I nternational O pen S ource N etwork

Sng kin ca Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin Chu Thi Bnh Dng ca UNDP

Free / Open Source Software Phn mm Ngun m / T do

Gii thiu khi qut

Kenneth Wong and Phet Sayo
(Dch theo nguyn bn ting Anh)

Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin Chu Thi Bnh Dng
Ti liu c bn ca lot bi v Phn mm Ngun m / T do

Ti liu c xut bn bi Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin chu Thi Bnh Dng thuc Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hip Quc (UNDP-APDIP) www.apdip.net E-mail : info@apdip.net UNDP-APDIP 2004

V c dch t nguyn bn ting Anh bi Vn phng Cng ngh thng tin - B Khoa hc v Cng ngh vi s ng ca UNDP-APDIP

Mc lc
Li ni u ....... 1

Gii thiu ...

Phn mm ngun m l g?

2
2

T tng v Phn mm ngun m 2 Phng php xy dng phn mm ngun m . 3

Lch s ca FOSS? ... 4 Tm tt lch s pht trin phn mm ngun m

Ti sao chn FOSS? 6

FOSS c tht s min ph? . 6 Tnh kinh t ca FOSS .... 6 Tit kim chi ph trc tip - Mt v d minh ho 7 Nhng ch li t vic ng dng FOSS 8 Tnh an ton 9 Tnh n nh/ng tin cy 10 Cc chun m v vic khng phi l thuc vo nh cung cp 10 Gim ph thuc vo nhp khu .. 11 Pht trin nng lc ca ngnh cng nghip phn mm a phng 11 Vn vi phm bn quyn, quyn s hu tr tu, v tnh tun th WTO . 12 Bn a ho . 12 Nhng hn ch ca FOSS 13 Thiu cc ng dng kinh doanh .. 13 Tnh tng h vi cc h thng ng . 13 Trnh by v nh bng ng dng 13

Nhng in hnh thnh cng ca FOSS 14

Cc chnh ph ng dng FOSS ra sao? . 14 Chu u .. 14 Chu M . 15 Chu TBD .... 16 Cc khu vc khc 18 Mt s d n FOSS thnh cng .. 19 BIND (My ch DNS) 19 Apache (My ch mng) . 19 3

Sendmail (My ch Email) .. OpenSSH (Cng c qun tr mng an ton) . Open Office (B tnh nng ng dng vn phng) . LINUX 20 Linux c phi l phn mm ngun m khng? .

19 20 20

Linux l g? 20 21 Linux c th tm u? .. 21

Quyn s hu tr tu v vn cp php . 23
Cp php cho FOSS gm nhng tho thun g ? . 23 Giy php ph cp GNU (General Public License GPL) 23 Cc giy php dng BSD 23 FOSS c th kt hp vi cc phn mm ng c khng? 24

Bn a ho v quc t ho 25
Bn a ho l g? Quc t ho l g? . 25 V d v bn a ho v quc t ho? . 25 C nhng phng php g bn a ho GNU/Linux? . 26 Hon thin/nng cao chun Unicode .. 27 Pht trin font ch .. 27

Phng php nhp liu .. Chuyn i cc thng ip hin th trong ng dng ..

28 28

iu chnh cc ng dng c th x l h thng ch ci a phng . 28 m bo rng nhng sa i ny c cng ng FOSS ton cu chp nhn .. 28 Cc thc tin in hnh ..... 29 in hnh 1: FOSS vi c quan nh nc .. 29 in hnh 2: FOSS vi gio dc . 30 Ph lc 1: Cc thut ng . 33

Ph lc 2: Giy php phn mm 36

Ph lc 3 : Cp php ln u . Ch thch .. 39 44 Ph lc 4: Qu trnh bin son ti liu .. 43

Li ni u
Th gii cng ngh thng tin v vin thng (ICT) lin tc thay i. Nhng cng ngh mi v cng vi chng l nhng c hi mi n ri i vi tc ngy cng chng mt. Tro lu phn mm ngun m t do (Free Open Source Software) l mt trong nhng bc pht trin nh th. Tro lu ny bao hm trong n nhiu yu t: quy trnh trin khai mang tnh nhy vt, cng ngh vt bc, s thay i t duy, cc chun v kin thc mi, v cn nhiu na. N em li c hi cho cc t chc nh nc, t nhn, v gio dc. Cc t chc cng nh cc quc gia ang pht trin bit tn dng v trin khai FOSS mt cch ph hp s c li nhiu, cn nhng ai chm chn trong vic tn dng c hi ny chng my chc s thy trnh pht trin ICT ca mnh tt hu xa so vi cc i tc. Ti liu ny l n phm u tin ca mt b ti liu c bn i su nghin cu tro lu pht trin FOSS trn th gii. Vi mc tiu phc v nhng ngi lm chnh sch v cc nh lnh o, ti liu a ra mt ci nhn tng th v nhng vn v cng ngh lin quan. Mc d hng nhiu hn v cc nc ang pht trin, nhng lun im trnh by v ngun trch dn trong ti liu ny c lin quan n ng o ngi dn trn ton th gii. Nhng n phm cn li trong b ti liu ny s tp trung tho lun chi tit hn nhng kha cnh c th ca tro lu Phn mm ngun m, nh cc vn , cng ngh, v kinh nghim trin khai FOSS trong hnh chnh nh nc, gio dc, h tng mng, cp php, v ni a ho. Cui cng, mc d trong tn gi ch ni bt ch phn mm, tro lu Phn mm ngun m thc cht da trn ba ct tr m: ngun m, chun m, v ni dung m. Trn tinh thn ca tro lu, ti liu ny c pht hnh nh mt ni dung m, cho php lu hnh v s dng theo nhng iu kin rt rng ri. Ngi c c khuyn khch s dng, truyn b, v ng gp kin ngc li cho nh xut bn cng nhiu cng tt. Nhng phin bn mi ca ti liu c th tm thy trn website ca Mng Ngun m Quc t, a ch nh sau: http:// www.iosn.net/downloads/foss_primer_current.pdf Ti liu ny c pht hnh bi Mng Ngun m Quc t (IOSN), mt sng kin ca Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin Chu -TBD thuc UNDP. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n tt c nhng ngi ng gp cho vic bin son ti liu ny, bao gm cc nh nghin cu, nhng ngi c v gp , cng nh i ng xut bn. c bit, chng ti xin cm n APDIP v Trung tm Nghin cu Pht trin Quc t (IDRC) ca Canada v s h tr ho phng v ti chnh, m nu thiu n th ti liu ny s khng bao gi c thnh hnh. Chng ti hi vng ti liu ny s tr thnh mt ngun thng tin c gi tr trong nhiu nm ti.

Gii thiu
Phn mm ngun m l g? Mt cch ngn gn, chng trnh phn mm ngun m l nhng chng trnh m quy trnh cp php s cho ngi dng quyn t do chy chng trnh theo bt k mc ch no, quyn nghin cu v sa i chng trnh, quyn sao chp v ti pht hnh phn mm gc hoc phn mm sa i (m khng phi tr tin bn quyn cho nhng ngI lp trnh trc David Wheeler Phn mm ngun m/t do (gi tt l FOSS) tr thnh mt hin tng ton cu, i t v tr tng i m nht ln thnh mt tro lu thi thng trong vng c vi nm. Tuy nhin, vn cha c nhiu ngi hiu mt cch thu o nhng yu t g tht s to nn FOSS v s bng n ca khi nim ny. c th l gii hin tng trn mt cch ton din, chng ta th xem xt t tng hc thuyt v cc phng php pht trin lm nn tng cho FOSS. T tng v Phn mm ngun m C hai t tng ch o chi phi th gii phn mm ngun m: t tng ca T chc Phn mm t do (FSF) v t tng ca Chng trnh Sng kin Ngun m (OSI). Chng ta hy bt u t thuyt ca FSF, v hc thuyt ny ra i sm hn (xem phn sau: Tm tt lch s pht trin FOSS) v c v tr tin phong trong tro lu phn mm ngun m. Theo thuyt ca FSF, phn mm min ph nhm mc ch bo v bn quyn t do ca ngi dng: Quyn t do chy mt chng trnh vi bt k mc ch no Quyn t do nghin cu cch thc vn hnh ca mt chng trnh v thch ng n cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca mnh. Kh nng tip cn m ngun l iu kin tin quyt cho vic ny Quyn t do phn pht cc phin bn ca phn mm gip nhng ngi xung quanh Quyn t do thm mi cc chc nng cho mt chng trnh v cng b nhng tnh nng mi n cng chng ton cng ng c hng li. Kh nng tip cn m ngun l iu kin tin quyt cho vic ny.

Trung tm ca t tng FSF l quyn t do hp tc. V phn mm phi t do (free y ngha l freedom ch khng phi vn gi c) hn ch quyn t do hp tc, FSF coi phn mm phi t do l phi o c. FSF cn phn i vic cp bng sng ch phn mm v nhng hn ch khc theo lut bn quyn hin hnh. Tt c nhng iu ny u hn ch bn quyn t do ca ngi dng nh nu trn. xem lp lun chi tit ti sao phn mm nn c lu hnh t do, xin tm c Why software should be free ti a ch http:// www.fsf.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html Thuyt OSI th c phn no hi khc. tng ch o ng sau phn mm ngun m rt n gin: khi ngi lp trnh c th c, lu hnh, v sa i m ngun ca mt phn mm, th phn mm ngy cng pht trin. Ngi ta c, iu chnh, sa li. V qu trnh ny c th din ra vi mt tc m nu bn quen vi quy trnh chm chp ca vic pht trin phn mm theo phng thc truyn thng, th s ly lm kinh ngc. OSI t lm trng gi tr k thut ca vic to nhng phn mm mnh, c tin cy cao, v ph hp vi gii kinh doanh hn FSF. Chng trnh ny t quan tm ti nhng gi tr o

c ca phn mm ngun m v ch nhiu hn vo nhng ch li thc tin ca phng php xy dng v qung b FOSS. Mc d t tng nn tng ca hai tro lu ny tng i khc nhau, c FSF v OSI u chia s cng mt khng gian hot ng v hp tc vi nhau trn nhng vn thc tin nh xy dng phn mm, u tranh chng cc phn mm ng v vic cp bng sng ch phn mm, v.v... Ni nh Richard Stallman, th Tro lu phn mm t do v Tro lu phn mm ngun m l hai ng chnh tr ca cng mt cng ng dn c. Phng php xy dng phn mm ngun m M hnh xy dng phn mm ngun m l mt m hnh c o v n c hin thc ho ch vi s ra i ca Internet v s bng n thng tin do Internet mang li. Php so snh nh th v ch tri thng c dng i lp m hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m vi cc phng thc lm phn mm truyn thng. Quy trnh lm phn mm truyn thng c so snh vi cch thc xy nh th thi xa. Tng nhm nh th th cng c tay ngh cao s lp thit k chi tit v tin hnh xy dng nh th theo tng cng on ring l. Chng no xy xong, nh th s l mt tng th hon chnh v thng t khi c sa i thm tht. Phn mm my tnh trc y cng c xy dng theo cch thc tng t. Cc nhm lp trnh lm vic ring r, theo s qun l v k hoch chi tit, cho n khi sn phm c hon thnh v chng trnh phn mm cng b vi th gii. Mt khi pht hnh, phn mm c coi l hon chnh v chng c my cng sc b ra chnh sa n v sau. Ngc li, vic pht trin phn mm ngun m c v vi mt ch tri, m rng mt cch t pht. Nhng ngi bn hng u tin n, cm ct xy ca hng, v bt u kinh doanh. Nhng nh bun khc tip tc n v dng sp hng ring ca mnh, c th ch pht trin theo mt phng thc thot trng rt ln xn. Cc nh bun ch quan tm ch yu n vic dng ln mt kt cu ti thiu c th bt u bn hng. Nhng thm tht s c b sung v sau khi hon cnh i hi. Cng tng t nh th, vic xy dng phn mm ngun m khi u mt cch rt phi cu trc. Nhng ngi lp trnh u tin ch a ra vi cng chng mt s m chc nng ti thiu, ri chnh sa dn trn c s cc kin phn hi. Ri c th c thm nhng nh lp trnh khc ti, thay i hoc xy thm trn c s nhng m ngun c sn. C th theo thi gian, c mt h iu hnh hay b ng dng s nh hnh v khng ngng pht trin. Phng thc ch tri xy dng phn mm chng t tnh u vit ca mnh trn mt s kha cnh sau: 1) Gim s trng lp ngun lc Bng cch cng b sm phn mm v trao cho ngi s dng quyn chnh sa cng nh lu hnh m ngun, cc nh lp trnh FOSS s c s dng kt qu lm vic ca ng s. Tnh kinh t ca quy m tr nn rt ln. Thay v vic nm nh lp trnh mi trong s 10 cng ty cng vit mt ng dng mng, trin vng l s kt hp c cng sc ca c 50 ngi. Vic gim s trng lp trong phn b ngun lc cho php qu trnh xy dng mt phn mm t ti quy m i chng cha tng c trong lch s, lin kt hng ngn nh lp trnh trn ton th gii.

2) Tip thu k tha Vi vic c sn m ngun xy tip ln trn, thi gian xy s gim i ng k. Nhiu d n phn mm ngun m da trn cc phn mm l kt qu ca nhng d n khc cung cp 7

nhng chc nng cn thit. V d, thay v vit m bo mt ring cho mnh, d n my ch Apache s dng li chng trnh ca d n OpenSSL, do m tit kim c hng ngn gi vit m ho v th nghim. Ngay c trong trng hp m ngun khng th tch hp trc tip, th vic c sn cc m ngun t do cng cho php nh lp trnh nghin cu cch thc nhng d n khc gii quyt mt vn pht sinh tng t. 3) Qun l cht lng tt hn Nu tht s mt ti, th khng con b no c th lt qua l cu ni ca ming ca gii Phn mm ngun m. Cu ny c ngha: nu c mt lc lng nhng nh lp trnh gii tham gia s dng v kim tra m ngun, th cc li chng trnh s c pht hin v sa nhanh hn. Cc ng dng ng cng nhn bo li, nhng do ngi s dng khng c quyn tip cn m ngun, h ch c th bo cc triu chng li ch khng th ch ra ngun gc. Cc nh lp trnh phn mm ngun m kt lun rng khi ngi s dng c quyn tip cn m ngun th h khng nhng thng bo cc trc trc m cn ch ra ch xc nguyn do, v trong mt s trng hp, cung cp lun gii php. iu ny gip gim ng k thi gian lp trnh v kim tra cht lng. 4) Gim chi ph duy tr Vic duy tr mi phn mm u i hi mt chi ph bng hoc ln hn chi ph lp trnh ban u. Khi mt t chc t b tin ra nui phn mm, vic ny c th tr nn gnh nng chi ph cc ln. Tuy nhin, vi m hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m, ph duy tr s c san u ra cho hng ngn ngi s dng tim nng, lm gim chi ph ca tng t chc ring l. Tng t, vic nng cp s c thc hin bi mt t chc/c nhn c chuyn mn su nht v vn ny, dn ti vic s dng hiu qu hn ngun lc.

Lch s ca Phn mm ngun m

Tro lu phn mm ngun m/phn mm t do khi ngun t ci ni hacker ca cc phng th nghim my tnh M (ti cc trng i hc danh ting nht nh Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, v MIT) trong nhng nm 60 v 70. Cng ng cc nh lp trnh vn c quy m nh v gn kt cht ch. M ngun c trao i qua li gia cc thnh vin trong cng ng - nu bn c mt sng kin ci thin, bn s trnh lng sng kin . Gi ring m ngun cho mnh b coi l khng bit iu, v d g bn cng hng li t cng sc cc ng s, bn nn p li bng cch no . Lch s vn tt tro lu Phn mm ngun m Tro lu phn mm ngun m c ngun gc xa xa t nhng ngy khi thu nn cng nghip my tnh, cho d lc n cn cha c nh ngha mt cch chnh thng. Ch cho n cui thp k 70 u 80 th tp qun chia s phn mm mi tr nn xung khc vi bn quyn phn mm. Mt trong nhng ting ni u tin ct ln ng h phn mm ng l bc th nay tr nn ni ting ca William H. Gates III Th ng gi nhng ngi m my tnh. Trong thng ip ny, ngy 3 thng 2 nm 1976, ng kch lit kch tp qun chia s phn mm by gi rt thnh hnh: Sao li th ny nh? a phn cc bn nhng ngi m my tnh hn phi thc c rng cc bn ang nh cp phn mm ca ngi khc lm ca mnh. Phn cng th phi mua, nhng phn mm l mt th c th chia s. Ai quan tm liu nhng ngi b cng sc ra lm phn mm c c tr cng hay khng? Phn mm ng thu c s ng h theo thi gian. Ti phng th nghim Tr tu Nhn to ca MIT u nhng nm 80, mt cng ty c tn Symbolics c thnh lp v ly mt m 8

ngun lc by gi ang lu hnh t do (ngn ng lp trnh LISP) bin thnh s hu ring. Trong qu trnh, cng ty ny qut sch tp qun chia s phn mm khi cc phng th nghim MIT. Tuy nhin, cng cuc ph hu ny rt cuc s a n s ra i ca t chc Phn mm t do v nn vn ho Phn mm ngun m ngy nay. Richard Stallman, mt trong cc nhn vin phng th nghim MIT hi , ng ngng v phn n trc nhng chuyn bin ang din ra. S chuyn bin c nh cch nhn ca ng vi phn mm ng v khc nn quyt tm kin to mt h iu hnh t do. D n GNU (vit tt ca Not Unix khng phi l Unix) ra i vo thng Ging nm 1984 v trong sut thp k tip theo to ra nhng cng c a dng tp hp nn mt phn quan trng ca h iu hnh. T chc phn mm t do ra i mt nm sau nhm khuych trng cc phn mm t do v d n GNU. Tuy vy, cho n nm 1991, d n GNU vn cha a ra c mt h thng phn mm hon ton t do v mt yu t c bn vn cn vng bng: li h thng (the kernel) Li l tri tim ca c h iu hnh. Vo nm 1991, Linus Torvalds, khi cn ang hc nm th hai ca chng trnh sau i hc ti trng H Helsinki, vit v ph bin mt li dng Unix. Theo ng phng thc ca quy trnh pht trin phn mm ngun m, n c lu hnh rng ri, c ci tin v nhanh chng thch ng tr thnh ct li ca h iu hnh GNU/Linux. Thi , cn c nhng d n phn mm ngun m khc cng ang tin hnh, bao gm c h iu hnh BIND, Perl v BSD. Tt c nhng d n ny rt cuc u c sp nhp hoc tch hp kt qu vi nhau. H iu hnh GNU/Linux tip tc pht trin mt cch n nh c v nng lc v c tnh k thut. Nm 1997, t nhin Linux ni ln thnh trung tm ch ca gii truyn thng do Tp on D liu Quc t (IDC) pht hin ra rng GNU/Linux chim ti 25% th trng my ch v vn tip tc tng trng vi tc bnh qun hng nm l 25%. Nm 1998, p li vic Netscape cng b m Netscape Navigator nh mt m ngun m t do, mt nhm cc nh lp trnh phn mm ngun m hp nhau li v cho ra i thut ng Ngun m. Vic ny dn n s hnh thnh Sng kin Ngun m (OSI) v nh ngha Ngun m. Mc ch chnh ca chng trnh ny l khin cho gii kinh doanh quc t phi ch ti quy trnh pht trin phn mm ngun m t do v li tro lu phn mm ngun m xa dn khi xu hng i u t trc n nay. Nm 1999, mn trnh lng thnh cng vang di ca sn phm GNU/Linux Red Hat a n cho n 4.8 t la vn huy ng t th trng. Nhng phn mm khc ra mt cng chng cng nm l VA Linux (huy ng c 7 t la), Cobait Networks (em li 3.1 t la t th trng vn) v Andover.net (huy ng c 712 triu ). L a con cng ca phong tro Phn mm ngun m, vic GNU/Linux thnh cng chng t rng phn mm ngun m thc s khng nh c v tr ca mnh.

Ti sao chn Phn mm ngun m?

Phn mm ngun m c mnh danh theo nhiu kiu: mt tro lu, mt ci mt, mt th virus, mt m mu ca Cng sn, hay thm ch cn c gi l tri tim v linh hn ca Internet. Nhng thng mi ngi li b qua mt im quan trng: phn mm ngun m cn l mt phng tin rt hu hiu san s s thnh vng ca th gii cng nghip ho sang cc nc ang pht trin. Andrew Leonard Phn mm ngun m c thc s min ph ? Mt trong nhng quan nim ph bin v phn mm ngun m t do l cc phn mm ny lun lun min ph. mt mc no , iu ny ng. Khng ng dng FOSS no, nu tht s l phn mm ngun m, ly ph ng k ca ngi s dng. a s cc phin bn FOSS (Red Hat, SuSE, Debian, v.v..) c th ti t Internet v m khng mt xu ph no. Xt trn phng din ph ng k, cc ng dng FOSS hu nh lun r hn phn mm c bn quyn. Tuy nhin, ph ng k khng phi l ch ph duy nht pht sinh vi phn mm hay c s h tng my tnh. Cn phi cn nhc ti cc chi ph nhn s, yu cu v phn cng, chi ph c hi, v ph o to. Thng c bit n di khi nim Tng chi ph s hu (TCO), nhng chi ph ny mi tht s l thc o cho tnh kinh t ca vic s dng phn mm ngun m. Tnh kinh t ca Phn mm ngun m Gn y c nhiu cng b v nhng khon tit kim khng l m Phn mm ngun m mang li, ng ch nht l bo co t cc tp on ln chuyn i h thng ni b sang nn GNU/Linux. Intel tuyn b tit kim c 200 triu la do chuyn t Unix sang Linux, cn Amazon th cho bit tit kim c 17 triu la t vic ci t Linux cho cc my ch ca mnh. Nhng t chc ti chnh ln nh Credit Suisse First Boston, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs v Charles Schwab ang tin hnh chuyn mt phn ng k h thng thng tin ca h sang s dng phn mm ngun m hng tn dng ti a nhng khon tit kim ny. C mt vi nghin cu da trn c s phn tch Tng chi ph s hu (TCO) so snh tng chi ph trin khai mt h thng phn mm ngun m vi h thng phn mm c bn quyn. Nhng nghin cu nh vy s phn tch nhiu yu t chi ph khc ngoi ph ng k s dng, bao gm c ph duy tr - o to v chi ph c hi trong trng hp xy ra s c. Mt s phn tch a ra nhng kt lun rt kh quan v FOSS: Nghin cu v TCO do Tp on Robert Frances tin hnh cho thy GNU/Linux ch tn bng 40% Microsoft Window v bng 14% chi ph b ra nu dng h iu hnh Solaris ca Sun Microsystem. NetProject kt lun rng tng chi ph s hu GNU/Linux bng 35% tng chi ph s hu Microsoft Window. Th v hn na l nhng khon tit kim ny c ngun gc khng ch t ph ng k s dng, m cn lin quan n nhiu khon mc khc, bao gm c vic tinh gim nhn vin v cp nht phn mm do vic s dng GNU/Linux em li. Gartner cho bit s dng GNU/Linux trong mt cu hnh tnh s a n kt qu l tit kim c khong 15% tng chi ph s hu so vi s dng Window XP. 10

Merrill Lynch, mt cng ty ti chnh tm c trn th gii, gn y cho bit s dng GNU/Linux c th lm gim ng k chi ph lin quan. ng lu nht trong nghin cu TCO ca cng ty ny l kt lun tit kim ln nht do Linux em li khng phi t ph ng k s dng, m t chi ph phn cng v nhn lc. Mt v d v tit kim chi ph trc tip Cng ty Cybersource ca c tin hnh phn tch nhng chi ph tit kim c do dng FOSS, da trn so snh cc sn phm ca Microsoft vi nhng phn mm ngun m c chc nng tng t. Cng trnh nghin cu Linux so vi Windows: mt ci nhn n gc r vn a ra c bng tng kt v cc chi ph lin quan ca ba cng ty gi nh (A vi 50 ngi s dng, B vi 100 ngi s dng, v C c 250 ngi s dng). Tt c s liu u tnh bng la M: H iu hnh Microsoft Cng ty A Cng ty B Cng ty C $87,988 $136,734 $282,974 H iu hnh Linux/FOSS $80 $80 $80 Chi ph tit kim c $87,908 $136,654 $282,894

Lu : Chi ph tit kim c do trin khai gii php phn mm ngun m thay cho Microsoft s t l thun vi s ngi s dng cng nhiu ngi s dng, chi ph tit kim c s cng ln. ng lc ti chnh cho vic chuyn i sang FOSS tng theo quy m ca t chc. Phng php phn tch ca Cybersource kh d hiu, da trn so snh trc tip cc chi ph lin quan n hai gi phn mm. Hai bng di y lit k gi ca nhng phn mm cu thnh nn hai h thng, Microsoft v FOSS, cho mt cng ty c 50 ngi. Microsoft Solution Software Cost Softwar Copies Cost

11

Norton Antivirus 2002 MS Internet Information Server MS Windows 2000 Advanced Server MS Commerce Server MS ISA Standard Server 2000 MS SQL Server 2000 MS Exchange Standard Server 2000 Windows XP Professional MS Visual Studio 6.0 MS Office Standard Adobe Photoshop 6 Additional Client Access Licenses Total

50 2 5 1 1 1 1 50 3 50 2 30

$2,498 $0 $19,995 $12,333 $1,499 $4,999 $1,299 $14,950 $3,237 $23,950 $1,218 $2,010 $87,988

FOSS Solution Software Cost Software Software Linux Distribution (eg Red Hat 9.0) Apache (Web server) Squid (Proxy server) PostgreSQL (Database) iptables (Firewall) Sendmail/Postfix (Mail servers) KDevelop (IDE) GIMP (Graphics) Open Office (Productivity suite) OSCommerce (e-Commerce suite) Total Copies 1 Cost $80 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $80

Lu : chi ph cho phn mm GNU/Linux l khng i ngay c khi s ngi s dng tng, do vic ng k s dng GNU/Linux khng b gii hn v s ngi; trong khi vi Microsoft v nhng phn mm bn quyn khc, c thm mt ngi l ph li tng thm. Cc c quan dch v cng thng c rt nhiu nhn vin, iu ny c ngha l nu h s dng Linux th nhng chi ph tit kim c cn ln hn na. V d, chnh ph Thu in tnh 12

ton rng mi nm tit kim c mt t la, cn chnh ph an Mch th c chng con s tit kim ny l t 480 n 730 triu la hng nm.

S dng Phn mm ngun m em li nhng ch li g?

Bn cnh yu t chi ph thp, cn nhiu l do khc khin cc t chc nh nc v t nhn ngy cng ng dng Phn mm ngun m mt cch su rng. Nhng l do ny bao gm: Tnh an ton Tnh n nh/ng tin cy Cc chun m v vic khng phi l thuc nh cung cp Gim ph thuc vo nhp khu Pht trin nng lc ca ngnh cng nghip phn mm a phng Vn vi phm bn quyn, quyn s hu tr tu, v tnh tun th WTO Ni a ho

Vi cc chnh ph th bn im cui cng c bit quan trng v chng ph hp vi nhng tiu ch hot ng ring ca khu vc nh nc. Cc cng ty v ngi s dng cui cng thng khng phi bn tm n nhng vn ny. Tnh an ton Mc d khng c h iu hnh no l an ton mt cch hon ho, nhng yu t nh phng php trin khai, thit k chng trnh v th trng mc tiu c th tc ng rt nhiu n tnh an ton ca mt h thng v do lm n d hoc kh b tn cng. C vi nghin cu ch ra rng h iu hnh da trn phn mm ngun m u vit hn cc h iu hnh ng xt v phng din ny: 1. Tp on Gartner khuyn ngh cc doanh nghip chuyn t ISS (Internet Information Server) ca Microsoft sang dng Apache hoc mt loi web server khc v ISS bc l nhiu yu im v an ton. Theo s liu do tp on ny cng b, cho n thng 7 nm 2001 cc cng ty ca M phi chi ph tng cng 1.2 t la ch ring cho vic cha cc l hng an ton m (Code Red) lin quan n ISS. 2. Chng trnh bo him chng li Hacker do hng J.S. Wurzler Underwriting Managers cung cp s c ph bo him cao hn t 5 n 15% nu mua cho h iu hnh Windows thay v GNU/Linux hay Unix. ng Walter Kopf, ph ch tch ph trch mng bo him ti J.S. Wurzler Underwriting Managers cho bit Kinh nghim cho thy kh nng b l s cao hn nu chng ti bo him cho h iu hnh NT Chnh s u vit v an ton khch l nhiu t chc dch v cng chuyn sang dng cc phn mm ngun m. Cc Hi quan v Thu trc thu Php chuyn sang h iu hnh Red Hat Linux 6.2 mt phn ln v l do an ton h thng. Ba l do sau thng c nu gii thch v sao phn mm ngun m u vit hn v an ton: M ngun c ph bin rng ri: vic m ngun c ph bin rng ri khin ngi lp trnh v ngi s dng d pht hin v khc phc cc l hng an ton trc khi chng b li dng. a phn nhng li h thng ca phn mm ngun m nu trong Bugtraq l nhng li c pht hin trong qu trnh r sot nh k v c sa trc khi gy ra bt 13

k thit hi no. Cc h thng phn mm ngun m thng c quy trnh r sot ch ng ch khng phi r sot i ph. u tin v tnh an ton t trn tiu ch tin dng: c th ni phn mm ngun m c dng iu hnh mt phn ln mng Internet v do nhn mnh nhiu n tnh bn vng v chc nng vn hnh thay v tnh d s dng. Trc khi thm bt c tnh nng no vo mt ng dng phn mm ngun m, bao gi ngi ta cng cn nhc n kha cnh an ton v tnh nng s ch c a vo nu khng lm yu i tnh an ton ca h thng. Gc: cc h thng phn mm ngun m ch yu da trn m hnh ca Unix: nhiu ngi s dng, thun tin cho kt ni mng. Do , chng c thit k vi mt cu trc an ton bo mt cao. iu ny l c bit quan trng khi c nhiu ngi cng chia s quyn s dng mt my ch cu hnh mnh, bi v nu h thng c an ton thp, mt ngi s dng bt k c th t nhp vo my ch, n trm d liu c nhn ca ngi khc hoc lm cho mi ngi khng tip cn c vi cc dch v do h thng cung cp. Kt qu ca m hnh thit k ny l ch c rt t v tn cng c thc hin thnh cng vi cc phn mm ngun m.

Tnh n nh/ng tin cy Cc h thng FOSS vn ni ting l n nh v ng tin cy. C rt nhiu cu chuyn truyn ming v nhng my ch FOSS hot ng nm ny qua nm khc m khng cn duy tr bo dng. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu nh lng a ra bng chng c th th kh thc hin hn. Sau y l hai nghin cu cho n nay thc hin c: Nm 1999, Zdnet tin hnh mt cuc th nghim ko di 10 thng v tnh n nh h thng ca cc h iu hnh Red Hat Linux, Caldera Systems Open Linux v Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 vi Service Pack 3. Ba h iu hnh c ci t trn nhng phn cng ging ht nhau v thc hin cc chc nng nh nhau l in, phc v ni mng v qun l file. Kt qu l Windows NT c 6 tun li sp mt ln trong khi c hai h iu hnh Linux u khng crash ln no trong sut thi gian 10 thng th nghim. Mt cuc th nghim theo phng php chn ngu c tin hnh vo nm 1995, tp trung th nghim 7 h iu hnh thng mi v GNU/Linux. Ngi ta np vo cc h iu hnh ny nhng tnh nng ngu nhin theo mt trnh t ln xn, bt chc hnh ng ca nhng ngi s dng km hiu bit. Kt qu l cc h iu hnh thng mi c t l xung t h thng trung bnh l 23% trong khi Linux ch b li vn hnh trong 9% s ln th nghim. Cc tin ch ca GNU (phn mm do FSF xy dng trong khun kh d n GNU) b li vn hnh c 6% s ln th nghim. Nhiu nm sau, mt nghin cu tip ni cn cho thy tt c nhng li gp trong cuc th nghim ni trn u c khc phc vi h iu hnh FOSS, trong khi vi cc phn mm ng th vn hu nh cha c ng n.

Cc chun m v vic khng phi l thuc vo nh cung cp Cc chun m trao cho ngi s dng, khng phn bit l c nhn, cng ty hay chnh ph, s linh hot v quyn t do chuyn i gia cc phn mm, h iu hnh v nh cung cp. Cn chun ng th khin ngi s dng ch c th la chn cc phn mm ca mt cng ty duy nht v lm cho h ngy cng l thuc vo cng ty ny, khi m ton b d liu c lu theo nh dng ring ca nh cung cp v chi ph chuyn chng sang chun m s cao ngt tri. Cc tc gi bi vit Phn mm ngun m t do: nghin cu v kho st do Vin Kinh t tin hc quc t ca H Lan xut bn cng phn i vic s dng phn mm ng trong cc c quan chnh ph. H lp lun rng: 14

... Lun im c bn chng li vic trin khai phn mm ngun ng trong khu vc nh nc l s l thuc v sau vo nh cung cp phn mm. Ngay c khi c mt quy ch u thu cng khai v minh bch cho cc khon mua sm chnh ph, th yu cu tng thch vi nhng chun ca h thng phn mm hin dng cng s khin ngi mua thin v mt s nh cung cp nht nh, kt qu l s l thuc ngy cng tng Mt u im na ca cc phn mm ngun m l chng hu nh lun s dng cc chun m. C hai l do chnh cho vic ny: Sn c m ngun: vi m ngun c ph bin cng khai, ngi ta lc no cng c th ti thit k v tch hp li b chun ca mt ng dng. Mi kh nng tu bin u th hin r trong m ngun, khin cho khng ai c th giu mt chun ring trong mt h thng phn mm ngun m. Cn vi cc phn mm ng th vic ti thit k s kh hn nhiu v trong mt s trng hp cc m cn c vit c tnh nh lc hng ngi dng. Ch ng tng thch chun: khi c nhng chun c tha nhn rng ri, v d nh HyperText Markup Language (HTML) - b chun quy nh cch thc hin th cc trang web, th cc d n phn mm ngun m lun ch ng bm st nhng chun ny. Phn mm trnh duyt web Mozilla - kt qu ca mt d n phn mm ngun m - tng thch vi rt nhiu chun do Tp on World Wide Web (W3C) ban hnh. Webstandards.org, mt trang web xp hng cc sn phm web, cho bit Mozilla l mt trong nhng phn mm trnh duyt tng thch nht hin nay. Tnh tng thch cao vi cc chun hin hnh c c l do tp qun pht trin phn mm ngun m cao vic chia s v phi hp gia nhiu ng dng khc nhau. ng thi, cng cuc hp tc gia mt nhm cc nh lp trnh phn tn quy m ton cu cng s d dng hn nu c mt b chun thng nht mi ngi cng theo.

S dng cc h thng phn mm ngun m thot khi vic l thuc vo nh cung cp c nu cao trong mt vi lnh vc. Mt bo co trnh ln Chnh ph Anh kt lun rng nu c mt phn mm ngun m trin khai tham chiu mt b chun d liu, th thng l chun s i vo cuc sng nhanh hn v khuyn ngh Chnh ph xem xt u mt vi chng trnh trin khai tham chiu phn mm ngun m in hnh. Gim l thuc vo xut khu Mt trong nhng ng c quan trng khin cc quc gia ang pht trin nhit tnh hng ng phn mm ngun m chnh l chi ph khng l ca giy php s dng cc phn mm ng. V hu nh ton b phn mm ca cc nc ang pht trin u c nhp khu, tin mua nhng phn mm ny s lm tiu hao qu d tr ngoi t ht sc qu bu m l ra c th c s dng hiu qu hn cho nhng mc tiu pht trin khc. Cng trnh Phn mm ngun m t do: nghin cu v kho st cn cho bit: m hnh phn mm ngun m ny thin nhiu hn v dch v cng, do chi ph cho phn mm cng l phc v nhng hot ng ca c quan chnh ph ch khng phi cho mc ch li nhun ca cc cng ty a quc gia. iu ny c nh hng tch cc n to cng n vic lm cho x hi, m rng nng lc u t ni a, v tng thu cho ngn sch... Pht trin nng lc ca ngnh cng nghip phn mm a phng Ngi ta thng lu n mi quan h t l thun gia mc tng v i ng lp trnh phn mm ngun m v nng lc i mi ca mt nn kinh t. Bo co ca Vin kinh t tin hc quc t a ra ba l do nhm gii thch hin tng ny: Ro cn gia nhp th trng thp: Phn mm ngun m, theo nguyn l khuyn khch sa i v lu hnh t do, rt d tm, d s dng v d hc hi. Phn mm ngun m cho 15

php cc nh lp trnh pht huy kin thc v nhng nhn t hin c tip tc sng to nn cc phn mm mi, ging nh phng php tin hnh nghin cu c bn. FOSS l mt h thng o to rt hiu qu: Bn cht m v tnh phi hp cao ca quy trnh pht trin FOSS cho php ngi hc c th tm hiu v th nghim vi cc khi nim phn mm m hu nh khng gy tn km trc tip cho x hi. Tng t, mt sinh vin c th khai thc nhng kin thc v tn t mng li phi hp pht trin phn mm ngun m ton cu, bao gm c nhng kho lu tr s cc kin thc k thut v phng tin trao i tng tc. FOSS l ngun hnh thnh nn cc chun: phn mm ngun m thng tr nn nhng chun t thn (de facto standard), do c s dng rng ri trong mt khu vc hay ngnh kinh t nht nh. Khi tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng chun cho mt ng dng FOSS, a phng lin quan s m bo c rng chun ph hp vi cc c im vn ho v nhu cu thc t ca a phng.

Phng php tip cn xy dng phn mm ngun m khng ch thc y sng to v i mi, m cn to iu kin cho vic ph bin nhng kt qu sng to . Mt ti liu ni b ca hng Microsoft phi tha nhn: cc d n nghin cu/o to da trn nn Linux thng rt d ph cp do ngun Linux c ph bin rng ri. c bit, iu ny c ngha l cc tng nghin cu mi trc tin s c trin khai v truyn b trn nn Linux, trc khi c chuyn i tch hp vi nhng h iu hnh khc. Vn vi phm bn quyn, quyn s hu tr tu, v tnh tun th WTO Nn sao chp phn mm l vn m hu nh quc gia no trn th gii cng gp phi. T chc Business Software Alliance c tnh ring trong nm 2002, t nn ny lm nc M thit mt 13,08 t la. Ngay vi cc quc gia pht trin, ni m trn l thuyt gi phn mm cn va ti tin ngi dn, t l sao chp phn mm vn mc rt cao (24% M v 35% Chu u). Ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, ni m mc thu nhp thp khin cho phn mm tr thnh mt th hng xa x, th t l sao chp c th t ti 90%. Nn sao chp phn mm v h thng lut php lng lo s gy thit hi cho mt quc gia trn nhiu phng din. Quc gia no yu trong vic thc thi bo v quyn s hu tr tu s km hp dn vi cc nh u t nc ngoi. Quyn gia nhp WTO v kh nng tip cn nhng li ch m t chc ny mang li b nh hng kh nhiu bi mc bo v quyn s hu tr tu m mt quc gia t c. Sau ht, nn sao chp phn mm cn gy hi cho nn cng nghip phn mm ni a, do cc nh lp trnh a phng gi y chng cn my ng c xy dng nhng phn mm bn a. Bn a ho Bn a ho l thch ng mt sn phm, lm cho n ph hp v mt ngn ng v vn ho vi th trng mc tiu (quc gia hoc a phng), ni sn phm c tiu th v s dng. Hip hi cc chun cho bn a ha Bn a ho l mt trong nhng lnh vc ni phn mm ngun m t r u th ca mnh. Ngi s dng phn mm ngun m c th t do sa i phn mm tr nn thch ng vi nhng nhu cu ring bit ca mt khu vc vn ho c th, bt k quy m kinh t ca khu vc . Ch cn mt nhm nh nhng ngi c trnh k thut l c th to ra mt phin bn ni a mc thp cho bt k phn mm ngun m no. Cn vic xy dng mt h iu hnh bn a ho hon chnh, mc d khng n gin, nhng t ra cng l kh thi. Vic Microsoft vo nm 1998 quyt nh khng xy dng phin bn Window 98 cho

16

Iceland c th gy nn nhng tc hi kh lng nu nh khng c gii php thay th ca phn mm ngun m. Phn ln cc sng kin phn mm ngun m ti khu vc Chu -TBD u lin quan ti vic bn a ho phn mm. Mc Bn a ho v quc t ho ca ti liu ny s cp chi tit hn nhng ni dung ca qu trnh bn a ho

Nhng hn ch ca phn mm ngun m

Mc d c rt nhiu ch li nh nu trn, phn mm ngun m khng phi l gii php ph hp cho mi tnh hung. Vn cn nhng kha cnh m phn mm ngun m cn phi tip tc ci tin. Thiu cc ng dng kinh doanh c th Mc d c rt nhiu d n Phn mm ngun m ang c tin hnh, vn cn nhiu lnh vc hot ng cha c c mt sn phm phn mm hon thin, c bit l trong kinh doanh. Gn y, s ra i ca mt s phn mm qun l ngun lc ca doanh nghip (Enterprise Resource Planning) nh SAP hay Peoplesoft gip p ng phn no nhu cu ca th trng cao cp, nhng th trng dnh cho cc doanh nghip va v nh th hu nh vn b b trng. Nhng phn mm k ton c bn, tin li cho ngi dng nh Quickbooks, Peachtree hay Great Plains cho n nay vn cha c cc phin bn phn mm ngun m tng ng. Pht sinh vn nh vy mt phn l do thiu nhng ngi va gii v k thut va tho v kinh doanh. a s cc phn mm ngun m hin hnh c to ra bi nhng ngi c chuyn mn v mt k thut, bc xc khi gp phi vn no trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, phi tm cch khc phc bng mt gii php mi. Nhng gii php nh th thng mang nng tnh k thut, chng hn nh server mng, ngn ng/mi trng lp trnh v cc tin ch phc v kt ni mng. Him khi mt k thut vin lp trnh, ni v d, gp phi nhng vn v k ton v li c kin thc kinh doanh to ra c gii php k thut cho vn . Tnh tng h vi cc h thng phn mm ng Cc phn mm ngun m, nht l khi ci trn my bn, thng khng hon ton tng thch vi phn mm ng. Vi nhng t chc u t nhiu cho vic thit lp cc nh dng lu tr d liu v ng dng phn mm ng, vic c gng tch hp nhng gii php phn mm ngun m c th s rt tn km. Thay i cc chun ng c xy dng vi mc ch ngn chn tch hp nhng gii php thay th s ch cng lm trm trng thm vn . n lc no , khi cc cng ty chuyn t h thng chun ng sang chun m, th vn ny s dn dn c khc phc. Trnh by v nh bng ng dng Phn mm ngun m thng thiu mt tnh tin dng vn l c trng ca nhng phn mm thng mi. Cc nh lp trnh phn mm ngun m xa nay vn ch quan tm ch yu n tnh nng hot ng ca phn mm. To ra mt chng trnh hot ng n nh v c hiu qu l u tin quan trng hn nhiu so vi tnh d s dng. Ngoi vic thiu vng mt h thng t liu b tr c cht lng cao, giao din ha vi ngi s dng (GUI Graphical User Interface) ca cc phn mm ngun m cng c vn . V giao din ho trong a phn cc h thng phn mm ngun m khng phi l mt 17

nhn t ring l m l tp hp kt qu t nhiu d n khc nhau, cc yu t ca giao din thng hot ng theo trnh t rt khc nhau. Ch ring lnh lu d liu ca chng trnh ny cng khc chng trnh kia, v y l im khc bit so vi cc h iu hnh ngun ng nh Mac OS X hay Microsoft Windows. Vic ct dn d liu gia cc chng trnh khc nhau trong mi trng h iu hnh ngun m s b thiu i tnh nht qun, hoc thm ch khng th thc hin. Mc d kh nhiu cng sc ang c b ra thng nht giao din cho cc chc nng cu thnh, h iu hnh phn mm ngun m c th s vn tnh trng thiu ng b trong mt thi gian na.

Nhng in hnh thnh cng ca Phn mm ngun m (FOSS)

Cc chnh ph ng dng FOSS ra sao?
Nhiu chnh ph trn th gii bt u lu n phn mm ngun m v ra cc chng trnh nhm tn dng nhng li ch m phn mm ngun m em li. a phn nhng chng trnh ny mi ch giai on khi u, nhng khuynh hng chung cho thy cc chnh ph s dn a phn mm ngun m vo chnh sch u t v pht trin ca mnh. Ngoi mt s lng ln bo co v sch trng khuyn ngh cc gii php FOSS, c tnh c ti 70% d tho lut trn th gii yu cu hoc khuyn khch s dng phn mm ngun m. Mc d a s cc vn bn ny ch c hiu lc thi hnh mc thp (thnh ph hoc tiu bang), cng c vi b lut t tm c quc gia. Sau y l tm tt s lc nhng chuyn bin ng ch nht trong lnh vc ny trn th gii.

Chu u
Khng nhng l ni quy t mt s lng ng k cc nh lp trnh phn mm ngun m, Chu u cn l khu vc ni cc chnh ph ht sc quan tm n ng dng phn mm ngun m. Lin minh Chu u Lin minh Chu u son tho mt ti liu nhn mnh n vai tr ca cc chun m v khuyn khch s dng phn mm ngun m t do trong nhng hon cnh thch hp. Ti liu ny, vi tiu Kt ni Chu u: tm quan trng ca tnh tng tc gia cc dch v Chnh ph in t, tp trung phn tch kh nng kt ni cc h thng chnh ph in t thuc cc quc gia khc nhau. Ti liu ph phn nhng giai on pht trin trong qu kh dn n vic thit lp nhng h thng thng tin ng, tch hp theo chiu dc, kh o lng, v thng mang tnh c quyn. Nghin cu ny l mt phn kt qu ca Sng kin Chu u in t. Lin minh Chu u cn thnh lp cc trung tm pht trin phn mm ngun m v ti tr trin khai mt s ng dng lin quan n lnh vc y t. c Chnh ph c hin ang trin khai nhiu chng trnh phn mm ngun m khc nhau. Bundestag s dng Linux cho ton b 150 my ch ca mnh, cn thnh ph Munich th cng ang ln k hoch chuyn hn 14.000 my tnh trong cc c quan chnh ph sang h iu hnh Linux. iu lu ng th v l khng phi lc no ngi ta cng nhc n gi c l gii cho vic chuyn i sang Linux. B trng B ni v c, ng tt Schilly, cho hay: Chng ti tm cch nng cao an ton cho h thng my tnh bng cch trnh ch dng mt h iu hnh duy nht, v chng ti cng phi gim bt vic l thuc vo ch mt nh cung cp. Nm 2001, ngh vin c biu quyt thng qua vic s dng sn phm phn mm 18

ngun m nu chi ph nh th m c gim bt. Cn B Ti chnh c th c mt h thng mng ni b da trn nn Linux phc v hn 15.000 ngi dng. Php Cc Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng trong Qun l hnh chnh (ATICA) trong tuyn ngn nhim v ca mnh nu r mc ch thc y cc c quan hnh chnh ng dng phn mm t do v chun m. Nha Hi quan v Thu trc thu cng chuyn sang h iu hnh Linux vi l do m bo an ton h thng. Ban qun l d n pht trin Chnh ph in t ca Php th ra quy nh buc tt c cc c quan nh nc phi s dng chun m m bo hon ton tnh tng thch gia cc h thng. Anh Nc Anh gn y mi bt u xy dng chnh sch lin quan n phn mm ngun m trong chng trnh mua sm chnh ph, nhng cc chnh sch cng b cho n thi im hin nay u theo khuynh hng c li cho phn mm ngun m. Chnh ph Anh ch yu quan tm lm sao trnh c vn l thuc m phn mm bn quyn thng gy ra, v ban hnh mt chnh sch quy nh ch s dng nhng sn phm c tnh tng tc cao v p ng c cc chun m trong mi ng dng CNTT ca tng lai. Mt trong nhng t chc ng h phn mm ngun m tch cc nht l Cc Y t Quc gia, v mt phn nguyn do ca vic ny l s ph sn ca nh cung cp phn mm truyn thng khin nhiu bnh vin Anh phi chuyn sang dng h iu hnh Linux. Phn Lan L t nhin l qu hng ca ngi sng lp ra Linux cng ng thi rt tch cc trn din n Phn mm ngun m quc t. Mt d n c nhiu ngi bit n l vic thnh ph Turku tng bc chuyn t ng dng Open Office sang h iu hnh Linux. Ton b cc h thng my con kt ni s c chuyn i, vi t trin khai th im u tin ang tin hnh trn 200 my. Chnh ph Phn Lan nghe ni cng ang xem xt thay th Linux cho ton b h thng my tnh ca mnh, tc l bao gm xp x 147.000 my con kt ni. Chu M M Mc d Chnh ph lin bang M khng c chnh sch chnh thng no v phn mm ngun m, mt vi bang c nhng n lc nhm a ra cc d tho lut ng h pht trin phn mm ngun m. Nhng bang ny bao gm c California, Texas, v Oregon. Cho n thi im hin ti th cha c b lut no c thng qua, tuy nhin chiu hng ng h phn mm ngun m vn cha th lng xung trong ngy mt ngy hai. Rt kh tm c thng tin chi tit v tnh trng ng dng Phn mm ngun m trong cc c quan chnh ph M, nhng mt kho st ca Tp on Mitre cho bit B Quc phng M a vo trin khai tng cng 113 ng dng phn mm ngun m, vi 251 trng hp s dng dn chng. Hn th na, xut hin kh nhiu nghin cu v bo co khuyn ngh vic s dng Phn mm ngun m trong chnh ph lin bang M, bao gm c mt nghin cu ca U ban Tham vn v Cng ngh Thng tin cho tng thng M (PITAC), trong xut Chnh ph nn khuyn khch pht trin phn mm ngun m song song vi vic xy dng nhng phn mm my tnh cao cp. Mt vi c quan chnh ph tm c nh hn chuyn sang nn iu hnh da trn phn mm ngun m. c nhiu ngi bit n nht l thnh ph Largo bang Florida. Chnh quyn thnh ph ci t GNU/Linux cho my tnh ca gn 900 cng chc, tit kim c hn 1 triu la v c chi ph phn mm v phn cng. Nhng g thnh ph Largo lm c 19

cn hn c vic ng dng Linux n thun: h chuyn i hon ton m hnh kt ni sang cu trc mng li my con cu hnh thp (iu m Microsoft Window hin nay khng th lm c), v do tit kim mt khon chi ph phn cng khng l. Chnh quyn thnh ph Houston bang Texas cng ci Linux cho h thng my tnh ca mnh sau khi Microsoft ra yu sch i thnh ph chuyn sang ch tr ph ng k s dng phn mm c gi: 12 triu la cho nhiu nm. Peru Peru c bit n trong cng ng Phn mm ngun m nh mt nc i tin phong khi a ra lut l u i phn mm ngun m trong cc chng trnh mua sm chnh ph ca mnh. D lun tip theo, phn ng ca Microsoft, v cu tr li khng khi ca tin s Edgar David Villanueva Nunez (ngi u o lut) lm nn cht liu chim lnh cc phng tin thng tin i chng trong mt thi gian di. Trong s nhng pht biu c trch dn ca tin s Nunez c cu tr li sau: m bo cho mi cng dn quyn tip cn t do vi nhng thng tin chung, yu cu trc ht l vic m ho d liu phi khng b rng buc vi mt nh cung cp dch v c quyn. Vic s dng chun v nh dng m s l yu t m bo cho quyn tip cn t do ny, v nu cn thit th ta phi to ra nhng phn mm ngun m tng thch vi cc chun v nh dng . m bo cho cc d liu chung c thng xuyn duy tr, vic xy dng v bo dng phn mm cn phi khng b l thuc vo ch ca nh cung cp dch v hay vo nhng iu kin c quyn m h p t. V l do ny, Nh nc cn nhng h thng m tin trnh xy dng trin khai s c m bo do m ngun lun c sn. Brazil Chnh ph Brazil d nh chuyn 80% my tnh trong cc c quan nh nc v t chc thuc s hu nh nc sang h iu hnh Linux trong vng 3 nm ti. Cc chng trnh th im ang c trin khai v mt quy trnh chuyn i tng bc c ln k hoch. Mt C quan gim st trin khai phn mm t do c chnh ph lp ra nhm m bo cho quy trnh chuyn i din ra mt cch sun s. Trong s cc lun im nu ra l gii cho chnh sch ny l vic phn mm ngun m c chi ph thp hn, ph hp vi mc tiu thc y ngnh cng nghip phn mm a phng, v s gp phn dn ch ho quyn tip cn thng tin trong x hi.

Chu Thi Bnh Dng

Khu vc Khu vc Chu , vi s pha trn cc nc ang pht trin v pht trin, l mt khu vc rt nng ng trong vic pht trin v s dng phn mm ngun m. Ba cng quc ca khu vc - Nht, Hn Quc v Trung Quc - gn y va cng b sng kin xy dng mt h iu hnh phn mm ngun m thch ng vi nhng nhu cu c th ca khu vc. Trung Quc Trung Quc c coi l pho i ca phn mm ngun m trong vng vi nm ti. T l ng dng phn mm ngun m ti quc gia ny ang tng nhanh chng, vi tc tng ca ring Linux c tnh c mc 175% trong nm 2003. ng lc c bn cho s bnh trng ny ca phn mm ngun m chnh l chnh ph Trung Quc. Mt trong cc mc tiu chnh ph Trung Quc ra l xy dng mt nn cng nghip phn cng v phn mm khng sa vo ci by Quyn s hu tr tu ca phng Ty. Thay 20

v ph thuc vo cc nh sn xut phn cng v phn mm nc ngoi, Trung Quc ang n lc xy dng nn cng ngh ni a, v phn mm ngun m l mt la chn ht sc ph hp cho nhu cu pht trin ca h. Mi y, chnh ph va ra tuyn b s cm cc c quan nh nc mua cc phn mm do nc ngoi sn xut, trn thc t l xo khi th trng hu ht nhng tn tui ln v phn mm ngun ng nh Microsoft hay Oracle. Khng nhng bo tr cho vic xy dng cc phin bn GNU/Linux ni a (RedFlag Linux, BluePoint Linux, v.v...), Trung Quc cn ang trin khai ng dng gii php phn mm ngun m cp nh nc. Chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh t nm 2001 c d n chuyn 2.000 my tnh trong cc cng s sang h iu hnh Red Flag Linux. Bu in trung ng k mt tho thun vi IBM nhm trin khai GNU/Linux ti 1.200 chi nhnh ca mnh. Mc d nhng d n ny mi ch bao trm mt phn rt nh b my nh nc ca Trung Quc, vi t cch l cc d n xy dng ngun nng lc chng vn s c nh hng lu di ti nhng chuyn bin trong tng lai. Hai d n Yangfan v Qihang khi u thng 1 nm 2002 l mt phn ca tng d n tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh do chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh tin hnh. Mc tiu ca hai d n ny l cho ra i mt phin bn GNU/Linux a phng y chc nng, ng b v tin dng khng thua km Microsoft Window 98. Hn 150 k s c huy ng hon thnh mc tiu bc u l xy dng mt h iu hnh c bn, b phn mm vn phng, phn mm trnh duyt web, v chc nng hp th in t. Thnh t gn y nht ca d n l xy dng xong b font ch v th nghim vic chuyn i cc ng dng trong c quan chnh ph sang nn GNU/Linux. Trung Quc cn l mt trong ba nc (cng vi Nht Bn v Hn Quc) thnh lp nn d n hn hp v phn mm ngun m m phm vi hot ng s bao trm ton b cc lnh vc pht trin phn mm, t h iu hnh cho n phn mm trung gian v cc ng dng ngoi giao din. n Mc d chnh ph lin bang hin khng c lp trng chnh thc v vn phn mm ngun m hay ngun dng, n l mt im nng trong tro lu pht trin phn mm ngun m. C rt nhiu d n cp B ang c tin hnh: Tng cc Thu chuyn 1.000 my bn sang h iu hnh Linux Trung tm d liu siu my tnh ca chnh ph, C-DAC, chuyn i hon ton sang Linux To n ti cao ang trin khai mt s d n th im v phn mm ngun m.

cp bang cng c vi chng trnh phn mm ngun m, ng ch nht l n ca chnh quyn bang Madhya Pradesh v s dng Linux phc v qun l hnh chnh in t v cc chng trnh Headstart. Red Hat c ci t trn hn 6.000 my tnh ti cc trng hc, v c kh nng con s ny cn tip tc tng. Chnh quyn bang Kerala cng c mt s d n ang trin khai, bao gm c nhng sng kin v gio dc v chnh ph in t. Nhiu d n cp bang khc cng c cng b, nhng ngi ta t cn nghe ni n chng k t nm 2002, khi Microsoft tin hnh u t mt cch quy m vo ngnh cng nghip phn mm n . i Loan Nm 2003, i Loan khi xng Chng trnh ngun m quc gia - chng trnh hnh ng hai nm nhm xy dng mt ngnh cng nghip phn mm nng lc thay th ton b cc phn mm ng hin ang s dng trong khi c quan nh nc v h thng trng hc. 21

ng lc cho s ra i chng trnh hnh ng ny l mong mun ct gim chi ph v thot khi s l thuc vo mt nh cung cp c quyn. Trung tm My tnh Quc gia ang ln k hoch khung cho vic chuyn h thng gio dc ton quc sang s dng phn mm ngun m nhm to nn mt mi trng o to CNTT a dng v m bo quyn t do thng tin cho mi ngi. D tnh k hoch ny s tit kim cho chnh ph khong 2 t NT$ v cho ton x hi trn 10 t NT$. Thi Lan Mt bi bo ng trn tp ch Bu in Bngkok ngy 23 thng 6 nm 2003 cho hay B CNTT v Truyn thng Thi Lan t mc tiu n cui nm 2003 s ci t Linux cho 5% h thng my tnh ca chnh ph. D n c phn b mt ngn sch 10 triu baht. Mc tiu cui cng l chuyn 50% h thng sang nn Linux. Khung thi gian c th cho mc tiu y tham vng ny vn cn cha xc nh, nhng cc d n th im th v ang c trin khai. Chng trnh PC gi r ca Thi Lan cng c cng khin cho Microsoft phi h gi bn h iu hnh Window XP kt hp cng Microsoft Office xung mc 40 USD, mc gi r nht hin nay trn th gii (theo thng k qu 3 nm 2003). Malaysia Chnh ph Malaysia bt u c chnh sch h tr phn mm ngun m k t nm 2001. Vo thng 4 nm 2002, Hip hi My tnh v Truyn thng Malaysia (PIKOM) cng b mt ti liu trong ni rng Malaysia chnh thc chp nhn phn mm ngun m. Qu trnh ng dng trin khai s bt u t cc my ch v sau m rng dn sang h thng my con hn ch n mc thp nht vic ngt qung trong hot ng. Thng 7 nm 2002, Malaysia cng cho ra i Komnas, mt loi my tnh gi r da trn phn mm ngun m. Komnas s dng mt phin bn ni a ho ca Linux, bao gm b phn mm vn phng, chc nng trnh duyt web, v nhiu tin ch khc. Nht Nht Bn ang xem xt chuyn cc d n Chnh ph in t sang vn hnh trn nn phn mm ngun m do an ton thp ca phn mm Microsoft Window. Nhng c quan c thm quyn s cng nhau thnh lp mt hi ng chuyn gia nhm nghin cu phng thc trin khai phn mm ngun m. ng thi, chnh ph Nht Bn ang chuyn i ton b h thng tr lng cng chc sang nn GNU/Linux, d tnh qua s gim mt na chi ph vn hnh h thng, c bit l chi ph bo dng phn cng. Cc khu vc khc Chu Phi Chnh ph Nam Phi c chnh sch u i phn mm ngun m tr phi cc phn mm khc t r u th tuyt i ca mnh trong mt trng hp c th. Mt trong cc l do thng c vin dn gii thch iu ny l m hnh phn mm ngun ng kiu truyn thng khin Nam Phi tr thnh nc ch yu nhp khu phn mm v khng c my nh hng i vi quy trnh xy dng cc phn mm . Chnh ph nc ny hi vng vic ng dng m hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m s gip thay i c tnh th. Tanzania th ang trin khai cc h thng phn mm ngun m vi l do gi thnh h. Uganda, Ghana v Zambia nghe ni cng ang thin v hng s dng phn mm ngun m trong cc c quan nh nc.

22

Nhng d n Phn mm ngun m thnh cng

Mc d phn mm ngun m c v l mt khi nim tng i mi, trn thc t n tn ti t rt lu trc khi Internet ra i v chng t c vai tr then cht ca mnh trong mt s ng dng c ngha quyt nh hoc mang tnh c th. Trong nhiu trng hp, phn mm ngun m gp phn hin thc ho tng mng ton cu Internet. Sau y ch l vi v d nh v nhng d n FOSS thnh cng BIND (My ch DNS) Nhng a ch Internet nh yahoo.com hay microsoft.com s khng th hot ng nu nh khng c cc My ch tn min (DNS). Nhng my ch ny s c chc nng chuyn i nhng ci tn n gin gn gi vi con ngi thnh cc nh dng s m my tnh c th nhn dng, hoc ngc li. Nu khng c nhng my ch ny, ngi s dng s phi thuc lng cc a ch dng nh 202.187.94.12 c th tm c mt website. My ch Min tn Internet Berkeley (BIND) iu khin ti 95% tng s my ch DNS trn th gii, bao gm hu ht cc my ch DNS gc nhng my ch nm gi h s gc ca ton b cc tn min trn Internet. BIND l mt chng trnh phn mm ngun m ng k theo giy php dng BSD do Tp on Phn mm Internet cp. Apache (my ch mng) Chu trch nhim nhn v thc hin cc yu cu do chc nng trnh duyt mng gi n, my ch Apache l mt trong nhng nn tng ca h thng Mng Ton Cu (www) nh ta bit n ngy nay. Apache vn ln v tr s mt v my ch mng k t nm 1996 v hin ang nm gi 62,53% th trng my ch mng ton cu, gp hn hai ln th phn ca i th cnh tranh st nht l my ch IIS ca Microsoft. Tt nhin, nhng s liu thng k trn lun thay i hng thng. S liu cp nht nht c th tm trn trang web Kho st My ch mng do Netcraft vn hnh, ti a ch http:// news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html Sendmail (my ch email) Mng Internet nh ta bit n ngy nay s khng th tn ti nu khng c email, v mt ln na, Phn mm ngun m li ng vai tr ch o trong lnh vc ny. Chc nng ca mt my ch email (i khi cn gi l im kt ni vn chuyn mail MTA) l chuyn pht th in t ca ngi gi n ch nh sn. Nhng tnh nng phc tp hn, nh gi ni tip (forwarding) v gi i chiu (redirection), chn th qung co, hay truy ngc a ch, v.v.. khin my ch email tr thnh nhng h thng kh tinh vi. Nn th qung co (hay cn gi l th rc) trn lan hin nay ang khin cho tnh an ton h thng tr thnh vn ct li i vi nhiu my ch, v nhng k kh nng di bom n hp th ca hng lot ngi th cng s c th tn cng mt my ch email v v hiu ho n i vi nhng ngi s dng chnh ng Kt qu kho st do D.J. Bernstein tin hnh nm 2001 cho thy Unix Sendmail hin ang nm gi th phn ln nht: 42% ton b cc my ch email trn th gii. Nh vy v t l chim lnh ca ng dng ngun m ny cn ln hn c th phn cng gp ca hai i th lin sau l Microsoft Exchange vi 18% th trng v Unix qmail vi 17% th trng. Lu rng qmail l mt dng my ch email da trn nn Unix nhng khng phi l phn mm ngun m do cc iu kin cp php s dng qu hn ch. Open SSH (Cng c qun tr mng an ton)

23

Khi ngi dng kt ni vi mt my ch rt xa th vic lu thng trn mng Internet c th phi qua nhiu khu trung gian kt ni, khin cho an ton thng tin tr thnh mt vn ni cm. Cng ngh V An ton (SSH) cho php ngi qun tr h thng kim sot c cc my ch t xa, an tm khi bit rng nhng thng tin h gi i gn nh s khng th b rt ta hoc lm lc hng. OpenSSH, mt chng trnh ngun m s dng cng ngh SSH, tng mc chim lnh th trng t vn vn 5% trong nm 2000 ln 66,8% vo thng 4 nm 2002. OpenSSH ra i lc l kt qu ca vic SSH thay i quy ch cp php theo hng cht ch hn. Open Office (B tnh nng ng dng vn phng) Trong khi sn phm phn mm ngun m t lu t r u th trong cc ng dng my ch, th cc gii phn phn mm ngun m dng cho my con li tng i mi. Open Office, c xy dng da theo m ngun ca phn mm Staroffice - vn l mt phn mm bn quyn, c gn cc tnh nng tng ng vi b Microsoft Office. Chng trnh ny bao gm mt b x l vn bn hon chnh, h thng bng biu v phn mm lm presentation. Mt trong nhng u im khin nhiu ngi quyt nh chuyn t mi trng Window sang Open Office l chng trnh ny c th c hu ht cc vn bn son tho trn nn Window m khng b khc mc g. iu ny gip cho quy trnh chuyn i c thc hin tng i d dng v Open Office gn y c trin khai trong nhiu d n quy m ln thay Window bng Linux. Mc d th phn m Open Office nm gi hin cha cao, ngi ta tin on t l s dng s tng mnh theo thi gian khi m ngy cng nhiu t chc nhn ra li th ca phn mm y tnh nng nhng chi ph thp ny.

Linux
Linux l g?
Linux l i din c thanh th nht ca phn mm ngun m m ngy nay gii truyn thng thng nhc n. Tuy nhin, do tnh ph cp ca n, thut ng Linux ngy cng c dng ch nhng khi nim rng hn h iu hnh Linux rt nhiu. Trc tin phi hiu nhng nh ngha khc nhau v Linux th sau mi c th bn v FOSS. Linux vi vai tr li ca h thng Linux u tin l tn ca b li do Linus Torvalds xy dng. Li l tm im trng yu ca mt h iu hnh, v h iu hnh kim sot ton b hot ng ca CPU, qun l b nh cng nh cc thit b phn cng. Li cn c chc nng kt ni cc chng trnh khc nhau chy trn nn ca h iu hnh. Ngoi Linux cn c nhiu li khc pht trin trn phn mm ngun m, bao gm c Mach li ca mt s ng dng BDS. mt chng mc no , cc li c th dng thay th cho nhau. Hu ht ng dng phn mm ngun m u chy c trn li Mach, li Linux, hay thm ch c li th nghim GNU Hurd, m khng gp kh khn g ng k. Tuy nhin, loi li c nh hng rt ln n cht lng hot ng cng nh nn phn cng ca h thng. Chng hn, do cha hon chnh m li GNU Hurd ch c th chy c trn cu hnh my x86 (my tnh c nhn). Trong khi , li Linux chy c trn hu ht mi cu trc phn cng, bao gm c Playstation 2, my ch v cc b nhng. Linux vi vai tr h thng Linux ngy nay thng c dng ch h iu hnh Linux, tc l mt phm tr rng hn li rt nhiu. H iu hnh Linux (i khi cn c gi l GNU/Linux nhc nh n cng lao ng gp ca D n GNU) hm cha li Linux tm im v ton b cc thnh 24

phn cn thit to nn mt h iu hnh hon chnh u da trn phn mm ngun m. Nhng thnh phn ny bao gm th vin h thng, GUI, c s d liu, my ch mng, cc tin ch email, v nhng chc nng khc. Cng tng y thnh phn s to nn cc h iu hnh m ngun m khc hoc thm ch c h iu hnh ngun ng. V d, XFree86 c mc nh l c s GUI cho h iu hnh Linux v BSD. XFree 86 cng ng thi c dng trong cc h iu hnh Unix ngun ng nh Solaris, HP-UX v h AIX ca IBM. Nhng bi bo ni rng Thnh ph Munich rt cuc c th s chn Linux, th y c ngha l h ang ni n h iu hnh Linux, bao hm c cc phn mm son tho vn bn, in n v email. Mc d li Linux chim cha n 0.25% (tnh theo kch c file) mt h iu hnh Linux, vai tr ca n vi ton h thng quan trng c h iu hnh c gi l Linux. H iu hnh Linux khng phi l mt cu trc c nh. Mc d mi h iu hnh Linux u c li Linux lm tm im, cc ng dng phn mm ngun m cu to nn h thng v b cc ca chng th li rt khc nhau. C kh nhiu h iu hnh thng mi, mt vi trong s c th ci t khng mt tin, v v s cc ng dng tu bin nhm p ng nhng nhu cu ring bit ca mt thiu s ngi dng. Mc d ni dung phn mm ngun m ca cc h iu hnh Linux khc nhau c th kh tng t, chng c ti u ho cho nhng mc ch s dng khc nhau nh my ch cu hnh mnh, my tnh c nhn tin dng, hay thm ch c h thng nhng. Cc h iu hnh bn a ho mc ti thiu thng bao gm font ch, phng php nhp liu v menu c dch sang ngn ng a phng phn mm c th dng ti a phng .

Linux c phi l phn mm ngun m?

Li Linux l mt ng dng m ngun m, ng k theo giy php i chng GNU. Tuy nhin, cc h iu hnh Linux khc nhau li bao hm nhng thnh phn khc nhau, mt s c th khng phi l phn mm ngun m. V d, h iu hnh Linux SuSE ca c c cha chng trnh ci t YaST khng phi l mt phn mm ngun m. H iu hnh GNU/Linux Debian l mt trong s t nhng h iu hnh ch hon ton s dng phn mm ngun m (theo nh ngha ca Chng trnh Sng kin ngun m OSI) hp thnh h thng.

Linux c th tm u?
Phn mm ngun m nh dng m ngun c th download trn Internet v khng mt tin. Bn thn li Linux c th download ti a ch http://www.kernel.org v nhng ng dng khc th c th tm ti cc website tng ng. Tuy nhin, a phn ngi s dng c khuynh hng ci t c b h iu hnh Linux. Sau y l danh sch nh cung cp nhng h iu hnh Linux ph bin nht:

Popular Linux Distributors Debian Redhat SuSe Mandrake SlackWare www.debian.org www.redhat.com www.suse.com www.mandrakelinux.com www.slackware.com 25

TurboLinux

www.turbolinux.com

Vic ci t mt h iu hnh Linux ng b c nhiu li th. u im quan trng nht so vi vic lp t tng phn l n tit kim thi gian cho ngi s dng: Thi gian download: h iu hnh Linux v cc phn mm b sung thng bao gm nhng file rt ln, ng ngha vi thi gian ownload lu. Mt modem 56 kbp s mt t nht 45 ngy ti v mt h iu hnh 3 CD chun. Cc nh cung cp cng lm h bn vic hp nht cc phn mm trnh duyt, ng dng my ch, b ng dng vn phng, v.v... trnh cho ngi dng cng vic nhm chn trong vic sn tm v download cc chng trnh phn mm c nhn. Thi gian su tm v ci t: Nhiu chng trnh FOSS c th download c nhng ch di dng m ngun. Ngi s dng, nu trnh , cn t mnh su tm v ci t phn mm . i vi cc my tnh c tc chm, vic su tm m ngun c th cn nhiu ngy, thm ch nhiu tun lin. Cc sn phm Linux thng c bn km vi h thng c su tm t trc v d ci t, ch cn cha ti 1 gi l c th ci t xong i vi cc h thng hin i. Bo hnh v cht lng: Cc i l thng tin hnh th nhiu ln m bo tt c mi b phn hot ng n khp vi nhau. V cc d n FOSS c xy dng c lp vi nhau, cho nn mt thc t d xy ra l s thay i ca mt chng trnh s lm cho cc chng trnh khc b li thi. Cc i l s gii quyt vn ny bng cch cung cp cho ngi s dng mt chng trnh thng nht c th s dng tc th. Thi gian hc cch s dng: Sch hng dn s dng v ti liu tham kho ( bn) s c cc i l cung cp km theo sn phm. V vy hc x dng Linux s thun li hn rt nhiu ngay i vi ngi c trnh trung bnh.

Quyn s hu tri tu v vic cp php

Vic cp php cho FOSS gm nhng tha thun g?
FOSS c ph bin theo cc ch cp php khc nhau. C hai loi giy php chnh v v s nhng phin bn tng t. Hai giy php chnh l Giy php i chng GNU (vit tt l GNU nhng khng phi Unix) v cc giy php kiu dng BSD. C th tm danh sch chi tit hn v cc loi giy php trn trang web ca FSF ti a ch: http:// www.fsf.org/licenses/license-list.html. Giy php i chng GNU (GPL) Giy php ny c thit k m bo rng cc quyn t do ca ngi dng s c vnh vin bo v. Ngi s dng hu nh c php lm bt c iu g h mun vi mt chng trnh cp quyn s dng i chng, bao gm c vic sao chp, ph bin, v chnh sa. Cc

26

iu kin ca loi giy php ny thng cng c chuyn giao lun khi ngi dng ph bin phn mm cho mt ngi s dng khc. Nhng iu khon ch yu ca vic ph bin giy php i chng l: Ngi ph bin mt chng trnh c cp php i chng phi ng thi ph bin lun c m ngun cho ngi nhn Nu ngi ph bin chng trnh thc hin mt sa i g cho phn mm th nhng sa i cng phi c cp php theo ch giy php i chng Ngi ph bin chng trnh khng p dng vi ngi nhn bt c hn ch no khng thuc phm vi giy php i chng Ngi nhn mt phn mm cp php i chng s c trao y nguyn mi quyn nh ngi ph bin gc, tc l quyn sao chp, chnh sa v ph bin phn mm

Phn mm theo ch cp php i chng chim mt phn ng k cc phn mm ngun m: ln ti 73% tng s d n phn mm ngun m. Mt trong nhng ng lc chnh thc y vic p dng giy php i chng cho phn mm ngun m l v mt khi c cp php vi t cch phn mm ngun m, th phn mm s mi mi l ngun m. Khng ai c th thm vo nhng ch cp php b sung tc ot ca ngi dng quyn chnh sa hay tip tc ph bin phn mm. Mt cng ty kinh doanh phn mm s khng th ly mt chng trnh cp php i chng chnh sa v bn li theo giy php ring c quyn. tm hiu chi tit v giy php i chng, xin vo a ch http://www.fsf. org/licenses/gpl.html Giy php dng BSD Giy php dng BSD (Berkeley System Distribution) c gi nh th do n c tinh thn ging vi loi giy php m Trng i hc Berkeley, bang California cp. y l mt trong nhng giy php c iu kin rng ri nht t xa n nay, cho php ngi dng lm bt c g h mun vi phn mm min tun th nhng iu kin sau: Ghi nhn cng lao ca tc gi u tin lm ra phn mm bng cch a vo file m ngun cc thng tin bn quyn gc, v Ngi pht hnh ban u s khng chu trch nhim trc php lut v bt c thit hi no pht sinh do s dng nhng phn mm ngun m c chnh sa

Cc giy php trc y thng yu cu phi nhc n Trng i hc Berkeley (hoc bt c t chc no pht hnh phn mm gc) trong mi ti liu qung b phn mm, nhng cc giy php gn y b i iu khon yu cu ny. Mt s ln cc d n xy dng phn mm ngun m, bao gm c nhng phn mm trng yu, c cp giy php dng BSD. V d: My ch mng Apache loi my ch s 1 trn Internet ngy nay H thng Window XFree86 nn tng ca hu ht cc giao din vi ngi s dng trong cc h thng phn mm ngun m FreeBSD, NetBSD v OpenBSD cc bin th ca phin bn Unix gc c cp giy php BSD; c ba u c s dng rng ri trn mng Internet, c bit l FreeBSD, chng trnh iu hnh Yahoo v dch v Hotmail ca Microsoft.

Tch hp m ngun c cp php theo ch giy php BSD vo cc ng dng thng mi v vic kh n gin. Ngay Microsoft trc y cng tng s dng mt s m BSD trong phn kt ni mng ca m ngun Window. Nhiu cng ty a c phn mm my ch Apache 27

vo trong gi phn mm thng mi m h cung cp cho khch hng. Khng ging GPL, cc giy php dng BSD khng bt buc ngi pht hnh phn mm phi ph bin m ngun, iu ny cho php cc cng ty giu nhng sa i h thc hin vi b m gc. Cc cng ty cng khng b buc phi trao cho ngi s dng quyn xem, chnh sa hoc ph bin nhng m ngun h thay i. Ph lc II lit k chi tit hn cc loi giy php phn mm khc nhau.

Phn mm ngun m c th kt hp vi phn mm ng khng?

Phn mm ngun m c th kt hp c vi phn mm m ng, tu theo cch thc kt hp v tu thuc vo cc iu khon ca giy php phn mm. Trong tt c cc giy php phn mm ngun m, giy php i chng GNU l loi i hi phi cn thn nht. N nh ngha vic kt hp nh sau: Vic cng gp n thun hai chng trnh vi nhau c ngha l t chng trnh ny cnh chng trnh kia trong cng mt CD-ROM hay cng. Ta dng thut ng trn (...) khi cc chng trnh hon ton tch bit nhau ch khng phi l nhng b phn cu thnh nn mt chng trnh phc hp. Trong trng hp ny, nu mt trong hai chng trnh c cp giy php i chng th n khng gy nh hng g n chng trnh kia. Cn kt hp hai module c ngha l kt ni chng vi nhau to nn mt chng trnh hp nht ln hn tng module ring r. Nu mt trong hai module c cp php i chng, th chng trnh hp nht cng s phi c ph bin theo cc iu kin ca giy php i chng. Nu bn khng th, hoc khng mun tun th iu ny, th khng c tin hnh vic kt hp ni trn Trong trng hp ny, nu mt ngi chy mt ng dng m ng trong mi trng h iu hnh ngun m, th ng dng s khng b nh hng bi cc iu khon giy php ca h iu hnh ngun m. V d nh khi chy c s d liu Oracle trn mt h iu hnh GNU/Linux. Cn v d cho vic kt hp chng trnh s l khi bn vit mt ng dng GUI s dng khung ng dng Gnome. Khung ng dng Gnome gip y nhanh tin xy dng chng trnh GUI bng cch cung cp cho ngi lp trnh nhng tnh nng phn mm c sn m l ra h phi vit t u. Gnome c cp php theo ch giy php i chng. Do chng trnh hon chnh (sau khi lp rp v hp nht cc module) bao hm c nhng m ngun rt t khung ng dng Gnome, ton b chng trnh cng s phi chu s iu chnh ca cc iu khon trong giy php i chng. Nhng giy php khc thng t ngt ngho hn trn phng din ny. Nu bn vit cng mt ng dng nh trn m s dng giy php dng BSD th bn ch cn ghi nhn cng ca ngi pht hnh phn mm gc trong file m ngun. Bng tng kt sau nu bt nhng im khc bit gia vic ph bin mt phn mm kt hp vi phn mm giy php i chng v mt phn mm kt hp vi phn mm giy php dng BSD: Giy php i chng C C C Giy php dng BSD Khng Khng Khng

Phi ph bin m ngun gc Phi ph bin m ngun ngi dng to mi M ngun to mi phi c cp php i chng 28

Bn a ho v quc t ho
Th no l bn a ho? Quc t ho l g?
Theo Vin Bn a ho: Bn a ho l qu trnh khi to hoc thay i mt sn phm cho ph hp vi mt a phng c th, tc l ph hp vi ngn ng, vn ho, truyn thng v cc nhu cu th trng ca mt th trng mc tiu c th. Vi sn phm bn a ho mt cch thch hp, ngi dng c th tng tc vi sn phm theo quy c ngn ng v vn ho ca mnh. iu ny cng c ngha l ton b cc ti liu v thng ip s hin th ln vi ngi s dng (d di dng in hay in t) u c th hin theo ngn ng v quy c vn ho ca ngi s dng. Sau ht, mt sn phm c bn a ho cng s p ng mi quy nh v yu cu khc ca quc gia/khu vc ngi s dng. Quc t ho l phng thc thit k v sn xut nhng sn phm c th d dng chnh sa thch ng vi cc a phng khc nhau. Vic ny i hi phi loi b khi sn phm mi yu t ngn ng, quc gia/khu vc v c th vn ho. Ni cch khc, vic pht trin mt ng dng m thit k tnh nng v thit k m khng da trn gi nh v mt th trng a l c th no, ng thi m ngun to iu kin thun li cho vic xy dng cc phin bn a phng ca chng trnh, th gi l qu trnh quc t ho sn phm.

V d v bn a ho v quc t ho
Bn a ho v quc t ho l hai khi nim thng b dng ln ln. Cc nh ngha nu trn t trong trng hp c th v sn phm phn mm cho thy r s khc bit gia hai khi nim. Xt trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm ngun m, d n Mozilla l mt v d c sc c th minh ho cho bn a ho v quc t ho. Mozilla l chc nng trnh duyt web ph bin nht v c bit n nhiu nht hin nay. Mozilla c quc t ho v cng ng nhng ngi lm phn mm trong khun kh d n Mozilla thit k v xy dng sao cho phn mm c th hot ng nhiu a phng khc nhau. Mozilla c bn a ho khi cc nh lp trnh a phng s dng bn hng dn v b x l do d n Mozilla cung cp thay i hay iu chnh sn phm khin n tr nn thch hp vi mt a phng c th. Qu trnh chnh sa ny thng lin quan n vic chuyn i giao din vi ngi s dng, dch ngn ng d liu v ng gi, cng nh thay i v tu bin cc tnh nng ca phn mm cho thch ng vi thi quen s dng ca a phng . Vic bt k ai cng c th tham gia quc t ho v bn a ho phn mm Mozilla l do y l mt d n phn mm ngun m. M ngun Mozilla c ph bin theo Gip php Cng cng Mozilla (MPL) - mt giy php da trn v c thng qua bi Sng kin Ngun m (Open Source Initiative). D n Mozilla hng ti phc v rng ri cho cng ng Internet, m theo nhn nh ca d n l mt cng ng mang tnh ton cu bao gm nhng ngi s dng Internet thuc nhiu nhm ngn ng khc nhau. Mt trong cc mc tiu ca D n Mozilla l nhm qung b cho vic bn a ho cc sn phm Mozilla theo mi ngn ng. Cc phin bn Mozilla bn a ho hon ton bao gm 34 ngn ng. Vi cc ngn ng khc, qu trnh bn a ho vn cn ang tip din.

C nhng phng php g bn a ho GNU/Linux?

29

Vic bn a ha Linux sang cc th ng n c th nhen ln mt cuc cch mng lay ng ti tn gc r x hi GS. Venkatesh Hariharan Mi quc gia hay a phng khc nhau li phi i mt vi nhng thch thc khc nhau trong qu trnh bn a ha GNU/Linux. Vi mt s a phng, vic bn a ho c th ch i hi rt t cng sc, trong khi nhng a phng khc li thy vic ny lin quan ti c mt quy trnh chnh sa v lp trnh phc tp. Vic ny tu thuc phn ln vo s tng ng gia nhng yu cu mang c th a phng v nhng yu cu bn a ho c p ng trong GNU/Linux. C nhiu phng php khc nhau c s dng bn a ho GNU/Linux, dng cc h thng m ho, nhp liu, v hin th khc nhau. Hin ti, phng php hiu qu nht v mt k thut l bn a ho qua m hnh Linux-Unicode-Open Type. Sau y l gii thch vn tt v nhng cng ngh khc nhau c th s dng: Unicode (www.unicode.org) H thng m ho ca Unicode, phin bn mi nht hin nay l Unicode 4.0, l mt chun chung ca ngnh m ho cc k t v biu tng. N rt gn vi b chun k t ph cp ISO 10646. Vic b sung mt hoc hai b chun thuc quyn iu phi ca ISO v Unicode Consortium. Tp on Unicode, do Apple v Xerox ng sng lp vo nm 1991, ngy nay c hn 100 thnh vin, bao gm c Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, Sybase, Compaq, Hewlett Packard, Oracle, Sun Microsystems, Netscape v Ericsson. Mc ch ca Unicode v ISO 10646 l nhm bao qut tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii, vi mi m k t tng ng mt glyph. T hp cc m k t s to ra nhng glyphs phc cho cc k t phc tp (c bit vi ngn ng Chu ). B chun Unicode u tin xc nh thng m ho nhng k t 16 bit, cho php to ra tng cng 65,535 k t/biu tng. Cc phin bn sau ca b chun m rng dung lng m ho tng k t ln 32 bit, cho php m ho ti hn mt triu k t v biu tng khc nhau. Chun Unicode ang ngy cng chng t tnh ph hp trong bi cnh ton cu ho ngy cng m rng. y l h thng m ho ph hp nht cho mng Internet. Chng no Internet vn tip tc bnh trng c cc nc ang pht trin v pht trin, th s khng th lm ng cc li ch ca vic tch hp Unicode vo qu trnh xy dng cc ni dung v phn mm. Open Type (www.adobe.com/type/opentype/main.html) Phng ch l khu hin th r nht kt qu ca qu trnh bn a ho v thng nhn c nhiu s ch nht t nhng ngi khng hiu bit nhiu v k thut. Do , vic xy dng phng ch thng c xem l khu tng kt v c ngha quyt nh ca vic bn a ho phn mm. Tuy nhin, trn thc t th y ch l mt trong nhng cu thnh chnh ca ton b qu trnh bn a ho, d l kt qu d nhn thy nht. Ht nh qung b cho h m ho Unicode, chng ti cng khng nh rng cc nh dng file ca Open Type l mt b chun thch hp xy dng phng ch khi tin hnh bn a ho phn mm. OpenType l mt nh dng phng ch cho nhiu h iu hnh do Microsoft v Adobe hp tc xy dng. N da trn chun m ho Unicode v cung cp nhng b k t thuc nhiu ngn ng khc nhau trong cng mt tp hp phng ch. Trong khi cc phng Western Postscipt truyn thng ch gii hn trong 256 gylph, mt b phng OpenType c th cha ti hn 65.000 gylph, cho php hin th nhiu ngn ng khc nhau trong cng mt b phng. S dng m hnh Linux-Unicode-OpenType, hu ht qu trnh bn a ho s bao gm nhng bc nh sau: 30

1) Hon thin/nng cao chun Unicode 2) Xy dng phng ch 3) Phng php nhp liu 4) iu chnh cc ng dng chng x l c k t ngn ng a phng 5) Dch cc thng ip hin th trong ng dng 6) m bo rng nhng thay i ny c cng ng Phn mm ngun m quc t chp nhn Hon thin/nng cao chun Unicode To ra h m ho c kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca v s loi ngn ng trn ton th gii l nhim v cc k phc tp. S phc tp ny a n kt qu l xut hin li v thiu st trong nh dng mt s ngn ng nht nh, c bit l ngn ng ca nhng quc gia trnh pht trin CNTT thp. Thm vo , mc d Unicode c th bao hm m ho ca tt c nhng ngn ng chnh trn th gii, nhng m ho cho cc ngn ng v phng ng khc (Ring n c ti hn 1.000 ngn ng v phng ng khc nhau) s hoc l khng hon chnh, hoc khng tn ti. Vi nhng quc gia m b chun Unicode hin thi cn cha vi ti, cn phi r sot cc chun Unicode hin hnh kin ngh Unicode Consortium b sung. Xy dng phng ch Khi xy dng c b chun Unicode nh , th thch thc tip theo s l lm sao c mt b phng ph cp, chy c trn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau. Khng c phng ch th s khng th hin th, s dng, v thao tc vi ngn ng trong mi trng in t. Cc phng hin i, nht l phng OpenType, khng n gin ch l vic trnh by trc quan mt ngn ng. Phng OpenType cn hm cha c logic ng sau vic hin th ngn t, cch thc cc gylphs tng tc v thay i ln nhau. Nhng ngn ng c bit khc bit vi h alphabet phng Ty (nh rp, Lao, v.v) thng khng c mt b phng ph cp m ai cng download xung c. Xy dng phng khng phi l mt nhim v n gin. Mt b phng mang tnh chuyn nghip v cht lng cao c th phi n mt vi nm xy dng. Phng php nhp liu Bc tip theo l tin hnh chun ho v trin khai mt h thng nhp liu bng ngn ng . Phng php nhp liu ph bin nht trong k thut in ton l bn phm v nhiu quc gia lp s quan h gia cc phm vi cc k t ca ngn ng a phng. y thng ch l nhng ng dng tm thi v nhiu khi trong mt nc c n vi ng dng nh vy. V d, Bangladesh c ti ba bn phng php g ch trn bn phm c s dng thng xuyn. Vic thiu mt chun chung thng nht l kt qu v ng thi l tc nhn gy ra tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc m k t, s bn phm, phng ch, v.v. hin nay. Vic chun ho phng php nhp liu ngay t u s to cho cc nh lp trnh mt im xut pht chung thng nht. Mt khi phng php nhp liu c chun ho, phi vit phn mm sao cho c th trin khai nhng chun ny trong mi trng GNU/Linux. Nu s k t t hn cc t hp phm, th nhim v ny n gin ch l ti lp s cc phm trn b g. Nhng khi s k t vt xa s phm trn bn g (chng hn ting Trung Quc vi 30,000 k t) th cn phi c nhng k thut tin tin hn thc hin vic ny.

31

iu chnh cc ng dng x l c h thng k t a phng Mc d a phn nhng ng dng FOSS ch yu c quc t ho, vn cnmt s iu chnh chng thch ng c vi h thng k t ngn ng a phng. V d, a phn cc chng trnh son tho vn bn s t du cch sau mi t, nhng vi ngn ng khng dng du cch, phi thit k nhng quy lut ring xc nh cu trc chia cu trong vn bn. Vic sp t, chia on, v.v., cng tn ti nhng vn tng t. a phn cc ngn ng ch yu cu s iu chnh ti thiu nhng mt s ngn ng nht nh c th i hi chnh sa rt su phn mm ng dng. Thm vo , cc thng tin c th mang tnh a phng nh nh dng ngy thng, k hiu n v tin t v nhng vn khc, cng phi c iu chnh. Vic ny thng l n gin v ch lin quan n bin tp li cc file vn bn. Chuyn i cc thng ip hin th trong ng dng Bc tip theo trong qu trnh bn a ho GNU/Linux l dch cc thng ip m ng dng khi chy s hin th ln vi ngi dng. Nhng thng ip nh Khng tm thy file hay Thao tc kt thc phi c chuyn sang ngn ng a phng. Vic ny i hi rt t trnh k thut v cc thng ip thng c tr di dng file vn bn d xem v bin tp. Tuy nhin, dch c ngn thng ip v file tr gip l mt nhim v c th mt vi nm mi hon thnh v thng l khu tn thi gian nht ca qu trnh bn a ho. Ngay c nu cng vic ny ch gii hn trong nhng ng dng thng gp nht (trnh duyt web, b ng dng vn phng) th vn i hi mt s n lc ng k. m bo rng nhng thay i trn c cng ng Phn mm ngun m quc t chp nhn Mt trong nhng li th c bn ca phng php pht trin phn mm ngun m l chi ph duy tr thng c san s gia v s ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch c thc hin nu cc thay i c ton th cng ng quc t chp nhn. Bn a ho c th lin quan n vic thay i nhiu mng khc nhau ca phn mm, mi mng li do nhng nhm d n khc nhau qun l. Do , cn tp trung n lc m bo rng mi thay i sau khi ra i c tt c cc nhm chp nhn, bng cch thc hin nhng thay i ph hp vi phng hng tng lai ca nhm d n. Vn then cht l mi nh lp trnh phi l mt thnh vin chi trong n lc chung ca dn nhc ton cu, nu khng s c nguy c b b ri vi mt phin bn bit lp ca GNU/Linux m chng ai s dng.

Thc tin in hnh

in hnh 1: FOSS trong c quan hnh chnh nh nc
Gii thiu Thnh ph Largo l mt trong nhng in hnh sm nht v trin khai ng dng Linux trong qun l hnh chnh cng. H thng CNTT ca thnh ph nh ny ti bang Florida, M h tr cho cng vic ca hn 800 nhn vin nh nc, bao gm c dch v y t v an ninh cng cng. Vic trin khai bt u vo nm 2000 v kinh nghim ca h v ng dng Linux phc v chuyn mn cho n nay l rt kh quan. ng lc cho vic trin khai Linux Vo nm 2000, Phng CNTT ca chnh quyn thnh ph Largo tin hnh nh gi cc phng n nng cp h thng do gp trc trc vi nhng sn phm OpenServer v Unixware hin dng ca cng ty Santa Cruz Operation. Rt nhiu phng n c da ra cn nhc, bao gm c h iu hnh Microsoft Window dng cho my tnh c nhn. Tuy nhin, v khi h 32

tng k thut sn c thit lp da trn nn Unix vi h thng my con cu hnh thp, chi ph phn cng v phn mm cng li nu trin khai Window s cao n mc kh lng. Thm vo , nhm CNTT khng mun chp nhn mt chu k c nh l c 2-3 nm mt ln nng cp h thng, v khi h s b buc phi tr ph nng cp ngay c khi vic nng cp l khng cn thit. Cui cng, thnh ph quyt nh gi li h tng my con cu hnh thp nhng chuyn i chng sang h iu hnh Linux da trn Red Hat. Phng php tip cn trin khai Bt u t nm 2000, mt gii php phn mm c trin khai th nghim v vo gia nm 2001 th hon thin. Hai my ch Compaq c b x l kp tnh nng vo loi mnh nht thi by gi m ng vic cung cp tt c cc dch v m ngi dng cn n. Mt lot ng dng phn mm ngun m v phn mm bn quyn c kt hp, bao gm c Netscape (phn mm trnh duyt web), Evolution (chc nng email), v WordPerfect 8 (chng trnh son tho vn bn). H qun l c s d liu Oracle c kh nng p ng nhng yu cu phc tp ca c s d liu thnh ph, cn cho cc nhu cu ca cng vic vn phng th ngi dng Linux vn c th s dng Microsoft Excel hay PowerPoint thng qua s kt hp ca h iu hnh Window NT trn my ch Citrix Metaframe. Tng cng trong h thng c khong 20 my ch cng hot ng, v chy mt hn hp cc h iu hnh Linux, Window v Unix. Trn cc my c nhn th mi vic n gin hn nhiu. M hnh my con cu hnh thp ch t ra yu cu ti thiu cho nhng my con bn. Do , vi my c nhn th c th ch cn mua loi gi r. Trong nhiu trng hp, nhm CNTT xoay s mua c nhng loi my bn ch tn c 5 la/my. Vi tui th trung bnh 10 nm v linh kin tng i t, cc my bn ny him khi hng hc v c tui th lm vic di hn loi my tnh c nhn thng thng. Kt qu Vic chuyn i sang Linux c tnh tit kim c cho thnh ph 1 triu la ring trong nm u. Ngn sch dnh cho CNTT ca Largo hin nay ch bng 40% cc thnh ph c quy m tng t. Trong khi nhng thnh ph khc vi quy m tng ng thng phi chi t 3 - 4% tng ngn sch cho CNTT th Largo xoay s tng i n vi mc chi ch chim 1.3% ngn sch thnh ph. Tnh hiu qu ca Linux trong vic tn dng ti u cng sut phn cng cng em li nhng khon tit kim khng l. Nhm CNTT ca thnh ph d on cho n nm 2007, h s khng phi nng cp h thng cc my con bn. Vic gim chi ph nhn cng do thay i ny em li cng kh ng k. Trung tm gii p k thut gi ch cn t 2 n 3 ngi h tr cho tng cng 800 ngi s dng (l cc cng chc v nhn vin ca chnh quyn thnh ph). S lng k thut vin cn n t nh vy l do h thng mi m bo c tnh n nh, ng tin cy, v d d on. Cc thnh vin cn li trong nhm 10 ngi ca phng CNTT gi y c th rnh tay lo nhng cng vic khc, bao gm c vic tip tc ci thin nng cp c s h tng CNTT cho thnh ph.

Cc ti liu c th tham kho thm: 1. Haber, Lynn, City saves with Linux, thin clients, 10 April 2002, ZDNet; available from http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2860180,00.html; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003.

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2. Harris, Stephen E., City of Largo Completes Desktop Transition, 27 August 2001, ConsultingTimes; available from http://www.consultingtimes.com/articles/desktop/ largo.html; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003. 3. Miller, Robin, Largo loves Linux more than ever, 9 December 2002, Newsforge.com; available from http://newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=02/12/04/ 2346215&mode=thread&tid=19; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003. 4. The Dravis Group, Open Source Software: Case Studies Examining Its Use, April 2003; available from http://www.dravis.net/reports.html; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003.

in hnh 2: FOSS trong gio dc

Gii thiu D n my tnh cho cc trng hc GOA (GSCP) c pht ng ti bang GOA (n ) nhm trang b cc phng my tnh cho cc trng ph thng trung hc ca bang. Cc d n th im u tin c tin hnh nm 2000 v sau khi nh gi kt qu, d n giai on 2 ln hn c tin hnh nm 2002. D n GSCP c s hp tc ca cc t chc cng, t v phi chnh ph. S gio dc GOA, T chc m Linux, D n phi chnh ph my tnh cho trng hc GOA v T chc t thin pht trin cng ng Sudharop Goa gp phn vo thnh cng ca d n ny. Vi vic s dng li cc my c v h iu hnh FOSS GNU/Linux, 125 trng hc c trang b cc my tnh m nu khng c d n ny cc trng ni trn khng c c. ng lc trin khai Ph tn l ng c u tin cho vic s dng h iu hnh GNU/Linux, c bit l chi ph cho vic cp php bn quyn phn mm. Do d n ngay t u quyt nh s dng li my c (cng t cc l do ph tn), vic tm kim phn mm ci t cho my tr thnh mt vn ch cht. Cc my ny khi c tip nhn thng l trong tnh trng cc cng b xo trng v l do an ninh t pha cc t chc hin tng. Chi ph mua phn mm ci t cho cc my tnh ny lm ph tn s dng chng tng ln nhiu ln. Bmg phng thc my c cng h iu hnh GNU/Linux, d n GSCP c th ci t cho mt my vi chi ph ch ti 35US$/my v cha ti 350US$ cho c mt phng my bao gm c u ni mng. Trong khi , nu mua phn mm c bn quyn, ch ring mt my cng phi tn t nht 400-500$, gp nhiu ln gi ca mt my tnh. Vic hch ton ton din c thc hin cho d n ny. Cn c vo d liu ca cc d n thc hin trc cc bang khc ca n (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu v Kerala), ngi ta c tnh phng thc my c cng h iu hnh GNU/Linux tit kim c ti 77% so vi gii php c in (phn mm c bn quyn cng phn cng mi). Phi hp GNU/Linux vi phn cng mi c th tit kim c 64% chi ph so vi phng thc phn mm c bn quyn cng phn cng mi. Cch tip cn trin khai D n GSCP s dng my tnh c nhp t cc nc giu c v pht trin hn. Cc my ny thng l my c lc hu, do cc c quan, x nghip nh k thi ra mi khi nng cp h thng. Sau khi kim tra v sa cha cn thit, cc my ny c ci t h iu hnh

34

GNU/Linux. Cc c s ln hn (cc phng c trn 4 my) th s dng h iu hnh GNU/Linux vi cu trc mng my con cu hnh thp Mi phng my tnh thng c lp ln vi s phi hp gia d n GSCP v trng hc a phng. GSCP cung cp thit b v o to gio vin, cn nh trng th cung cp cng, mc ni dy v bn gh cho phng my. Sau khi lp t, phng my s c nh trng s dng trong gi v cng ng s dng sau gi hc. Kt qu Mt cuc kho st tin hnh mt nm sau khi my c a ln tu cho thy 90% s my c lp t v 76% c a vo s dng. Cc trng s dng m hnh mng my con cu hnh thp, cng ng thi l cc trng nhn t 4 my tr ln, l nhng ni s dng my hiu qu nht. Cc trng vng th s dng my hiu qu hn trng nng thn v nhng l do khc nhau, trong c l do c h tr tt hn v nhn c s my nhiu hn (v ng hc sinh hn). Cc trng nay yu cu mi hc sinh phi ng 20 xu chi cho vic bo dng my v truy cp internet. Hin nay cng ang tin hnh th im vic thu ph s dng my v truy cp internet i vi cng ng trong thi gian sau gi hc. Kinh nghim t cc d n thc hin cc nc khc cho thy iu ny l kh thi v cng s mang li kt qu Goa.

Cc ti liu c th tham kho thm: 1. The Goa Schools Computer Project website; available from http://www.gscp.org/; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003. 2. Martyris, Daryl, Community Government partnerships and open source technology for low cost IT access in India A case study, July 2003; available from http://www.developmentgateway.com/node/133831/sdm/blob?pid=5474; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003. 3. Noronha, Frederick, Linux provides cheaper alternatives for schools in India, 9 January 2002, Newsforge.com; available from http://newsforge.com/ article.pl?sid=02/01/09/1252220&mode=thread&tid=23; Internet; accessed on November 7, 2003.

35

Ph lc I: Ngn ng chuyn dng

ng dng Cc ng dng l phn mm c vit ra hng dn tnh nng (functionality) cho ngi s dng. Tnh nng c th bao gm t cc chc nng cho ngi s dng cui cng nh x l vn bn v c email cho ti cc chc nng my ch nh c s d liu v my ch trang web. Bug (Li phn mm) Mt li no trong phn mm lm cho vic vn hnh chng trnh b trc trc, ngng tr hoc khng t chun. Cc li mi thng xuyn xut hin do s sut ca lp trnh vin v hu ht cc ng dng ln u mang sn li trong h thng. FTP (File Transfer Protocol - Phng thc truyn tp d liu) FTP l phng thc truyn cc tp tin, c vn bn v d liu. Tiu chun FPT c thit lp ngay t nhng nm u khi xut hin Internet v hin nay vn cn l mt trong nhng cch thc truyn ti d liu thng dng nht gia cc h thng my vi tnh. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) L ngn ng c s dng m ho tt c cc trang web thuc h thng WWW (mng li kt ni my tnh trn ton cu). HTML cha c d liu v hng dn cch sp xp d liu sao cho ph hp trong mt trnh duyt trang web. N cng cha cc ch dn cch tip cn d liu lin quan. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) L phng thc kim sot truyn ti d liu gia cc my khc nhau. HTTP l cch thc truyn ti c s dng ph bin nht gia cc my web ch v cc trnh duyt web, mc d n c s dng truyn cc loi d liu v thng tin khc. HTTP c tr gip cho vic m ho v nn (d liu). LAN (Local Area Network - Mng cc b) L mng my tnh d liu, thng gii hn trong mt khu vc a l hp nh trong mt to bin-inh vn phng hay mt ngi nh. Mt LAN c th c kt ni vi mng internet hoc ch l mt mng ring, khc bit lin lc hon ton ni b vi nhau. LAN thng c s dng trong vic chia s cc ti liu ngun in ra v cc d liu gia cc my vi tnh. Operating System (OS - H iu hnh) OS l mt tp hp cc phn mm kim sot phn cng (cc a, cc trnh by, bn phm, chut...) v cc ng dng phn mm trn mt my vi tnh. OS qun l v phn b cc ngun vt l (b phn x l d liu - CPU, thi gian x l, dung lng cng, thng tin np t bn phm, v.v...) trong cc ng dng khc nhau vn hnh trong h thng. OS cung cp tnh nng cho ngi s dng mc ti thiu. Tnh nng cho ngi s dng thng c cung cp thng qua cc ng dng, trong khi OS gi vai tr trung gian gia phn cng v ng dng. Microsoft Windows, GNU/Linux, Sun Microsystems Solaris v Mac OS X l nhng th d v OS. Proprietary Software (Phn mm ng/phn mm c bn quyn)

36

Thng c dng ch phn mm do cc cng ty thng mi sn xut v c s dng theo cc giy php rt hn ch. Bt k mt phn mm no c a ra theo cc giy php ngoi cc giy php c FSF v/hoc OSI thng qua u c coi l cc phn mm c bn quyn phc v cho mc ch ca bn a ra. Thng thng, ngi s dng cc phn mm c bn quyn khng c php ph bin cho ngi khc; v cng khng c php tip cn m ngun, tuy vn c cc trng hp ngoi l. Phn mm i chng khng c coi l c bn quyn. Phn mm i chng L phn mm khng thuc quyn s hu ring v ai cng c th s dng, khng b gii hn. M ngun M ngun i din cho cc ch dn m con ngi c th hiu c v l trung tm ca bt k chng trnh no, d l cc h thng iu hnh nh Linux hay Microsoft Windows, hoc cc ng dng k ton, c s d liu v ho nh Oracle, MS SQL Server v Photoshop. Tuy m ngun khng phi l iu d hiu i vi ngi thng, nhng cc k s phn mm th c th hiu mt cch d dng, c th chnh l v sa i cc chng trnh s dng m ngun gc. Chng hn, mt phn m ngun c th di dng sau: Float distance (p0, p1) struct point p0, p1; { float xdist = p1.x - p0.x; float ydist = p1.y - p0.y; return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist); } Sau khi k s phn mm hon thnh phn vic lin quan ti m ngun, n s c chuyn thnh m m my tnh hiu c di dng sau: 1314258944 1411907592 -234880989 1644167167 572518958 -232267772 -231844736 -234879837 -3214848 -803143692 -231844864 2159150 -234879966 1090581031 1314803317 1634862 1420296208 -232295424 1962942495

t k s c th hiu, ch cha ni ti vic b sung, mt chng trnh mt khi n c chuyn thnh m m my tnh c th c c. V vy, phn ln cc phn mm c bn quyn ch c ph bin di dng c bng my v m ngun l mt b mt c bo v nghim ngt. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol Phng thc kim sot truyn ti i vi Internet) L phng thc nn tng cho phn ln mng Internet ngy nay, cng nh cho phn ln cc mng Ethernet LAN. TCP/IP do c quan DARPA ca M a ra. y l phng thc tin cy gip cho vic thng tin thng sut cp rt thp. Phn ln cc phng thc Internet (HTTP, FTP, telnet) c xy dng trn phng thc TCP/IP. Thin Client (mng my con cu hnh thp)

37

Mt h tng c s thin-client l mt cu trc h thng trong phn ln cng vic tnh ton v lu tr d liu c thc hin trn nhng my ch cc mnh. Cn h thng ca ngi s dng c ci t trong my c nhn c cng sut thp, ch th hin d liu do my ch cung cp. Cc h thng my con chun t trn nn Microsoft Windows hin nay u thuc loi mng kt ni cu hnh mnh (fat client), tc l h thng trong phn ln vic x l v lu tr c thc hin trn my tnh c nhn v ch mt phn hn ch cng vic c thc hin trn my ch. Vic s dng h tng c s thin-client cng c mt s li th, ch yu l chi ph phn cng v bo dng thp. V tt c d liu c lu gi trn my ch, k c cc ng dng, nn cc nh qun l thun li hn trong cng vic cng nh trong vic nng cp h thng. Ch mt thay i ca my ch chnh s c th hin trn ton b h thng ca ngi s dng. Do vic x l v lu tr d liu ch mc ti thiu nh vy nn khng cn phi nng cp thng xuyn cc my c nhn thuc h thng thin-client nh yu cu i vi cc my thuc h thng fat-client nh hin nay.

38

Ph lc II: Cc giy php cho phn mm

Di y l danh sch lit k nhng giy php cho phn mm, so snh vi GPL: Bng thng k c ly t: http:// www.fsf.org/licenses/license-list.html GPL-Compatible, Free Software Licenses

39

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

The GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short The GNU Lesser General Public License, or GNU LGPL for short The license of Guile

http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.html http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/lesser.html -

The license of the run-time units of the GNU Ada compiler The X11 license Expat license http://www.x.org/terms.htm http://www.jclark.com/xml/copying.txt

Standard ML of New Jersey Copyright http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/what/smlnj/license.html License Public Domain The Cryptix General License The modified BSD license The license of ZLib The license of the iMatix Standard Function Library The W3C Software Notice and License The Berkeley Database License The OpenLDAP License, Version 2.7 The License of Python 1.6a2 and earlier versions The License of Python 2.0.1, 2.1.1, and newer versions The Perl License The Clarified Artistic License The Artistic License, 2.0 The Zope Public License version 2.0 The Intel Open Source License (as published by OSI) http://www.cryptix.org/docs/license.html http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#5 http://www.gzip.org/zlib/zlib_license.html http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright software.html http://www.sleepycat.com/license.net http://www.openldap.org/software/release/license.html http://www.python.org/doc/Copyright.html http://www.python.org/2.0.1/license.html http://www.statistica.unimib.it/utenti/dellavedova /software/artistic2.html http://www.zope.org/Resources/ZPL http://www.opensource.org/licenses/intel-open source-license.html

GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses

40

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

The Arphic Public License The original BSD license The Apache License, Version 1.0 The Apache License, Version 1.1 The Zope Public License version 1 The license of xinetd The License of Python 1.6b1 and later versions, through 2.0 and 2.1
The old OpenLDAP License, Version 2.3

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/chinese-fonts-truetype/ LICENSE http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.htm l#6 http://www.apache.org/LICENSE-1.0 http://www.apache.org/LICENSE-1.1 http://www.zope.org/Resources/ZPL http://www.xinetd.org/license http://www.handle.net/python_licenses/python1. 6_9-5-00.html http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/op ensource/license10.html http://www.eclipse.org/legal/cpl-v05.html http://phorum.org/license.txt http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/MPL-1.1.html http://bits.netizen.com.au/licenses/NOSL/nosl.txt http://www.borland.com/devsupport/interbase/o pensource/IPL.html http://www.netbeans.org/spl.html http://www.mozilla.org/NPL/NPL-1.0.html http://www.jabber.com/license/index.shtml http://www.openoffice.org/licenses/sissl_license .html http://www.trolltech.com/developer/licensing/qpl .html http://www.php.net/license/2_02.txt

The license of Vim, Version 5.7 IBM Public License, Version 1.0 Common Public License Version 0.5 The Phorum License, Version 1.2 The LaTeX Project Public License The Mozilla Public License (MPL) The Netizen Open Source License (NOSL), Version 1.0 The Interbase Public License, Version 1.0 The Sun Public License The Netscape Public License (NPL) The Jabber Open Source License, Version 1.0 The Sun Industry Standards Source License 1.0 The Q Public License (QPL), Version 1.0 The FreeType license The PHP License, Version 2.02

Non-Free Software Licenses

41

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

The (Original) Artistic License The Apple Public Source License (APSL) The Sun Community Source License The Plan 9 License Open Public License The Utah Public License eCos Public License The Sun Solaris Source Code (Foundation Release) License, Version 1.1 The YaST License Daniel Bernstein's licenses The "Aladdin Free Public License" The Scilab license The AT&T Public License The Jahia Community Source License

http://www.perl.com/language/misc/Artistic.html http://www.publicsource.apple.com/apsl/ http://koala.ilog.fr/jackaroo/OPL_1_0.TXT -

54 55 56 57 58 59

42

Ph lc III: Cp php ln u
Tm tt Ti liu ny c cng b theo giy php Creative Commons Attribution 1.0. Ni vn tt, ngi c c t do: Sao chp, ph bin, trng by v ng dng ti liu Tin hnh sa i hoc b sung ti liu S dng ti liu cho mc ch thng mi Ghi nhn cng lao ca tc gi u tin s dng li hoc ph bin, cn lm r vi mi ngi cc iu kin cp php ca ti liu ny.

Vi cc iu kin sau:

Nu c php ca tc gi th khng cn cc iu kin trn. Vic s dng hp l v cc quyn khc s khng b nh hng bi cc iu kin nu trn. Giy php y Phin bn mi nht ca loi giy php ny c th tm thy a ch: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0legalcode Tc phm (nh nh ngha di y) c cung cp theo cc iu khon ca Giy php Creative Commons Public ny (gi tt l CCPL hay Giy php). Tc phm c bo v theo lut bn quyn v/hoc cc lut c lin quan. Nghim cm vic s dng tc phm cho nhng mc ch ngoi phm vi quy nh ti Giy php ny. Vic thc hin bt c quyn no lin quan ti tc phm nu y cng c ngha l ngi s dng chp nhn v ng tun th cc iu kin ca Giy php. Ngi cp php trao cho ngi s dng cc quyn nh nu di y vi iu kin c s chp thun nh trn ca ngi s dng. 1. nh ngha a. Tc phm tp th ch kt qu mt cng vic, v d nh mt tp ch xut bn thng k, mt tuyn tp hay mt b bch khoa ton th, trong Tc phm c a vo di dng nguyn vn, khng b sa i, cng mt s ng gp khc m bn thn nhng ng gp cng l nhng sn phm c lp v ring bit, c tp hp li trong mt tng th tc phm hon chnh. Mt sn phm cu thnh nn Tc phm tp th s khng b coi l Tc phm m phng (nh nh ngha di y) v cc mc ch ca Giy php ny. b. Tc phm m phng ch mt sn phm da trn mt Tc phm c th hoc mt Tc phm cng vi nhng cng trnh sn c khc, chng hn nh mt tc phm dch, mt chuyn th m nhc, chuyn th sn khu, mt tc phm c tiu thuyt ho, mt chuyn th phim, mt bn ghi m, mt tc phm ti to ngh thut, mt tc phm c rt gn, c ng, hoc bt c hnh thc no theo Tc phm c th c ti to, chuyn ho, hay phng theo, tr phi mt sn phm cu thnh nn Tc phm tp th s khng b coi l mt sn phm m phng v cc mc ch ca Giy php ny.

43

c. Ngi cp php ch mt c nhn hay mt thc th ng ra cung cp Tc phm theo cc iu khon ca Giy php ny. d. Tc gi gc ch mt c nhn hay thc th to ra Tc Phm. e. Tc phm ch sn phm c bn quyn tc gi c cung cp theo cc iu khon ca Giy php ny f. Ngi s dng ch mt c nhn hay thc th ang thc hin cc quyn c trao bi giy php v cha vi phm nhng iu khon ca giy php lin quan n Tc Phm; hoc c nhn php cp tc t ngi cp php thc hin cc quyn quy nh bi Giy php ny mc d trc y c vi phm. 2. Quyn s dng bnh ng. Khng ni dung no trong Giy php ny nhm gim, hn ch, hay gii hn bt c quyn g pht sinh t quyn s dng bnh ng, quyn bn u tin, hoc nhng hn ch khc vi quyn ring bit ca ngi s hu bn quyn theo lut bn quyn v cc lut lin quan. 3. Cp php. Theo cc iu khon v quy nh ca Giy php ny, ngi cp php sau y trao cho ngi s dng giy php vnh vin (trong thi hn bn quyn), khng ring bit, khng chu ph bn quyn, v c hiu lc ton cu thc hin nhng quyn sau y vi Tc phm: a. Ti to li Tc phm, tp hp Tc phm vo mt hoc nhiu cng trnh tp th, hoc ti to li Tc phm a vo cng trnh tp th. b. To v ti to cc sn phm m phng c. Sao chp, trng by cng khai, trnh din cng khai, v trnh din cng khai bng cc phng tin truyn thanh k thut s Tc phm c cp php. d. Sao chp, trng by cng khai, trnh din cng khai, v trnh din cng khai bng cc phng tin truyn thanh k thut s sn phm m phng Tc phm. Ngi s dng c th thc hin cc quyn trn bng mi phng tin v hnh thc c bit n hin nay hoc sau ny mi xut hin. Cc quyn trn bao gm c quyn tin hnh nhng chnh sa cn thit v mt k thut c th thc hin quyn trn cc phng tin v hnh thc khc. Mi quyn khng c ngi cp php nhc n u phi bo lu. 4. Hn ch. Giy php cp theo iu 3 trn y s b gii hn bi nhng hn ch sau: a. Ngi s dng ch c th ph bin, trng by cng khai, trnh din cng khai, hoc trnh din cng khai bng phng tin k thut s Tc phm theo cc iu khon ca Giy php ny, v ngi s dng phi km bn copy Giy php vo tng bn sao hay chp Tc phm m mnh ph bin, trng by, trnh din, hoc trnh din bng phng tin k thut s. Ngi s dng khng c p t ln Tc phm bt k iu kin no lm thay i hay hn ch nhng iu khon ca Giy php ny hoc vic thc hin quyn c trao sau y ca ngi nhn. Ngi s dng khng c ti cp php cho Tc phm. Ngi s dng phi gi nguyn vn mi thng tin lin quan n Giy php ny cng nh lin quan n tuyn b ph nhn trch nhim bo hnh. Ngi s dng khng c ph bin, trng by cng khai, hoc trnh din cng khai Tc phm bng nhng phng php cng ngh c kh nng kim sot quyn tip cn hay s dng Tc phm theo cch thc tri vi nhng iu khon ca Giy php ny. Quy nh trn cng p dng cho Tc phm khi n c tp hp trong mt cng trnh tp th, nhng khng yu cu phn cn li ca cng trnh tp th ny phi tun th cc iu khon ca Giy php. Nu ngi s dng ang bin son mt cng trnh tp th, khi c yu cu ca ngi cp php, ngi s dng phi trong chng mc c th 44

 xo khi cng trnh tp th mi thng tin tham chiu n ngi cp php hay tc gi gc ca Tc phm. Nu ngi s dng ang xy dng mt sn phm m phng, khi c yu cu ca ngi cp php, ngi s dng phi trong chng mc c th xo khi sn phm m phng mi thng tin tham chiu n ngi cp php hay tc gi gc ca Tc phm. b. Nu ngi s dng ph bin, trng by cng khai, trnh din cng khai, hoc trnh din cng khai bng phng tin k thut s Tc phm hay bt k mt Tc phm m phng hoc Tc phm tp th no, th ngi phi gi nguyn mi thng bo v bn quyn cho Tc phm v phi ghi nhn v gii thiu mt cch hp l cng lao ca Tc gi u tin thng qua cc phng tin c s dng bng cch gii thiu r tn (hoc bt danh nu c) ca Tc gi u tin; tn gi ca Tc phm nu c; trong trng hp Tc phm m phng, cn nu r vic s dng Tc phm c th trong Tc phm m phng (th d: Bn dch Tc phm t ting Php ca Tc gi u tin, hoc Kch bn c da trn Tc phm gc ca Tc gi u tin). Nhng ghi nhn nh vy c th c thc hin di dng hp l bt k, tt nhin vi iu kin l i vi trng hp mt Tc phm m phng hoc mt Tc phm tp th, ti thiu s ghi nhn cng phi xut hin cng ch v cng trang trng nh cc tc gi khc. 5. Ni dung din t, bo hnh, v loi tr trch nhim a. Vic a Tc phm ra vi cng chng theo cc iu khon ca giy php ny c ngha l ngi cp php ly uy tn ra m bo rng, trong phm vi hiu bit ti a ca mnh sau khi tin hnh cc tm hiu hp l: i. Ngi cp php m bo tt c cc quyn cn thit lin quan n tc phm c quy nh trong Giy php ny, v m bo rng ngi s dng s thc hin cc quyn hp php c trao theo Giy php ny m khng phi tr bt c ph bn quyn, ph Giy php bt buc, l ph, hay chi ph no khc; ii. Tc phm ny khng vi phm bn quyn, nhn hiu thng mi, quyn ph cp, quyn cng dn hay bt c quyn no khc ca mt bn th ba, khng lm tn hi n uy tn, xm phm quyn ring t, hay gy ra bt k tn hi tinh thn no cho mt bn th ba. b. Tr phi Giy php ny c quy nh khc, hoc hai bn c nhng tho thun khc bng vn bn hay phi tun th mt lut c lin quan, Tc phm c cp php trn c s tnh trng thc t, khng c bt c bo hnh no d l cng khai hay ngm nh, bao gm nhng khng gii hn trong cc bo hnh v ni dung hoc tnh chnh xc ca Tc phm. 6. Gii hn trch nhim. Ngoi phm vi theo yu cu ca lut c p dng v ngoi tr nhng thit hi thuc trch nhim i vi bn th ba do vi phm cc iu khon bo hnh nu trong phn 5, trong bt k trng hp no, ngi cp php cng khng phi chu trch nhim v php l trc ngi s dng v bt c thit hi no, d l thit hi c bit, ngu nhin, l hu qu ca mt hnh ng khc, hoc thit hi do vic trng pht hoc rn e pht sinh t giy php ny hoc do vic s dng sn phm, ngay c khi ngi cp php c khuyn co v kh nng xy ra nhng thit hi . 7. Chm dt hiu lc a) Giy php v cc quyn nu di y s mc nhin khng cn hiu lc khi ngi s dng vi phm cc iu khon ca Giy php ny. Tuy nhin, cc giy php ca nhng c nhn hoc thc th tip nhn cc Tc phm m phng hoc cc Tc 45

phm tp th t ngi s dng theo quy nh ca Giy php ny s khng b chm dt hiu lc vi iu kin cc c nhn hoc thc th vn tip tc tun th y nhng giy php . Cc mc 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 v 8 s khng b nh hng trong trng hp hiu lc ca Giy php ny b chm dt. b) Theo cc iu khon v iu kin nu trn, giy php c cp y l vnh vin (trong sut thi gian p dng bn quyn trong Tc phm). Tuy nhin, Ngi cp php bo lu quyn pht hnh Tc phm theo cc iu khon giy php khc hoc chm dt ph bin Tc phm vo bt k thi gian no, tuy nhin vi iu kin l vic lm s khng dn ti vic rt Giy php ny (hoc bt k giy php no khc c cp hoc yu cu c cp theo cc iu khon ca Giy php ny), v Giy php ny s tip tc c y hiu lc v gi tr nu khng b chm dt nh ni trn y. 8. Cc vn khc a) Mi khi ngi s dng ph bin hoc cng khai thc hin bng k thut s mt Tc phm hoc mt Tc phm tp th, mt giy php s c cp cho Tc phm theo cng cc iu khon v iu kin nh giy php cp cho ngi s dng theo Giy php ny. b) Mi khi ngi s dng ph bin hoc cng khai thc hin bng k thut s mt Tc phm m phng, mt giy php s c cp cho Tc phm gc theo cng

cc iu khon v iu kin nh giy php cp cho ngi s dng theo Giy php ny.

c) Giy php ny l tho thun gia cc bn lin quan n Tc phm c cp php. Khng c mt hiu bit ngm, tho thun hay din t no khc ngoi nhng ni dung c trnh by y. Ngi cp php s khng b rng buc bi bt c iu khon b sung no c kh nng xut hin trong qu trnh trao i thng tin vi ngi s dng. Giy php ny khng th b chnh sa nu khng c s ng thun th hin bng vn bn gia ngi cp php v ngi s dng.
Creative Commons khng phi l mt bn ch th ca Giy php ny, v khng ng ra bo m bt c iu g c lin quan n Tc phm. Creative Commons s khng chu trch nhim vi ngi s dng hoc bt k bn lin quan no trong bt c gi thit php l no v bt k thit hi no c th xy ra, bao gm nhng khng gii hn trong cc loi thit hi chung, thit hi c th, thit hi bt cht hay thit hi c h thng pht sinh lin quan n Giy php ny. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp Creative Commons t xc nh r mnh l ngi cp php, th t chc ny s b rng buc bi mi quyn v ngha v ca Ngi cp php. Ngoi tr mc ch hn ch l nhm ch r vi cng chng Tc phm c cp php theo ch giy php cng cng ca Creative Commons, khng bn lin quan c s dng thng hiu Creative Commons hoc bt k biu tng hay thng hiu c lin quan no ca Creative Commons m khng c s ng trc bng vn bn ca Creative Commons. Nu c ng , mi vic s dng thng hiu phi tun th theo vn bn hng dn cp nht nht ca Creative Commons v s dng thng hiu, ph bin trn website ca t chc hoc c cung cp khi c yu cu Nu mun lin lc vi Creative Commons, xin vo http://creativecommons.org/

Ph lc IV: Qu trnh bin son ti liu

Ngy 7 thng 11 nm 2003 - Bin tp ln cui bi Patricia B. Arinto 46

B Ph lc GPL Tp hp cc gp b sung sau vo bn tho cui cng: Shahid Akhtar Tan Wooi Tong Bn tho 0.9.2 c son vi kin gp ca nhng ngi sau: Arun M Serge Marelli Karl O. Pinc Imran William Smith Anousak Souphavanh Richard Stallman Gaurab Raj Upadhaya Nhng thay i quan trng: Vit li phn v bn a ha B sung hai trng hp in hnh B sung danh mc t chuyn dng B sung li ni u xc nh nhng c gi m ti liu hng ti B sung giy php ni dung m vo phn Ph lc Hiu nh phn T tng FOSS: nh ngha FSF v OSI nhm sa li s thiu chnh xc v FSF Bn tho 0.9 c son vi kin gp ca: Shahid Akhtar Jethro Cramp Tin s Nah Soo Hoe Bjorn Stabell Tan Wooi Tong Raul Zambrano Bn tho u tin ca ti liu c vit bi Kenneth Wong v Phet Sayo, Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin Chu -Thi Bnh Dng

Ngy 16 thng 10 nm 2003 -

Ngy 1 thng 10 nm 2003 -

Ngy 1 thng 9 nm 2003 -

Ngy 1 thng 6 nm 2003

47

Ch thch
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APDIP Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin chu Thi Bnh Dng (APDIP) l mt sng kin ca Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hip Quc (UNDP) nhm mc tiu thc y s pht trin v ng dng ca ICT mi nhm xa i gim ngho v s pht trin nhn lc bn vng ti Khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng. Chng trnh c thc hin thng qua ba lnh vc chng trnh trng tm l : i thoi v Pht trin Chnh sch; Truy cp; v Pht trin ni dung v Qun l Tri thc. Hp tc cht ch vi cc Chnh ph, APDIP tm cch h tr cc t chc Quc gia v Khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng thng qua cc hot ng lin quan n nng cao nhn thc v ng h tch cc, xy dng nng lc, thc y chnh sch v i thoi v ICT, thc y vic tip cn bnh ng i vi cc cng c v cng ngh, chia x tri thc, v ni mng. Quan h i tc gia khu vc cng t nhn v cc c hi hp tc k thut gia cc nc ang pht trin (TCDC) chnh l nhng ni dung c bn ca qu trnh trin khai mi chng trnh. http://www.apdip.net

IOSN Mng Phn mm Ngun m Quc t (IOSN) l sng kin ca Chng trnh Thng tin Pht trin chu Thi Bnh Dng (APDIP). Mc tiu bao trm l phc v nh mt Trung tm Chuyn nghip v Trao i Thng tin v Phn mm Ngun m / T do (FOSS) ca khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng. IOSN tm cch nng cao nhn thc v FOSS, h tr cho cng ng s dng FOSS, tng cng nng lc v FOSS v trin khai R&D v FOSS. Nhng ni th hng ca IOSN l cc Chnh ph, cc nh chuyn nghip IT, cc k s pht trin phn mm, cng ng R&D v FOSS, cc vin hn lm v cng ng cc t chc Phi Chnh ph NGO. IOSN phc v nh mt trung tm ngun lc nhm gip cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v ra quyt nh ca khu vc nh nc, cc trng hc, doanh nghip v cc n v xy dng chnh sch v k hoch cho vic ng dng FOSS trong cc t chc y trin vng ca mnh. Phn ln cc hot ng ca IOSN c trin khai trc tuyn v cng IOSN (www.iosn.net) v ang c xy dng phc v cho mc ch ny v phc v nh mt trung tm ngun trc tuyn v FOSS. Cng IOSN cng cung cp phng tin cho cng ng FOSS trong khu vc nhm ng gp n lc v tng tc. http://www.iosn.net

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