Phn I: Mt vi khi nim v php o v sai s

1. Php o: o i lng vt l{ l so snh i lng vi mt i lng khc cng loi

(gi l n v).
- o trc tip: l so snh trc tip i lng vi n v chun. V d o nhit so vi
C, o chiu di bng thc m.
- o gin tip: l suy ra i lng cn o bng vic o trc tip cc i lng khc ri lin
h tnh i lng cn o thng qua biu thc ton hc. V d o nhit qua hiu in
th T=f(V)
2. Sai s: L lch ca gi tr o so vi gi tr i lng cn o.
- Sai s h thng: do sai st ca dng c o hoc phng php l{ thuyt o c
- Sai s ngu nhin: Do cc yu t ngoi cnh nh kh nng ngi o, iu kin mi
trng, bn thn i tng o bin i. Loi sai s ny s c gim i bng vic thng
k nhiu ln.
3. Sai s php o trc tip:
- Kz vng: l gi tr ch i ca kt qu o, c th coi l gi tr trung bnh ca n ln o (
c gi tr kz vng th phi c n ln ly mu ging ht nhau trn thc t l khng c):

1
( )
n
i
i
x
E x x
n

=
= =

(1)
- Phng sai: Cho thy gi tr o thng cch gi tr trung bnh bao nhiu, tn mn
quanh gi tr trung bnh:

2
ar( ) (( ( )) ) V x E X E x =
(2)

2
1
(( ) )
ar( )
n
i
i
x x
V x
n

=

=

(3)
- lch chun (standard deviation) : cho thy s chnh lch cho php ca tng ln o
so vi gi tr trung bnh.

2
1
(( ) )
( ) ar( )
n
i
i
x x
x V x
n
o

=

= =

(4)
L thuyt xc sut ch ra rng lch chun ng tin cy khi 68,2% gi tr o thuc
khong ( ; ) x x o o

+ - (ng vi phn phi chun- phn b Gausse-phn mu tm hnh 1)

Hnh 1: Phn b Gausse
- lch trung bnh: i khi ngi ta cn dng mt gi tr ny nh gi php o:

1
n
i
i
x x
n

=

A =

(5)
- Sai s chun (standard error of the mean): L mt i lng nh gi bin thin ca
gi tr trung bnh trong trong cc mu o khc nhau ca mt i lng (mi mu s c n
ln o). i lng hu ch trong vic hiu chnh kt qu o bng cch ly gi tr trung
bnh ca trung bnh cc n ln o.

2
1
(( ) )
( )
SE=
n
i
i
x x
x
n
n
o

=

=

(6)
V d ta o chiu di 1 on thng. tng chnh xc ta o khong 6 mu o,
mi mu o s gm 5 ln o. Nh vy trong mi mu o ta s c 1 kt qu trung bnh
ca 5 ln o vi lch chun khc nhau. Sau ta s ly trung bnh ca kt qu 6 mu
o ny c kt qu trung bnh cui cng v gi tr sai s chun.
- Hip phng sai (Cov): Cho thy s bin thin cng nhau ca hai bin ngu nhin (trong
khi phng sai l o s bin thin ca 1 bin). Nu 2 bin c xu hng thay i cng
nhau (ngha l nu 1 bin gi tr cao hn kz vng th bin kia cng vy) th hip phng
sai c gi tr dng v ngc li. Nu Cov=0 th 2 bin c lp xc sut, nu Cov#0 qu
ln th 2 bin ph thuc c khi ch cn o 1 bin bit s bin thin bin kia (thng
dng trong cc php o gin tip-i lng cn o biu din theo nhiu i lng khc).
( , ) (( )( )) Cov x y E x x y y

= (7)
Cng thc (7) c th vit li:
( , ) ( . ) Cov x y E x y x y

= (8)
Nu x,y c lp xc sut thi E(x.y)=E(x).E(y) (9)
- Mt vi ch khc: Sai s t i: t s phn trm gia lch v gi tr trung bnh

( )
.100%
x
x
o
c

=
(10)
Gi tr lch trung bnh A lun nh hn hoc bng Var
Khi thu thp d liu bng my (datalog) cn ch :
-tn s ly mu bao nhiu
-s ln ly mu bao nhiu
-Gi kt qu ra th no
- Mt v d:
Thng k s bnh nhn vi cc nhm mu A v B trong tun cho kt qu sau:
-S bnh nhn nhm mu A: 6,7,8,4,6,5 (n=6)
-S bnh nhn nhm mu B: 10,9,3,2 (n=4)
*Gi tr kz vng: E(A)=E(B)=6
* lch: D(A)=(6-6)+(7-6)+=0
D(B)=(10-6)+(2-6)+.=0
Vy nu ch da vo gi tr kz vng v lch th ta c th ni 2 kt qu thng k
nhm mu A v B l hon ton ging nhau. Nhng thc t khng phi vy. Tinh ton
Variance v lch chun cho kt qu hon ton khc:
*Var(A)=((6-6)
2
+(7-6)
2
+)/6=1,67
*Var(B)=((10-6)
2
+(2-6)
2
+)/4=12,5
* lch chun:

( ) ar( ) 1, 32
( ) ar( ) 3, 5
A V A
B V B
o
o
= =
= =

Nh vy lch chun trng hp nhm mu A << mu B suy ra ng tin cy
hn (s ln ly mu nhiu hn).
4. Sai s php o gin tip:
Gi s i lng cn o A c tnh t 2 i lng khc l x v y:
A=f(x,y) , vi:
x x x
y y y
o
o

=
=

Nu x v y l 2 i lng c lp: Chng ta p dng 2 quy tc tnh lch chun (sai s):
- Sai s tuyt i ca mt tng hay hiu bng tng sai s tuyt i ca cc i lng
V d: A=x+y => A x y o o o = +
- Sai s t i ca mt tch hoc thng bng tng sai s t i ca cc i lng thnh
phn. V d:
A=x.y =>
A x y
A x y
o o o

= +
Chng ta c 2 quy tc sau (quy tc tng qut):
- Nu l mt tng hoc mt hiu. Ta s tnh vi phn ton phn ca A(x,y) sau gp cc
s hng cng bin. Thay du vi phn bng o v ly tr tuyt i biu thc ng trc
du vi phn.
V d: h=v.t-1/2g.t
2
vi
v v v
t t t
o
o

=
=

=>>>
2
1
.
2
h v t g t

=

d d d
( ) d
dh v t t v gt t
dh v gt dt t v
h v g t t t v o o o

= +
= +
=> = +

- Nu l mt tch hoc mt thng. u tin s logarit 2 v vi c s e sau lm nh
quy tc trn. (Ch sai s ca A lun l tng cc sai s s thnh phn nu c du (-)
phi bin i biu thc trc du vi phn v a vo tr tuyt i).
V d: M=
1 2
1 2
m m
m m

+
vi
1 1 1
2 2 2
m m m
m m m
o
o

= +
= +

=>>>
1 2
1 2
m m
M
m m

=
+

lnM=ln(m1-m2)-ln(m1+m2)

( 1 2) ( 1 2)
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
1( ) 2( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
dM d m m d m m
M m m m m
dM
dm dm
M m m m m m m m m
M
m m
m m m m m m m m
M
o
o o

+
=
+
= +
+ +
=> = +
+ +

5. Mu bng kt qu o lng:
Tn Bng Kt Qu
Ngi o:
Thi gian o:
iu kin o:
S ln o X(n) Y(n) .
A
(x
i
-<x>)
(x
i
-<x>)
2
Var o
1 <(x
i
-<x>)
2
>
2

Trung
bnh

Ch : <> l k hiu trung bnh
Ty yu cu c th tnh:
- Cov xc nh s c lp xc sut hay ph thuc ca cc i lng.
- Sai s t i.
- Nu kt qu lch chun khng t yu cu Gausse (68% kt qu o
trong vng lch chun) th c th s dng cch hiu chnh vi sai s chun.
Phn II: Mt vi kt qu thc nghim K5903
- Kho st thi gian o khong cch mc tiu ca D49 (Trc th:Mr.Chng)
Ngy 24-03-2013
Thi tit: Khong 10h-11h, tri nng, gi nh, nhiu my, m
Tiu C ly laser
(m)
Ln o 1
(m)
Time(s)
1 1174 1116 39
2 1179 1137 20
3 2947 2763 40
4 2790 2610 31

Tiu C ly laser
(m)
Ln o 2
(m)
Time(s)
1 1174 1133 18
2 1179 1141 21
3 2947 2737 40
4 2790 2604 33

Tiu C ly laser
(m)
Ln o 3
(m)
Time(s)
1 1174 1127 17
2 1179 1135 21
3 2947 2742 34
4 2790 2622 23
Vy ta c:
-Gi tr o mc tiu 1:(c ly laser o 1174m)
C ly trung bnh: 1125(m)
lch trung bnh: 6m ((d
i
- d

)/n)
Sai: 1174-1125= 49m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 2:(c ly laser o 1179m)
C ly trung bnh: 1138(m)
lch trung bnh: 2m
Sai: 41m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 3:(c ly laser o 2947m)
C ly trung bnh: 2747 (m)
lch trung bnh: 10m
Sai: 200m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 4:(c ly laser o 2790m)
C ly trung bnh: 2612(m)
lch trung bnh: 6m
Sai: 178m
- Kho st thi gian o khong cch mc tiu IR (cc tham s quan tm)
Tiu Ln1(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1177 70
2 1207 61
3 3034 42
4 2970 5
Tiu Ln2(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1182 7
2 1194 6
3 3097 49
4 2973 46
Tiu Ln3(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1220 70
2 1227 7
3 3450 21
4 3350 33
Kt qu sau khi thng nht thao tc trc th thi gian gim ng k
Tiu Ln4(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1142 9 R 4
2 1134 5 R 5
3 3042 6 R 4
4 2734 9 R 4
Tiu Ln5(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1170 17 R 6
2 1162 4 R 4
3 2960 7 R 6
4
Tiu Ln6(m) Time(s) Contrast-
Bright
Mode Ms Mt
1 1184 5 C20B22 R 4
2 1180 3 C20B22 R 4
3 3080 6 Nt R 4
4 2770 69 Nt R 3
Tiu Ln7(m) Time(s) Bright Mode Ms Mt
1 1168 6 Nt R 4
4 2901 7 Nt R 2
3 3142 7 Nt R 2
3 3012 14 nt R 3

Ngy 24-03-2013
Thi tit: Khong 10h-11h, tri nng, gi nh, nhiu my, m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 1:(c ly laser o 1174m)
C ly trung bnh: 1177(m)
lch trung bnh: 15m ((d
i
- d

)/n)
Sai: 1177-1174= 3m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 2:(c ly laser o 1179m)
C ly trung bnh: 1184(m)
lch trung bnh: 25m
Sai: 5m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 3:(c ly laser o 2947m)
C ly trung bnh: 3102(m)
lch trung bnh: 100 m
Sai: 155m
-Gi tr o mc tiu 4:(c ly laser o 2790m)
C ly trung bnh: 2919(m)
lch trung bnh: 156m
Sai: 129m