-

2.1

Rn
Rn

) 2.1 R n -( - n
) , (a1 , a 2 , , a n . ) . a = (a1 , a 2 , , a n

a -

a1 , a 2 , , a n ) . (a1 , a 2 , , a n
- n - . R n -
. R n = {a = ( a1 , a 2 , , a n ) : a1 , a 2 , , a n R} ,
'
) (1,2 ( 2,3) - ( 2,3,4) , R 2 - (5,42) - -

.1
, R3

) (5,42,4,5 ( 4,00,0,0) - . R 5 -
.2

- n ,
) ( , R 7 -
,
.

.

. .
) 2.2 ( . A
.m n
.

. R n -
. R m -

, A x =b
) x = ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ,

. R n -

 b1

b2
, b =

b
m

. R m -

'

A x =b

4 4
1 1

6 6

1
7

0
4

1
3

0
. ( A | b) =
1
3

A 4 5

A , R 5 -
) ( A | b . R 6 - A

2

4
b = -
1

6

. R 4 ) x = ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 , x5

, . R 5 -
:
.

R 3 -

, 1 2 3 ) a = (1,2,3
1

. a = 2
3

2.2

 ) 2.3 ( ) a = (a1 , a 2 , , a n-
) b = (b1 , b2 , , bn R n - , , a = b 1 i n

. ai = bi
'
.1

) a = (1,0,3-

.2

) a = (1,0,3,0-

)b = (e 0 , ln 1,3

. a = b

)b = (e 0 , ln 1,3,1

a b

.
.3

) a = (1,2,0 b = (1,2) -

a R 3

. b R 2

R n :
) (.
) 2.4 (
) a = ( a1 , a 2 , , a n b = (b1 , b2 , , bn ) - R n -

, b - R n - -

) . a + b = (a1 + b1 , a 2 + b2 , , a n + bn

R n - -

) . a = (a1 , a 2 , , a n
R n . R n
, .
) 2.5 (
) a = (a1 , a 2 , , a n b = (b1 , b2 , , bn ) - . R n -

R n - - ), a b = a + (b

) . b = (b1 ,b2 , ,bn

 . a b = ( a1 b1 , a 2 b2 , , a n bn ) :
'
.1

) a = (1,0,3 b = ( 2,1,4) - a +b = (3,1,7) :-

)a b = ( 1,1,1

.2

) a = (1,2,0, b = (3,4) -

a +b

a R 3

. b R 2

, R n

.

) 2.6 (
, a

, R n -

- .

. a + b R n :
)( , a + b = b + a :
)( . (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) :
) 0 = (0,0, ,0 :
. a +0 = a
) a = (a1 ,a 2 , ,a n . a + (a ) = 0 : a -
. a R n :
)( (a + b) = a + b , ( + ) a = a + a :

. ( a ) = () a :
1: 0 -

=0

, 0a

1a =a

2.3
4

 R 2
) a = (a1 , a 2 ) ( a1 , a 2 . , R 3

) a = (a1 , a 2 , a3
) a = (a1 , a 2 , a3 . ,
, .
n > 3 , R n -
. -
R 2 R 3 - .
) 2.7 , (

)( .

, a -

, 0

. b -

)(
.

a +b

a b

-
,0

. b -

a b

, 0
b

, b - -

. a -

a b

.
.

, a - -
a

, , ,

R n -

)( .
. R n -

 . ,
.

2.4
) 2.8 (
v, v1 , v 2 , , v k . R n -

)"(

v1 , v 2 , , v k , 1 , 2 , , k v = 1 v1 + 2 v 2 + + k v k -
k

) ( v = i v i ,
i =1

'
) v = (1,2,3,4 " ) v 2 = (1,1,0,1) , v1 = ( 2,0,0,1-
). v 3 = (0,2,1,1
- ,

" v1 , v 2 , v 3

1 , 2 , 3 . v = 1 v1 + 2 v 2 + 3 v 3 -
, ,
. v = x1 v1 + x2 v 2 + x3 v 3
2
1
0 1



0
1
2 2
x1 + x 2 + x3 = :
0
0
1
3



1
1
1 4

2 x1 + x 2 1

x 2 + x3 2
,
= 3
x3

x + x + x 4
1 2 3
= 1

x2

= 2

= 3

+ 2 x3
x3

x2

= 4

x2

0 1

2 2

1 3

1 4

x3

2 1

0 1
. ( A | v) = (v1 | v 2 | v3 | v) =
0 0
1 1

2 x1

x1

" v1 , v 2 , v 3

v1 , v 2 , v 3
. v ) ( A | v

1 1 1 4
1
1 1 1 4
1
1 4

1
2 2
0 1 2 2
0
0 1 2 2
( A | v)

R1 R4
0 0 1 3 R4 R4 2 R1 0
0
1 3 R4 R4 +R2 0 0 1 3

2 1 0 1
0 1 2 7
0 0 0 5

"

. v1 , v 2 , v 3
'
.
) 2.9 ( v, v1 , v 2 , , v k

. R n -

v1 , v 2 , , v k

=v

, A x

) ( A | v) = (v1 | v 2 | | v k | v A
v1 , v 2 , , v k-

2.9 :
) 2.10 (

A x =b

.A