Thc Tp Phn Tch Pht Minh

V Quang Nhn 14 thng 10 2004

Cc bn thn mn, Trong thi gian qua chng ti nhn c nhiu e-mail hi v phng php nghin cu khoa hc. Thc ra, vic nghin cu khoa hc rt bao qut. N bao gm (v tng thuc) nhiu k nng cng nh hon cnh khc nhau m khng th no ch n gin trong mt sm mt chiu m k l ra . trang b cho mnh ci gi l cc phng php nghin cu khoa hc th mong rng cc bn tr hy (v phi) tng bc rn cho mnh v tr cng nh v c. Bi vit ny nhm phn no h tr cc bn lm quen vi mt k nng quan trng m b b qun khng c dy d hay rn luyn mt cch y nh trng: K nng nhn nhn v phn tch nhng g sn c. Bi vit ch l chn ci d thy nht hy vng t bc u ny cc bn s t mnh lm quen dn vi thi quen ng no v t vn t pht hin ra cc im yu hay mnh cu mt ti. T c th a ra cc sng to v ti m mnh phn tch luyn tp, hy t tm t vn bng cch quan st v phn tch nhng s kin gn gi vi i sng. Chng hn bi ny s a ra mt phn tch mu v chc nng cu bnh s cho em b. 1. t vn -- T v em cho n bnh s v vn cu bnh s: Bu s l ni m "ai cha qua cha phi l ngi". Tt c u nm tri n! c bit i vi a s em b trong thi bui nh hin nay, nhng chc khng my ai t cu hi rng ci bnh m mnh ang trang b cho em b c vn g thc mc. (Ngoi tr my ...nh sn xut bnh v my em b!!) Tht ra mt yu t rt quan trng gy nh hng n vic "th hng dng s ngt ngo" cu cc b l: Lm sao s trong bnh c cung cp mt cch d dng ng lc ng lng tu theo sc mt cu b. (*). Trong chng mc ngn ngi cu bi vit chng ti ch nu nhng im chnh. Tp thi quen lc no cng quan st s vic mt cch c suy ngh, khng bao gi ngng t cu hi v kh nng v cht lng thc cu ch th c quan st. Khng nhiu ngi ngh rng mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cc b ... gy yu v b s sm l vi bnh s khng lm tt nhim v cu n. minh ho, xin so snh vi vic ung nc. Bn cm gic ra sao khi ang lc kht c cm mt ly nc gii kht y m li ch c ung tng ngm nh cch qung .. Nghi l sau khi ngm xong 1 ngm u bn phi nh ra ch ... vi giy ri li ung ngm k...cha k l trong mi ngm nh vy ht mt phn ln l ...khng kh. Hon ton tng t, i vi mt bnh s cht lng ti s gy nhiu tr ngi cho vic dinh dng cu cc em. Nguyn do chnh l v ngi sn xut khng t vn nu khi ch to bnh. Mun tm tm nguyn nhn cu mt vn th trc ht phi m t c i tng (hay ch th lm vic) v chc nng cu n 1.1 Phn tch m t, cu trc cu ch th: Bao gm hnh dng, chc nng, vt liu cu to, c tnh...Chi tit cng nhiu th s cng gip cho vic ci tin hay iu chnh thit k (nu c) v sau Cc b phn chnh cu bnh s : Mt bnh s thng thng (nu khng k s) s bao gm 3 b phn chnh:

Hnh 1: bnh s

Thn bnh: Cha lung cht lng (s) cn thit . Nhim v chnh l cung cp cht lng qua ng nm. Cht lng khng c r qua cc ch lin kt vi cc b phn khc. Cu to v hnh dng thng khng gi vai tr iu tit. Thng bng thu tinh hay nha Np: Lin kt gi nm v ming bnh. Nhim v chnh l hn kn nm v ming bnh s khng b r ra khi b b. Hu ht cc kiu bnh l np c rng vn n khp vi ming mnh. Nm: Lm nhim v cung cp s. Phn quan trng nht l ch tip gip vi vm ming cu b. Nm c ch to m phng nh cu ngi m. Lm bng nha do cht lng cao (c th lm bng cht liu silicon tng bn do). nh nm s c mt hay vi l thng nh (tu theo l tui) gi l l cp s. y l c phn ng vai tr chnh trong vic iu tit lng s trong bnh. dy v cu trc khc nhau cu nm u nh hng trc tip n vic cung ng s cho mi ln mt

1.2 Phn tch vn hnh cu ch th: Cc iu kin vn hnh. Din bin hot ng thng thng (operation) cu n. Cc yu cu v cht lng v s lng cng nh khng gian, thi gian tnh. y thng l bc quan trng nht tm ra ch khim khuyt cu mt sn ph m, mt l thuyt hay mt pht minh mi Vic b bnh c nhng din bin no: -- Trong v d ny th yu t khng gian v thi gian khng gi vai tr qu thit yu

B mt ln nm ti v tr cu cc l thng to mt lc ht trc tip ln cht lng bn trong bnh (p sut trong vm ming nh hn p sut cu cht lng). Do , dng s s bn ra. Sau vi ln mt lin tc th p sut bn trong cu thnh bnh gim dn. Nu nh khng c mt c ch no khc tng (hay cn bng) p sut bn trong bnh so vi p sut khng kh, th p sut ny tip tc xung cho n khi n bng vi p sut to thnh bi vm ming. Ti thi im ny, s s ngng chy ra khi cc l nh. dng s c th tip tc chy ra qua cc l u nm th bt buc khng kh bn ngoi phi chui lt v trong bnh bng cch no . Nhng cch c th l: - B h ming ra (hay chp ming) khng kh c p sut hn p xut bn trong bnh nn s theo cc l nh cu nm chui vo bnh - B khng h ming nhng v sit cht cu np bnh khng cn tr khng kh i ngc vo bnh qua ch tip gip bnh np nm - C mt c ch no khc ch ng (t nh ch to) a khng kh bn ngoi vo cn bng p sut (tm gi l CCCBAS). C ch ny s c o su trong phn tip theo.

2. D vo cc hiu bit phn tch trn tm cc ch yu v mnh (cn gi l phn tch hiu qu hu qu) : Ch no d b tt ch, hot ng khng tt, khng nhanh, khng ti u, hay khng vng v c th l nguyn do gy tr ngi ? T xc nh vn Ch no c th hot ng khng ng b (s tit ra khng u), khng hon thnh chc nng (s b r hay cung cp lc b khng cn gy sc s). S lng, cht lng, v chu k cu hot ng (khng kh lt vo dng sa, s b to bt...) Trng hp CCCBAS khng c hay khng hot ng h hiu th khng khi t bn ngoi s i theo cc l cp s vo bnh. Lng khng kh ny l nguyn do to ra bt cho s v nhiu lc v khng kh cha kp thot ln ht khi nm th b bt u mt s. Lng khng kh ny by gi i chiu i theo ming cng vi mt lng nh s vo ... bao t b. (B c th dng mi hay rng cn chn ln khng cho khng kh thot khi nm -- xem hnh)

D vo cc phn tch c chng ta thy c mt im cn ch l b phn to cn bng p sut cho bnh s khi b b. Nhiu bnh s khng c hay ch thit k qua loa dn n hiu qu khng tt cho tr b.

Hnh 2: Nut khng kh

3. Tm ti xem xt cc bc ci tin, hon thin hay thit k mi c th ln cc ch yu: y l lc chng ta bt u xem s p dng cc phng php suy ngh sng to t cc nh sn xut khc nhau cho cng mt vn . 3.1 Ci thin nhng thit k c: T khi bnh s c mt trn th trng th mi nh sn xut c th nhn v ci tin cc loi bnh s cho b cc gc khc nhau -- C sn phNm rt tt nhng cng c nhiu th "pht minh" tr nn xa l v ... bun ci n. Xin ln lt trnh by mt s in hnh. Bc u tin cu vic ci thin nhng m hnh thit k c l c nh cho c tm mc ci bin, gi tr cu n, gi phi tr (khng ch tnh trong chi ph m phi tnh n nhiu yu t b nh hng khc k c khng v thi gian), v quan trng nht hiu qu thc dng cng nh cc phn ng ph (side effect) cu n. Trong khi "cn o" tm mc xng ng ci thin th hy tnh ton vic l chn phng n no tt nht. - t b phn no hay chc nng no: 3.1.1 Ci tin cc b - t b phn no hay chc nng no: Trong bnh s th r rng b phn nm l b phn trc tip cung cp cht lng nn vic d hiu l nhiu nh sn xut s ci tin t b phn ny:

Nm : thm tht hay ... ct bt. Ngi ta c th thit k li hnh dng cu nm (cng nh np tho mn iu kin ca nm mi)

Cch n gin nht c mt CCCBAS l ... ch cn c mt l nh trn vnh nm. Tht vy, khi ng knh l ny kh nh th bnh thng cht lng s (ngay c khng kh) s khng chui lt qua c (do sc cng b mt cu nc) n s khng b r. Ngc li, khi c mt p sut va (c sc mt cu b) th khng khi s vt qua "van" cn ny d dng v gp phn cn bng p sut trong bnh.

Hnh3: CCCBAS n gin nht l ... c thng mt l rt nh trn vnh cu nm cao su

Mt cch ci thin khc l s i dng vnh cu nm (v np): Hnh 4

Np: i xa hn nh thit k c th bin np tr thnh CCCBAS:

Bng cch thay i hnh dng, np dng chnh Hnh 5 ln dng s - Tuy nhin, trong cc ci bin trn vNn cn mt khuyt im n khng khc phc c l khi khng kh vut qua cc van t phi di (lc cho b b th bnh su uc nghing y bnh cao hn v nm v tr thp nht). Khng khi khi i ngang qua lp s s to nn rt nhiu bt -- (Mc d theo tc gi bi vit bt s d sao cng s ni ln trn lp tc v ngoi phm vi nm ... khng my nh hng n ... sc kho b) Nhng bt s ny c th gy ra cm gic khng hi lng cho ngi tiu dng. 3.1.2 Ci tin theo nh hng

Bnh: Trong vic ci tin th nan chnh l p sut khng kh v p trong bnh s ch khng nht thit l b phn no s gnh chc nng CCCBAS. Do , ngi ta c th ngh n vic gn ci "van" dy bnh s:

Hnh 6: CCCBAS c ch to v t y bnh thay v np hay nm Khi a ra mt phng n mi gii quyt c vn th mt im cn ch n l cc hiu ng ph. Cc hiu ng ph ny c th tr thnh nguyn do tht bi cu n mi. Trong vic thit k li bnh hay np th mt iu nh thit k c th khng ngh ti l ... vic r bnh ti dng c d dng hay khng? (H h v vy cha chc mua bnh s kiu mi hn s tin hn cho ... ph huynh!!!!) 3.2 Bc t Ph ngon mc: Khi m n lc sa ch cng khng tho mn th ... mt cch hay l t li cu hi v tr li trc tip tm gii php khng ph thuc vo nhng ci c. (Ch yu cu phung php : kh, u t li hon ton di chuyn sn xut,....)

3.2.1 S i chc nng cu b phn: Thay v ch ng vai tr b ng ta c th lm mt b phn tr nn ch ng. Hy bin np thnh mt ci g l hn:

Hnh 7: vi kiu ny th b (v v em) khi phi cm bnh ... bnh 1 gc cho b mt. Tuy nhin: r bnh vn khng phi l vn nay tr thnh bi ton khng d!

3.2.2 Thm b phn mi: Tu theo hon cnh chc nng m ta c th thit k li hay thm vo mt c phn chuyn bit ... x l vn . Tuy nhin mt ln n sai lm c th phm phi l cn th nghim trc xem m hnh ny c ...p mt hay l c hiu ng ph g?

Hnh 8: Thm vo b phn mi chuyn tr ... 3.3 T tng sng to khng gii hn: Tht ra, trong cc n, mt iu nn lu l t tng ngi pht minh mc nhin gi nh nhng iu m h khng ng hay khng lng c (ging nh Vt l c in mc nhin cho tch ri khng gian vi thi gian vy). Trong thc t, nhng ai b gy c cc cc nh kin trong chnh bn thn mnh s c th c ci nhn mm mi v thong hn. Nh pht minh sau y ng n phc v b gy c nhng c chp cng rn cu ... bnh s: Thay v dng bnh nh hy dng bnh bng .. giy khng thm hay bao nh (nylon). T ng, khi s ra khi ming bnh th ... ci bao giy ny cng s co nh th tch (hy so snh vi ci bong bng y nc... b chm l thot nc ra y ... n u cn CCCBAS no lm nhim v!!!) Bi v bnh bng giy hay bch nylon nn ... vic ra bnh l khng cn thit (ch vic t bnh giy ny vo ... thng rc l xong chuyn). ng nhin, mt pht minh nh vy cng cn ch yu cu n: ngi ta phi mua mt ln .. vi chc bnh. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phi gii quyt vi vn tng thuc n l ...cch pha ch s vo bnh kiu ny. Tuy nhin, trong th trng, c nhiu li gii n gin. (chng hn nh bn bnh pha sn, hay ch vic gia c cho ming bnh cng v t vo khung gi rt s vo,...)

Hnh 9a: 100 bnh s trong 1 bao nh gi v Hnh9b: Bnh s by gi ch l chc nng ci khung gi (holder) phi

Phn tch thm cu tc gi bi vit: Nu nh ta nhn xt rng bn thn chai l hay bt k th g trong th gii ny u bin ng (v thng) th trong vic ch to hay thit k cc n mi ngi nghin cu nn t yu t bin ng ny vo trong k hoch. C vy, nhng sn phNm lm ra s c th uyn chuyn v c kh nng tho mn theo s bin i cu mi trng phn no trnh c cc hu qu khng tt do s thay i gy ra T ch c thi quen nhn bit ci hay ci mi cu mi th xung quanh n vic t mnh pht hin v tm ra nhng ci hay ci l khng phi l mt bc qu xa vi. Mi th u c th khi ngun t vic gieo rc thi quen v luyn thp thng xuyn cho b no. Hu qu cu n cn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng chc chn rng cc thi quen tp trung suy ngh phn tch ngn ngun mi vic s ch c li cho cuc sng hng ngy Bi thc tp cho cc bn: Hy phn tch v nhng pht minh p dng trong cc loi km, kho, -t,.. vn b-lon dng hng ngy (tui ngy xa theo my ng sa xe gn my ... ngi gc ng nn thch ti ny lm) http://vietsciences.free.fr V Quang Nhn

T Pht Minh n Nhn Bng Pht Minh: "Con ng au kh tp ..."

Lc vit 02 thng 11 nm 2004

Tha cc bn, Bi vit c mt ci t ... bi quan nh vy th c nn vo mc Tng Bn ng mi hp! y, ch cu ngi vit l tng s lu cu cc bn v thc t m nhng ngi sng to c th gp phi. Nh vy, nhng kh khn no m sau khi pht minh ra ci mi ri m nh sng to vNn phi ng u? Hy vng bi vit ny s nu c vi thng tin hu ch ng hu lm qu tng cho cc bn no mun tr thnh "khoa hc gia" lm mt phn hnh trang. Bi vit ny gi s rng bn v tm ra mt tng hon ton mi hoc l thit k, ch to c mt chi tit hay "sn phNm" no mi l hn so vi hiu bit hin ti. trnh cc hiu lm ng tic, bi vit s khng nu ch danh v khng cho bt k chi tit no lin quan n s hot ng trong lnh vc bo v tc quyn cu tng hng xng trong v ngoi nc 1. Trc khi nhp cuc: 1.1 Bng pht minh l g v khi no nn tin hnh th tc xin cp bng pht minh: 1.1.1 Khi nim "bng pht minh": Nu ln trang google v g vo t kho define:patent th bn s nhn c hn 30 nh nghi khc nhau ch ring cho ch ny. Tu theo tiu chuNn, tu theo quc gia, v tu theo quan im m ngi ta a ra khi nim cho ph hp vi mch ch x dng cu ngi nh nghi n. y, ta tm hiu Bng pht minh (patent) l mt loi vn bn cng nhn c quyn cu mt chnh quyn cp cho ngi (nhm ng, hay mt t chc) ng k pht minh cho php ngi (h) vic mua, bn x dng, cho thu mn, san s, chuyn nhng, hay sn xut mt loi thit b, thit k, kin trc, hay mt kiu my trong mt thi gian n nh nhm tng thng cho (nhng) ngi pht minh 1.1.2 c im: cng nhn mt pht minh mi th thng mi quc gia s c tiu chuNn v cch thc ring. y, ch xin cp n cc iu kin hay tnh cht c th cu chung mt pht minh (nht l ti Hoa K):

Tnh sng to v kh dng: c cng nhn l mt pht minh th thit k hay thit b phi hu dng (useful), nguyn gc (original) (u tin do ngi pht minh lm ra ch khng phi t ngun khc), v khng hin nhin ( l pht minh th khng th mi ngi u c th thy bit hoc lm c mt cch d dng) Tnh mi dng: Bn thn pht minh phi c th nh l mt thit b, mt loi my hay ch t l mt phng thc ng dng, kin trc hay thut ton (nh trong trng hp cu cc pht minh v phn mm in ton, hay cc cng thc ch tao ... n). Hu ht u hoc l mt sn ph m hoc l mt phn cu sn ph m c th bun bn giao dch hay trao i. Tnh hu hn: Quyn li cu ngi c bng pht minh thng ch c gi tr trong mt thi gian tu theo quy nh cu mi nc. Ring i vi cc bng pht minh quc t (cc nc theo cng c Paris trong c Hoa K) th bng pht minh c gi tr ln n 20 nm. Mt s bng pht minh c cng nhn trong ni b cu mt nc th thi gian ht hn s do lut php nc s ti qui nh ( M l 17 nm). Sau thi gian , cc quyn li s khng cn n v gi tr cu bng pht minh ch li l gi tr biu tng (hay danh d) cho ngi sng to ra n. Tnh c quyn: Mt khi c bng pht minh th ngi pht minh di s bo v cu lut php c cc c quyn nh nu trong phn khi nim. V nhng ai vi phm cc c quyn ny (k c cc c quan

cng quyn) u c th b tc gi pht minh a ra to i bi hon thit hi. Tnh t chc: Bng pht minh trc ht phi c ng k t mi quc gia v c qun l bng lut l cu chnh ph quc gia cp bng. Tnh nhn bn: Sau khi ht hn s dng th pht minh s tr thnh ti sn cng cng (public domain) nghi l mi ngi u c quyn x dng pht minh nhng khng phi tr tin. T dy, pht minh l mt phn ti sn chung cu nhn loi hay quc gia. Chnh v c im ny m c nhiu pht minh hay pht kin mi c (hay b??) chnh ph (nht l cc thit b quc phng), cc hng xng ( ct ring cc k thut mi), hay c nhn (du ngh) khng tin hnh th tc ng k xin bng pht minh giu k thut hay gi c quyn trong thi hn lu hn. Tnh u vit: Mt s ni cn i hi rng cng nhn mt pht minh th n phi em li li ch cao hn hay hot ng hiu qu hn nhng trang thit b hay nhng thit k hin c. Khng phi ni no cng i hi iu kin ny

Ngoi ra, bn c th t thm cc cu hi: pht minh (invention) l g? -- Ti sao nhiu cng trnh mi v ton hay v l thuyt khoa hc li khng c bng pht minh? Xin bn hy xem xt tnh cht l thuyt tru lng cu cc hc thuyt vi cc pht minh c th cng nh liu rng cc "bng pht minh" nh vy em bn cho ai? v ai s dng n trc tip lm sn ph m g?. (xin xem thm nh nghi Anh ng cu ch invention cui bi). Ngoi ra, chng ta cn c cc khi nim khc nh l sng kin, sng ch, pht kin,... y s khng cp nhiu n nh nghi cc khi nim . bo v cc "sn ph m tr tu", ngoi vic dng bng pht minh, ngi ta cn dng ti cc "quyn" khc nh l vic dng n bn quyn (copyright) chng hn. Hn n, s khuyn khch cu cc "sn ph m tr tu khng bng pht minh" c th c nh gi qua cc gii thng cao qu (nh Nobel, Nevalina, Fields, Abel, Wolf...) hay qua vic t tn cu sn ph m tr tu (Cc nh l, hc thuyt v ngay c cc pht kin u c tn v thng l tn cu ngi sng to t cho chng) V vic xin mt bng pht minh s phi qua vt nhiu th tc kim tra kh cht ch t vic trnh by cho tht r rng minh bch cho n vic phi bo v lp lun khoa hc truc to nn mt th gi v sau ngi pht minh cn lm mt s th nghim: 1.2 Kim nghim li tnh ng n (logic):

Hot ng c trong cc mi trng m bn ngh trong mi tnh hung Khng phn khoa hc, khng sai lm trong lp lun hay logic,v khng t mu thun Cc thut ton (nu c) phi chnh xc y ti bn ngh xin ng k pht phi n nht -- nghi l nu pht minh cu bn l gii quyt vn A th trong ton b ti a ra ch nhm tr li vn A ch khng i tn mn sang gii quyt cc vn khc.

Hnh: Tm ra ch ... khim khuyt cu kin loi tr n ra khi khung pht minh 1.3 Kim li tnh kh thi:

Vi trnh k thut hin ti, bng phng php bn nu th c th tin hnh hay thc thi c. Khng c gi thit no tng tng hay khng r rng chnh xc Nhng trang thit b v iu kin cn (v ) no thc thi c pht minh

1.4 Th m nh gi tr thc cu pht minh -- L thuyt v thc tin

ti m bn gii quyt phi hu dng nghi l n c p dng c th cho mt gt mt no trong k thut hay trong i sng Pht minh ny cn thc s c im u vit hn cc phng php hin ti dng gii quyt cng mt vn hoc n gii quyt c vn m trc nay cha c cch no khc gii quyt. Nhng im u vit c th mt hay nhiu khi cnh chng hn nh: r hn, d lm hn, nhanh hn, tin li hn, hay nng xut cao hn .... Mc ch ti hu cu bng pht minh l p dng c n vo mt sn phNm no . Do , n khng th l mt sn phNm tru tng hay ch "gii tr" ( y xin ng hiu lm "gii tr" vi cc sn phNm hay thit b cho phc v cho gii tr) C nhiu pht kin rt tuyt vi nhng v khng c p dng trc tip vo cc sn phNm nn s khng thuc v dng ng k pht minh. Trng hp ny, ngi c pht kin c th nhn lnh cc dng bo v v tng thng khc. Cc nguyn tc, nguyn l, hay thut ton mi sau khi c chng minh v pht trin r rng y th vNn phi c mt bc tip ni l qu trnh thc hin (hay thc nghim) mt m hnh mu hay mt sn phNm mu hot ng c v hon ton da trn nhng g c nh pht minh thit k. Trong da s cc trng hp, chnh m hnh ny mi thc s l bc quyt nh nh pht minh c cng nhn. Tm gi bc ny l qu trnh kim nghim nguyn l (proof-of-concept process). Bi v qu trnh ny c th mt mt thi gian kh lu cho nn trong nhiu trng hp n c tin hnh song song vi thi gian xin ng k pht minh c lng cc loi cng sc, chi ph, thi gian, khng gian, v hiu nng cu pht minh. Ngoi ra, gi tr thc tin cu mt n hay mt pht minh cn ph thuc vo gi thnh tnh bng tin, thi gian, v cng sc b ra. C nhiu pht minh c cp bng t sm nhng mi nhiu thp nin sau vn cha em ra p dng c v chi ph qu cao ... i khi phi i n khi c cc pht minh khc hiu qu hn v mt thc tin ra i thay th v pht minh gc ban u ... chm vo qun lng. Trong trng hp nh vy, ty theo nh gi cu ngi ch pht minh l c nn xc tin hnh xin patent hay khng. Nu c, th nn ngh n cc yu t tinh thn khc hu ch cho i sng nh yu t v vinh d,

v gio dc ... (hay ngay c ch em "lng kin".) 1.5 Ly thm kin khch quan: kin khch quan lun lun cung cp cho chng ta nhng gc nhn khc nhau cu nhiu trnh khc nhau v vn m bn gii quyt. Tuy nhin, khng phi kin no cng chnh xc 100%. Ring i vi cc chuyn gia bn cNn thn trng hn khi hi kin. y c th l con dao hai li. Ngi cho kin c th dng chnh kin cu bn cho vic ring t cu h ngay c vic tranh ginh pht minh bng cch np n xin ng k pht minh ny ngay trc khi bn hon tt bn xin ng k cu bn. Cc i tng c th gip bn l:

Cc chuyn gia m chuyn mn cu h lin quan n pht minh cu bn Nhng ngi trc tip x dng "sn phNm" m bn pht minh Ngi thn v bn b C quan qun l, hay chnh quyn s ti hay c quan sn xut "sn phNm" c lin i ti pht minh

Du sao i n, ngi pht minh, v hiu " con tinh thn" cu mnh hn ai ht, nn/phi l ngi ch ng nh gi v a ra pht xt cui cng v chnh pht minh cu mnh. Cc kin bn ngoi l cho tc gi c thm thng tin nhm nhn nhn v nh gi "pht minh mi" mt cch khch quan v sng t hn t cc gc nhn khc nhau 1.6 Thc s "pht minh":

Theo thng k cu ICO (http://patentsearch.patentcafe.com) th ch ring s patent cu 10 hng in t c nhiu pht minh c cng nhn nht trong nm 2003 ti Hoa K c tng cng hn 19600. Nh vy bn c th tng tng con s thc cu ton b pht minh trn th gii .... ln n c no. Do vy, cng s khng ngc nhin my nu c hai pht minh ging hay tng t nhau cng xin ng k trong khong thi gian gn nhau. Nu bit c rng m bn v pht minh ra c ngi lm trc th thng tin ny s gip bn gim thiu rt nhiu th gi v cng sc ( hu b nh hay tip tc.) c th bit c nhng thng tin v cc pht minh c hay ang c cu xt th bn c th lin lc vi cc dch v lo v bng pht minh (hay cc vn phng lut s chuyn lo v pht minh) hay cc c quan chnh ph lo v th tc cp bng pht minh cu nc s ti Ring ti Hoa K, nc cp nhiu bng pht minh hng nm nht, bn c th tham kho trang web cu United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html tm kim

2. Bo v con cu chnh mnh:

Trong nhiu trng hp ngi pht minh nn cn nhc k vic quyt nh c nn hay khng xin ng k mt pht minh. T nh nghi khi nim patent, qu trnh xin pht minh khng n gin g gn trong vic np n v ch ... Trong rt nhiu trng hp ngi pht minh phi bo v kin cu mnh (trc to) v do s tn nhiu tin bc thi gian v cng sc. Tuy nhin, theo nhn nh cu cc chuyn gia lm vic trong c quan cp bng pht minh th li cho rng trong nhiu nm h t bao gi thy c "idea" no hon ton ging vi "idea" no. Nghi l lun c s d bit gi cc pht minh (gn) tng t nhau. V nh vy bn vNn c th c c hi nh no c cp bng khi c mt pht minh khc ng k trc ging vi pht minh ca bn. (Tu theo kh nng bo ch cu lut s!?). Nh nu, trong khi hon chnh n pht minh, nh pht minh nhiu khi phi rt ti kinh nghim hay kin t cc nh chuyn mn v ngi ngoi ... y cng chnh l lc m kin cu pht minh c th b n cp. Tu trng hp, c khi ngi lm pht minh nn chuNn b sn nhng bng chng trong trng hp b n cp (chng hn nh c ngi chng vt chng l nh pht minh xut cu mnh trc i phng) Trong mt s trng hp khc, kin (c th sai lc c th ng) cu mt s nh chuyn mn cng c th lm "tan bin" cu pht minh. Do , ngi pht minh cn phi gp nht t nhiu ngun v

phi bit bo v t tng cu mnh bng nhng lun chng xc thc cng nh bit mnh dn t b cc "pht minh" thc s v dng Trong cc nc k ngh ho th a s cc nh pht minh li lm vic cho mt mt hng xng, s cn li lm vic cho mt s i hc, hay l cc nh pht minh c lp. Phn tip theo s bn v mt s kinh nghim cho nhng ngi mun pht minh trong khi vNn lm cho mt hng k ngh 2.1 Lm vic cho hng/cng ty: Khi bn ki hp ng lm vic cho mt hng/cng ty k ngh th thng thng trong bn hp ng s c iu khon ni v vic qun l cc "ti sn tr tu" (intellectual property). Thng th cc hng/cng ty s ginh quyn s hu tt cc sn phNm tr tu m bn lm ra trong thi gian cn hp ng lm vic. Nh vy, ngoi tr trng hp hng t chi (nh nhng pht minh khng ph hp vi sn xut cu hng chng hn) cc pht minh cu ngi lm cng ngay sau khi c cp patent s trc tip c (hay b) chuyn nhng ton quyn x dng cho ch hng.Tuy nhin, khuyn khch cc ti nng sng to th thng cc cng ty ln s dnh ra mt khon tin thng hay bi hon cho mi pht minh ng thi y cng l hnh thc ghi nhn cng lao cu ngi pht minh. 2.1.1 Nt chung v chnh sch cu cc hng k ngh i vi cc nh pht minh: thc c vai tr v cng quan trng cu pht minh i vi s sng cn cu mc cng ty cho nn nhi cng ty nht l cng ty k ngh ln c nhiu ch trng chnh sch bo v "ti sn tr tu" v mt sn phNm cng nh con ngi. y l s lc mt thut ton m cc cng ty ln ln M hay dng x l cc pht minh: 1. Khi 1 ngi lm tm thy kin mi v ngh rng y c th l mt pht minh 2. Tin hnh ng k khai bo pht minh 3. Hi ng duyt xt pht minh (patent committee) c th bao gm cc lut s chuyn trch v th tc xin pht minh v cc nhn vin c nhiu kh nng thNm nh (thng l cc nhn vin ng gp nhiu pht minh cho hng) cu ring cng ty nh gi v "pht minh" ny: y l bc quan trng nht. Sau khi duyt xt mu khai cu nh pht minh tu theo cht lng, tm quan trng cng nh nh hng c n n c ch sn xut, hi ng ny (c th c s bn tho trc tip vi nh pht minh lin i) s cho ra cc quyt nh khc nhau. Ni chung cc quyt nh ny thuc v 4 dng: a) kin hon ton mi pht tho thc s mi, ng quan tm, cng ty c th p dng v cn c bo v trc cc i tc cnh tranh: Bt u th tc ng k pht minh v bo v trc to . Ngi ta cn phn bit lm hai loi: Pht minh v tin ch (utility patent) v pht minh v thit k (design patent) *) Pht minh tin ch: Lut s s lm vic vi nh pht minh lm th tc xin cp bng. Trong nhi trng hp vn phng cp pht bng pht minh c th yu cu thm thng tin, iu chnh sau chp thun hay hu b pht minh ny **) Pht minh v thit k: Cc thit k thng khng bao gi ging nhau. Do , s t c trng hp hu b pht minh b) kin tm thy u (trong cc c s d liu v pht minh hay thy xut hin th trng : Bc n xin pht minh v bi hon mt s tin cng nh cho ngi xin c) kin hon ton mi, c tm quan trng ln hay c nh hng n cc b mt sn xut v c th d b n cp hoc nhy t cc i tc cnh tranh: Pht minh c th c (bi) lit vo dng b mt thng mi (Trade Secrete) v ngi np n s c th c thng mt s tin no d) kin hon ton mi c gi tr cao v mt k thut hay sn xut. Tuy nhin, cng ty li khng th x dng kin ny (th d hng ch bn hardware nhng pht minh cu ngi lm li ch lin quan n software) Th trong nhiu trng hp, c th cng ty v l do no (tit kim tin to n chng hn) khng chu np n xin ng k pht minh ny nhng li vNn mun gi "bn quyn thit k" s bo v "quyn pht minh" bng cch cho cng b mt phn hay ton b thit k cu pht minh trn mt bo co k thut (world wide technical report). Phng thc ny s ngn chn c tt c cc cng ty khc dng chnh kin xin bng pht minh. Trong trng hp ny th ngi pht minh c th phi iu

chnh bn ni dung ang kl pht minh thnh mt bo co k thut uc nhn mt s tin thng cu cng ty ch qun. 4. Ngoi ra, gi "cht xm" khi b "chy mu" th cc cng ty cn th p dng cc bin php khc ngoi ch thng cho m pht minh nh l nng lng, nng cp chc v, hay c nhng u i khc cho cc nh pht minh lm vic trong cng ty. 2.1.2 C ch qun l pht minh trong cc cng ty v cc ch h: 2.1.2.1 Khi nim Intellectual property cu ch c nghi l "bn linh hn cho .... ": Mc d lm vic cho hng th bn s phi chuyn nhng cc c quyn v pht minh cu bn cho ch hng nhng bn vNn cn c nhng n b vt cht t cc chnh sch u di v "intellectual property" (ti sn tr tu). ng thi trong nhiu hng ln, bng pht minh vNn ghi nhn tn bn (nh l ngi xng). Nu so cho k th vic ny gn ging nh mt nhn vt trong truyn c sau khi bn linh hn th anh ta lun lun c tin (lng) nhng khng th no thy c nh cu mnh trong gng cho n khi ht hp ng (lm vic) 2.1.2.2 Trong x hi th mi cng ty k ngh c th c cc qui c v bo qun cc ti sn tr tu cu nhn cng khc nhau. C nhiu hng khng c cc chnh sch v qun l intellectual property. Tuy nhin, nh vy cng khng c nghi l bn c quyn ng k cc pht minh m bn tm ra trong thi gian lm thu nht l cc pht minh c dnh dng n hot ng ca cng ty. S nhp nhng ny nhiu khi phin h hn l nhng cng ty c ghi rch ri mi vic. Trong a phn cc tranh tng th bn lun l ngi thit thi v ... lm thu th u c tin bo v trc cc kin tng!? Ngay c trong khi lm vic hng, cc pht minh khi cha kp ng k (hay ng k nhng v l do no b bc b) vNn c c hi b n cp. Trong trng hp ny ngi pht minh vNn s l ngi b thit hi. 2.1.2.3 Khi nim trade secrete thc ra l mt kiu "n bng lc cha th phi tr n ma mc": Khi mt pht minh tr nn qu quan trng i vi hot ng (sn xut) cu hng th c th xy ra tnh hung l ch hng (hay c th l hi ng duyt xt pht minh cu hng) s a ra quyt nh ct giu k thut m ny v xp n vo loi trade secrete. Nh vy, v hnh chung ngi tm ra pht minh mt c hi c cng nhn pht minh. Ty theo hng, c ni s bi hon mt s tin thng tng ng vi s tin thng khi ng k pht minh nhng cng c hng ... x (bng phong cch no i chng n th ngi pht minh cng mt ... dp c cng nhn -- k nh tr n ma mc l vy). 2.1.3 VNn cha thot khi vng tay cu ng qu: V tm quan trng cu pht minh i vi c nhn cng nh i vi cc i tc cnh tranh nn nn n cp pht minh trong thi i vn minh tr nn vn ln. Cc hng, v sng cn, c th khng t nan vic n cp cc pht minh cu hng khc bng mi th an chng hn nh t vic ci t cc thit b nghe/c trm, cc spyware, vic ci t cc nhn vin tnh bo ( n cp) vo lm cc hng cnh tranh ... cho n vic ph m cc kho (decode) m cng nh n cp k thut trc tip t sn phNm cu i phng (de-assembly). Ngay c trong cng mt c s lm vic, cc nhn vin lm chung cng c th v lng tham n cp pht minh cu ng nghip. Nhiu trng hp tranh chp xy ra ngay ni b cu mt hng. K gian c th thay hnh thc pht minh mt cht ( trng n c v khc i) hay em nguyn vn tng phn hay ton b pht minh cu ngi khc lin kt vi cc th lc c quyn th ginh cng. (Chnh tc gi bi vit c t 1 cu hi vi thnh vin trong mt hi ng pht minh v vic n cp pht minh trong cng 1 cng ty th c tr li nhu sau: "bn c th d trn cc bng chng (v ngi v vt) m n kin ngi n trm pht minh cu bn. Tuy nhin, bn nn n o gi s tin m bn phi tn trong vic tha kin (ph tn ln n vi chc nghn USD l chuyn thng) v vic qun phc n i. Vic tha kin ch ng gi nu bn bit r ci pht minh bn ly v c v n s lm li cho bn rt nhiu ln s tin m bn b ra tha gi". Thc t, ngi pht minh lm g c nu nh ngay c khi thng kin th ci thnh qu pht minh rt ro cng phi ... cho cng ty ang tr lng ... dng n. Mt qun c (manager) cu 1 mt hng ln c tm s: "ng chng kin v x mt thnh vin trong hi ng pht minh cu hng ny lng tham sau khi hn bc bn ng k pht minh cu mt nhn vin trong hng. Mt thi gian ngn sau , hn ta em chnh ci pht minh trc iu chnh s li, thay tn mnh

vo ...v nghim nhin xin ng k pht minh..." 2.1.4 Vi phng thc "chng ng": C mt s phng cch chng hay lm gim nn n cp "ti sn tr tu" (ty theo cng ty). i vi c nhn lm thu th mi phng tin u ch c tnh tng i. Th d bn c th:

Dng cc loi software m ho cc ti liu vn bn c tnh nhy cm (nh your eyes only cu Norton). Ci t cc phng tin chng spyware Kim tra thng xuyn cc thit b my tnh m bn ang lm vic vi n nht l cc thit b c (input) nh l ch ni cu bn phm vi PC (thit b c ln lm bng phn cng thng c c kh nh c gn thm gi ch ni t bn phm vo my). K gian cng c th khng t nan vic gn thm card c kh nng c trc tip cc lnh m bn iu khin va trong BUS cu my Mt cch h hiu l dng cc my tnh ...c lp khng c kh nng ni mng hay ni Internet son tho cc pht minh. Lin kt pht minh: i khi bn c th thay v ng tn mt mnh ... lin kt vi mt nh pht minh c kinh nghim trong cng ty (hay ...ngay c vic lin kt vi mt thnh vin giu kinh nghim lm trong hi ng pht minh) xin ng k pht minh. D nhin, ngi ny c th (v phi) gp phn cng hon thin pht minh cu bn cng nh c bn lnh gip bn ly v mnh bng cng nhn.

3. Cc Thng Tin Hu ch: 3.1. Xin Patent vi tnh cch c lp: Nu bn l nh (hay mt nhm) pht minh c lp (khng b rng buc bi mi quang h ch-t m trong bn l t) th ngoi vi kh khn v mt lo th tc, cc c hi b mt cp pht minh trc khi ng k v c bng s nh hn. C hai cch d bn chn: T mnh lo ly mi th tc hay l giao cho mt i din lo th tc ng k gip. Tu theo quc gia, vn phng lo th tc cng nh cc th tc xin cp bng c th c cu trc, v cc th thc cu xt khc nhau. Nu giao cho ngi i din lo th tc th bn s phi tr mt l ph no v mc an ton cng nh c hi c chp thun c phn tu thuc vo c quan m bn k thc. M thng c cc vn phng lut s chuyn lo v th tc cp patent (Patent Attoneys) hoc l cc dch v cng c th gip bn lm vic ny Nu M bn c th lin lc vi United States Patent and TradeMark Office ( http://www.uspto.gov ) Mt trang WEB Canada cng c cc hng ch dn v cch thc xin Patent :
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/cipo/patents/e-filing/menu.htm

chu u: http://www.european-patent-office.org/index.en.php 3.2 Thi gian ch c ... ci bng: Tu theo quc gia v thi hn.ch i cu xt v chp thun c khc nhau. Tuy nhin, M th thi gian ti thiu l mt nm cho cc bng pht minh khng c bt k mt s tranh ginh hay trc trc no v mt php l cng nh k thut ... c nhiu khi mt bng pht minh c cp ra sau 6-7 nm k t ngy vn phng cp bng nhn n. (xin xem thm tin tc trong trang http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/provapp.htm v th tc M) 3.3 Ni Dung c bn cu mt n xin ng k pht minh (Patent Disclosure Form) Mi quc gia u c th tc khc nhau cu xt cc bn ng k xin patent. Hu ht u bao gm cc phn c th chung 1 mNu hay tch thnh nhiu mNu in ring l

1. Khai bo pht minh: tn pht minh, cc thng tin v ngi pht minh 2. Khai bo m t v cc c im cu trc hot ng cu pht minh, nhng li th m pht minh to nn hay cc vn m n gii quyt c, cng nh c th lit k cc yu im cu cc kiu thit k c 3. Cc ch k v l cam oan. 3.4. Lut chng n cp pht minh: Cc lut l ban hnh chng n cp pht minh c p dng nhm bo v quyn li cho nhng ngi c cp bng v cn trong thi gian hiu lc c bo v. Ton vn cc iu lut chng n cp pht minh Hoa K c th c thm t trang WEB cu Legal Information Institute http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode35/usc_sec_35_00000271----000-.html Ti liu Tham Kho:
usinfo.state.gov/topical/econ/ipr/ipr-glossary.htm www.patent.gov.uk/patent/glossary/ www.ichrusa.com/saintsalive/glossary.htm www.siu.edu/orda/general/glossary.html www.cats.edu.ph/~nscb5/glossary/glossary18.html www.foundation.csulb.edu/fndgrant/sections/GLFEB97.HTM http://www.research.att.com/info/Patents/Title-1998 http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/provapp.htm http://www.european-patent-office.org/index.en.php

T Vng: Patent -- bng pht minh, bng sng ch Patentee -- ngi ang xin ng k pht minh hay sng ch Infringe -- Vi phm lut pht minh, hnh ng n cp pht minh Intellectuall property -- Ti sn (s hu) tr tu Trade secrete -- B thut thng mi, k xo thng mi Invention -- pht minh, sng ch Inventor -- Ngi (nh) pht minh Invention dislosure/Patent disclosure -- bng cng khai ho pht minh, n xin ng k pht minh Proof-of-concept -- bc kim nghim nguyn l (cu mt pht minh) patent committee -- Hi ng duyt xt cc ng k pht minh (trong mt cng ty) patent office -- vn phng cp pht bng pht minh (cu mt quc gia) Cc Khi nim Bng pht minh (patent): Anh Quc: A patent is an intellectual property right relating to inventions - that is, to advances made in a technical field. A patent for an invention is granted by the government to the applicant, and gives him the right for a limited period to stop others from making, using or selling the invention without permission. In return for this right, the applicant must disclose how his invention works in sufficient detail. When a patent is granted, the applicant becomes the owner of the patent. Like any other form of property, a patent can be bought, sold, licensed or mortgaged. Patents are territorial rights, so a UK patent will only give the owner rights within the United Kingdom and rights to stop others from importing products into the United Kingdom. (www.patent.gov.uk/patent/glossary/) Hoa K:

A legal grant issued by a government permitting an inventor to exclude others from making, using, or selling a claimed invention during the patent's term. The TRIPS Agreement mandates that the term for patent applications filed after June 7, 1995, runs 20 years from the filing date. To receive patent protection, an invention must display patentable subject matter (a process, machine, article of manufacture), originality, novelty, nonobviousness, and utility. Current U.S. law is based on the 1952 Patent Code. As a signatory to the 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the United States belongs to the premier international patent treaty organization, the Paris Union (usinfo.state.gov/topical/econ/ipr/ipr-glossary.htm) Pht minh (Invention): - Discovery and reduction to practice of a new product, apparatus, process, composition of matter or living organisms, or improvements to existing technologies in those categories, -whether or not patented or patentable.(www.siu.edu/orda/general/glossary.html) - From the Latin invenire,to come upon: the discovery, whether accidental or deliberate, of the saint in its original burial place (loculus or cubiculum), leading to its veneration and possible translation. (www.ichrusa.com/saintsalive/glossary.htm) - Any discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protectable. The term "subject invention" means any invention of an awardee conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of work under a funding agreement, i.e., contract, grant, or cooperative agreement. (www.foundation.csulb.edu/fndgrant/sections/GLFEB97.HTM)

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