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LINUX

m i k e

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Linux

,
.

COMPUTER
steps

,
.

Computer Active

20


Linux
by Mike Mcgrath
Copyright 2011 by Computer Step
Reprinted under an exclusive licence agreement from the
Publisher: In Easy Steps, 5c Southfield Road, Southam,
Warwickshire, CV47 0FB United Kingdom

Notice of Liability
Every effort has been made to ensure that this book contains accurate and current information.
However, Computer Step and the author shall not be liable for any loss or damage suffered
by readers as a result of any information contained herein.
Trademarks
Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
All other trademarks are acknowledged as belonging to their respective companies.

:
: Wordshop ( )
: K
/ : ,
Screenshots: Avatar.gr
:
Copyright 2011, ..

.
, Computer Step
.

Microsoft Windows Microsoft Corporation.
.
A N. 2121/1993 B ( N. 100/1975)
-, , -
, , , ,
.

Linux
Linux

Linux

7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24

25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

43
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46
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58
60

61
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78

79
80
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86
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90
92
94
96

97

98
100
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114

115

116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132

10

A - C
D - F
F - I
J - L
M - N
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W - Z

133
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150

151
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154
156
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162
164
166
168

169
170
171
173
175
177
178
179
180
181
183
185
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187

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80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

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94

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146.

3
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graphics". " "
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95

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96

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.

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

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100

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103

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104

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105

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107

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109

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1
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110

3
4
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111

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113

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114

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116

118

120

122

124

126

128

130

132

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117

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118

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119

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120

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121

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122

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125

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126

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127

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129

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130

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4
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131

aspell
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132

mv,
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Linux

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look

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Linux.

134

136

138

140

142

144

146

148

150

GNU zip Linux
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3
134

bzip2
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07
08

du -b ele*
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zip

,

.

09
10
11
12

135

Windows zip.
Linux unzip Linux Windows zip. gunzip
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zip elegy.zip elegy.txt
du -b ele*

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.

Linux
,
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136

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2

3
4
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07
08
09

rm * ; ls

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.

137

tar -z gzip
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10
11
12

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.

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138

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3
4

6
7
8

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,
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.

139

/etc/fstab noauto
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.

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,

.

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. , -H
.
root
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140

3
4

5

,
ps -u
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20749 vi
ps -u dave -H
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root su root
kill 21116 ftp,

exit



w -s
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,
.
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w -s .
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ftp

141

w -sh andy
"andy",
.
vi

uptime

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.
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.

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root.

passwd chfn.

, root
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.

2
142

3
4
5


. .

su root
root useradd tony
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exit finger toni



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.

groups
root
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06

08
09
10

root, groups toni

"tony",

143

07

groupmod -n toni tony

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usermod -G board toni

groups toni

/etc/group



, .

ls -l
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, .
,
( )
.
.

, .

144

,
58.

= 4,
= 2 = 1. , 7 , (4 + 2 + 1), 6 (4 + 2) ..

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.

2
3
4

su root
root,

chmod 644 mikes-text

chmod 640 daves-text
,

777.
,
.

chgrp board daves-text

chown linda andys-text
, . exit
ls -l

145

Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)
,
.
,
.

Synaptic Package
Manager


Advanced Packaging Tool
(APT).

94.

apt-get APT .
apt-get update, ,
apt-get install.
,
apt-get upgrade
apt-get remove.

146

su root

apt-get update

apt-get install ,
Gnome FTP client (gftp)

apt-get remove
.
apt-get --purge remove
.

,
Y Enter

apt-cache search
.

, , .

147

exit Enter,
, , gftp

man aptget
.

"",
""

date , . , date ,
, :

148

man date
.

. ,
date +%H:%M

date +%R.

%A

%a

%B

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cal .
.

5
6

cal

cal 2010

149
cal
-3 ,
,
.

150

gzip, bzip2 zip

gunzip, bunzip2 unzip

cpio tar

df
Linux

mount umount

fsck

(PID),
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kill

w uptime

root useradd, userdel usermod

passwd
finger chfn

root groupadd, groupdel groupmod

chmod chown chgrp

Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)

apt-get update

apt-get install apt-get remove

date
cal

Linux


.

152

154

156

158

160

162

164

166

168

, ,
, IP ( Internet),

.

-a
host

.

IP URL host.
, , IP.

, host www.google.com
IP URL

152

Linux IP
ifconfig
. ,
.

ifconfig
. -a

.

ifconfig . ,
ethernet, "eth0".
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, ifconfig eth0. , ifconfig ra0.

ifconfig IP
.

loopback

,

.

ethernet IP 192.168.0.101.

153

IP ping.
, , -c
.

ping -c 3 64.233.183.104 IP,

IP
URL
Google,
host .

telnet .
telnet.
Seattle Community Network.

154

Enter
.
.

telnet telnet

open scn.org Seattle

Community Network, visitor ()


telnet Unix, Linux,
bash , cd, ls, pwd ..

, . , "quit", "end", "exit", "close", "stop", "logout"
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.
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.
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.

155

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.
,

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156

2
3

, ftp Ftp

Ftp, open

,
help ?

.

mkdir temp
"temp" cd temp

"books.txt"
, put books.txt

mget mput

.

6
7

rename books.txt morebooks.txt

get morebooks.txt

157

quit Ftp

cat morebooks.txt

get

!

Unix, Linux,
.

. ""
() ().
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.
.
.
Linux
, .
X Window System .
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158

, Ctrl+Alt
F1 F6 . F1
, F2 ..
.
, Ctrl+Alt+F7.
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. ,
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,
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4
5

Ctrl+Alt+F1 ,
vi

Ctrl+Alt+F2 , man vi vi

Ctrl+Alt+F3 ,
ftp Ftp

exit

Ctrl+Alt+F7
who

159

vi :q
man
q.

Ftp exit
ftp,
Ctrl+C.

mesg . y n .
, mesg .
write, .
write . , Ctrl+D
, .

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mesg .
, mesg y

160

4



mesg write.

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mesg .
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write, ,

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161

.
, write , ,
. , write.
who

root
,
.
Ctrl+Alt+F3

lpr
.
. ,
.
lpq.
.
, ,
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162

root.

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lpr ballad.txt ,
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. .



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163

Linux Common Unix Printing

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, ,
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.

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.

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164

2
3
4

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,
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07
08
09
10

165

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166

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1
2


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3
4

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1 20" echo "
;"

06
07

08

10

11

read GUESS

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do
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else echo , ...
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167

09

guess.sh

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.


.

168

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10

,
-

170

171

A - C

173

D - F

175

F - I

177

J - L

178

M - N

179

180

181

183

185

U - V

186

W - Z

<

..: wc < some.txt

>

..: ls > ls.txt

>>

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|,

"".

()

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echo tr

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170

..: echo Prompt\>

,
.

man

--help.

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..

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~

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 A - C
alias

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apt-get

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..: apt-get remove gftp
..: apt-get update

aspell

..: aspell -c some.txt

awk

..: awk { print $2 } some.txt
-

basename

..: basename /home/user/some.txt

bg

..: bg %2

171

bunzip2

zip
..: bunzip2 some.txt.bz2

bzip2

zip
..: bzip2 some.txt

cal

-3 3
12
..: cal
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cat

..: cat some.txt more.txt

cd

"( root)" root.

..: cd /home/user
..: cd ~

chfn

finger
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chsh

( root)

..: chsh -s /bin/ksh

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( root)

..: chgrp /home/user/some.txt

chmod

, , = 4,
= 2 = 1
..: chmod 640 some.txt

chown

( root)

..: chown /home/user/some.txt

..: chown : /home/user/Dir

cksum

CRC checksum byte

..: cksum some.txt

clear

..: clear

cmp

, byte byte

172

..: cmp some.txt more.txt

comm

,
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cp

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crontab

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, .

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-e crontab
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csplit

xx00, xx01 ..
..: csplit some.txt "/Part 1/" "/Part 2/" "Part 3/"

cut

-c
-d
-f
..: cut -c 5-7 columns.txt
..: cut -d, -f 5 commafields.txt

 D - F
date

"+%D"
"+%T" ::
..: date
..: date "+%T"

dc

p
c
q

..: dc
64*p
24
df

-m Mb, Kb

.
man dc


dc.

..: df -m
diff

173

..: diff some.txt more.txt

diff3

,
..: diff3 some.txt more.txt next.txt

dir

..: dir

dircolors

ls
..: dircolors

dirname

..: dirname /home/user/some.txt

du

-h
..: du -h some.txt
..: du -h /home/user

echo

ls
dircolors p > .

.bashrc dircolors -b

.

..: echo $SHELL

ed

..: ed some.txt

egrep

grep
..: egrep some.txt

eject

cd/dvd
-t
..: eject

env

..: env

eval

..: LSHOME="eval cd ~ ; ls -l"

exit

..: exit

174

expand

PS1

.

,

..: expand -t 3 tabs.txt

export

..: export PS1=Prompt\>

expr

..: expr 7 \* 3

expr,
*
.

*.

factor

..: factor 26

fdformat

..: fdformat /dev/fd0

fdisk

( root)

..: fdisk /dev/hda

fg

..: fg %2

file

..: file some.txt

find

..: find ~ -name "some*"

 F - I
finger

..: finger

fmt

-u
..: fmt -u para.txt

fold

..: fold -w 10 para.txt

for

..: for X in 1 2 3
do echo $X
done

free

Mb

~


.

find.

..: free -m

( root)

..: fsck

ftp

File
Transfer Protocol
..: ftp URL
[Connected] Name:
Password:
put
get
quit

grep

175

fsck

ftp.
sftp
.

..: grep some.txt

groups

..: groups

groupadd
( root)

-f
..: groupadd -f

groupdel

( root)

..: groupdel

groupmod

( root)

..: groupmod -n

gunzip

gzip
..: gunzip some.txt.gz

.zip

gunzip.

gzip

gzip
..: gzip some.txt

hash

..: hash

head

-n
..: head -n 4 some.txt

history

..: history

hostname

..: hostname

176

id

..: id

if

..: if [ $NUM -gt 5 ]
then echo ""
else echo ""
fi

if.
ifconfig

..: ifconfig

init
( root)

1
5
..: init 1

info

Q
..: info ls

install

,
-o ( root)
..: install /usr
..: sudo install -o /usr

 J - L
jobs

..: jobs

kill

,
PID
..: kill %2
..: kill 10436

last

..: last

less

,
Page Down Page Up
Q,

more
less,
less
.

..: less long.txt

ln

-s
..: ln ~/some.txt
..: ln -s ~/more.txt

logout

..: login

logname

..: logname

look

..: look

lpr

..: lpr some.txt

lprm

..: lprm 3

lpq

..: lpq

ls

-a
-l
-t
..: ls
..: ls -alt

login logout


.

177

login

M - N
man

Q
..: man ls

md5sum

MD5 checksum
-c
checksum
..: md5sum some.txt > SUM
..: md5sum -c SUM

mesg

mesg .
y n.

n
y
..: mesg
..: mesg n

mkdir

..: mkdir

more

178

..: more long.txt

mount

-l

..: mount -l
..: mount /dev/cd

mt

-f
: status, rewind, erase, offline
eod ( )
..: mt -f /dev/tape eod

mv

..: mv some.txt /tmp
..: mv some.txt old.some.txt
..: mv Documents Docs

nice

nice 20 20.

.

-20 () 20 ()
..: nice --20 ftp

nl

..: nl some.txt

 P
passwd

..: passwd
()
UNIX:

paste

..: paste nums.txt names.txt

ping

-c
..: ping google.com
..: ping -c 3 google.com

pr

ping
URL
IP.
google.com
IP 64.233.167.99.

,
, 66

-n
-h

179

..: pr some.txt
..: pr -n -h " " some.txt
printenv

..: printenv

printf

%s
%d
%f
%c
\n

..: printf %s %d \n Dave 13

Dave 13
..: printf %c $%0.2F \n X 3
X $3.00

ps

..: ps

pwd

..: pwd
/home/user

printf printf()

C.

R
rcp

..: rcp some.txt host2:/home/user/some.txt

"host2"

read

180

..: read NAME

echo " $NAME"

reboot

( root)

..: reboot

renice

PID
-20 () 20 ()

root

ps
PID
( )
renice.

..: renice 5 23402

23402: 0, 5

( root)
rm

-i
rm -r


,


.

..: renice -3 23402

23402: 5, -3

-i
-r

..: rm some.txt
..: rm -ri

rmdir

rm
..: rmdir

rsync

..: rsync some.txt host2:/home/user/some.txt

"host2"

 S
scp

( rcp)
..: scp some.txt host2:/home/user/some.txt

"host2"

sdiff

..: sdiff some.txt more.txt
chalk
| cheese

<
>

sed

sdiff,
diff, diff3,
comm.

..: sed { print $2 } some.txt

seq

181

-w
-s
..: seq -w -s \| 4 12
04|05|06|07|08|09|10|11|12

sftp

File Transfer
..: sftp URL
[Connected] Name:
Password:
put
get
quit

shopt

..: shopt

shutdown
( root)

-h

-c

-r
..: shutdown -h 0
..: shutdown -h +5
..: shutdown -r

root

shutdown

.

sleep

..: sleep 3

sort

..: sort some.txt
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Charlie, Bravo, Alpha

split

-l

182

..: split -l 1 some.txt

xaa, xab, xac, ..

sum

checksum

!
cksum checksum,
checksum
32 byte
md5sum .

ssh

-l

..: ssh -l
URL

stat

byte, ,

..: stat some.txt

su

root
..: su
..: su

sum

checksum block
..: sum some.txt

root
fg
,

jobs.


fg %1
root.

suspend

root
..: suspend

sync

..: sync

 T
tac

,
..: tac some.txt more.txt

tail

-n
..: tail -n 4 some.txt

tar

, ,
gzip
-c
-z gzip gunzip
-u
-x
-v
-f

tar
bzip2
,
-j
-z.

..: tar -czvf archive.tar.gz Folder/

..: tar -uzvf archive.tar.gz some.txt
..: tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz
tee

..: sort cba.txt | tee sorted.txt

..: sort zyx.txt | tee -a sorted.txt
test

(0) (1) $?
[ ]
-d
-f
=
!=
-eq
-ne
-lt
-gt

183

-a

[ ]
,


.


.

..: test -d some.txt

echo $?
1
..: [ 5 -gt 3 ]
echo $?
0

time

..: time

times

..: times

touch

..: touch

top

184

tr
.
.

-p PID
..: top
..: top -p PID

tr

..: echo sunny day | tr "a-z" "A-Z"
SUNNY DAY
..: echo happy frog | tr "frog" "toad"
happy toad

tty

..: tty
/dev/pts/0

type

..: type echo
echo is a shell builtin

umask

0022




.

0022

0002

0077

..: umask
0022
..: umask 0077

 U - V
umount

..: umount /dev/cd

unalias

..: unalias

uname

-a
-n
-r

umount "n"
"u".

..: uname -a
unexpand

..: unexpand spaces.txt

uptime

..: uptime

uniq

unzip

185

..: uniq repeat.txt

zip
..: unzip archive.zip
useradd

( root)

..: useradd

userdel

( root)

..: userdel

usermod
( root)

-p
..: usermod -p

users

..: users

vdir

..: vdir

vi

vi

..: vi
..: vi

vi, Insert

Esc

. :
w Enter
:q
.

W - Z
w

..: w

watch

-n

..: watch -n 1 date +%T

wc

,
wget .

, byte
..: wc some.txt

wget

..: wget http://www.ineasysteps.com

whereis

(man)

..: whereis ls

which

..: which ftp

186

whoami

..: whoami

write

..: write

^D

xcalc

..: xcalc

zcat

gzip bzip2, zip

.

..: zcat some.txt.gz

zip

zip
..: zip archive.zip


A
Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)

P
94, 146

B
Bourne Again SHell (BASH)

PCLinuxOS
Post Office Protocol (POP)

R
98
RedHat Fedora

C
Checksum
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

121
163
121

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Structured Query Language (SQL)
Synaptic Package Manager

137

U
82
Ubuntu

11

W
11
Winmodem

O
OpenOffice
62
Base, 72, 74
Calc,
66
Draw,
70
Impress,
68
Writer,
62, 64
Microsoft Office 62, 64

13

187

92

Novell SUSE

76
74
94, 146

T
Tarball

MSN Messenger

10

G
GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)

11
76

188

CD



, Ctrl+Z

,




bashrc

27, 38
124
57
30
30
88
89
89
88
170
16
108
82
136
52
130
12
95, 146
52
87
87
27
76
48
47
46
102
124
125
116
125
126
117
58
126
122
118
116
116
120
117
134

72
86
40

GNU

,

9
44
102
102
98
26
70
70
92
104

(slave)


if-then-else

internet (IP)

44
166
15
52
112
165, 176
70
53
113
44
44
10
164
14
140
152
58, 144
58, 144
58, 144
59
44, 58
58
59, 144
58, 144
152, 154

CD
DVD


Linux

34
90
90
90
146
16
47
38

 file
118, 174
find
122, 174
finger ( )
142, 175
fmt ( )
175
fold
175
for ()
175
free
175
fsck
( )
139, 175
ftp
156, 175
get
156
grep ( ) 130, 175
groupadd
143, 175
groupdel
143, 175
groupmod
143, 175
groups
143, 175
gunzip ()
134, 176
gzip ()
134, 176
hash
176
head ( )
125, 176
history
176
host
152
hostname
99, 176
id
176
ifconfig ( )
176
ifconfig
152
info
176
init
176
install
176
jobs
177
kill
177
last
177
less
124, 177
let
166
ln ()
117, 177
logname
101, 177
look ( )
131
look
177
lpq ( )
162, 177
lpr ( )
162, 177
lprm
( )
162, 177
lpstat
( )
163
ls ()
111, 144, 177
man ()
106, 178
md5sum
121, 178
mesg
160, 178
mget
156
mkdir ( ) 112, 178
more
178
mount ( )
138, 178
mput
156
mt ( )
178
mv ()
116, 178
nice
178
nl ( )
125, 178

189

158

29
, ./
166

46

162

164

37

99
login, logout
177
alias
171
apt-get
146, 171
aspell
171
awk
171
basename
112, 171
bg
171
bunzip2 ()
134, 171
bzip2 ()
134, 171
cal ()
149, 171
cat ()
124, 171
cd ( )
110, 171
chgrp ( )
145, 172
chmod
( )
144, 172
chown ( )
145, 172
chsh ( )
171
cksum (checksum)
172
clear
99, 172
cmp ( byte)
120, 172
comm ( )
120, 172
cp ()
116, 172
cpio ( /)
136
crontab ()
172
csplit
172
cut
128, 172
date
148, 166, 173
dc ()
173
df ( )
138
df ( )
173
diff ( )
121
diff, diff3 ( )
173
dir ( )
173
dircolors
173
dirname
112, 173
du ( )
118, 173
echo
106, 173
ed ()
173
egrep ( grep)
174
eject
174
env ()
107, 174
eval ()
174
exit
99, 156, 174
expand
174
export
174
expr ()
164, 174
factor
174
fdformat ( )
174
fg ()
174

190

open
156
passwd
100, 142, 179
paste
128, 179
ping
153, 179
pr ( )
179
printenv ()
179
printf ( )
179
ps ()
140, 179
put
156
pwd
( )
101, 179
rcp ( )
180
read ()
180
readlink
117
reboot
100, 180
renice
180
rm ()
113, 180
rmdir
( )
113, 180
rsync
( )
180
scp ( )
181
sdiff ( )
181
sed ( )
181
seq ()
181
sftp ( ftp)
181
shopt ( )
181
shutdown
105, 181
sleep
182
sort
129, 182
split
182
ssh ( )
155, 182
stat ( )
118
stat ()
182
su ( )
101, 182
sudo
( )
100
sum
182
suspend
182
sync ( ) 182
tac ( cat)
183
tail ( )
125, 183
tar
136, 183
tee ( stdout )
129, 183
test
183
time
184
times (uptime)
184
top
184
touch ( )
119, 184
tr ()
128, 184
tty ()
184
type ()
99, 184
umask
184
umount ( )
138, 185
unalias
185
uname
185
unexpand
185

uniq ( )
130, 185
unset ()
107
unzip ()
135, 185
uptime
141, 185
useradd
142, 185
userdel
142, 185
usermod
142, 185
users
185
vdir ( ) 185
w ( )
141, 186
watch
186
wc ( )
118, 186
wget ()
186
whereis
186
which
186
who ( ) 104, 158
whoami ( )
99
whoami
186
write
160, 186
zcat ( )
186
zip ()
135, 186

122

90

64

16

126

92
gimp
54

28, 52

53
,
98
chfn ( )
142, 171

104

26

29

40

32

38

54
GNU
9

57, 122
,
28

41

156
76
36

34

118
117

130
46
47
46
47
48
49
46
48
49
47
46
49
48
48
46
47
46
47
48
49
48
49
47
49
46
49
48
48
112
113
18
44
19
14, 18
98
141
81
158
158
50
56
102
15
100
20, 100

27
20, 142
142
66

RAM

PATH
RANDOM


Babel Fish
kernel panic

,
fdisk ( )

OpenDocument (.odt)

OpenDocument (.ods)
OpenDocument (.odp)
OpenDocument (.odg)

(PDF)
, *

12
106
107
106
107
166
53
27
80
49
160
82
174
64
67
69
70
130
65
117

55

Gnome
K (KDE)

aspell
init
telnet
Pidgin

146
68
9
9
50
110
50
27
68
131
104
154
82

191

bin
boot
dev
etc
home
initrd
lib
mnt
opt
proc
sbin
tmp
usr
var

/bin
/boot
/dev
/etc
/home
/initrd
/lib 46
/mnt
/opt
/proc
/root
/sbin
/tmp
/usr
/var

(swap)

(tty)
JavaScript

.bashrc
(master)
root

192

86

Rythmbox
88
CD Serpentine
90
Inkscape 95
CD
90
vi
126, 185

62

Evolution
76
Firefox
80

80

50

80
Ekiga
84
, $
170
102

15

94
,
26

49
,

32, 34
,
36
,
30

73
(FTP)
156

10, 47, 98

BIOS
( /)

19
45
138
70

,

, < >
, |
, \
,
, ;

, Ctrl+C
,
SIP

33
12
136, 170
124, 163, 170
170
170
170
98, 141
170
84
84

root

44, 49
100
44

89
49
17
22

, Ctrl+D

OpenOffice

index
length
substr
,

ext3

17
170
19
8
117
134
120
82
164
164
164
117
29, 54
46

32
48

\

,

164
119
35
12

, ~
, ..

110, 170
110

148

 , , , .

; ,
.

, ,
.

Linux .
,
.

Linux,
.
OpenOffice

, , .
Linux
,
, Linux.

LINUX

m i k e

m c g r a t h

Linux

,
.

COMPUTER
steps

,
.

Computer Active

20