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EcoNoMY-BASED REsPoNsEs

TERRIIORY-BAsEDRFJPoNSES

CULTURE.BASED REsPoNsEs

CULTURAI SEGMEN
TATON:

I I
I

CULTURE. BASED
VLRIUILINC:

ECONOMY. I BASED I VERZUIUNC: I

ECONOMIC SECMENTA. TION:

ECONOMICAL'I UNDIFFEREN-I CULTURALLYTIATED ORIENTED LY{RIEN'IED I I TLRRTTORIAL I TFRRTTORIAI I T'RRTTORL{L DEFTNCE: DEFENCE: I DI-F'FNCI I

a
o o
c

of multiplicationof I accentuation econorruc cultural I willin organisations I clevages aroundeconomy| local population o ented acaentuation of I economjc | distinctiveness ofl localities/regions |

of accentuation oF I mullrplrcttron of I accentualion culturalcleavascsl econonrc cultural | wirlin local I organisatrons I distinctiveness population I around cultuml Iocalities/regions | iden(itics

forms response FrcuRE 30. A typologyof o.ganisational

ECONOMY Segmcnll response

c c e n t u t i o no f da.ts contrusl: in .reaohdary/lertiary

CULTURE Tenitor'al 'lrritorial response

A c c e n t u a t i o no f erctwni( bounddri(s to\unls ather Accentualion of cultural boundariet to\ranls other Segmental rcsponsc

CENTRE
OI

cullural conservtism vs. capitallntcrcsts

c I u.t.r / o r i I Lt t Lr nt ru.\ I'i

Accentualion of Accentuation of classcontrastsitt Prrmaryeconomr PERIPHERY agrarian urbanlntcrests rural lnguage movemcnt centralstandards Acccntation of dislincliveness of rural culture: \'s bourgcoistc anor rcligion idcntit\ lay Irelieious] groups,

I
FtcuR31. Athree dimcnsionlmodcl for the analysisofthe slructtrring ofcleavages and the emcrgcnce of responseforms

\ :i

-)

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EE=;?=-l ui|;==+ei=|I 1* ?5

i i lEEEEs i i ti,vlz si5 i i Tc a sil; : zl:;+i=i: z!ii iatlli i lii?il iiigitiiii +i: il'r iis i

g : i; !il+:li+ + ?izi77?

r g;+ ?iiz+= V+I|i1iii1ica i7*: lZijii

=ii; +s i s :j

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in r-1 aa-f

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i i i Figsir i i+;i[+g sii*r

ii l 4 c i + e a i al i : ? Z z d . z ;i g, =; . ./ j 7 2.; \ 6 g: d; H r i Fs1; i 6 ! , e ; gi;o-7zl7E*;i

- -.:9 I S * F 3 s = 3 = 7 = E 7 i s : q

: i iq ei = : i; # ; l ; a t a \=A ; eg ::q y i ?Z:X;+E

S P i ; 3 J r+ * i; t = ; i A ; ? A - { T r;

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2*Q z t + r F i i d a l i l ; = = i s i t a * = = lExii=
; t t::i: ;. E ; : 5 e . T l i " = r r : - ; - ! . : : :. ,:

B r q l += ;i=2 =, + ' : : 3 E $ :t$^ E s : =d^ . : d : = = . = :; ,

3; = * a ; ' s 3 I i i t l = * i i2 ; E t . r t* '_ ;? ?{ ""; a 3 ? 7'-

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Su ; ;r ai + + :t 1 is If;

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, - t Ft

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a'

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Etternul ln\trunentl

lse 1gtl1glgggl I

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o z 2 q

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fi

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\

riEiiiE+i iii$i* ti{ iii+i1 r $*gg +i +ii3

is+i u ,u 1iFiil 1=+*?8, riXiiF i+r s iEs i * 5

ii'; EEiF$ a ==s +if iii + s s r r : i i i t + i : a i ;z ? e; 1 xi; i i i i r la

n i*: isiis:c+,= +;= ilg*a4f iii iiii:

i E1 i li+iaisii

ili ?;5 iigi $is*+irii

i li [5 iiliiFiFii; E iiE5 + lf3

i

igiili+i+ i

ni33E l;ii i i $i| 1[;s* glllg'lli

ic ie i;i I + F: ; g t i r a i q i "ii
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3 3

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t + i ; ZZ ' s 9 + ;i a F

a!trffi

'+eillg : +* ie iii ii ?t+ial'g IiE $,,, [| [ i1 $ rtct;=z+ii llg1 ia : sii

g[$Eg*g i1i; lggr is;gi iiii I Iise*lii iiii 1l,gr :

I ggg i'll lgllalgl;g ?t'ii i:, i lgl ii iggg 1 1 i ls i1ii* i :t=gii: ;i;$'F+s:, i'=211= I iii' ilrugrii ;iFF {ii,Ti i i i a
i+ i ia!ai|, i izl?.;in s ?,

g ; g:?li

*l+ i 11 ;
ggg + I *ialel:gl
; 3

T i z l a

1 ; ! : :

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a/

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:
2 ; . -

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t .

5\
\ , / \ , / \ , / q3 =
3

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: il:iii r+il

'lil i *z ?;rtill+ l =+' * li I x1 lias;i ifii|;;i

l2vel oI ed(h thr.shoA trSili lncorpo radon Represr tltron Majonty power

R.sultitt pa enl

\s\

Menium M M H

L L M I , H M H

reEnne., Verkmuns'of all plrlics: protessandgrievrreseilherchaDoelled rough Autocrari or oligarchic the field dmini$tionor throughenatepesenlatioo. clubsofnri.rblcr. Exampls: Bntinbforc 1832. H Embryonic inlernlparry system:cliques of representatives, q u J r r e lb ' rtqeenHdls 3nd cap' .' dnn8lhe S$eden generding associlion bl safeguards rudimentary oulsidesupponthtoughrcgist.alion H Inremlpny sy$ems ( o r M ) introduced thebrcakdown of predomimntin we$ern Europeduriog pe.iodbetween [for] organisations: sff.age. ande introduclion of p.limenley. Ie undermanhood monechic absolusm lower<lass movemen$ fiee to delelop-but suffrage in development ofextrnlpanysystem: l { lnitial phase Example: Sweden before1909. nill Irmitedand/orunequal. rule: B elgiumbeforel 899i N oru lty, 188.11900. M Samebut with parlimcntry measres gtnsl minorily pnniesfrom lhe oatioolsyslem:resl.ictive Isolation of lower{lassor religious H rhe penodoflhe poliricalorganisaliors suffrage. Examples: the wilhelmine Rerchdurlg but fll manhood ofthe Third Republic. Empireanderlydecades Saznliste ^BeseE.,I 878 90;Frafte duringthe Second pany sy$emunderuniverlalandequalmanhood ruffragebr wirh bigh py oli\ for allirnces Competitive powe.s. would be lhe United The beslexample andwi a clersepntion of legislative andexecrive Pany acliviliesandthe low dc /n.ro enfranchi!ment ifir wcrenot for the reslrictions on Comrnnisr Srares mry bc a bctcr ex:lmple. France underthe Fifih Republic ofNegrosin the South.

Francc underlaterdecdes oilhe Third Republ!c andmosloi rule. Examples: Samebut with prltumenlary the Foudh:GretBri(ainsince1918. representaron): little needfor alliances lo achreve rep PR (proponional M Samebur wrlh mediumlhreshold L L M tioughexplicitor implicit elcctoral rmnirnr ifltroduced against fragmeolalion resentadon but safegudds andSwitzerland sincel9i8 20. Betgium,the Nelhe'lnnds, Examples:the Nordiccountries, centrifrsd pli Sarne but with maximalPR andfewerresraintsagainnmajoritypower'e fragmented, L L I L presidey ofe weirr Republic menlnde plebiscilian b 'ThisisFaulslemfortbernirialpha\einthesro*1hofpaniesGeeFa ( O l s s o n1 ,963). 1u 9l6 4 ) . S e e e s p

andparty systems] Fr(nrRE 36. [Thresholds of democratisation

itl|iiii lili i isg liils 1 Ii, I igggi;i;li*

I

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ii*rtru gg {
o

xgi
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1l'
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I

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g

C) E r.-t CD

t'J

U)

^t

iiii iiic$i !'i

CD ct)

'

' - : ' ,

. 5 -

? = E l

)' . 7 2 =

8 i r + r? qi[ i 3 1 1 1 i E i 1 3 { ? ; 5 * z : j t:=x= e ! 3 : r *a1s=Es i+*+ g l ' i s i q i l i i i g #g ii i i l 3 ' : n * i g i E i T : ? + 3 * f es * i= i i c + 3 is i li i fiq 3 i i; i i i i s + $ 3 3 = 1i1 2e ' ;* *i1 , t+ 1 E * i + i 1 ; s a ' i : l ; !
c\

r ; ; , r * t i i * i i i ,5 ? F i :+ + $ + si i g f I i ?i i 1
9'9 :"

x l s r i? i .q E; ! ; $ i I i 1 i 9 1 : F i a s , i i i * 3? i e
? :?ryF:

Xg='--; 3 F3 3 - * z r g

: !

E ' * i 3 ; E
5 e ? f
= = = P I = I : . : r

3 E

r
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a !i
a 3
: = > - a
a t a

; : 3

: v : :
: - -

> 2

rr!

e - !

ga 2 7 ? i 1 = ; 3 E ; 6 e
e

+ a

= -

i! = i s gd r.o -_ T.)
= *
6 ;
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- e - d z ? .tqsiqTFgEl

sr q r . i r =l
3 o
: b

q ! ,
- 1 ,o -

b l
; 2
= !

a - 2 ' = = =. ; ;* 3 3 q P ! T = < = : <

: i : !: 2:
*

t!
q@ P = : l = - 6 =

a c z+ + i
= # 6
o = :i q : < + ; a 2 e - = " d

; \

:.! Ci e:
-

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l
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i q l ; 9 : 1 ij

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s = z

E r

d E : i i ?
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L = a =

l ; ;

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figr : 3 i I s+ + q+ * +

National SlaleChurch StrongProtcslnt disscnt StroogRomaoCtholicdisscnt

Secularisi.S Rcvolution

Statc(s) allicd wrlh Roma. Catholic Chch Stalc Roman Catholtc alliancc

o\

III Industrial

Mino. Major
spl'l Major split

M i n o r Major s p ! r r spln spht l 4 8 5

MaJor spl't II

M i n o r Mjor spl,l spht

M i n o r Major s p l ' t split

splil

Minor splrt

spl'r t)
ll l5
l6

Twc
I

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7

l0

La,Ae Early Irclandl GA

GB (incl. lreland)

Spin

Habsb Empirc ?

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Nethcrl. Swcdcn

o o

z
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Bclsium Finlnd Iccland hclnd

FrcuRE 38. Iypology ofcleavage stmcturesand its fit with the empiricalcascsin western Europe

e;rri ri; Ti3qa ;'i$i;ii : 1;11v'ltlii i *Ttzzl i; i tl?ziF1li 21,1i iiii1? ii +r?;irr 6i eiTztzrr* {g$1;i} :

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I

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l+

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t t a

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t . "

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a 4 - a - z
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:

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CRITICALJUNCTURESAND CLEAVAGES
irst dichoton\: Scco^l dichobm\': DEMOCMTIC REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Count^ N ptltt\ 'P REFOR. MATION Thitd dichotomt: N's Commrh?n|s P s t?5pons. Cl.'se st Enpiri. al Er.ttrles

COALTTIONS AND OPPOSITIO N S

PARTYSYSEMS

padies

(-]
Oflion Condition C I P-D U Option I C

Commitme to larded intereis Nnlional cnurcn domrnanl ro commitmenr urbanimerasil III C C U P D L

Brilain CONS. r's.LIB.:

fringe I Celtic I Disenrers t Induslry

'LEFI'r IAGRARIANS

vs. Scandi- CONS.

SLrte natronal to Commirmem Ianded inleress Roman lcatholicl m'nonty Conmirmenrlo urbninrrsts IV C R strons minorily L U U P, -O-L II-R L P,-U I-rR P R-L
It y

lcunlsrreNs
IRADICALS III C R nrons minonty P, S U P r r . r : s r a C / ONS vs ?: R Re'ch Nerher lnd Spain l,lB. vs. LlB. vs. LIB /RAD vs IBAVARIANS l LIB I ZENTRUM Calvinists: CHU. AR { t c r h o l i c sK r VP lclalan /-UGA {Celisls CONS.-CATH.-CHF

s
Stte allied ro
Cdlhol( StJle ll,ed ro Roman Chrch C"*",t,-". a urban inresrs Commrtment ro lrded intre$s

Sulansing .evolul'on

landedinrer\ls

VI
S

VII VIII R

P S U Austria

CHR vs. LIB.:

IPd{ermans rlndustry

P L

Eelgium CHR-/LIB.vs.

Flemishspe!sts

FlcuRE42. lconfigurations ofcleavages, coalitions, and panies: a typological model]

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Il.rp re ssi on on N.t \' \ ) st el To{alcore Corrpetiliye nrcrro p o l i \ . I a t e rd e p c n d c n l o n I a r g c ru n i r llghly depnden( Dominant wilhin old Empre, depcnden{afier .ise of Prus s i a nR e i c h( d e f r i n 1 8 6 6 ) English/Sconishsctrlclenl I'an Gcftnans \s (lrrholics

Teriloiially

-D

J . , . J r ' o a o f s i x N o r l h e r nc o u n r r c sp : a r t yd i v N r o n ove. rcceptancc/rejccrnof \ece\slon: Iine Grel p i o C o l l l m o n * c ] l hs o l u i i o n . Franna Firl pro rorl \eparti0n fronr nr(rop1.'lis l a l c r( l t s r u p l d

.a'
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NO IC
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s
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+ Merropoliran parr ofl.rr8er are oie(hnic/cukural ntenlny. Ftotlnt, 4J. I hc politicxl consequenccs of liberation/secession struggles: climcnsicrns oi territonal conflict in sevensnrallerEuropcannations

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