,

..
__________________

-

-
13 2012. 290-
-88.10

2012

.......................................................... 8
..................................................................................................................... 9
1 ................................................................................. 11
2 ................................................................................... 14
3 .................................................................................... 17
3.1 ...................................................................... 17
3.2 ........................................................... 19
3.3 - ................................................................ 20
3.3.1. ....................................................................... 20
3.3.2 ................................................................................. 23
3.3.3 .................................................................. 23
3.3.4 ........................................................... 24
3.3.5 .......................................................... 25
3.3.6 ..................................................................... 26
3.3.7 .. 26
3.3.8 ........................................................................ 27
4 ............................................................ 29
4.1 CAD/CAE- .................. 29
4.2 CAD- ...................................................................................... 34
4.3 CAE- ...................................................................................... 39
4.4 ................................................................ 42
4.4.1 SolidWorks ................................................................................................. 42
4.4.2 Siemens FEMAP ........................................................................................ 44
4.4.3 ANSYS ....................................................................................................... 46
5 ..................................................... 50
5.1 ................................................................ 50
5.2 ANSYS ....................... 50
5.3 ........................................................................................ 51

5.4 ......................................................................... 52
5.5 ............................................................................ 54
5.6 ................................................................ 56
6 ......................................................... 59
7 .......................... 63
7.1 ................................................................ 63
7.2 .................................................................................. 64
7.2.1 .............................................................................................. 64
7.2.2 ........................................................................... 66
7.2.3 ..................................... 67
7.2.4 ........................................................................................................... 67
7.3 ......................... 68
7.3.1 ......................................................................................... 68
7.3.2 ................................................. 69
7.4 ......................................................................................... 70
7.5 ....................................................... 70
8 .............................................................................. 72
8.1 - ....................................... 72
8.2 - () ................. 73
8.2.1 ......................................................................................... 74
8.2.2 ........................................................................... 74
8.2.3 ............................................................................... 75
8.2.4 ..................................................................... 75
8.2.5 .............................................................. 76
8.2.6 ........................................... 76
8.2.7 ............................................................ 76
8.2.8 ................................................................... 77
........................................................................................................... 79

.
CAD Computer-Aided Design.
CAE Computer-aided engineering.
CAM Computer-aided manufacturing.
.
.
.

, , ,
.
, .

, ,

. 70 80-

().

(CAD), (CAE),

(CAM).

( )
, ,
, ,
,
-
.


SolidWorks, CAD/CAM/CAE
.
ANSYS, CAE-


SolidWorks.

10

SIEMENS Femap.

,
. ,

. ,
- ,
.

11

1
:
SolidWorks 2009 [14]
,
SolidWorks 2009.

'

' , ,
, , .
, ,
. ,
, .
Solidworks
SIEMENS Femap. Femap -
Siemens PLM Software
(Finite Element Analysis - FEA). , Femap
- ,
. Femap,
NX Nastran, Microsoft Windows,
Velocity Series
,
. . ., UGS Femap 9.3.0
- [15] UGS Femap 10.2.0
- [16]

Siemens Femap.
,
, ,

12

CAE .

. .

ANSYS.
ANSYS [4].
ANSYS .

, ,
, . ,
,
ANSYS.

,
.
, .

, , .
,
,
.

- .

.
[17].
-
.
.

13

(,
).
,
.

.

9-

.
.
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,
.

14

:
Piranha 2;

SIEMENS Femap;
;
;

.

. (.1.2 .1.3).

1.1

15

1.2

1.3

:

16

( 2,11011 /2;
0,3; 7800 /3);

;

.

17

3.1

,
.
.
() .
.

(1950 .).
, ,
-,
.
,
.
,
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.
,
1963 . ,
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.
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(, ). '
.

18

, ,
.
, 1968 .
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,
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.
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,
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19

3.2
, ,
(,

). ,
.


. ,

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.

,
.

,
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). .
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.
,

.
,
.

20

.
.

3.3 -
3.3.1.
,

3.1.

F2

F1

3.1 .

(.

4.1), ,
, ,
(. 3.2).

P
R

F1

3.2 ,

.

, .

21

R . R
.

R
P
A .

(3.1)

R
P lim
A 0 A .

(3.2)

.
, ,

.
,
, .
,
,
.
.
(. 3.3).
,
,
,
X , Y , Z .

22

zx
xz
x

xy

z
zy
yz

yx

3.3
,
. 9 :

, .
,

X .
.
, .
,

xy

X , Y.
,
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,
.
,
.

23

, 3.3
, .

3.3.2
-
, .
, ,
.
,
.

3.3.3
,
, ,
(. 3.4).
3

23 2 3

13 1 3
2

23 2 3
2

3.4

24

13 max

1 3
2

(3.3)
.

3.3.4
:
1)

.
2)

.
: I 3 0 .
3)

, ,

, XY,
().
x

T yx
0

4)

xy
y
0

0
0

(3.4)
.

.
,

.
:
1. .
.
2. ,
.

25

3. ,
.

3.3.5
V

S.

( X ,Y , Z ) , ,

F ( X ,Y , Z ) , .

, ,
:

d
V

dS 0
V

(3.5)
.

X .
x xy xz

X dV 0

y
z
V x

(3.6)

.. - ,
- .
, Y Z
.
x xy xz

X 0
x
y
z
yx y yz

Y 0
x
y
z
zx zy z

Z 0
x
y
z
.

(3.7)

26

3.3.6
.
- ,

,
.


x
1
T yx
2
1
2 zx

x , y ,z

2 xy

y
1

2 zy

1

2 xz
1

2 yz

(3.8)

z
.

xy ,, zy

3.3.7

. ,
. ,
.

xy

;
u ;

y ;z
z
x
y

u ;

u

yz ; zx
y x
x z .
z y

(3.9)
(3.10)

.
,
. , ,

27

,
.

3.3.8

.

y z

x
x .

(3.11)

, ,
,
.
(. 4.3).
.
1)

y z 0 , x
2)

3)

x 0 .

x
x
; y z
E
E .

y 0 ; x z 0 ; y

z 0 ; x y 0 ; z

y
E

x z

(3.12)

y
E

(3.13)
.

z
z
; x y
E
E .

(3.14)

x x x x .
y

(3.15)

z .

.
x

1
x ( y z );
E

28

1
y ( z x );
E

1
z ( x y );
E

(3.16)

xy

xy ;
G

yz

yz
G

; zx
zx
G.

(3.17)

,

,
,
.

29

4.1 CAD/CAE-
CAD-

(omputer-aided

design

)
. , CAD-
(),

(,

).

CAD-

.
CAM- (computer-aided manufacturing
)
()
(, , , .). CAM-
.

. CAM-
, CAD-.
-

(computer-aided

engineering

) ,
( ),
,
, .
CA- ,
CAD-.

30

CAD/CAM/CAE-

, , , 10
.
70- . ,
- ,
. (80- .)
CAD/CAM/CAE-
. ( 90- .
)
CAD/CAM/CAE-

(
).
CAD/CAM/CAE-
,
IBM Control Data, - PDP/11 ( Digital Equipment
Corporation) Nova ( Data General).
, (
, , Applicon, Auto-Trol
Technology, Calma, Computervision Intergraph).
. ,

,
. CAD/CAM/CAE-
, (

),

. Dataquest,
80- . CAD- $90000.


(

31

). 80- . CAD-
().
, , . Dataquest,
80- . CAD- , , $20000.
, 80- .
CAD- .
CAD- ECAD MCAD.
CAD-,
: IBM
PC Intel 86;
Motorola (
Unix AT&T, Macintosh Apple Domain OS
Apollo).
CAD- 16 Intel MS DOS. ,
, ,
Unix
32- ,
.
80- . Motorola
.
(Reduced Instruction Set Computing RISC)
Unix (, Sun
SPARC). RISC
CAD-.
90- . Intel

. ,
RISC/Unix-.
RISC/Unix 2- 90- .,

32

. MS
Windows
, .
Dataquest IDC, 1997 . Windows
NT/Intel (Wintel) Unix- .
CAD/CAM/CAE-
(, $6000 Pro/Engineer).
30 CAD/CAM/CAE-
:
- , 70- .
(
).
,
,
.
,
EPD (Electronic Product Definition). EPD ,

, ,
,
, , .
EPD- -
-
, - ,

EPD-

CAD/CAM/CAE CAD/CAM/CAE-.
CAD/CAM/CAE-
, . ,
, ..

33

( ) ,

- .

CAD/CAM-

Pro/Engineer,

Unigraphics, CATIA, EUCLID, I-DEAS (

CAE).

(Parasolid Unigraphics Solutions
ACIS Spatial Technology). CAD/CAM-
ACIS : ADEM (Omega Technology);
Cimatron (Cimatron Ltd.); Mastercam (CNC Software, Inc.); AutoCAD,
Mechanical Desktop Autodesk Inventor (Autodesk Inc.); Powermill
(DELCAM); CADdy++ Mechanical Design (Ziegler Informatics GmbH);
Bravo (Unigraphics Solutions), IronCad (VDS) .
CAD/CAM- Parasolid ,
MicroStation Modeler (Bentley Systems Inc.); CADKEY (CADKEY Corp.);
Pro/Desktop (Parametric Technology Corp.); SolidWorks (SolidWorks Corp.);
Anvil Express (MCS Inc.), Solid Edge Unigraphics Modeling (Unigraphics
Solutions); IronCAD (VDS) .
CAD- (, AutCAD LT, Medusa,
TrueCAD, , .)
.
CAD/CAM/CAE-
, ,
.

(, , ,
) CAD/CAM/CAE. CAD/CAM/CAE-

34

, ,

CAD/CAM/CAE-
,
,
. ,

.
, ,
,
,
.

4.2 CAD-
T-FLEX CAD. TFLEX CAD " ".
: ;
;
; ,
ACIS; ;
; ;
. T-FLEX CAD 1997
.
bCAD ,
3D , 2D
, 3D ,
3D PC. bCAD

35

,

: ,
, ,
. CAD, 3D
. ProPro Group, .
. . CAD-,
- ,
.
, , -
. , .
CADMECH
AutoCAD.
CADMECH Desktop
Mechanical Desktop.
"", .
CADRA.
. SofTECH, Inc., .
CADkey. 3D , ,
,
. 250000
. Baystate Technologies, .
DesignCAD Pro.
.
ViaGrafix, .
IronCAD.

.
. Visionary Design Systems, Inc., .

36

BlueCAD 2D/3D CAD

. CADWare, .
Surface Express. .
MCS, Inc., .

RhinoCeros.

NURBS

Robert McNeel & Associates, .

CADdy. CADdy
.

, :

(, , , ),
, , . ZIEGLERInformatics GmbH, .

OmniCAD.

. CAMM s.r.l., .
SolidWorks. CAD p
.

Parasolid. a
pa pa Windows.
SolidWorks Corporation, .
SolidEdge
,

. Solid Edge
.

Windows.

Parasolid. Unigraphics Solutions,

.

37

hink3.

,
, ,
. - thnk3, Inc., .
Cimatron CAD/CAM ,
, -
, ,
. Cimatron
, ,
. 6000
. Cimatron Ltd., .
TEBIS. CAD/CAM .
, . Tebis AG, .
VISI Series. CAD/CAM .
,
, ,
. Vero International, Inc., .
HELIX Design System
, .
, ,
. MicroCADAM Ltd.,
.
Form-Z.

,
, .
Autodessys, Inc., .
Alias|Wavefront.
,

38

, ,
. Alias|Wavefront, .
CoCreate.
: ME10 ; SolidDesigner
. CoCreate Software,
Inc., .
CADMAX SolidMaster ,
,
. CADMAX Corp., .
BRAVO.

,
. : Bravo XL, Bravo Sheet Metal
Fabricator, Bravo NCG, Bravo Frame. Applicon, Inc., .
MicroStation , 2D/3D

, , , ,

DOS,
Windows .
MicroStation ,
.
Bentley, .
Genius.

Genius

.
Genius

Desktop

Mechanical Desktop.

,

39

.
.

4.3 CAE-
EUCLID. EUCLID,
, MATRA DATAVISION,
10 . ,
CAD/CAM/CAE/PDM
.
: EUCLID, PRELUDE, CAS.CADE. ,

, , ,
. MATRA DATAVISION,
. MATRA Datavision
EADS ( MATRA Datavision ) EADS MATRA Datavision.
Pro/ENGINEER. ,
. Pro/ENGINEER
" " .
16000
- ,
. Pro/ENGINEER
Proven
Technology, . Parametric
Technology Corporation, .
CATI/CADAM Solutions
CAD/CAM/CAE

- . CATIA,
,

40

,
, . - CATIA 8
.
, CATIA/CADAM Solutions:
- -, ,
;
- ;
-
;
- ;
- ;
-
;
- .
DASSAULT SYSTEMES () IBM ()

.
NX. NX CAD/CAM/CAE . NX

,
-.
I-DEAS Master Series. I-DEAS Master Series
,

. IDEAS ,
,
. - Structural
Dynamics Research Corporation (SDRC), .

41

ADAMS. ()
, .. .

( ).
. Mechanical Dynamics, Inc.,
.
DYNAMIC DESIGNER. Machanical Desktop

. Mechanical Dynamics, .
ANSYS. - .
, .
, .

(,
,

.).

,
, ,
. - , ,
.
,
-, , - . ANSYS

, ; ,
, ,
. , ,
"" (, ),
,
. ANSYS Inc., .

42

DesignSpace.

Mechanical Desktop, Mechanical Desktop

. DesignSpace

, Autodesk
Mechanical Desktop.
.
,

. , ,
: , ,
.
.
ANSYS Inc., .
3D QuickFill. ,
.

: -;
; ; "";
. Advanced CAE Technologies, Inc., [2]

4.4
4.4.1 SolidWorks
SolidWorks, ,
.

. ,
,
, ,

43

SolidWorks

,
.
SolidWorks . ,
, - ,
, ,
, .
, ,
- , , ,
.
SolidWorks "-
" ()
.
,
.
, , , .
, ,
,
.
( , ), ,
,
.
SolidWorks

, "", "" "".

, , .

,
. ,

44

(EngineeringDataReuse
EDR), . ,
SolidWorks, EDR.

.


. -

. SolidWorks .
SolidWorks ,
Windows,
.

-
. SolidWorks
- .

4.4.2 Siemens FEMAP

Femap Siemens PLM
Software
(Finite Element Analysis - FEA). , Femap
- ,
. Femap, NX
Nastran, Microsoft Windows,
Velocity Series
, .
Femap NX Nastran :
, ,
,

45

, ,
, ,
' . Femap NX Nastran
,
, ,
,
, .
, (
, , ) (
- , , '),
- ,
. (Advanced
Nonlinear) (
[ | ],
), ,

. Femap : Femap
Flow Solver - - ; Femap
Advanced

Thermal

Solver

, , '
-, ; Femap Thermal Solver . Femap

, , , , ,

. Femap

-,

, .

46

4.4.3 ANSYS


. .
, (
),
,
.

ANSYS. ANSYS
.
ANSYS ,
. : ( ,
), , , [2].
ANSYS
ANSYS Inc.,
,
. ANSYS

. ANSYS Inc.,
, ,
(ANSYS, DesignSpace, AI Solutions (NASTRAN, ICEM CFD)).
CAE- ,


.
ANSYS Inc
, ,

" ".

47

,
.
, ANSYS Inc.
, ,
.
ANSYS CAE-
,
, ABB, BMW, Boeing, Caterpillar, Daimler-Chrysler, Exxon,
FIAT, Ford, GeneralElectric, Lockheed, MeyerWerft, Mitsubishi, Siemens, Shell,
Volkswagen-Audi . ANSYS

CAD-

NX,

CATIA,

Pro/ENGINEER,

SolidEdge,

SolidWorks, AutodeskInventor .
ANSYS
, .


. ,
"" .
70- 20-

.
, ,
.
, .

,
.
70- . ANSYS
.
( - - ).

48

,
.
.
ANSYS
.
, ANSYS ,
.
.
ANSYS
.

ANSYS
, .
(
)
,
,

. , ,
.
ANSYS .
,
, :

; () ,
;

- ,

49

,
-

ANSYS APDL.
( Motif)
,
, .
,
NURBS,
( SHAPES
XOX Corp., ANSYS).
ANSYS DesignData Access (DDA)
,
(CAD), .
DDA ,
- ,
, ,
.
DDA Connection
CAD-,
Parametric Technology Corporation, EDS/Unigraphics Computervision
Corporation. DDA Interactive,

CAD-
CAD- ,
. ,
ANSYS CAD-
IGES STEP
CAD-.

50

5.1
Piranha 2
EDGE.
Surfece

SolidWorks. ,

, Mirror
.
5.1.

5.1 -

5.2 ANSYS
ANSYS
.
.

51

.
, .
Partition Operate Preprocessor
.
.
0,01 . 5.2

5.2 ANSYS

5.3
.
1 106 . .
5.3.

52

5.3 10

5.4
.

. 3
:
-
-
-
10.

5.4.

53

5.4

( 5.5, 5.6)

5.5

54

5.6

5.5

.
:
- .
- .
10 .

5.7

55

5.7
5.8, 5.9 .

5.8

56

5.9

5.6
,
.

, .
.
.
.
3g 5g,
.
:
-

-
-

57

5g
Y
5.10

5.10
5.11, 5.12 .

5.11

58

5.12

59

ANSYS.
,
,
6.1 6.8
6.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Ansys
Femap
58.4
58.6
62.0
62.4
63.4
63.5
71.7
71.9
72.7
72.6
81.4
81.3
94.9
95.2
103.4
103.8
133.1
133.3
135.5
136.0

,(%)
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.3

6.2
, %

Ansys

Femap

U(max),

U(max),

0,9410-3

0,9710-3

26,910-3

2710-3

0,37

1,110-3

1,110-3

0,01

60

6.3
Ansys

Femap

, %

(max),
7,1108
10,7108
1,45108

(max),
5,9108
8,8108
1,46108

16,9
17,7
0,6

6.4
Ansys

Femap

, %

U(max),
2,7810-3

U(max),
2,7910-3

0,35

1,5810-3

1,5610-3

1,26

6.5
Ansys

Femap

, %

(max),
0,39109

(max),
0,33109

15,3

0,66109

0,50109

24,2

6.6 3g
Ansys

Femap

, %

U(max),
0,1210-2
0,4610-3
0,1310-3

0,01
0,01
0,01

3g
U(max),
0,1210-2
0,4610-3
0,1310-3

61

6.7 3g
Ansys

Femap

, %

U(max),
0,210-2
0,7810-3
0,2210-3

0,01
0,01
0,01

5g
U(max),
0,210-2
0,7810-3
0,2210-3

6.8 5g
Ansys

Femap

, %

(max),
0,41108
0,62108
0,48108

9,7
0,01
7,6

5g
(max),
0,37108
0,62108
0,52108

.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
6.8-6.11.
6.9
Ansys

Femap

, %

(max),
4,78106
17,3106
1,4108

(max),
4,91106
16,1106
1,41106

2,6
6,9
0,7

62

6.10
Ansys

Femap

, %

(max),
6,4106
14,5106

(max),
6,1106
13,1106

4,6
9,6

6.11

Ansys
5g
(max),
1,96106
0,85106
0,3106

Femap

, %

(max),
2,01106
0,83106
0,32106

2,4
2,3
6,2

63

7.1

.
,
,
.

[11]. ,
' ,
.

, ,
.
12.0.003-74[3]
: , ,
.

,
, ;
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,
7.1 12.0.003-74[3].
[2]

' , ,
,

64

,

.
7.1

,
,
,

,

,

7.2
7.2.1
' - .
20 2, 64 3.
,

,
.
,

65

12.1.005-88[10].
,
.
, .
(. . 7.2).
7.2

2224

4060%

0.1 /

2325

4060%

0.10.2 /

,
, 19,5

.
, , 7.3.
7.3 ,

, 3

20 3

30

2040 3

20

20 3

66

7.2.2
,

; , ,
,
.
,
. .2.5-28-2006[12]

.
( 0.30.5)
() 1.5%,
( 0.5
1.0 ) 1.0%.
,
, ,
. (N%)
:

7.1

e H - 1 .2.5-28-2006, 1,2%;
mN - 4 .2.5-28-2006, 0.85
( ) ;
N - 4 .2.5-282006.

, ,
:

67

300 , 750 ;
200 300 .

7.2.3


- ,
, .
20 -300
.
,
',
,
.
.

10 /,

10..100

(MPR-II, 92, -99, -03),

.

7.2.4
, ,
, , ,
, : - ,

68

,
, 50 [4].

.
:
20 , (, )
20 20 20 .
C ( /)
. ,
C~344 /; ~1500 / , ~ 3000-6000
/.
(
- ) .
.
800-4000 . - 20-100 .

7.3
7.3.1
.
45 ,
50 .
220
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http://www.cad.dp.ua/obzors/karnel.php
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