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The Quest for Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Jean-Pierre Hubaux

Levente Buttyan

Srdan Capkun

Institute for Computer


Communications and
Applications
Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology Lausanne
CH-1015, Switzerland

Institute for Computer


Communications and
Applications
Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology Lausanne
CH-1015, Switzerland

Institute for Computer


Communications and
Applications
Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology Lausanne
CH-1015, Switzerland

 
    

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ABSTRACT
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ACM 2001 1-58113-390-1/01/10$5.00

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KNE8UE8FP_C5 ByEL>R&ST5U:?VrsKNE_SqCK B*CR?C>dP"K >c:?>EQRhEL5QPL>@IGh5$ef>
8$:?5F\EPy8UEPWKNEXSqCLKNB*CXB5FEEL><BcR?KNeQK R&^WK @}EL5URq`F\8$:?8UEQR?>><Pt*a

147

K 8$GI]LMN>@W5U6'8$RR*8UB*V"@X8U`f8UKNEL@RXR?CL>O@A><B\L:AK Ri^YGh>BcC8UEK @AGh@W8$:?>


RAC>T6Z5FMNM 5(SqKNEL`".]\LJMNK BxVf>c^"@-B<8UEwJ>qG8UM KNBKN5F\@M ^:?>]Mu8UB><P "@A5UGI>
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@5FMN\LRAKN5FE@wC8(ef>IRA5OR?8UVf>WKNE R?5g8UBB<5U\E RR?C>I]>B<\LMNKu8$:?K R?KN>@I5$6 8FP
CL5 B1E>cRiSm5U:?VQ@a
3. PROTECTION OF THE BASIC MECHAp&E1R?CLKNNISMS
@l@A><BcR?KN5UE;UST>.SqKNMNMQB5FE@KuPL>c:28xB>c:AR*8UKNE'EQ\GJ>c:5U6L@A5FMN\"R?KN5FEL@

RAC8$RB<8UEJ>PL>]M 5(^ ><P7KNE75U:*PL>c:R?5yR?C S{8$:ARR?CL>W8$RAR?8UB*V"@'Gh>EL[


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5U6lR?CL>q:*8FPLK 5wK EQRA>:A698$B<>rs>Fa `"aN;L]":?><ef>E R?KN5FEI5U6>(8<ef><@?PQ:?5F]L]KNEL`8UEP
A8$GIGhKNEL` t*;m8U@wRACKN@wKN@@A\>XK @hEL5UR:?><8UMNM ^@A]>B<K BWR?5OGh5FJK MN>y8FP
CL5 BxEL>cRiST5U:?VQ@a.jTCLKN@.]":?5FJM ><GC8U@.J>><EhKNE R?>E@KNef><M ^':?><@>(8$:?B*CL>(P
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G\LEKNB<8$R?K 5FEy8UEP60:?><zQ\L><ELBc^WC5U]]LKNE`X Fcsa

3.1
x@-8=PL>Tamper
eQKNB>TKN@.8$R2:?resistance
KN@AVn5U6J>KNEL` B<8U]LR?\":?><P'8UEPCK A8UB*Vf>(P;fK R.G\@iR

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6 L14L ST5U:AV"@}8UBB<5U:?PLKNEL`hRA5wR?CLKN@x]L:?K EBK [
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3.2
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148

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3.3
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3.4
Service
p68UEy8FPW
CL5 B E>cRiSmenforcement
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source
R2

700
695

R1

1
4

681
684

97

destination

L5U:nMu8UB*VO5U6{@]8UB>F;lST>hB<8UELE5URnPLKN@AB\@@1><8UB*Ck5U6TR?CL><@>hBc:?K RA>:?KN8Qa
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98

4
681
684

packet with packet purse


containing 4 nuglets
node purse
before and after
packet transfer

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4.

PROTECTING THE SECURITY MECH}@ST>.ANISMS


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4.1
authority
piEg AC$s;Emulation
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:?5F]a5F@certification
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150

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4.2
x@{GI>E Key
R?KN5FEL>(agreement
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5. SELF-ORGANIZED PUBLIC-KEY
jTCL>O]LINFRASTRUCTURE
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J8U@AK BqGh>B*C8UELKN@AGh@8UEPn6Z5U:R?C>.@A><B\L:?K Ri^'Gh>BcC8UELKN@AGh@K EGI5FJLKNMN>


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>h>"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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8. njTREFERENCES
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