) c at vuong goc vi nhau. Cuon C ( goi la rotor ) at trong long 2 cuon A & B, hp vi truc cuon A mot goc la . Cuon A & B mac noi tiep va mac noi tiep vi cuon th cap cua bien ap T. Cuon s cap cua bien ap T c mac vi nguon dao ong tan so f. ieu chnh tu C cho cong hng vi tan so f. Khi o dong ien qua A & B lech pha nhau 90 0 (do truc A & B vuong goc vi nhau ). Gia s goi dong ien chay trong cuon A la : iA = IA sint Dong ien chay trong cuon B se la : iB = IB cost Hai dong ien nay chay trong cuon A & B se cam ng sang cuon C cac suat ien ong E A va EB. V cuon C at lech truc so vi cuon A mot goc , ta co : EA = - sin diA/dt = - sin . IA cost EB = - cos diB/dt = + cos . IB sint Suat ien ong tong cong tren C se la : Ura = EA + EB = - sin . IA cost + cos . IB sint ieu chnh ien dung tu C va R sao cho dong IA = IB = I, ta co : Ura = I (sint cos - cost sin ) = I sin(t - ) Vay au ra cuon C ta a tao c 1 dao ong co the thay oi c pha theo thi gian, phu thuoc vao goc lech . Xung khi ong ay c a qua ien tr R 1 e khong che mach hoat ong trong thi gian nhat nh.
.

XI. Mach tao dau mui tau : Tao vet sang anh dau hng mui tau e thuan tien quan sat theo doi muc tieu. Viec nay c thc hien bi xung ien ap dng hay am a vao cc ieu che hay cathode ong ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 47

phong tia ien t lam tia ien t manh len thanh 1 vet sang khi anten quay qua hng mui tau. Cng o sang dau mui tau co the ieu chnh bang nut ieu khien tren mat ch bao, thc chat la chnh xung ien ap. Mach tao dau mui tau : (HNH VE) . Khi tiep iem K h ( bup phat antenna cha chup vao mat phang truc doc tau), dong ien li i g se tch ien cho tu C co dau nh hnh ve. Do co ien ap qua R g at vao li cua en nen dong ien chay qua en rat ln ien the anode se sut xuong = Uamin 0. . Khi bup phat chup vao mat phang truc doc tau, do motor lai M quay ong bo ong pha vi antenna cho nen luc nay tiep iem K c ong lai. Khi o au dng cua tu C c noi at ( hay cung chnh la cathode cua en ), con au am cua tu C c at vao li cua en lam cho en ngng hoat ong. ien the cua anode se tang t Uamin Ea. Tom lai, tai thi iem bup phat trung mat phang truc doc tau, tren anode cua de9en ta lay c mot xung ien ap dng a en bo khuech ai xung anh roi t o a vao cathode cua CRT. Luc o tren man hnh radar se co 1 vet sang t tam tia quet chay ra bien man hnh anh dau hng mui tau ( SHM ). Chu y : . Khi muon kiem tra xem di SHM co muc tieu nho nao lan trong o khong, ta tat tam thi dau mui tau (neu la num van : van sang het trai va gi, neu la nut an : an va gi ). . Ngi ta cung s dung diode quang e tao dau mui tau : khoi quet ngi ta at diode quang ve pha mui tau. Ben tren co 1 bo phan xoay theo antenna co khoet 1 ranh. Khi ranh nay quay qua diode quang ( antenna quay ve hng mui tau ), diode se phat tn hieu a vao CRT e the hien dau mui tau. . Khi SHM lech khoi 00 cua vong khac o co nh, ta ieu chnh banh rang lai antenna tren khoi quet bang 1 vt luc lang dch theo chieu ngc lai sao cho vet sang dng lai vach 00 o la c.

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 48

CHNG 8

MAN ANH RADAR

1- Cac che o ch hng: (a) Che o ch hng mui tau: HEAD UP Tren man anh radar, dau mui tau SHM luon co nh tai vach 00 cua vong khac o co nh. Khi tau quay tr, SHM van ng yen, anh cac muc tieu co nh se quay ngc hung quay tr cua tau. u iem: s phan bo cua anh cac muc tieu tren man hnh giong thc te hien trng khi nhn t buong lai tren tau ve pha mui nen thng s dung khi ieu ong tau, khi ra vao luong hay hanh hai ni ong tau thuyen qua lai. Khuyet iem: - Khi tau quay tr, anh cac muc tieu quay tr theo chieu ngc lai tao cac vet nhoe tren man hnh, lam

______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar --------------- --------------------------------------- 49

kho quan sat, khong xac nh c cac muc tieu gan nhau, o thieu chnh xac. Khong cho biet hng that 1 cach trc quan. Ch o c goc man ( phng v tng oi ) cua muc tieu. Muon xac nh c phng v cua muc tieu phai lay gia tr goc man cong hng i, hoac mot so radar co the ket hp viec s dung vong phng v di ong.

(b)Che o ch hng bac that: NORTH UP che o nay radar phai noi vi la ban. Vach dau mui tau tren man anh se lech i 1 goc so vi iem 0 0 ung bang hng i thc te cua tau (dau mui tau cung toan bo man anh xoay i 1 goc ung bang hng chay tau). Khi o ta oc goc kep gia vach 0 0 va ng ngam qua anh muc tieu se cho ta biet phng v cua no. Khi tau quay tr, SHM quay theo, luon am bao ch bao ung hng thc te cua tau, anh cac muc tieu co nh se co nh. u iem: - Anh cac muc tieu co nh gi nguyen khi tau quay tr nen man anh khong b nhoe, de quan sat, xac nh v tr chnh xac. - Quang canh tren man hnh radar giong tren hai o. Thng c dung khi hanh hai xa b hay khi dung xac nh v tr tau lam ngi quan sat de nhan muc tieu hn. Khuyet iem: - Man anh xoay i 1 goc ung bang hng chay tau nen de gay cam giac sai nhat la khi chay hng Nam. - Quang canh thc te pha trc mui tau va man hnh khac nhau, khong dung e ra vao luong. (c) Che o ch hng lai tau: COURSE UP Che o la che o ma trong o man hnh c cai at 1 hng nao o, thng la hng chay tau. V the khi quan sat tren man hnh ta thay che o nay tng t che o ch hng mui tau, ch khac la vach dau mui tau se dao ong khi tau b ao hng quanh. u iem : tng t nh che o hng mui tau. Ngoai ra, khi tau quay tr, v dau mui tau quay con cac muc tieu ng yen nen man anh khong b nhoe. Chu y : che o nay khi tau thay oi hng goc ln, ta phai cai at lai hng cho man hnh. 2- Man anh ch bao chuyen ong that: Radar co man anh ch bao chuyen ong that la radar co man anh the hien anh cua muc tieu ung vi thc te cua no ngoai hien trng ngha la cac muc tieu chuyen ong ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 50

th anh cua chung cung chuyen ong vi hng va toc o tng ng, cac muc tieu co nh se ng yen. Tau ta (tam tia quet) cung chuyen ong tng ng hng va toc o ngoai thc te. Ve mat cau tao, radar ch bao chuyen ong that ch khac vi radar chuyen ong tng oi c cau ch bao chuyen ong that. C cau nay co nhiem vu nhan tn hieu toc o t toc o ke hay at bang tay va tn hieu hng i t la ban con quay (hay nhan 2 loai tn hieu nay t GPS). Sau o no se phan tch, bien oi cac tn hieu nay thanh cac tn hieu a vao cac cuon day gay lech e tao ra t trng ieu khien tam quet. Do o anh cua cac muc tieu di chuyen tng ng ngoai thc te. Can c s di chuyen anh cac muc tieu tren man hnh ta co hng i va van toc thc te cua no. Mot so chu y khi s dung che o nay: - Radar ch bao chuyen ong that oi hoi phai co 1 lp d huy tot hn radar thng va nen hoat ong thang tam gan (< 24 nm). Radar ch bao chuyen ong that bao gi cung co che o ch bao tng oi. V the khi hoat ong che o nao chuyen cong tac ve ni tng ng. Trc khi a ve che o ch bao chuyen ong that, phai a tn hieu toc o va hng i vao radar. Tn hieu hng i phai noi trc tiep t la ban, tn hieu toc o co the nhap bang tay. Thng ta at v tr tau cach bien 1/3 ban knh va cho dau mui tau i qua tam man anh e tang kha nang quan sat pha trc va thi gian at lai v tr tau se lau hn. Khi ti ben kia cach 1/3 ban knh th phai at lai v tr tau, neu khong at lai, radar se t ong chuyen ve che o chuyen ong tng oi (v tr tau ta tam man hnh) Viec o khoang cach cung s dung cac vong c li bnh thng v tam cac vong c li o la tau ta. Do o chung co the ch la 1 cung tron. Viec o hng khong the dung thc c kh ma phai dung tia ien t, ta ch can xoay tia ien t qua muc tieu, c cau ch bao cho ta biet hng muc tieu. loai rada nay co nut ZERO SPEED. Khi dung nut nay, ta dng man anh radar. S dung khi o ac ti muc tieu, hay can quan sat ky hien trang quang canh man hnh luc o.

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CAC AC TNH TIEU CHUAN THEO YEU CAU CUA IMO VE RADAR
( Ap dung cho nhng radar lap at sau 01/01/1999) Radar phai am bao yeu cau khai thac trong ieu kien bnh thng, cung cap anh v tr cac phng tien noi, chng ngai nguy hiem, phao tieu, ng b cung nh cac dau hieu hang hai khac e nh v, dan tau va tranh va. 1- Tam hoat ong : Trong ieu kien bnh thng, neu anten radar at o cao 15 m so vi mat bien th phai bat c anh ro rang cac muc tieu sau: (a) Mep b : - Hb: = 60 m t khoang cach 20 Nm - Hb: = 6 m t khoang cach 7 Nm (b)Cac muc tieu noi: - Tau co trong tai 5000 GRT t khoang cach 7 Nm. - Tau co chieu dai 10 m t khoang cach 3 Nm. - Muc tieu nho, nh la cac phao tieu hang hai co be mat hieu dung 10 m2 t khoang cach 2 Nm. 2- Tam cc tieu: Cac muc tieu muc 1.b phai co hien th c ro rang c li t 50 m en 1 Nm tnh t v tr antenna ma khong can ieu chnh them nut nao ngoai viec la chon thang tam xa. 3- Man anh cua radar: Radar phai co man anh thoa man: - Tau co trong tai 150 1000 GRT: ng knh toi thieu 9 inches (180 mm) - Tau co trong tai 1000 10,000 GRT: ng knh toi thieu 12 inches (250 mm) - Tau co trong tai 10,000 GRT tr len: ng knh toi thieu 16 inches (340 mm) 4- Thang tam xa: Radar phai co mc thang tam xa sau: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24 Ngoai ra radar cung co the hien th nhng thang tam xa ln hn hoac nho hn 5- Thang o khoang cach:

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Gia tr thang tam xa va khoang cach gia cac vong c li co nh RM phai c ghi ro rang. cac thang tam xa 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 Nm vong c li co nh RM phai co toi thieu 2 vong va toi a 6 vong, con cac thang khac phai co 6 vong. Radar phai co vong c li di ong VRM va khoang cach c ch bao bang so. Sai so o khoang cach bang VRM va RM khong c vt qua 1% thang o ang dung hay 30 m, tuy theo gia tr nao ln hn, ke ca khi s dung che o lech tam. Phai thay oi c o sang cua vong VRM va RM, co the tat han.

6- Vach dau mui tau: - Radar phai the hien c vach dau mui tau SHM co o manh khong c ln hn 0.50 va sai so < 10. - Co the tat tam thi SHM bang nut an hoac xoay, khong c tat han. 7- o hng ngam ti muc tieu: - Co the o hng ngam nhanh chong vi bat c muc tieu nao xuat hien tren man hnh bvang ng phng v ien t EBL, sai so < 10. - Co the tat hoac thay oi o sang cua EBL. - Co the xoay EBL theo 2 chieu thuan /ngc chieu kim ong ho, moi nhp thay oi khong vt qua 0.20. 8- Kha nang phan giai: - Phan giai theo khoang cach: radar hoat ong thang tam xa 1.5 Nm, anh muc tieu xuat hien tren 50% ban knh man hnh th 2 muc tieu rieng biet co khoang cach gia chung la 40 m nam tren cung 1 hng, anh cua chung phai the hien rieng biet. - Phan giai theo goc: thang o 1.5 Nm, anh muc tieu xuat hien na ngoai ban knh man hnh, 2 muc tieu rieng biet cung 1 khoang cach co goc kep gia chung la 2.50, anh cua chung phai the hien rieng biet. 9- Kha nang lam viec khi tau nghieng hoac chui: Khi tau b lac doc hay ngang mot goc 10 0 th cac tieu chuan muc 1 van phai thc hien c. 10- Anten: Phai quay thuan chieu kim ong ho, quay lien tuc vi goc 3600, toc o khong nho hn 20 vong / phut, va on nh vi van toc gio 100 knots. ______________________________________________________________________ Ly thuyet Radar ---------------- --------------------------------------- 53

11- On nh phng v: - Yeu cau cung cap anh on nh theo hng la ban, o chnh xac co sai so trong pham vi 0.5 0 vi toc o quay cua a la ban la 2 vong / phut. - Thiet b radar phai lam viec bnh thng vi cach ch hng mui tau khi la ban con quay khong hoat ong. - Thi gian thay oi che o ch hng trong khoang 5 giay. 12- Kiem tra: Khi lap rap radar xuong tau phai c kiem tra trc khi chay bien sao cho thoa man cac yeu cau tren. 13- Bo phan kh nhieu: Radar phai co bo phan kh nhieu bien, ma Yeu cau kiem tra bang tay va khong co tac dung khi het trai. Co the trang b kh nhieu t ong nhng phai co kha nang tat no. 14- Thao tac: - Thao tac (khi ong) t v tr man anh. - Cac num nut phai de nhan dang e s dung, cac yeu cau ung theo qui nh cua IMO. - Sau khi bat cong tac nguon, radar co the hoat ong vi ay u cac chc nang sau 4 phut. - T trang thai Stand-by sang On khoang 15 giay. 15- Miscellaneous items: - Radar phai co che o ch bao chuyen ong tng oi co kha nang ho tr hay phong nga va cham xay ra tren bien. - Theo SOLAS, khi lap 2 radar th moi radar phai hoat ong oc lap, ca 2 co the hoat ong ong thi khong phu thuoc vao nhau, hoat ong bnh thng khi s dung nguon s co.

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