KHO TANG TOAN HOC (YW) Cc ‘ing véi cac bat ding thac (BDT) gitta trung binh cOng va trung binh nhén, Schur, Jensen va Hélder, BBT Cauchy- Bunyakovski-Schwarz (CBS) la mot két qua kinh dién, 6 nhiéu ng dyng. Cau héi quan trong nhat & day la lam sao ta nhgn biét duge mot bat ding thie cé thé giai bing phuong phip nay? Rat khé ¢6 thé ndi mot céch rd rang, nhumg c6 1é la nén nghi dén BDT CBS khi ta thay tong cila cdc can thite, tong cla céc binh phuong hay dc biét Ia khi ta c6 céc biéu thire chia can. Dau tin, ta sé xét mot sd bai toan ma trong Idi giai dp dyng BDT CBS 6 dang kinh dién: 0 2 a” * (Sas) {E«\ Sy). ‘a mt Ant Kh6 khan Ién nhit la chon a, va &. Ta sé thay rang trong mét vai truong hop, diéu nay la hién nhién, trong vai truang hop khéc lai khdng don giin chit nio. Sau day ching ta gidi mot sé bai toan. Thi du 1. Ching minh rdng néu x,y,z la cde sd thc thod man diéu kign x?+y2422=2, thi bdt déing dutc sau ddy ching: x+y+zS2+x2. (Bé dé nghj IMO, Ba Lan) Loi gidi. Tai sao ta lai nghi dén BDT CBS? Nguyén nhan la BDT can ching minh cé dang x(l-yz)+y+zS2 va ta can phai danh gia théng qua téng x?+y2+2?. Tuy nhién, c6 rat nhiéu céch 48 4p dung BDT CBS. Chon Iya Bait déing thttc CAUCHY-BUNY AKOVSKI-SCHWARZ GABRIEL DOSPINESCU - TRAN NAM DUNG (x(1-yz)+y+z)? VarbHbre Vera. Lot giat, Ta vidt 2424221 va phep thd ye mx xy a= yru, b = zxv vac = xyw tre nén ty nhién. ‘Nhu vay, can chimg minh le(yu + xv) + x(2v+ yw) +4 y(2u 4 xw) 0. Khi d6 xyz < 0. Co thé gia sir 2<0, Tir day tao6 x, y ¢ (0 5 1], Ta s8 khong tir bé va cd ging ap dung BDT CBS mét lin nita, nhung lain nay li cho hai edn: ralta(yelsV24l s/2x+2y+4+v741 Ta cin chitng minh [ixviy+d sJz4is3 2x+y) =z Fe axelyed leveal =2(ay+1) Moy Taxaayed mo ee 2xy+2(l+ xpl+. FS axtaye4. (-x\I-y) lexy Vi ltrs ,nén tat ca quy vé chimg, minh xy+/(-s)l-yl+) S, wa Ta mudn sit dung BDT CBS thé nao Ps dé lim mét di 1 - x 6 ve trai, Cy thé la yt 0-2-9) = Vey +VI-x- Jay yy? sJitpy-y sls h “3C6 thé thi dy khé nhat trong céc bai toan dang nay Ia bai toan sau day. Thi dy 6. Ching mink ring véi cdc sé duong a, b, ¢, x, y, = ta cd bat dang thite ae pesye ees ee), b+e eta ath xytyetex 23- x+yez (Crux Mathematicorum) idi. Ki higua + b +c = Sa. Twong tu véi cac tong c6 cdc bién s6 duge lay hodn vj vong quanh. Ta ¢6 Tow Doen -(a( E22) 1 2) 1 2 Hero (EX) ty y=) Ta s@ chimg minh 1 2 32 aden) EEE a) ttt day suy ra dpem. Ta.cd (1) tong duong véi [penn onscmeceess) be) 2D2)+2(Dx)° Bai vi Liens) 2 (D9)! +95). ‘Nén chi cn ching minh (Ze) (Ez)'+9(Zy2) (D2) +3(D oe) Nhung digu nay 1a hién nbién sau khi binh phuong hai vé cla BDT. O Bay gid ta sé ni vé mot tha thugt da duge dp dung kha nhiéu trong nhOng nam gan day dé gidi cc bai ton thi. Day chinh 14 mot trong nhimg phwong an cia BDT CBS; mh S, - b, 2 3 v6i moiay thyc va & duong, k =1,2,.. Mét 4p dung don gian ciia thé thugt nay 1a bai toan sau, duge dé nghj tai Cudc thi gitta cac thanh phd (Tournament of The Towns Competition). Thi dy 7. Ching mink rdng vai ede sé thee duong a,b,c ta c6 bat dang thite sau: a +. & % é @+ab+b? B+bc+e? +ac+a? a2 +b2+e7 atb+e Loi gidi, Néu viét Iai vé phai dudi dang (a?+b +c?) i jam gi: (avbecyatebtacl’ ta s® biét cdn lim gi a (ay 2a +ab+b? Lae +ab+a?) (ay Sala? +ab+b?)* Nhu vay, ta sé co diéu phai chimg minh néu Lala? +ab+b)<(Ya)(La?), va thye té thi & day xay ra ddu bing. 0 Sé cé nhing trudmg hop ma gan nhw ta khong thé tim duge a va 6. Ta sé thio lugn mét sé bai todn ma trong 46 thi thudt nay duge dp dung mét céch khéng hién nhién chit nao. Thi dy 8. Chimg minh rang véi ba sé duong a, b, ¢ ta.cé bat dang thite (Cee (c+a-b)? @+(btcP (a+b-cy 3 Bb +(a+cP c+(a+bP 5 (Nh&t Ban, 1997)