Study on Exhaust Gas Temperature of Supercritical Boiler Based on LSSVM-GA

LIU Ding-pingCAI Hong-ming

College of Electric Power South China University of Technology Guangzhou, 510640, China
AbstracttHigh exhaust gas temperature of boiler would seriously affect the boiler efficiency. Due to the large thermal capacity and thermal parameters inertia in supercritical boiler, it was important to control accurately the exhaust gas temperature in the process of operation. The paper applied the Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) to build the studying model of exhaust gas temperature through analyzing its influencing factors, then made a sensitivity analysis of some factors.Lastly,the study used the method of genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the exhaust gas temperature. The research obtained the optimizing and adjusting tactics, which have guiding significance in boilers control. Keywords- LSSVM; exhaust gas temperature; sensitivity analysis;GA optimization

A. Analyzing on In-out Parameters of the LSSVM Model Supercritical boiler applied coal-water ratio to crude regulation.The parameters of feed water flow,main steam temperature and feed coal flow represented the boiler load,and they were the essential parameters of boiler cotroling. The total air flow and the feed coal flow showed the thermal load of boiler,and the adjusting of wind-coal ratio affected the temperatare of furnace chamber. Secondary air flow ,secondary air pressure and primary air flow affected the aerodynamic field and the heat flux in the boiler. Oxygen content and carbon content in fly ash showed the condition of combustion,and it had internal relations to exhaust gas temperature. Air leakage rate of air preheater was calculated through oxygen content of in-out airpreheater.It also exerted a tremendous influence on exhaust gas temperature.The air leakage rate incresing could often bring down the exhaust gas temperature. Attemperation water flow for overheater made indirect influence on exhaust gas temperature. Augmentation of the parameter indicated that heat absorption of working substance increased ,it also indicated that heat exchange amount through flue gas increased. Feed water temperature also had great influence on exhaust gas temperature.The parameter rising would bring down warm pressing and amounts of heat exchanging in coal economizer, then resluted in reducing the exhaust gas temperature. In a word, the above-mentioned 20 parameters were used as the input parameters of the LSSVM model. Additional explanation:the coal quality could be kept stably for a time of operation.And the pulverized coal fineness could be reacted by primary air flow of every mill because the grinding mill adopted the dynamic separator.So the two parameters were not included in the input parameters of the model. As for researching the input parameters influence on exhaust gas temperature,the output parameter of the LSSVM model chose the exhaust gas temperature. B. Training and Analyzing of the LSSVM Model The research object was a 1036MW supercritical boiler,which characteristics were the single furnace, opposed

I.

INTRODUCTION

High exhaust gas temperature of boiler could seriously affect the boiler efficiency,and had endangered operation security of electric precipitation at the same time. Usually, the heat loss of exhaust gas (q2) incresed about 1% with its temperature rising every 10~20. As for supercritical boiler with high parameter and large capacity , with the unit load augmenting, thermal capacity of combustion increasing , resulted in the inertia of thermal parameters which were related to boiler combustion increasing.That was why quickly controlling and optimizing the exhaust gas temperature of supercritical boiler come to particular important. Based on analyzing the real time datas of the ultra supercritical units, the Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) were established. Though sensitivity analysis for some input parameters,and using the method of genetic algorithm, exhaust gas temperature optimization of design conditions was caculated. Based on all of these, it proposed the adjusting strategies of optimization at last. II. THE LSSVM MODEL OF EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE

Boilers operation included physical and chymic process, and influencing factors were close coupling nonlinearity.The process was so complicated that it could hardly be described by mechanism model.Least square support vector machine (LSSVM) showed large advantage in resolving the problems of nonlinearity and multiparameter coupling.

978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

firing,one time reheating and -typed structure.From the DCS system,45 groups of datas were chosen to be researching samples of the LSSVM model building.The former 35 groups of datas were used as training samples,and the others were used as verified samples of the model. In the period of datas acquisition,the boiler operation use the same coal, and the results of coal quality analysis was shown by Table 1.The LSSVM model totally had 20 input parameters and 1 ouput parameter.The datas were normalized to (0,1) interval, than model selected the RBF_kernel as the kernel function. Omalized parameter() was 58,and RBF_kernel parameter() was 20.The result of LSSVM model training was shown by Fig.1
TABLE I. FCar % 47.67 Car % 60.33 Har % 3.62 Oar % 9.95

150 Calculated value ( ) 140 130 120 110 110

standard line Training samples vefified samples 120 130 140 150 Actual value ( )

Figure 1. Comparison on calculated value and actual value

RESULTS OF COAL QUALITY ANALYSIS

Nar % 0.69

Sar % 0.41

Mar % 14

Mad % 8.49

Aar % 11

Vdaf % 36.44

Qnet,ar MJ/kg 22.76

The relative error of verified samples in the model was shown by Table2, and the generalization capability, convergence rate and stability of the model were analyzed as follows: (1) Generalization capability: as to the training samples, the average relative error of the model was 0.32%, and the maximum relative error was 1.46%. It indicated that the calculated value of verified samples in the model was very close to the actual value. Convergence rate: the calculating time was 0.98s,It indicated that the convergence rate of the LSSVM model was very fast. Stability: under the same initial condition, the results of every time training for the LSSVM model were
TABLE II. Verified Samples Calculated Value () Actual Value () Relative Error (%) 1 137.5 137.6 0.09 TABLE III. Feed Water Flow (t/h) 3012 Main Steam Temp. () 595.3 Feed Coal Flow (t/h) 410.5 Total Air Flow (t/h) 3554.8

very close to each other, and the error was less than 5%. It indicated that the model had the stable inputoutput mapping relation. III. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

(2)

(3)

Firstly, the research chose a full load condition as standard condition, which was shown in Table 3. Secondly, had done simulation for the exhaust gas temperature in the condition of changing some input parameters which were the feed water temperature, carbon content in fly ash, air leakage rate of air preheater and total air flow. Than made a sensitivity analysis on effect of exhaust gas temperature when the the parameters changing. The results of simulation were shown by Fig.2~Fig.5

THE RELATIVE ERROR OF VERIFIED SAMPLES IN THE MODEL 2 123.93 123.90 0.02 3 121.0 120.9 0.11 4 130.0 130.1 0.05 5 132.9 133.6 0.52 6 127.7 128.2 0.29 7 130.27 132.2 1.46 8 132.8 132.4 0.32 9 129.9 130.2 0.08 10 120.9 120.6 0.20

STANDAR CONDITION OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Attemperation Water Flow for Overheater (t/h) Oxygen Content of Airpreheater Input (%) 3.44 Leakage Rate of Air Preheater (%) 1.0 Carbon Content in Fly Ash (%) 1.995 Feed Water Temp. () 295.8

1st
74.8

2nd
24.6

Secondary Air Pressure (kpa) A 0.93 B 1.01

Secondary Air Flow (t/h) A 1381 B 1330 A 135.63

Primary Air Flow of Every Mill (t/h) B 133.6 C 122.6 D 102.2 E 127.3 F 0

Exhaust Gas Temp.

() 137.6

Exhaust gas temperature ( )

137 136 135 134 133 132 260 270 280 290 300 Feed wate temperature ( )
Figure 2. Feed wate temperature changing

Fig.2 illustrated: It was apparent that exhaust gas temperature changed with feed water temperature changing. When feed water temperature rises, exhaust gas temperature will rise, too.This was because increasing feed water temperature made the absorbed heat of working fluid lower. Moreover, that caused the heat transfer rate of flue gas through coal economizer to decrease, so exhaust gas temperature rose. Fig.3 illustrated: the increment of carbon content in fly ash also made the temperature of exhaust gas temperature rise. This was because the increment of carbon content in fly ash illustrated that incomplete combustion in the furnace increased and the height of furnace flame centre rose.That made the radiation of exhaust gas temperature decrease.So the exhaust gas temperature rose. Fig.4 illustrated: With the air leakage rate of air preheater increasing, exhaust gas temperature lowers apparently. This was because the air leakage rate of air preheater made flue gas incorporate some cold air that would lower the average temperature of flue gas. Fig.5 illustrated: If the total air flow of furnace increases, exhaust gas temperature rises apparently first and then lower slightly on condition that the coal flow is unchanged. When air flow rose from 2400t/h to 3200t/h, oxygen content of combustion in theory was not enough and the combustion temperature was relatively low. With air flow increasing, the combustion temperature in furnace gradually rose, so exhaust gas temperature also rose. When air flow continued to increase, oxygen content of combustion in theory was enough. The newly increased air flow made furnaces temperature lower slightly and caused exhaust gas temperature to lower. IV. OPTIMIZED CALCULATION FOR THE MODEL OF EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATION BY GENETIC ALGORITHM A. Genetic Algorithm The basic concept of genetic algorithm (GA) rooted in the characteristic of organic evolution.The characteristic included reproduction, mutation, competition and selection.As to be a universal self-adapting and random search tool, GA was global convergence and strong robustness.GA had been applied in many scientific and engineering field,and it was a favourable tool in solving to many favourable problem. B. Optimized calculation of the LSSVM model based on GA In order to find the optimized exhaust gas temperature and corresponding input parameters,the research used genetic algorithm to optimize the LSSVM model. On account of the Standard condition which was shown in Tabel 3,keeping the parameters of feed water flow,main steam temperature,feed coal flow,total air flow, attemperation water flow for overheater and air leakage rate of air preheater unchanging,find out the value of rest input parameters when the exhaust gas temperature was lowest.
2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 Total air flow (t/h)

Exhaust gas temperature ( )

137 136 135 134 133 132 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Carbon content in fly ash (%)

Figure 3. Carbon content changing

Exhaust gas temperature ( )

136 134 132 130 0 10 20 30 Air leakage rate of air preheater (%)

Figure 4. Air leakage rate of air preheater changing

E x h aus t gas tem pe rature ( )

136.5 136 135.5 135 134.5 134

The mathematical model of finding optimized value of exhaust gas temperature was described as follow:

Figure 5. Total air flow changing

min T st. X i E i 0 < X < 1 i

T = f ( X i , X l , a , b, )

(1) (2)

stability. In the end, it illustrated the reasearch model of the boiler which is based on the LSSVM was practical. (2)Then adopted not only simulation compute but also the way of single factors change. We include and analyze feed water temperature, carbon content in fly ash, oxygen content in the furnace, air leakage rate of air preheater, and the total air flow of furnaces sensitivity to exhaust gas temperature. (3)Lasly, used genetic algorithm (GA) to carry out optimization calculation of the designed condition. It optimized the exhaust gas temperature from 137.6C to 125.0C, at the same time the adjusting tactics after optimized calculation was given out. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank to two engineers of Yang Fei-long and Wu Shaojie, who supply the datas of the research. REFERENCES
[1] Liu Ding-ping, Ye Xiang-rong, Den Hua-yu,Optimization control of preparation of coal water mixture based on LSSVM-MODE Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science), vol 37, pp. 158-162, February 2009 Liu Ding-ping, Ye Xiag-rong, Chen,Bin-yuan,Effect of burner offset angles on outlet metal temperature of vertical water wall tube in supercritical boiler 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009 Young-Sik ChoiLeast squares one-class support vector machine, Pattern Recognition Letters,vol 30, pp.1236-1240, May 2009. Kuh, A., De Wilde, P., Comments on pruning error minimization in least squares support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks,vol 18 (2). 2007. Li-Gang Zheng, Hao Zhou, Ke-Fa Cen, Chun-Lin Wang A comparative study of optimization algorithms for low NOx combustion modification at a coal-fired utility boiler Expert Systems with Applications,vol 36, pp.2780-2793, 2009 Sheng-wei Fei, Cheng-liang Liu, Yu-bin Miao Support vector machine with genetic algorithm for forecasting of key-gas ratios in oilimmersed transformer Expert Systems with Applicationsvol 36,pp. 63266331, 2009 Van Gestel,T., Suykens, J.A.K., Baesens, B., Viaene, S., Vanthienen, J., Dedene, G., De Moor, B., Vandewalle, J. Benchmarking least squares support vector machine classifiers Mach. Learning,vol 54,pp.5322003

i = 1,2,3, " ,20 (3) j = 1,2,3, " ,35 (4) In the above equation: T was exhaust gas temperature; Xi Xl
was input variable of LSSVM model; was training

E samples of LSSVM model; i was limited range; was kernel parameter; a was lagrange multiplier and b was
deviation. The results of optimized calculation was shown by Fig.6.Via 3000 calculated steps, the LSSVM-GA model find a optimized value of the exhaust gas temperature which was 125 , than the corresponding adjusting tactics under the condition was given in Table 4.
130 Optimized value ( )
Exhaust gas temperature

[2]

128

Average fitness

126

[3] [4]

124

1000 2000 Genetic generation (times)

3000

[5]

Figure 6. Self-adapting of GA

V.

CONCLUSION

[6]

(1)The study analyzed the factors that affected exhaust gas temperature of the supercritical boiler. Then established the LSSVM model of exhaust gas temperature by using the datas of DCS system. In the meantime, we analyzed the models ability of generalization, the speed of convergence and the
TABLE IV. Feed Water Flow (t/h) 3012 Main Steam Temp. () 595.3 Feed Coal Flow (t/h) 410.5

[7]

ADJUSTING TACTICS AFTER OPTIMIZED CACULATION Total Air Flow (t/h) Attemperation Water Flow for Overheater (t/h) Oxygen Content of Airpreheater Input (%) 3.53 Leakage Rate of Air Preheater (%) 1.0 Carbon Content in Fly Ash (%) 0.92 Feed Water Temp. () 261

1st
74.8

2nd
24.6

3554.8

Secondary Air Pressure (kpa) A 0.98 B 0.90

Secondary Air Flow (t/h) A 1382.8 B 1134.2 A 141.53

Primary Air Flow of Every Mill (t/h) B 105.18 C 0 D 127.2 E 109.7 F 104

Exhaust Gas Temp.

() 125