Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) 2)
a)
5 m s1
Speed 0
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t = 5s
Time t
Time t
1) A travel brochure says that two airports are 34km apart, and that airport A lies due south of airport B. The navigation system on board an aircraft travelling from airport A to airport B shows that it covers 380km. Write down: a) b) the distance travelled by the aircraft as it flies from airport A to airport B the displacement of the aircraft at the end of the journey.
2) An athlete running in a sprint race crosses the finishing line and slows from a speed of 10ms1 to rest in 4 s. What is her average acceleration?
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200 Time/s
i. 1800 m forwards ii. 1400 m forwards iii. 1 m s2; 0.5 m s2; 1 m s2; 1 m s2
1) A car is travelling along a road at 30ms1when pedestrian steps into the road 55m ahead. The driver of the car applies the brakes after a reaction time of 0.5s and the car slows down at a rate of 10ms2. What happens? 2) The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. It can accelerate from rest to 20ms1 in 2s, and has a top speed of about 30ms1, although it can only maintain this for a distance of about 450m before it has to stop to rest. In contrast, an antelope can run at around 22ms1 for long periods. a) What is a cheetah's average acceleration between rest and 20ms1? b) Assume that a cheetah accelerates up to its top speed with the acceleration in your answer to a). i) ii) How far will the cheetah travel when it accelerates from rest up to its top speed? How long does this acceleration take?
c) If the cheetah continues at top speed, how long will it be before it has to stop to rest? d) If an antelope starts from rest and accelerates to its top speed at the same rate as a cheetah, how far will it travel in the time obtained in your answer to d)? e) If a cheetah chases an antelope and both start from rest, what is the maximum head start the cheetah can allow the antelope?
1) Aristotle argued that a force was needed in order to keep an object moving. Describe some everyday situations that are consistent with this argument. Suggest a more scientific explanation for each case that you describe. 2) Galileo had laid the foundations of the journey to the Moon. Write a short piece for a newspaper aimed at a non-scientific audience, showing why Galileos work was so important.
reaction force
2)
drag forces
forward force from engine centre of gravity of block weight of racing car
weight of ruler
1) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on a skydiver at the instant they jump from a plane. 2) Describe and explain how the resultant force on a skydiver varies from the moment they jump from a plane.
2) At first the only vertical force acting on the skydiver is their weight. As the skydiver gains speed the air resistance increases until this drag force is equal to the weight and the skydiver reaches a constant terminal velocity. When the parachute is opened the air resistance increases hugely so there is a net force upwards. This slows the skydiver down until once again the air resistance balances the skydivers weight and the skydiver reaches a new, slower terminal velocity.
1) a) b) c) d) Use the results in table 1.2.1 to plot a graph of acceleration against force. Calculate the value of 1/mass for each entry in the first column of table 1.2.2, and plot acceleration against (1/mass) for this set of results. Calculate the gradient of the best fit line for each graph. What conclusions can you draw from your graphs?
2) A railway locomotive with a mass of 70 tonnes accelerates at a rate of 1ms2. What force does the locomotive exert? 3) A 60kg woman involved in a car accident is accelerated by her seatbelt from 14ms1 to rest in 0.15s. a) b) What is the average horizontal force acting on her? How does this force compare with her weight?
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b)
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0.50 0 For part b the gradient is 0.5 m s2 kg. 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
1/mass /kg 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 to 0.4the 0.5 applied 0.6 d) Acceleration is proportional force for constant mass, and also to the reciprocal of mass for a Force F/N constant force (it is inversely proportional to the mass).
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2) Mass of locomotive (m) = 70 tonnes = 70 000 kg. Rate of acceleration of locomotive (a) = 1 m s 2 . Force exerted by locomotive (F) = 70 000 kg 1 m s2 = 70 000 N 3) a)Mass of woman = 60 kg Acceleration = 14 m s2 Time = 0.15 seconds v = u + at (equation 1) 1 14 = 0 + a 0.15 a = 14/0.15 = 93.3 Force = 60 kg 93.3 m s = 5600 N b)Weight = 9.81 60 kg = 588.6 N. The force acting on the woman is approximately 9.5 times as large as her weight.
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1) A person standing on a bus is thrown towards the rear of the bus as it starts to move forwards, and to the front as it slows down. Why? 2) A person standing on the side of a ship drops a coin and sees it splash into the water 2 s later. How far above the water is the person standing? 3) An astronaut on the Moon has a weight of 128N and a mass of 80kg. What is the gravitational field strength on the Moon? 4) In 2002 the Canary Wharf tower in London was scaled by French urban climber, Alain Robert, using no safety devices of any kind. The top of the tower is 235m above street level. If Robert had dropped an apple as he reached the top of the tower: a)how long would it have taken the apple to fall to street level, assuming that air resistance is neglected? b) assuming that he could shout loudly enough, would it be any use if Robert had shouted to warn people below? (Speed of sound in air = 340ms1.)
1)When the bus accelerates, if the person is to accelerate with it a force must be applied. For someone seated this comes from the reaction of the seat, but for someone standing it must come from friction with the floor. This can result in the person being thrown forward or backward, as they experience the force as if their feet were being pulled out from under them, while their body remains in its original position. (2) 19.6 m (3) 1.6 N kg1 (4) a) 6.9 s b)Yes. Sound would only take 0.69 s to reach the ground.
Power Answers
1)2.2 kW 2)2710 kW 3)27.5 kW
MATERIALS
Page-55 Eureka! Questions
1) A bottle of whiskey contains 1 litre of the drink. The mass of the liquid in the bottle is 0.915kg. What is the density of this brand of whiskey? (1000 litres = 1 m3) 2) The radius of a hockey ball is 36mm and its mass is 160g. What is its density a) in gcm3 b) in kgm3? 3) Estimate the mass of air in this room. (Assume density of air = 1kgm3.) 4) A golf ball has a diameter of 4.72cm. If a golfer hits it into a stream, what upthrust does the ball experience when it is completely submerged? (Assume density of water = 1000kgm3.) 5) Explain why a ships Plimsoll Line has a mark for fresh water which is lower on the hull than the mark for salt water. (Assume density of salt water = 1100kgm3.) 6) A ball bearing of mass 180g is hung on a thread in oil of density 800kgm3. Calculate the tension in the string, if the density of the ball bearing is 8000kgm3.
Eureka Answers
1) 915 kg m3 2) a) 0.82 gcm3 4) 0.54 N 5) The line for fresh water is higher on the hull because fresh water is less dense than salt water. For a certain load, a ship will sink its lowest in fresh water, so this line needs to show the lowest the ship can float safely. 6) Volume = 0.18/8000 = 2.25 105 m2 , Upthrust = (800 vol) 9.81 = 0.17658 N Weight = 0.18 9.81 = 1.7658 N ,Tension = Weight upthrust = 1.7658 0.17658 = 1.6 N b) 820 kgm3 3) Suitable estimates. For a room 3 m 8 m 8 m the mass of air would be 192 kg.
3) In summer the volume and rate of water flow is such that the creek flows smoothly with streamline flow. In autumn, leaves floating on the water move following each other exactly, indicating streamline flow. In winter there is no flow as the creek is frozen, but with the spring and the thaw of snow the creek is full. The fast flowing water flows turbulently, producing the eddies and currents described in the poem.
(See table 2.1.1 for density data and table 2.1.4 for viscosity data.)
4) The answers are clearly wildly wrong the meteorite is travelling faster than light! We have assumed that the weight stays constant, that the gravitational force is constant, that the meteorite has enough time to reach its terminal velocity, and that the temperature of all the objects involved is constant at 20C. All these assumptions are flawed. Stokes law does not apply for such a large object, or at such high speeds.
d)
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored by the spring when it is extended by 5.5mm.
3) An activity called Bungee Run allows players to run along the ground whilst attached to an anchored bungee cord which has a spring constant of 25Nm1. If its natural length is 30m and a runner manages to stretch it to a total length of 38m, how much elastic potential energy is stored in the cord?
3. a)In an experiment to find the Young modulus, the strain should not be more than 1 in 1000. Explain what this statement means. b) Describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus for the metal in a wire. Taking into account the possible errors in measurements, explain why the limitation in a) is necessary. c) In such an experiment, a brass wire of diameter 9.50 104m is used. If the Young modulus for brass is 9.86 1010Nm2, find the greatest force which could be used to keep within the limitation in part .
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b) plastic behaviour the region of the graph where stress produces permanent deformation of the material. c) Hookes law the straight-line portion of the graph where stress is proportional to strain. Extension is proportional to the applied force. Hookes law is obeyed. d) breaking stress the stress at which the material breaks. e) compressive strain the strain (deformation) when a material is squashed.
Stress the material shows plastic behaviour here
Strain
2) 40 cm 3) a) malleable a material whose shape can be changed permanently and shows plastic deformation at low stress.. Example: gold, to make jewellery. b) tough a material that can withstand high impact forces and absorbs a lot of energy before breaking. Example: Kevlar, used for bullet-proof vests. c) hard a material that cannot be scratched or dented easily. Example: diamond, used for heavy duty cutting wheels. d) ductile a material that can be pulled into wires with small stress required. Example: copper, used for electrical wiring. e) brittle a material that breaks without plastic deformation. Example: biscuits and crisps, which are designed to break with a snap!
1) a) How does the terminal velocity of a small sphere through a liquid give us an indication of the viscosity of the liquid? b) How is this idea used in a falling ball viscometer? c) Why is the viscosity of chocolate important in the confectionery industry? 2) Describe, in detail, an experiment that could determine how the viscosity of chocolate varies as its temperature increases. 3) a)What is the breaking stress of a material? b)How would the breaking stress of a material to be used in a building site hard hat affect the choice of material used? c)How applicable would each of the following terms be to the plastic used in building site hard hats? malleableductiletoughbrittlestronghardstiff
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