1. As the tread/going increases, the rise height increases, and vice versa. True/False . Why ? 2.

Fire staircases should ideally include winders for ease of movement. True/False . Why ? 3. What is meant by Type IP-A Portland Cement ? 4. Water is required in the concrete mix mainly for two purposes. State them. 5. State the reasons for providing cover to reinforcement in reinforced concrete members. The cantilever beams will be subjected to tensile stress in the bottom and compressive stress in the top. True/False . Why ? 6. What is prestressing? 7. State two advantages and disadvantages of prestressing. 8. In steel structures what are the methods employed to protect steel against fire ? 9. State two advantages of bolting versus welding. Which of them can be easily done insitu ? 10. Explain shear connections and moment connections with diagrams/sketches. 11. State four charachteristics of aggregates that are used in concrete. 12. Give reason for curing of concrete.