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Neuro-muscular
The Sarcomere
Basic Contractile Unit in Muscle
M line
The thick myofilaments are composed of myosin molecules arranged in an end to end fashion at the M-line. Each myosin is composed of two myosin heavy chain subunits and two pair of myosin light chains.
Thin myofilaments
Actin core Tropomyosin
Filamentous protein blocks myosin binding site on actin
Troponin
T attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin I along with tropomyosin inhibits myosin binding site on actin C binds free intracellular calcium to produce a conformational change in tropomyosin
Myofilament Arrangements
A cross-section through the A Band/I Band overlap shows the hexagonal array of thick and thin myofilaments When muscle contracts, the sarcomere shortens. The I band and H Zone also shorten. But the length of the A band remains the same.
Cateva definitii
Unitatea motorie
Motoneuronul alfa + toate miofibrilele inervate de acesta
Acetylcholine receptor
Myosin filament
Excitation-Contraction 1. AP causes vesicles to release Ach 2. Muscle AP travels down ttubules 3. SR releases Ca2+ into sarcoplasm 4. Ca2+ binds to troponin 5. Myosin heads bind to actin; mysoin ATPase splits ATP 6. ATP binds to myosin heat; releases from actin 7. Crossbridge action continues while Ca2+ is present 8. When AP stops, Ca2+ pumped back to SR 9. Tropomyosin covers active sites
Definitii utile
EXCITABILITATEA reprezinta capacitatea de a raspunde la excitanti prin modificari specifice. n cazul muschilor, forma specifica de raspuns este contractia, iar excitantul specific este influxul nervos. Transmiterea influxului nervos la nivelul muschilor striati se realizeaza la nivelul placii motorii. CONTRACTILITATEA este proprietatea muschilor de a raspunde la un excitant natural sau artificial prin modificarea formei, de obicei prin contractie. Extensibilitatea este proprietatea muschiului de a se ntinde sub actiunea unei forte; Elasticitatea este proprietatea muschiului de a reveni la forma initiala dupa ce forta care a actionat asupra sa a ncetat.
Definitii utile
Exista doua tipuri principale de contractie: - contractii izotonice,n care muschiul se scurteaza dar tensiunea din interior ramne constanta. Sunt caracteristice muschilor membrelor si realizeaza lucrul mecanic finalizat cu diverse forme de miscare; - contractii izometrice, n care muschiul nu-si modifica dimensiunile dar tensiunea din interior creste. Sunt caracteristice musculaturii postulare.
Definitii utile
Contractia musculara simpla se numeste secusa si apare in urma aplicarii unui stimul unic. Secusele se produc foarte rar in organism (un exemplu l reprezinta frisoanele. Contractia musculara normala se numeste tetanus si apare n urma aplicarii unor impulsuri repetate, succesive si de durata. Contractiile tetanice sunt de doua tipuri: incomplete, n cazul aplicarii unor stimuli cu frecventa mai redusa, si complete, n cazul aplicarii unor stimuli cu frecventa mare.
Definitii utile
Particularitatile contractiei musculare: -tonusul muscular reprezinta starea de permanenta de tensiune ( contractie usoara ) a muschilor in repaus. Mecanismul de producere si mentinere este neuroreflex; -forta musculara reprezinta tensiunea dezvoltata de muschi n timpul contractiei sale. Depinde de intensitatea stimulilor si de proprietatile morfofunctionale ale muschilor; -oboseala musculara se manifesta prin scaderea fortei musculare si a preciziei miscarilor, prin aparitia febrei musculare datorita acumularii acidului lactic n muschi. Totodata, scade cantitatea de ATP, PC si glucoza, iar descompunerea ATP este mult mai rapida decat sinteza acestuia; este limitarea metabolica a functiei muschiului.
Secusa musculara
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Summation
Muscle force can be modulated by the frequency of stimulation Depends on active state and refractory period Skeletal muscle exhibits a long active state and a short refractory period Allows a second action potential long before the initial twitch response is complete Subsequent twitches build upon the one before, ultimately achieving a tetanus state
Summation of Twitches
The force of muscle contraction can be increased by increasing the frequency of nerve stimulation. The key is the difference in the time course for the action potential, calcium transient, and mechanical response.
Fenomenul de sumare
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Tetanie incompleta
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Tetanie completa
Efectul de scara
Onset of Fatigue
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50/sec
Stimulation at low frequencies produces summation of twitches and tetanus. However, when stimulation frequency reaches a rate rapid enough to produce a complete tetanus, fatigue will develop. Fatigue in tetany is due to fast twitch muscles