Wireless Networks

Wireless LANs

Wireless MANs

Wireless WANs

Personal Area Networks Example1: Bluetooth 1 Mbps, 10 Meters Other examples: wireless sensor networks, UWB

Business LANs

Wireless Local Loops (Fixed Wireless)

Cellular Networks

Satellite Systems

Paging Networks

Example1: 802.11b 11 Mbps, 100 Meters Other examples: 802.11g, HiperLAN2

Example1: LMDS 37 Mbps, 2-4 Km Example2: FSO 1.25 Gbps 1-2 KM

Example1: GSM, 9.6 Kbps, wide coverage Example2: 3G, 2 Mbps, wide coverage

Example1: Motorola Iridium up to 64 Mbps globally Example 2: Deep space communication

Example1: FLEX, 1.2 Kbps Example2: ReFLEX, 6.4Kbps

Cellular Networks

Outline
Fundamentals of cellular network Brief History of cellular network GSM

Cell 1

A Cellular Network

Cell 2

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

HLR

VLR

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) And internet

Mobile User Cordless connection Wired connection

Copyright: A. Umar

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) HLR = Home Location Register

VLR = Visitor Location Register

Introduction to cellular networks

Cell covers specific geographical region BTS(Base transceiver station)
Create cell (similar to Access point)

Mobile station(MS)
Attached to network through BTS

Mobile switching center (MSC)

Connect cell to wide area net Manages call setups handles mobility (HLR,VLR)

History
1G: Basic mobile telephony service
analog cellular technology American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe Uses FDMA

2G: service for mass users

Digital cellular technology D-AMPS: combines FDMA/TDMA Global System for mobile Communication (GSM ) Combines FDMA/TDMA Code Division multiple Access(CDMA)
Uses CDMA

History
2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with
voice services Packet switching technology adding into 2G Two types :evolved from GSM
General Packet Radio Service(GPRS ) Enhanced data rates for global Evolution (EDGE) EDGE provides a better data rates using enhanced modulation

CDMA -2000
Evolved from the CDMA

History
3G: Broad Band internet, multimedia and
emerging new applications
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System(UMTS)
GSM next step, using CDMA

CDMA-2000 1x EV-DO(Evolution-Data Optimized)

Uses CDMA/TDMA up to 3Mbps

144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage

History
4G: LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
More on seminar

Overview
Data Rates

2 Mbps 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 3G (144Kbps to 2Mbps) 2.5G (10-150Kbps)

10 Kbps
1 Kbps

2G (9.6Kbps)
1G (<1Kbps)

1980

1990 Years
Copyright: A. Umar

2000

2010

 Cellular concepts

0G Wireless (old days)

Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications in early 20th century Car-based telephones first introduced in mid 1940s
Single large transmitter on top of a tall building Single channel used for sending and receiving To talk, user pushed a button, enabled transmission and disabled reception.Became known as push-to-talk . CB-radio, taxis, police cars use this technology

IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) introduced in 1960s

Used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving) No need for push-to-talk

Used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz

Copyright: A. Umar

First-Generation Cellular
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) invented at Bell Labs and first installed in 1982 Key ideas:
Exclusively analog Geographical area divided into cells (typically 10-25km) Cells are small: Frequency reuse exploited in nearby (not adjacent) cells As compared to IMTS, could use 5 to 10 times more users in same area by using frequency re-use (divide area into cells) Smaller cells also required less powerful, cheaper, smaller devices
Copyright: A. Umar

 Cell design (around 5km radius)

Cellular Network Organization

Served by base station consisting of transmitter, receiver, and control unit

Base station (BS) antenna is placed in high places ( high rise buildings) Operators pay per month for BS Different frequencies assigned to each cell Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors are equidistant (hexagonal pattern)

In North America, two 25-MHz bands allocated to AMPS

One for transmission from base to mobile unit One for transmission from mobile unit to base
Copyright: A. Umar

cellular network concepts

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell (omni-directional)

cell

idealized shape of the cell

use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

Cell Design
E

E
F A G B F C D

F A

D C B

E
D A G B C

Cells grouped into a cluster of seven Letters indicate frequency use For each frequency, a buffer of two cells is used before reuse To add more users, smaller cells (microcells) are used Frequencies may not need to be different in CDMA (soft handoff)
Copyright: A. Umar

 How to accommodate many users?

Approaches to Increase Capacity

Adding/reassigning channels - some channels are not used for traffic Frequency borrowing frequencies are taken from adjacent cells by congested cells.
High traffic cells borrows channel from low traffic cells

Cell splitting cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells
Decrease the transmission power

Copyright: A. Umar

Cellular hierarchy
Femtocell- smallest unit of the hierarchy
Cover only few meters where devices are in the physical range of the user. e.g. WPANs

Picocells: covers few tens of meters.

E.g. WLAN

Microcells :covers hundreds of meters Macrocells: several kilometer coverage Megacells: national wide coverage.
E.g Satellites

 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

 Formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) Now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardization Institute) Goal : was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam throughout Europe and provides voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems. Today many providers all over the world use GSM (219 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 5 billion subscribers in more than 800 networks more than 80% of all digital mobile phones use GSM

GSM Overview

Today more people use mobile phone system than the fixed telephones than toilets !

GSM Technologies
A 2G cellular network (a digital network for voice communication) Circuit switching for voice (mainly)/data (limited) transmission rate
Connection-oriented service: establish a communication path (channel) for point-to-point communication

Multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) plus Time division multiplexing (TDM) (adding to Space division multiplexing, SDM) Uses 124 pair of channels per cell, each channel can support 8 users through TDM (992 users max actually 500 users) Some channels are used for control signals, etc

GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink

890-915 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) uplink

higher GSM frame structures

time

GSM TDMA frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4.615 ms GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard space tail user data S Training S user data guard tail space

3 bits

57 bits

1 26 bits 1

57 bits

546.5 s 577 s

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC 2011

GSM Technologies..
Mobility management
Two-tier architecture: HLR and VLR Location area for location update together with paging for searching

Services
Mainly for voice communication Data communication is very limited (i.e., 9.6kbit/s) and supporting SMS

Comparing with 1G cellular network Communication

Mobile communication for voice and data services

Performance Characteristics of GSM

Total mobility
International access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers (roaming services)

Worldwide connectivity
One number, the network handles localization and interoperability

High capacity
Better frequency efficiency (frequency reuses), smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)

Security functions
encryption, authentication via chip-card and PIN

GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers several types of connections

voice connections, data connections, short message service

voice communication services

Basic telephony Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)

Voice mailbox

GSM: Mobile Services

Non-Voice-services
group 3 fax electronic mail ( Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed network) Short Message Service (SMS) alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning now the most successful add-on!)

GSM: Mobile Services.

Supplementary service :May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol versions
Caller identification: CallerID forwarding of caller number:callDiverting automatic call-back conferencing with up to 7 participants locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)

Architecture of the GSM System

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
Main components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)

Subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

Components

Mobile Station switching center Database

Base Transceiver Station

Management

GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC HLR NSS with OSS VLR MSC GMSC

fixed network

VLR

MSC

BSC BSC RSS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC 2009

GSM: system architecture

radio subsystem MS network and switching subsystem fixed partner networks MS ISDN PSTN Um BTS BTS SS7 MSC

Abis
BSC EIR

HLR

BTS BSC BTS BSS A MSC IWF

VLR ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN

System architecture: radio subsystem

radio subsystem MS MS network and switching subsystem

Components
MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of
BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers

Um BTS BTS Abis BSC MSC

Interfaces
BTS BTS BSS BSC A

MSC

Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels

Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centers Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender, receiver, antenna if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling BTSs, mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface) BSS = BSC + sum(BTS)

Mobile Stations (MS)

MS=ME(mobile Equipment ) + SIM( subscriber identity module)

Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS BTS comprises radio specific functions BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions Management of radio channels Frequency hopping (FH) Management of terrestrial channels Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels Channel coding and decoding Rate adaptation Encryption and decryption Paging Uplink signal measurements Traffic measurement Authentication Location registry, location update Handover management BTS X BSC X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services Mobile Equipment (ME)
represents physical terminals, such as a mobile or PDA.

Subscribers identity module (SIM)

Stores all user specific data(Static) i.e Card-type, subscribed service, personal identity number(PIN) ,PIN unblocking key (PUK), International mobile subscriber identity(IMSI) ,phone book.

MS=ME + SIM

System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network subsystem fixed partner networks ISDN PSTN MSC

EIR SS7

Components MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center): IWF (Interworking Functions) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.) CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

HLR

VLR MSC IWF ISDN PSTN PSPDN CSPDN

Databases HLR (Home Location Register) VLR (Visitor Location Register) EIR (Equipment Identity Register) Protocol SS7 (signaling system no. 7)

Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM
Switching, Hand over , mobility management ( localization ),

Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay) Home Location Register (HLR) central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs) Visitor Location Register (VLR) local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR

Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
switching functions ( b/n BSC) Hand over functions for mobility support management of network resources interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC) integration of several databases. location registration and forwarding of location information provision of new services (fax, data calls) support of short message service (SMS) generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information

GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell

MS Um
RSS BTS

MS

BSS

radio cell
MS

BTS Abis BSC A MSC MSC BSC

NSS

VLR HLR O

VLR GMSC IWF

signaling
ISDN, PSTN PDN

OSS

EIR

AUC

OMC

Operation subsystem
enables centralized management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems

Components

Authentication Center (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Used to protect user identity and data transmission. authentication parameters and Encryption keys are generated and stored May be situated in special protected part of the HLR registers GSM mobile stations devices Black list(stolen or locked ), Gray list( malfunctioning MS) White list (Valid devices) control and monitor radio subsystem and the network subsystem entities via the O interface . Traffic monitoring , status report of the network entities

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

Databases recap
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is at core; consists of several databases Home location register (HLR) database stores information about each subscriber that belongs to it Visitor location register (VLR) database maintains information about subscribers currently physically in the region Authentication center database (AuC) used for authentication activities, holds encryption keys Equipment identity register database (EIR) keeps track of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile station
Copyright: A. Umar

GSM frequency bands

Type GSM 850 GSM 900
classical extended

Channels 128-251 0-124, 9551023

124 channels +49 channels

Uplink [MHz] 824-849 876-915

890-915 880-915

Downlink [MHz] 869-894 921-960

935-960 925-960

GSM 1800 GSM 1900

512-885 512-810

1710-1785 1850-1910

1805-1880 1930-1990

GSM-R
exclusive

955-1024, 0124
69 channels

876-915
876-880

921-960
921-925

- Please note: frequency ranges may vary depending on the country! - Channels at the lower/upper edge of a frequency band are typically not used

Example coverage of GSM networks (www.gsmworld.com)

T-Mobile (GSM-900/1800) Germany
O2 (GSM-1800) Germany

AT&T (GSM-850/1900) USA

Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa

ETMTN (GSM-900) Ethiopia

Localization and calling

To always know where a user currently is , GSM performs periodic location updates even if the MS is not in use( as long as it is logged on to the GSM network ). HLR always contains info about the current location VLR of the MSC informs the HLR about the location change.

Localization
To locate the MS several numbers are needed.
Mobile subscriber international ISDN number (MSISDN)
Phone number E.g. +251917111213
country code (CC) (+251) Ethiopia National Destination code(NDC). ( 917 ) Jimma Subscriber number (SN)..(111213) individual

International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)

Used by the network provider
Mobile country code (MCC) Mobile network code (MNC)-code of network provider Mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN)

Localization
Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI)
To hide the IMSI by BSC By the VLR

Mobile station roaming number (MSRN)

Temporary address to hide the identity and location of a subscriber by MSC
Visitor country code (VCC) Visitor national destination code(VNDC)

International mobile Equipment identity (IMEI)

Unique code to each mobile equipment device specific theft protection Stored in EIR( Equipment identity register ) Dial *#06#

Mobile Terminated Call(MTC)

1: calling a GSM subscriber 2: forwarding call to GMSC 3: signal call setup to HLR 4, 5: request MSRN from VLR 6: forward responsible MSC to GMSC 7: forward call to current MSC 8, 9: get current status of MS 10, 11: paging of MS 12, 13: MS answers 14, 15: security checks 16, 17: set up connection
HLR

4 5 7

VLR

3 6
calling station 1 PSTN

8 9 14 15
MSC

GMSC

10
BSS

10 13 16
BSS

10
BSS

11

11 11 12 17
MS

11

Mobile Originated Call(MOC)

1, 2: connection request 3, 4: security check 5-8: check resources (free circuit) 9-10: set up call
6
PSTN GMSC

VLR

3 4 5
MSC

2 9
MS

1 10

BSS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2009

MS

MTC
paging request channel request

MTC/MOC
BTS MS

MOC

BTS

channel request immediate assignment service request authentication request authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete

immediate assignment paging response authentication request authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete

setup
call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange

setup
call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange

GSM Roaming
The ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. Roaming Agreements between network operators required .
National Roaming(visited network in the same country as the home network) International Roaming( visited network is outside the home country)

How Roaming Works

Subscribe for the roaming service roaming agreement is needed b/n operators . Phone support the radio frequency
e.g. 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz

Switch on your phone in the foreign network. Note that when roaming you have to pay both for calls that you make and receive.

GSM coverage and network info ETHIOPIA

Network Information Operator: Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation Also known as: ETMTN
Currently : Ethiotelecom

Technology: GSM Frequency: 900 Launch Date: APR 1999 Services

Short Message Service

Source :www.mobileworldlive .com

 A Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, B Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, C Cameroon, Canada, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cote D Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, D Denmark, Djibouit E Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, F Finland, France, G Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, H Hong Kong, Hungary, I Iceland India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, J Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, K Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, L Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali ,Malta Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, N Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, O Oman, P Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Q Qatar, R Romania, Russia, Rwanda, S Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,T Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, U Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Y Yemen, Z Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Roaming Partners: ETMTN

Hand over
Hand off is used to provide continuity of services while a mobile unit moves from one cell to another. hand off is necessary due to the limited power of the MS and BTS Reason for hand over
> Low signal strength ( out of cell range ) > Load balancing (too high in one cell)

Hand over
Hand off parameters (measurements)
word error indicator( WEI)
Demodulation error

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) Quality indicator (QI)

Quality with respect to interference

The handoff algorithm will be based on the value of this parameters .(threshold value )

Types of handover
In general there are 3 types of handovers for cellular network.
Mobile controlled hand over (MCHO)
Mobile unit measures the parameters and make handover decision by itself .

Network controlled hand over (NCHO)

Base station measures the parameters and makes the handover decision.

Mobile Assisted hand over (MCHO)

Mobile unit measures the parameters and sends the values to the network. Then the base station(BS) makes the hand over decision. Used by GSM.

4 types of GSM handover

1 MS 2 MS 3 MS 4 MS

BTS

BTS BSC

BTS BSC MSC

BTS BSC MSC

1. Intracell HO

2. Intercell /Intra-BSC HO 3. Inter-BSC/Intra-MSC HO 4. Inter-MSC HO

Handover decision
receive level BTSold receive level BTSnew

HO_MARGIN MS BTSold MS BTSnew

Hand off decisions algorithms

Using Relative signal strength
Switch to BTS with better signal

Using Relative signal strength and threshold

Switch to BTS with better signal plus threshold

Common hand of problems

False handoff(multipath propagation ) Ping pond effect

Handover procedure
MS BTSold BSCold measurement measurement report result MSC BSCnew BTSnew

HO decision HO required

HO request resource allocation ch. activation

HO command

HO command

HO command

HO request ack

ch. activation ack

HO access
Link establishment clear command clear complete clear command HO complete HO complete

clear complete

GSM Evolution review

63

Evolution of cellular communication

Services From voice communication to voice and data communication Technologies From circuit switching to packet switching

High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD)

is an enhancement to the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM system, four times faster than GSM, up to 38.4 kbit/s. circuit-switched mode. Higher speeds are achieved as a result of superior coding methods, and the ability to use multiple time slots to increase data throughput.

High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

66

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

2.5G is a packet oriented mobile data service. usage charging is based on volume of data. Use packet switching method. provides data rates of 56-114 kbps GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:
"Always on" internet access Multimedia messaging service (MMS) Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT) Instant messaging (IM)

Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

68

Evolution of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)
2.5 G , also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) new modulation scheme, GMSK(Gaussian minimum-shift keying) & 8PSK ( 8 phase shift keying) 384 kbps is the maximum data rate designed for service providers that may or may not migrate to UMTS

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems)

3G 144kbps for vehicular access 384 kbps for wide-area coverage (pedestrian) 2 Mbps for local coverage (stationary) WCDMA (wideband CDMA) Adopted by Europe and Japan
69

Evolution of CDMA
CDMA2000 1X
2.5G use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. up to 153 kbps

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

3G broadband Internet access Uses CDMA/TDMA up to 3Mbps