1Tng quan v cng ngh mng khng dy

I. Dn nhp Trong gn 10 nm qua mng v tuyn (khng dy) pht trin vi tc chng mt. C rt nhiu loi hnh mng, nhiu cng ngh, nhiu chun v tuyn v ang c chun ha. Liu cc bn c bit ht v s tn ti ca cc cng ngh mng khng dy hin nay? Lm th no phn bit gia chng? V u l s khc bit y? Cng ngh mng khng dy l hu nh gn gi nht vi nhiu ngi l cng ngh mng thng tin di ng t bo. y chnh l mng in thoi di ng 2G/3G/.... Tn thng dng m mi ngi hay gi l mng GSM/CDMA hay UMTS/WCDMA/CDMA2000... Bn cnh chc hn cc bn cng bit mng cc b khng dy WLAN s dng cng ngh Wifi 802.11. C th cc bn cng nghe ni v cc chun khc nhau ca Wifi a/b/g/i/k/m... V chc hn nhng "ch d" thn yu ca cc bn cng c trang b cng ngh Bluetooth truyn ti thng tin gia cc in thoi di ng hay gia in thoi v my tnh ca bn. Trn y ti va ch k ra 3 cng ngh gn gi nht. Nu cc bn theo di s pht trin ca cng ngh di ng chc hn s nghe ni n cng ngh WiMAX. Nu tm hiu thm mt t bn s nghe ni n WiMAX c nh v WiMAX di ng v rng WiMAX v ang c th nghim ti Vit Nam (c th Lo Cai, H ni,...). Bn cnh cc cng ngh k trn, cc bn c bit g v cng ngh siu bng rng UWB (ha hn s thay th Bluetooth) hay Wibree ? Cc bn c nghe ni v IEEE 802.20, IEEE 802.22...? Trong bi vit ny ti s c gng trnh by vi cc bn mt ci nhn tng quan v cc cng ngh mng v tuyn v ang c pht trin.

II. Phn loi mng v tuyn

Mt cch truyn thng phn loi cc cng ngh mng v tuyn l da vo vng ph sng ca mt trm pht sng. Cc bn xem hnh di y:

Hnh 1: Phn loi mng v tuyn Da vo hnh trn ta c th phn mng v tuyn thnh cc nhm sau: - WPAN : mng v tuyn c nhn. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh v tuyn c vng ph nh tm vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cng ngh ny phc v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng, kha USB, ng h,...vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong nhm ny bao gm: Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB, EnOcean,... a phn cc cng ngh ny c chun ha bi IEEE, c th l nhm lm vic (Working Group) 802.15. Do vy cc chun cn c bit n vi tn nh IEEE 802.15.4 hay IEEE 802.15.3 ... - WLAN : mng v tuyn cc b. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh c vng ph tm vi trm mt. Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m rng khc nhau thuc gia nh 802.11 a/b/g/h/i/... Cng ngh Wifi gt hi c nhng thnh cng to ln trong nhng nm qua. Bn cnh WiFi th cn mt ci tn t nghe n l HiperLAN v HiperLAN2, i th cnh tranh ca Wifi c chun ha bi ETSI. - WMAN: mng v tuyn th. i din tiu biu ca nhm ny chnh l WiMAX. Ngoi ra cn c cng ngh bng rng BWMA 802.20. Vng ph sng ca n s tm vi km (tm 4-5km ti a). -WAN : Mng v tuyn din rng: Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh mng thng tin di ng nh UMTS/GSM/CDMA2000... Vng ph ca n cng tm vi km n tm chc km. - WRAN: Mng v tuyn khu vc. Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22 ang c nghin cu v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40-100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn thng n cc vng xa

xi ho lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc. N s s dng bng tn m TV analog khng dng t c vng ph rng.

III. S pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng t bo.

bt u, mnh xin trch dn mt on sau: "In telecommunications, just like any other field of human endeavor, fashions come and fashions go. No sooner is one technology safely out of the laboratory than attention turns to the next new innovation. Over the last few years, 4G has been slowly taking shape as the next big development in wireless communications. (Alun Lewis, Independent telecommunications writer and consultant)". Trong hn 25 nm qua, s pht trin ca Internet cng nh cc cng ngh khng dy c nh hng rt ln n cuc sng ca con ngi trn ton th gii. Hai nhn t ny lm thay i cch con ngi lin lc vi nhau, cch h lm vic, cch h hng th cuc sng thng qua cc loi hnh gii tr mi. Vi s ra i ca mng thng tin di ng t bo, chng ta chng kin s tng vt v nhu cu dch v khng dy & di ng. Chng ta v ang chng kin s pht trin n chng mt ca mng khng dy : nm 2002 nh du thi im lch s ca mng vin thng vi s thu bao di ng vt s thu bao c nh. Theo ITU, thng 9 nm 2005, s thu bao di ng trn th gii vt con s 2 t. Theo thng k ca GSA (Global mobile Suppliers Association) gn y, con s ny vt 3 t. Tuy nhin, lch s ca mng t bo cn rt ngn ngi. N mi tri qua 3 th h v nhiu quc gia n vn cn ang th h th 2. Trong mng thng tin di ng t bo, mi mt thp k chng kin mt th h mng mi. Th h u tin (1G) khi u t nhng nm 80s. l th h in thoi di ng analog. Th h th 2G bt u ni ln t nhng nm u ca thp k 90. Th h th 2G l cng ngh di ng k thut s, cung cp dch v voice v c data. Th h th 3 bt u t nm 2001 Nht, c trng bi dch v thoi, d liu v a phng tin vi tc cao. H thng tin-4G, nhng vin tng cho th h th 4G, hy vng s c thng mi ha vo khong u nm 2010. Mt th h 4G s ct cnh vo nhng nm 2012. Con ng pht trin ca cc cng ngh mng t bo c th hin hnh di y.

Th h th 1 (1G): Mng di ng th h th nht khi mo Nht vo nm 1979. y l h thng truyn tn hiu tng t (analog). Nhng cng ngh chnh thuc th h th nht ny c th k n l AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), TACS ( Total Access Communication System), JTACS ( Japan TACS), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). Tuy cha hon ho v mt cng ngh v k thut, th h thng tin di ng 1G ny thc s l mt mc pht trin quan trng ca ngnh vin thng (khi nim di ng (mobile) bt u i vo phc v nhu cu lin lc ca con ngi trong i sng hng ngy). Nhng im yu ni bt ca th h 1G lin quan n cht lng truyn tin km, vn bo mt v vic s dng km hiu qu ti nguyn tn s. Th h th 2 (2G): H thng mng 2G c c trng bi cng ngh chuyn mch k thut s (digital circuit-switched). K thut ny cho php s dng ti nguyn bng tn hiu qu hn nhiu so vi 1G. Hu ht cc thu bao di ng trn th gii hin ang dng cng ngh 2G ny. Cng ngh 2G s cn tn ti thm mt thi gian di na trc khi 3G thay th hon ton n. Nhng chun di ng 2G chnh bao gm GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), IS-136 v CdmaOne. - GSM s dng k thut a truy cp TDMA v song cng FDD. GSM tr thnh cng ngh truyn thng c tc pht trin nhanh nht t trc n nay v l mt chun di ng c trin khai rng ri trn th gii.

- IS-136, c bit n vi tn D-AMPS (Digital-AMPS), s dng k thut a truy cp TDMA v song cng TDD. Cng ngh ny c trin khai nhiu Chu M, c bit l M v Canada. IS-136 c trin khai nh mt - CdmaOne l tn gi ca chun di ng ITU IS-95 s dng k thut a truy cp CDMA. CDMA c chun ho nm 1993. Ngy nay, c 2 phin bn IS-95, gi l IS-95A v IS-95B. IS-95A dng FDD vi rng knh l 1,25MHz cho mi hng ln v xung. Tc d liu ti a ca IS-95A l 14,4 Kbps. IS-95B c th cung ng tc d liu ln n 115Kbps bng cch gp 8 knh li vi nhau. Vi tc ny, IS-95B cn c phn loi nh l cng ngh 2,5G. Th h 2,5G: Th h 2,5G c trng bi dch v d liu tc ci tin. Chun chnh ca th h ny l GPRS, EDGE v IS-95B. GPRS l mt bc pht trin tip theo cung cp dch v d liu tc cao cho ngi dng GSM v IS-136. L thuyt m ni th GPRS c th cung ng tc d liu ln n 172,2 Kbps. GPRS l mt gii php chuyn mch gi. y cng l mt bc m trong qu trnh chuyn t th h 2G ln 3G ca cc nh cung cp dch v GSM/IS-136. Trn con ng di i n 3G, EDGE ra i ci tin tc d liu hn na (tc ti a tm 384Kbps). EDGE i khi cn c trch dn nh cng ngh 2,75G. Th h di ng th 3 (3G): Mng 3G c trng bi tc d liu cao, capacity ca h thng ln, tng hiu qu s dng ph tn v nhiu ci tin khc. C mt lot cc chun cng ngh di ng 3G, tt c u da trn CDMA, bao gm: UMTS (dng c FDD ln TDD), CDMA2000 v TD-SCDMA. - UMTS (i khi cn c gi l 3GSM) s dng k thut a truy cp WCDMA. UMTS c chun ho bi 3GPP. UMTS l cng ngh 3G c la chn bi hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v GSM/GPRS i ln 3G. Tc d liu ti a l 1920Kbps (gn 2Mbps). Nhng trong thc t tc ny ch tm 384Kbps thi. ci tin tc d liu ca 3G, hai k thut HSDPA v HSUPA c ngh. Khi c 2 k thut ny c trin khai, ngi ta gi chung l HSPA. HSPA thng c bit n nh l cng ngh 3,5G. o HSDPA: Tng tc downlink (ng xung, t NodeB v ngi dng di ng). Tc ti a l thuyt l 14,4Mbps, nhng trong thc t n ch t tm 1,8Mbps (hoc tt lm l 3,6Mbps). Theo mt bo co ca GSA thng 7 nm 2008, 207 mng HSDPA v ang bt u trin khai, trong 207 thng mi ho 89 nc trn th gii. o HSUPA: tng tc uplink (ng ln) v ci tin QoS. K thut ny cho php ngi dng upload thng tin vi tc ln n 5,8Mbps (l thuyt). Cng trong cng bo co trn ca GSA, 51 nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng trin khai mng HSUPA 35 nc v 17 nh cung cp mng ln k hoch trin khai mng HSUPA. CDMA2000 l ngi "ni gii" ca 2G CdmaOne, i din cho h cng ngh bao gm CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology), CDMA2000 EV-DO (Evolution -Data Optimized) v CDMA2000 EVDV(Evolution -Data and Voice). CDMA2000 c chun ho bi 3GPP2. L thng tnh th CDMA2000 l cng ngh 3G c la chn bi cc nh cung cp mng CdmaOne. o CDMA2000 1xRTT: chnh thc c cng nhn nh l mt cng ngh 3G, tuy nhin nhiu ngi xem n nh l mt cng ngh 2,75G ng hn l 3G. Tc ca 1xRTT c th t n 307Kbps, song hu ht cc mng trin khai ch gii hn tc peak 144Kbps. o CDMA2000 EV-DO: s dng mt knh d liu 1,25MHz chuyn bit v c th cho tc d liu n 2,4Mbps cho ng xung v 153Kbps cho ng ln. 1xEV-DO Rev A h tr truyn thng gi IP, tng tc ng xung n 3,1Mbps v c bit c th y tc ng ln n 1,2Mbps. Bn cnh , 1xEV-DO Rev B cho php nh cung cp mng gp n 15 knh 1,25MHz li truyn d liu vi tc 73,5Mbps. Theo mt bo co trn www.cdg.org site, 3G CDMA2000 EV-DO vt con s 83 triu thu bao vo thng 9 nm 2007 (chc gn y c bo co mi, song mnh cng cha kim tra li na). o CDMA2000 EV-DV: tch hp thoi v d liu trn cng mt knh 1,25MHz. CDMA2000 EV-DV cung cp tc peak n 4,8Mbps cho ng xung v n 307Kbps cho ng ln. Tuy nhin t nm 2005, Qualcomm dng v thi hn vic pht trin ca 1xEV-DV v a phn cc nh cung cp mng CDMA nh Verizon Wireless v Sprint chn EV-DO. TD-SCDMA l chun di ng c ngh bi "China Communications Standards Association" v c ITU duyt vo nm 1999. y l chun 3G ca Trung Quc. TD-SCDMA dng song cng TDD. TD-SCDMA c th hot ng trn mt di tn hp 1,6MHz (cho tc 2Mbps) hay 5MHz (cho tc 6Mbps). Ngy xut hnh ca TD-SCDMA b y li nhiu ln. Nhiu th nghim v cng ngh ny din ra t u nm 2004 cng nh trong th vn hi Olympic gn y. Cng ngh tin 4G (pre-4G) Em a t, cc bc b sung thm cho: Cng ngh tin 4G c th k n: LTE, bng rng siu di ng UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) v chun IEEE 802.20. im chung cho c 3 cng ngh ny l u s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Access) 1. GPP LTE H thng 3GPP LTE, l bc tip theo cn hng ti ca h thng mng khng dy 3G da trn cng ngh di ng GSM/UMTS, v l mt trong nhng cng ngh tim nng nht cho truyn thng 4G. Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) nh ngha truyn thng di ng th h th 4 l IMT Advanced v chia thnh hai h thng dng cho di ng tc cao v di ng tc thp. 3 GPP LTE l h thng dng cho di ng tc

cao. Ngoi ra, y cn l cng ngh h thng tch hp u tin trn th gii ng dng c chun modm 3GPP LTE v cc chun dch v ng dng khc, do NSD c th d dng thc hin cuc gi hoc truyn d liu gia cc mng LTE v cc mng GSM/GPRS hoc UMTS da trn WCDMA. 3GPP LTE c kh nng cp pht ph tn linh ng v h tr cc dch v a phng tin vi tc trn 100Mb/s khi di chuyn tc 3km/h, v t 30Mb/s khi di chuyn tc cao 120km/h th tc truyn l trn 30 Mb/s. Tc ny nhanh hn gp 7 ln so vi tc truyn d liu ca cng ngh HSDPA (truy nhp gi d liu tc cao). Do cng ngh ny cho php s dng cc dch v a phng tin tc cao trong khi di chuyn bt k tc no nn n c th h tr s dng cc dch v ni dung c dung lng ln vi phn gii cao c in thoi di ng, my tnh b ti PDA, in thoi thng minh... u im ni bt: - Dung lng truyn trn knh ng xung c th t 100 Mbps v trn knh ng ln c th t 50 Mbps. - Tng tc truyn trn c ngi s dng v cc mt phng iu khin. - S khng cn chuyn mch knh. Tt c s da trn IP. VoIP s dng cho dich v thoi. - Kin trc mng s n gin hn so vi mng 3G hin thi. Tuy nhin mng 3G LTE vn c th tch hp mt cch d dng vi mng 3G v 2G hin ti. iu ny ht sc quan trng cho nh cung cp mng trin khai 3GPP LTE v khng cn thay i ton b c s h tng mng c. - OFDMA v MIMO c s dng trong 3G LTE thay v CDMA nh trong 3G. 2. UMB Chun UMB hin nay c pht trin bi 3GPP2 vi k hoch l s thng mi ho trc 2009. Mt s c im k thut nh sau: Cc k thut Multiple radio v antenna tin tin: - Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)) v k thut beamforming antenna (dch l g cc bc nh? ) - Cc k thut qun l nhiu tin tin (Improved interference management techniques) Tc d liu cao nht (peak data rates) - Ln ti 288 Mbps ng ln - 75 Mbps ng xung Ln ti 1000 ngi s dng VoIP ng thi (vi s cp pht 20 MHz FDD) Hnh nh vn cn cng ngh 802.x na th phi 3. IEEE 802.x Chun ny bt ngun t mng WiFi, sau tin ln 802.16e ri 802.16m v by gi nghe giang h n l 802.20 Chun IEEE 802.20 cn c gi l truy nhp v tuyn bng rng di ng WBMA (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access). N c th h tr ngay c khi ang di chuyn vi vn tc ln ti 250 km/h. Trong khi chuyn vng (roaming) ca WiMAX nhn chung b gii hn trong mt phm vi nht nh, th chun IEEE 802.20 ging nh 3G c kh nng h tr chuyn vng ton cu. Ngoi ra, cng ging nh WiMAX, IEEE 802.20 cng h tr cc k thut QoS nhm cung cp nhng dch v c yu cu cao v tr, jitter... Trong mng EEE 802.20, vic ng b gia ng ln v ng xung u c thc hin hiu qu. D kin, chun IEEE 802.20 tng lai s kt hp mt s tnh nng ca IEEE 802.16e v cc mng d liu 3G, nhm cung cp v to ra mt mng truyn thng a dng (rich communication) 1. Vi ng gp ca bc nqbinhdi v bn trandat, chng ta c mt ci nhn kh tng quan v s pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng t bo. y, ti xin gi km thm 2 bng so snh cc c im ca cc cng ngh t bo k trn km vi cng ngh WiMAX/WiFi.