Heat Transfer with Phase Change So far we have discussed heat transfer due to a temperature gradient/difference

qx dT = k dx A qx = h(Tb Tw) A

conduction convection

When a phase change takes place, the temperature on one side is CONSTANT, but the presence of boiling/condensing fluids affects heat transfer. Important in evaporation, distillation LARGE h
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

resistance to heat transfer

Tsat T > Tsat

heat liquid phase

Boiling
At low T, few bubbles form, and heat transfer is by natural convection. As T increases, more bubbles form, increasing convection (flow) in the liquid phase, increasing h.

vapor phase
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

resistance to heat transfer

Tsat T > Tsat

Film Boiling
As T increases further, a film appears and grows, increasing resistance to heat transfer liquid phase

heat

vapor phase
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film boiling

natural convection

Regimes of Heat Transfer during Boiling

transition boiling

nucleate boiling

radiation becomes important

There are correlations for h for each regime.

T 0.25

Geankoplis 4th ed, p284

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Dropwise Condensation

high h hard to maintain not used in practice

T < Tsat

heat

Tsat
vapor phase

condensed phase
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Film Condensation

film reduces h very stable often used

T < Tsat

Tsat
vapor phase

heat condensed phase

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Heat Exchangers
T1

double-pipe:
T1 T2

T2

Q = UATlm

To increase Q appreciably, we must increase A, i.e. Ri But: only small increases possible increasing Ri decreases h

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

1 shell 1 tube

1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Geankoplis

4th

ed., p292

1 shell 2 tube

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Cross Baffles in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

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And other more complex arrangements:

2 shell 4 tube

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For double-pipe heat exchanger:

Q = UATlm
For shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

Q = UA[Tlm (FT ) ]

calculated correction factor (obtain from charts) correct mean temperature difference for shell-andtube heat exchangers
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Tm

FT
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
(1-1 exchanger, FT = 1)

1-2

FT,min=0.75

2-4 Thi = hot, in Tho = hot, out Tci = cold, in Tco = cold, out
Geankoplis 4th ed., p295

FT,min=0.75

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Heat Exchanger Fouling

material deposits on hot surfaces rust, impurities strong effect when boiling occurs

scale adds an additional resistance to heat transfer fouled scale

clean

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Heat transfer resistances

1 Ri or o 1 1 R 1 + ln o + hi Ri k Ri hoRo
resistance due to limited thermal conductivity

Ui or o =
resistance due to interface add effect of fouling

Ui or o =

Ri or o 1 1 1 R 1 1 + + ln o + + hi Ri hdi Ri k Ri hdoRo hoRo

see Perrys Handbook, or Geankoplis 4th ed. Table 4.9-1, page 300 for values of hd
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.