B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM

THNH PH H CHNH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

TM HIU C IM, TNH CHT CA NGUYN LIU

HNG THM, CHT TO MU, CHT BO QUN
TRONG NC GII KHT
GVHD: VNH LONG
THI GIAN: TH 4; TIT 11-12
NHM 04: L Quc Nht
Dng Th Bch Trm
Trn NhThi
Nguyn Hi Triu
Nguyn Th Duy

3005100541
3005100801
3005100709
3005100837
3005100149

TP.HCM thng 12, nm 2012

MC LC
Ni Dung

Trang

1. TNG QUAN V PH GIA THC PHM ...................................................................................4

1.1. Cc Khi Nim ..............................................................................................................................4
1.2. Phn Loi: .....................................................................................................................................4
1.3. Qun L Cc Ph Gia: ..................................................................................................................7
2. HNG THM TRONG NC GII KHT ...........................................................................10
2.1. Khi Nim V Mi Hng ..........................................................................................................10
2.2. Phn Loi Cht Thm: ................................................................................................................10
2.2.1. Cht Thm T Nhin: ..........................................................................................................10
2.2.1.1. Cc Thnh Phn Ha Hc C Trong Tinh Du Ca Cc Qu Thuc H Cam Chanh: 11
2.2.1.2. Cu To Ha Hc Ca Mt S Thnh Phn Chnh To Mi Trong Tinh Du Ca Qu
H Cam Chanh. ..........................................................................................................................12
2.2.1.3. c im chung ca cht thm .....................................................................................13
2.2.1.4. Tnh cht ca cht thm ................................................................................................13
2.2.2. Cht Thm Tng Hp: .........................................................................................................14
2.2.2.1. Khi nim: .....................................................................................................................14
2.2.2.2. Sn xut cht thm tng hp: ........................................................................................14
3. CHT MU......................................................................................................................................16
3.1. Khi Nim ...................................................................................................................................16
3.2. Vai Tr Ca Cht Mu ................................................................................................................16
3.3. S Dng Cc Cht Mu ..............................................................................................................16
3.4. ng Dng ....................................................................................................................................16
3.5. Phn Loi ....................................................................................................................................17
3.5.1. Cht mu t nhin ................................................................................................................17
3.5.2. Cht Mu Nhn To ............................................................................................................17
3.6. Cc Loi Cht Mu Ph Bin Trong Nc Gii Kht ................................................................18
4. CHT BO QUN ..........................................................................................................................24
4.1. Tng Quan ...................................................................................................................................24
4.2. Cht Chng Vi Sinh Vt..............................................................................................................25
4.1.1. Acid benzoic (E210).............................................................................................................25
4.1.2. Sodium benzoate (E211) ......................................................................................................26
4.2. Cht Chng Oxi Ha ...................................................................................................................27
4.2.1. Khi Nim ............................................................................................................................27
4.2.2. C Ch Hot ng ...............................................................................................................27
4.2.3. Yu Cu ................................................................................................................................28
4.2.4. Li ch ..................................................................................................................................28
4.2.5. Acid ascorbic (Vitamin C) ...................................................................................................29
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................................31

LI NI U
Trong cng nghip nc gii kht, nu khng tnh cc loi thc ung c cn hay
nc tinh khit th chc chn rng tt c cc loi nc gii kht t nhiu u phi s
dng cc loi ph gia. Trong , hng v mu gn nh khng th thiu trong mt s
sn phm nc gii kht thng dng hin nay, bn cnh to cho sn phm c gi tr
cm quan cao ngi ta cn cn phi bo qun sn phm trong thi gian cng lu cng
tt. Do cc cht bo qun cng khng km phn quan trng trong sn xut nc
gii kht.
Trong bi tiu lun ny nhm xin php gii thiu v mt s loi ph gia
(hng, mu, cht bo qun) thng dng trong sn xut nc gii kht hin nay.

TM HIU C IM, TNH CHT CA NGUYN

LIU HNG THM, CHT TO MU,
CHT BO QUN TRONG NC GII KHT
1. TNG QUAN V PH GIA THC PHM
1.1. Cc Khi Nim
Theo FAO: Ph gia l cht khng dinh dng c thm vo cc sn phm vi
cc nh khc nhau. Thng thng, cc cht ny c hm lng thp dng ci
thin tnh cht cm quan, cu trc, mi v, cng nh bo qun sn phm.
Theo WHO: Ph gia l mt cht khc hn l thc phm hin din trong thc
phm l kt qu ca mt s mt: sn xut ch bin, bao gi, tn tr Cc cht ny
khng bao gm cc cht bn b nhim vo thc phm.
Theo y ban Tiu chun ha Thc phm Quc t (Codex Alimentarius
Commission-CAC) th ph gia thc phm (food additives) l "mt cht c hay khng
c gi tr dinh dng, m bn thn n khng c tiu th thng thng nh mt thc
phm v cng khng c s dng nh mt thnh phn ca thc phm. Vic ch b
sung chng vo thc phm gii quyt mc ch cng ngh trong sn xut, ch bin,
bao gi, bo qun, vn chuyn thc phm, nhm ci thin kt cu hoc c tnh k
thut ca thc phm . Ph gia thc phm khng bao gm cc cht nhim hoc cc
cht c b sung vo thc phm nhm duy tr hay ci thin thnh phn dinh dng ca
thc phm".
1.2. Phn Loi:
- C nhiu cch phn loi cht ph gia. Theo Quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q-BYT
ngy 31/8/2001 ca B Y t v vic ban hnh "Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia
c php s dng trong thc phm" phn loi ph gia thc phm theo chc nng
gm 23 nhm cht sau: (Phn loi ph gia theo nhm chc nng)
1/ Cht iu chnh acid: Cc cht iu chnh acid c s dng thay i hay
kim sot chua v kim hoc c tc dng bo qun, chng oxy ha cho thc
phm nh Acid Citric, Acid Ascorbic, Acid Tartaric, Acid Malic, Acid Fumaric, Acid
Lactic...
2/ Cht iu v: Cc cht iu v lm tng hng v sn c ca thc phm.
4

3/ Cht n nh: Cc cht n nh c tc dng duy tr s ng nht, n nh cu trc

ca thc phm, v d: Cc cht n nh, to c v to gel, chng hn aga hay pectin
(s dng trong mt s loi mt hoa qu) lm cho thc phm c kt cu c v chc.
4/ Cht bo qun:
Cc cht bo qun ngn hoc kim ch s h hng ca thc phm b gy ra bi cc
hot ng ca nm mc, vi khun hay cc vi sinh khc. Thc phm thng b mt s
vi khun, nm c, mc, men lm h hng.
Vic s dng loi ph gia ny ch ph bin trong thi gian gn y; mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn ca vic gia tng s dng loi ph gia ny l do s thay i trong sn
xut v tiu th cc sn phm thc phm. Ngy nay, ngi tiu dng mong mun rng
tt c cc loi thc phm u c quanh nm, khng b nhim c v c thi hn s
dng hp l. Do , ph gia chng vi sinh vt c vai tr quan trng trong vic bo
qun thc phm mc d c s ci tin trong h thng ng gi v ch bin bo
v thc phm m khng cn dng n ha cht.
5/ Cht chng ng vn:
Cc cht chng ng vn nh canxi silicate, silicon dioxyd gi cho cc cht bt, chng
hn nh sa bt, cacao bt, ng, mui ht nc, gip chng khng b ng vn,
kh cng, ng cc, dnh li vi nhau.
6/ Cht chng oxy ha: Cc cht chng oxy ha nh Vitamin C (Acid Ascorbic) c tc
dng bo qun, chng oxy ha thc phm bng cch kim ch cc tc ng ca oxy
i vi thc phm, c li cho sc khe.
7/ Cht chng to bt: Cc cht chng to bt lm gim hoc ngn chn s to bt
trong thc phm.
8/ Cht n: Cc cht n c tc dng lm tng khi ca thc phm b sung cho
mu t nhin ca sn phm b mt trong qu trnh ch bin hay lm cho thc phm
trng bt mt hn.
9/ Cht ngt tng hp: cc ph gia lm cho thc phm thm hng v, c th c to
ra t cc cht t nhin hay nhn to, c th cung cp thm mt vi thnh phn p ng
nhu cu dinh dng cho mt s i tng c bit, nh ng ha hc to v ngt cho
thc phm nhng chng khng sinh hoc t sinh nng lng nn c s dng thay
th ng cho bnh nhn i tho ng v bnh nhn bo ph.

10/ Ch phm tinh bt: b sung cht dinh dng tr li phn dinh dng mt i
do vic ch bin thc phm, hoc cho thm nhng cht vn khng c trong loi thc
phm . V d: bnh m, bt, go c cho thm vitamin B l thnh phn b mt i
khi xay xt
11/ Enzym: C tc dng bo qun thc phm, chuyn ha cc sn phm t nhin, ci
thin cu trc v bn thc phm.
12/ Cht y kh: Cc cht y l cc loi kh nn c s dng y thc phm ra
khi cha ng n.
13/ Cht lm bng.
14/ Cht lm dy: Cc cht lm dy khi thm vo thc phm s lm cho cu trc ca
thc phm dy hn, chc hn, do dai hn m khng lm thay i cc thuc tnh khc
ca thc phm nh : Pectin, Agar...
15/ Cht lm m: Cc cht lm m c tc dng n nh, tng m thc phm nh
Glycerol, Canxi Dihydrogen Diphosphate.
16/ Cht lm rn chc: Cc cht lm dy khi thm vo thc phm s lm cho cu trc
ca thc phm dy hn, chc hn, do dai hn m khng lm thay i cc thuc tnh
khc ca thc phm nh : Pectin, Agar...
17/ Cht nh ha: Cc cht nh ha l cc cht lm cho hn hp nc v du tr nn
ng nht trong th nh tng. V d nh : Lecithine, Mono Diglyceride ca cc acid
bo...
18/ Phm mu: Mt s cht mu c cng dng lm cho thc phm c v ngoi hp dn
hn hoc phc hi mu sc nguyn thy ca thc phm; Cht mu c th l ha cht
tng hp hoc cht mu thin nhin ly t thc vt. Cht mu thng c s dng l
beta caroten (tin t vitamin A), nc c ci ng, c rt, ngh...
19/ Cht to bt.
20/ Cht to phc kim loi.
21/ Cht to xp: Cht lm bt n, nh mui bicarbonate, bt n, natri phosphat hoc
mt vi loi men, c dng khi lm bnh nng, bnh m... gip cho bnh mm xp,
nh hn.
22/ Cht x l bt: Cc cht x l bt m c thm vo bt m ci thin mu sc
ca n hay s dng khi nng bnh.

23/ Hng liu: Ph gia hng liu ch mi xut hin trong vi nm tr li y do th

hiu v nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng ngy cng tng, p ng c nhng iu
cc nh sn xut lun tm cch pht trin v a dng ha sn phm ca mnh phc
v ngi tiu dng. V d: b sung hng liu nhm duy tr hng v vitamin d b
phn hy v nh sng. (vd: hng cam ca nc cam p, c vitamin C ) Cng nh
mu sc, hng thm l mt tnh cht cm quan quan trng ca thc phm v chng c
nhng tc dng sinh l rt r rt.
1.3. Qun L Cc Ph Gia:
- S E (E number) l cc m s cho cc ph gia thc phm, thng c tm
thy trn cc nhn mc bao b thc phm trong khu vc Lin minh chu u. S
nh s tun theo cc quy tc ca H thng nh s quc t (INS The International
Numbering System) c y ban Codex Alimentarius xc nh, ch mt tp con ca
cc ph gia INS l c chp nhn cho s dng ti Lin minh chu u. E l k hiu
ch Europe/Europa ngha l chu u. Trong ngn ng thng thng ti Vng quc
Anh v Ireland, thut ng E number c s dng nh l mt thut ng ch cc
ph gia thc phm nhn to.
- Cc s E cng c thy trn tem mc thc phm ti cc quc gia khc, bao
gm Australia, New Zealand, Israel... Chng c tm thy ngy cng nhiu trn cc
bao b thc phm ti Bc M, c bit ti Canada..
Phn loi theo khong s (INS)

100109

Vng

110119

Vng cam

120129

130139

Lam & Tm

140149

Lc

150159

Nu & en

160199

Khc

200299

200209

Cc sorbat

Cht bo qun

210219

Cc benzoat

100199
To mu

300399

220229

Cc sulfit

230239

Cc phenol & format (metanoat)

240259

Cc nitrat

260269

Cc axetat (etanoat)

270279

Cc lactat

280289

Cc propionat (propanoat)

290299

Khc

300305

Cc ascorbat (vitamin C)

306309

Tocopherol (vitamin E)

310319

Cc gallat & erythorbat

320329

Cc lactat

Cht chng xi ha & cht iu chnh 330339

Cc citrat & tartrat

chua

340349

Cc photphat

350359

Cc malat & adipat

360369

Cc succinat & fumarat

370399

Khc

400409

Cc alginat

410419

Cc gm t nhin

420429

Cc tc nhn t nhin khc

430439

Cc hp cht polyoxyethen

400499

Cht to c, cht n nh & cht to 440449

Cc cht to th sa t nhin

th sa

450459

Cc photphat

460469

Cc hp cht xenluloza

470489

Cc axt bo & hp cht

490499

Khc

500509

Cc axt khong & baz

500599

510519

Cc clorua & sulfat

Cht iu chnh pH & cht chng vn

520529

Cc sulfat & hirxt

530549

Cc hp cht kim loi kim

600699
Cht iu v
700799
Cht khng sinh

550559

Cc silicat

570579

Cc stearat & gluconat

580599

Khc

620629

Cc glutamat

630639

Cc inosinat

640649

Khc

710713
900909

Cc loi sp

910919

Men bng tng hp

900999

920929

Cht hon thin

Linh tinh

930949

Cc kh ng gi

950969

Cc cht to ngt

990999

Cc cht to bt

11001599

Cc ha cht mi khng thuc s phn loi tiu

Cc ha cht b sung

chun

Ghi ch: Khng phi cc cht trong mt khong u nm trong khong s cho, v d cc
cht trong khong E400499 c cc mc ch khc nhau. Ngoi ra hng thm khng c
khong m s quy nh l do cht hng rt phong ph v a dng.

2. HNG THM TRONG NC GII KHT

2.1. Khi Nim V Mi Hng
- Mi hng l mt cm gic tm sinh l c cm nhn bi khu gic con
ngi, m tc nhn to nn chnh l cc cht thm.
- Cht thm:
+D bay hi, lan truyn trong khng kh.
+n cht hay hn hp cc hp cht.
+Cc c quan cm nhn mi s cm nhn c mi ca cht thm.
-Mi ph thuc vo: Thnh phn ha hc ca cht thm v cu to ha hc ca
cht thm.
-Nh vy, c tn hiu mi, yu t tin quyt l cht thm.
2.2. Phn Loi Cht Thm:
- Cht thm t nguyn liu t nhin (thc vt ch yu): tinh du t v, hoa, l, r,
thn cy
- Cht thm t nguyn liu tng hp: cc ph phm ca cc ngnh cng ngh sn
xut, ch bin
2.2.1. Cht Thm T Nhin:
- Cc loi cht thm t nhin dng trong nc gii kht thng l cc loi tinh
du ly t v ca cc loi qu h cam chanh, chng c thin nhin tng hp, khng
qua bn tay con ngi. Chng tr nn ph bin v l nhng hng thm t nhin rt
c a dng trong vic phi ch hng liu.
- Cc loi qu thuc h cam chanh in hnh: Qut, cam, chanh, bi.
- khai thc chng trong cng nghip, ngi ta thng s dng b phn no
cy c cha nhiu tinh du th nht nhm sn xut ra tinh du c cht lng cao. Hm
lng tinh du th: Tp trung ch yu l, v qu, ht, cnh, cung l, cung qu,
r. B phn cha nhiu nht l v qu cha 5,55 . Sau v qu l l cha 2,71 .
Ht cha 1,47

v c tm thy nhiu trong cc v qu c mi thuc h cam chanh.

Nhng nguyn liu cha t tinh du thng qu v t tin (nh tinh du hoa hng...).

10

Hm lng tinh du trong mt vi loi qu nc ta.

Tn qu

T l gia v v tht Hm lng tinh du %

qu%
V

Tht

Tht

Chanh

30

70

2,0

0,3

Cam

28

72

2,4

0,24

Qut

57,5

42,5

1,2

0,23

- Sau khi c c tinh du th ngi ta tin hnh x l cho ra tinh du bng

cch: Chng ct hoc c c cc cht thm t nhin t cc ngun giu cht thm, sau
a chng vo cc sn phm thc phm khc nhau. V cht thm vn d bay hi v
thng khng bn nn ngi ta dng cc bin php k thut v thit b phc tp
thu hi cc cht thm b tch ra khi sn phm trong qu trnh gia nhit.
2.2.1.1. Cc Thnh Phn Ha Hc C Trong Tinh Du Ca Cc Qu
Thuc H Cam Chanh:
+Tinh du chanh: (Citras limon Burun)

Chanh c nhiu loi.

Tinh du chanh c mi c trng, ngt sc c phn ging citral v gy n tng, kch
thch dch v. N tham gia nhiu thnh phn cht thm.
Sn xut tinh du chanh theo phng php chng ct hi nc, b phn s dng l v
xanh ca qu chanh gi.
Thnh phn chnh cng thay i theo loi, vng kh hu, t trng v phng php sn
xut.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du chanh: limonene 50-71 ; -terpinen 7-10,5 ; -pinen
8-12,7 ; -pinen 1-2%; myrxen 1-2,5%; geranial 0,8-2,2 ; -tecpineol 1-1,4%;
terpinen-4-ol 0,2-1,2%.

11

+Tinh du qut: (Citrus reticulate Blanco)

Tinh du qut c mi c trng, m v nh, c n tng v ngt.

Sn xut theo phng php ct hi nc. B phn s dng l v qu.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du qut: limonene 6-9,4%; -terpinen 1-20 ; -pinen 0,72,37%; myrxen 1,5-2,3 ; -pinen 1,0-2,03%; tecpinolen 0,4-1,0%; decanal 0,090,9 ; -terpineol 0,1-0,44%.
+Tinh du cam (Citrus sinensis L.)

Tinh du cam c mi c trng, nhng khng mnh bng chanh.

Sn xut t v qu theo phng php ct vi nc.
Thnh phn: limonene 92,3-95,5%; myrxen 1,79-1,89%; linalyl axetat 0,81-0,89%.
+Tinh du bi (Citrus paradisis Macfa)

Tinh du bi c mi c trng ca hoa qu, c mi g nh.

Thnh phn chnh: limonene 83-93%; myrxen 1,4-1,6 ; -xiaryophyllen 0,2-2,7%;
nootkaton 0,1-1%; octanon 0,1-0,3; octanol 0,1-0,2%.
2.2.1.2. Cu To Ha Hc Ca Mt S Thnh Phn Chnh To Mi Trong
Tinh Du Ca Qu H Cam Chanh.
*Limonene: Cht thm c mi in hnh trong cc loi qu h cam chanh.

12

Tn IUPAC: 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene
* -terpinen: c mi m v nh hn mi ca limonene.

Tn IUPAC: 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene
2.2.1.3. c im chung ca cht thm
- L nhng hp cht d bay hi c mang cc nhm chc mang mi (cacbonyl,
hydroxyl, andehyt, amin, este, ete, lacton), c cm nhn bi c quan khu gic
ca con ngi.
- Phn t lng cht thm b hn 400vC. Nu phn t lng cht thm ln hn
400vC, con ngi khng th cm nhn c mi ca cc cht thm ny.
- Mi ca ph thuc: Thnh phn cht thm, cu trc ha hc ca mi thnh
phn, s lng thnh phn trong hn hp, nng ca mi thnh phn trong hn hp,
nng hn hp, quan h gia cc thnh phn ca hn hp c v mt tnh cht ln mt
cu trc.
2.2.1.4. Tnh cht ca cht thm
- Mi ca hn hp nhiu cht thm khng ch l tng cc mi ca mi thnh
phn m cn l mt t hp tng tc cc mi .

13

V d: Pha ch hn hp hng du t nhin t cc ngun nguyn liu t nhin:

500g alcohol 95

0,5g t.du tho mc lovage

2g tinh du hoa hng

2,5g tinh du n lang

2,8g tinh du hoa nhi

0,02g tinh du cn ty

1g tinh du cassle

0,1g tinh du rau mi

1g tinh du lc

520g nc ct

- Mi thm cng ph thuc vo hm lng ca cc cht thm.

V d: Pha ch hn hp hng t nhin t cc cht thm t nhin sau y:
Etyl buryrat

7%

Isoamyl axetat

0,8%

-Nonalacton

1,8%

Vanillin

0,4%

Cn 96

90%

- Hn hp ny c mi da chn (Etyl butyrat) . Nhng nu ta nng hm lng

ca Isoamyl axetat ln 7% v gim hm lng Etyl burytat xung cn 0,8% th hn
hp ny li c mi chui chn.
- bn mi ph thuc thi gian bay hi cc cht mi.
- Cng mi ph thuc bn cht cht mi v ch th nhn mi.
- c tnh a cht bo l c tnh hng u ca cht mi.
- tan ph thuc vo phn cc v kh nng to lin kt hydro vi nc.
- Nhit si ph thuc vo cc thnh phn cu to nn cht mi.
2.2.2. Cht Thm Tng Hp:
2.2.2.1. Khi nim:
-Cc cht c mi ging hoc khng ging vi t nhin m do con ngi tng hp
gi l cht thm tng hp.
2.2.2.2. Sn xut cht thm tng hp:
-Nguyn liu sn xut cht thm tng hp: T thin nhin hoc t cc ph phm
ca cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut du m, giy
-Ngi ta bt chc mi ca thin nhin bng cch: Sau khi phn tch tht chi
tit thnh phn ha hc, hm lng cc cht v cu to ca chng, cc nh khoa hc
14

tin hnh cho ph phm i qua cc phn ng (oxy ha, hydro ha, ng phn ha)
nhm to c cht thm mong mun.
- Ngi ta pha ch cc thnh phn v cht gn nh mi thin nhin c mt mi
gi l mi tng hp (hay mi bt chc). Sau ngi ta thay i thnh phn lm cho
mi thu c khng nhng gn ging mi thin nhin m cn c sc thi ring, hp
dn, quyn r v c nhiu ngi a thch. Loi mi ny phong ph v thnh phn,
chng loi v mang tnh hin i.
V d: Hng du tng hp t cc cht ha hc tng hp (Ashurst, 1999):
0,8g ethyl heptylate

5g methyl amyl ketone

0,8g tinh du sweet birch

6g diacetyl

2,1g aldehyt C14

21,2g ethyl valerate

2,4g cinamyl isobutyrate

23,15g aldehyde C16

2,6g ethyl vanillin

43,2g ethyl lactate

3g ch phm corps praline

100g alcohol 95%

3,2g cinnamyl isovalerate

783,15g propylene glycol

3,4g dipropyl ketone

- S dng cht thm tng hp nhm ci thin c cc khuyt im ca hng
thm t nhin. Loi hng tng hp khng nhng a dng v thnh phn ha hc m
cn v chng loi.
-Li ch khi s dng cht thm tng hp: V d: 1kg Vanillin chit tch t thin
nhin gi 4.000USD nhng cht thm tng hp ha hc ch c 12USD.

15

3. CHT MU
3.1. Khi Nim
- Cht mu thc phm l mt nhm nhng cht c mu c dng lm ph gia
thc phm, to ra hoc ci thin mu sc ca thc phm, nhm lm tng tnh hp
dn ca sn phm. Nhng cht mu ch l cht lm tng cm quan v hon ton khng
c gi tr dinh dng khi n vo.
3.2. Vai Tr Ca Cht Mu
C 3 nguyn nhn chnh gii thch ti sao phi cn n cc cht to mu:
- Th nht, cc cht to mu c n nh khc nhau.
- Th hai, cc loi mu c bit cn thit cho cc loi thc phm khc nhau.
- Th ba, mt lot cc cht mu cn thit tho mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dng.
3.3. S Dng Cc Cht Mu
Nhng iu cn ch khi s dng cht mu.

ng lut.

ng cht lng.

ng c tnh thc phm.

Cc yu t nh hng n cht mu.

iu kin ch bin.

iu kin ngoi cnh.

H qu khi s dng qu liu cc cht mu.

3.4. ng Dng
- Thng c s dng sn xut bnh ko v sn xut nc ung khng ru,
sn xut hp ch yu l hp rau qu.
- Liu lng cht mu c s dng trong nc gii kht l 5-200ppm, liu
lng trung bnh l khong 75ppm.
- Nhiu trng hp c quan bo v sc khe nh Cc VSATTP, Vin dinh
dng cm s dng vo trong thc phm cc cht mu hu c nhn to v cha bit
ht c tc dng phc tp ca n i vi con ngi.

16

3.5. Phn Loi

Cc cht to mu thc phm c chia lm hai loi chnh:
3.5.1. Cht mu t nhin
- L cc cht mu c chit xut ra hoc c ch bin t cc nguyn liu hu
c (thc vt, ng vt) sn c trong t nhin.
- Nhm cht mu t nhin c bn km, li kh ha tan trong nc, d phai
mu, nn nu s dng sn xut nc gii kht phi s dng vi lng ln nn gi
thnh sn phm cao.
3.5.2. Cht Mu Nhn To
L cc cht mu c to ra bng cc phn ng tng hp ho hc.
u im:
- Mu sc p
- a dng v mu sc
- Bn mu, kh phai mu.
- D ho tan trong nc.
- Gi thnh r
- Ch mt lng nh c th t c yu cu t ra.
Nhc im
- Nu s dng qu liu th a s u gy c
- Hin nay, trong s 35 cht mu c s dng cho thc phm Vit Nam mi
ch c 10 cht mu c chit xut t thc vt, cc cht mu cn li l nhn to v u
phi nhp t nc ngoi. Do yu cu v ATVSTP, b Y t nc ta ch cho php nhp
v s dng cc cht mu thc phm vi s lng hn ch.
Liu lng s dng hng ngy ca cht mu tng hp:
Cht to mu

Liu lng tiu th trung Lng cho php tiu th

bnh hng ngy(mg/kg)

trung bnh hng ngy(mg/kg)

FD&C Blue No.1

16

12.5

FD&C Blue No.2

7.8

5.0

FD&C Green No.3

4.3

12.5c

FD&C Red No.3

24

0.05d
17

FD&C Red No.40

100

Cha c d liu

FD&C Yellow No.5

43

7.5

FD&C Yellow No.6

37

5.0

3.6. Cc Loi Cht Mu Ph Bin Trong Nc Gii Kht

a. Sunset yellow FCF (E110):

1. Tn khc, ch s

CI Food Yellow 3, FD&C Yellow No. 6, Sunset yellow EG,

Para Orange, FD&C Yellow No 6, Jaune Orange S, Jaune
Sunset, FCF CI Food Yellow 3, Lebesmittel Orange No 2
INS: 110
ADI = 0-2,5 mg/kg th trng/ngy

2. nh ngha

L mui Na ca axit Naphtol- sulphonic

Sn xut t cc hydrocacbon thm t du kh, nha than ,

Tn ha hc

dinatri

6-hydroxy-5-(4-sulfonphenylazo)-2-naphthalen-6-

sulfonat.
Cng thc ha hc

C16H10N2Na2O7S2

Cng thc cu to

Khi lng phn t

452,38

3. Cm quan

Dng bt hoc ht mu cam.

Sunset yellow rt bn nhit, bn vi nh sng.

4. Tnh cht
Nhit nng chy

300C

tan

Tan trong nc, t tan trong ethanol, phenol, Khng tan trong
cc dung mi cht bo.
tan trong nc 24C: 5 10g/100mL H2O

5.ng dng

Sunset yellow c dng trong thc phm ln men c x l

18

nhit.
Sunset yellow thng c s dng kt hp vi Amaranth
Red, to ra mt mu nu scla v caramel.
Mt s sn phm s dng sunset yellow:
Thng c s dng trong thc phm ln nc gii kht,
ru mi, thch mu cam, nc st, mt s loi mt, bnh
ko,mt s thc phm khc Ngoi ra cn c tm thy
hu ht cc sn phm c mu , mu vng hoc vng cam.
Gii hn ti a cho php trong thc phm theo B Y T Vit
Nam quy nh i vi Sunset yellow l 70mg/L.
6. c Tnh

Sunset Yellow c hp thu qua ng tiu ha ch mc

nh v do hu ht liu dng trong thc ung c bi tit ra
ngoi
Sunset yellow l mt phin bn sunfonat ha ca Sudan I.
Sunset yellow gy d ng nhng ngi khng dung np
aspirin. Gy ra nhiu triu chng khc nhau: d ng, kh chu
d dy, tiu chy, nn, pht ban, sng da v chng au na
u. Sunset yellow gy ra chng hiu ng tr nh . V th
nn ph gia ny khng c khuyn co cho ngi tiu dng
c bit l tr em.
- nu dng loi khng nguyn cht hoc lm dng qu mc s
rt c hi cho sc kho, c th gy ng c cp tnh, do hu
qu s dng lu di tch lu cao c th gy ung th v t bin
gen.

b. Tatrazine: (E102)
1. Tn khc, ch s

CI Food Yellow 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5;

INS: 102
ADI = 0 - 7,5 mg/kg th trng.

2. nh ngha

L dn xut axit pyrazol cacboxylic, c mu vng chanh.

L mt cht mu c ngun gc t nha than .
19

Tn ha hc

Trinatri

5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonphenyl)-4-(4-

sulfonphenylazo)-H-pyrazol-3-carboxylat
Cng thc ha hc

C16H9N4Na3O9S2

Cng thc cu to

Khi lng phn t

534,37

3. Cm quan

Dng bt hoc ht mu cam nht.

Bn vi nhit (130oC) v nh sng.

4. ng dng

Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt,
ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht
chn...
Tartrazine cn c s dng trong x phng , m phm ,
du gi v cc sn phm chm sc tc, kem dng m , bt
mu, sn mng tay, mc v thuc nhum con du...

5. Tnh cht
tan

Tan trong nc 20oC, t tan trong ethanol.

150g tartrazine c th ha tan trong 1 lt nc.

6. c tnh

Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt,
ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht
chn...
Tartrazine cn c s dng trong x phng , m phm ,
du gi v cc sn phm chm sc tc, kem dng m , bt
mu, sn mng tay, mc v thuc nhum con du...

20

c. Allura red
1. Tn khc, ch s

CI Food Red 17, FD&C Red No. 40;

INS: 129
ADI = 0 - 7 mg/kg th trng.

2. nh ngha

Ban u Allura Red AC c sn xut t nha than , hin

nay ch yu c sn xut t du kh.

Tn ha hc

Dinatri

6-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfon-

phenylazo)-2-naphthalen-sulfonat
Cng thc ha hc

C18H14N2Na2O8S2

Cng thc cu to

Khi lng phn t

496,43

3. Cm quan

Dng bt hoc ht mu sm.

4. ng dng

c s dng trong thuc, m phm, thc phm. S dng

trong mt s loi mc xm v dng trong mt s sn phm
nh nc gii kht, thuc, ko bng cho tr em

5. Tnh cht
Nhit nng chy

>300C

tan

Tan trong nc, t tan trong ethanol.

Phi c phn ng c trng ca cht mu.

6. c tnh

y l loi ph gia s gy anh hng nghim trng i vi

tr b hen suyn.
Allura Red AC l mt trong mt s cht mu nhn to lm
tng mc hiu ng thi qu tr em, th hin vic mt
tp trung v ch s thng minh thp.
21

Allura Red AC c th c cht d ng i vi nhng ngi k

aspirin v cc bnh nhn hen hoc nhng ngi c da nhay
cm.

d. Caramel
1. Tn khc, ch s

Cht mu caramel c chia thnh bn loi da vo s khc

nhau gia cc cht phn ng c s dng trong sn xut.
Tn khc v ch s ca mi loi nh sau:
c
Lp INS S E

Tn

M t

dng
trong

Khng
I

150a E150a

Caramel I- dng hp cht

Plain

amoni

hoc

Whiskey

sulfite.
Trong s hin
din ca sulfite
Caramel II hp cht nhng
II

150b E150b

Sulfite khng c hp

Process

cht amoni c
th

Ru
Cognac

dng
Trong s hin
din ca cc hp
Caramel III cht ammonium Bia, nc
III

150C E150c - Ammonia nhng khng c st

Process

sulfite hp cht bnh ko

c th c s
dng

IV

150d E150d
22

Caramel IV Trong s hin Mi

- Ammonia din ca c hai trng nh

Sulphite

sulfite

cc vy c tnh

Process

hp cht amoni

axit

nh

nc ngt
ADI i vi nhm I Khng xc nh;
ADI i vi nhm III = 0-160 mg/kg th trng
ADI i vi loi IV 0-200 mg/kg th trng (0-150 mg/kg th
trng i vi dng rn)
2. nh ngha

Nhn chung y l cc hn hp phc tp, trong mt s

dng t hp keo, sn xut bng cch un nng ring
carbohydrat hoc cng vi s c mt ca acid, kim hoc
mui loi thc phm.

3. Cm quan

Cht dng rn hoc lng, mu nu sm ti en c mi

ng chy.

4. Chc nng

S dng to mu cho thc phm

5. Tnh cht
tan

C th trn ln vi nc

tinh khit

Arsen: Khng c qu 1 mg/kg

Ch: Khng c qu 2 mg/kg

Hm lng cht rn

Loi I: 62-77%
Loi III: 53-83%
Loi IV: 40-75%

Cng mu

Loi I: 0,01-0,12
Loi III: 0,08-0,36
Loi IV: 0,10-0,60

Nit ton phn

Loi I: Khng c qu 0,1%

Loi III: 1,3 -6,8%
Loi IV: 0,5-7,5%

Lu hunh ton phn

Loi I: Khng c qu 0,3%

Loi III: Khng c qu 0,3%
Loi IV: 1,4-10,0%
23

Lu hunh dioxyd

Loi I: Loi III: Loi IV: Khng c qu 0,5%

Nit amoniac

Loi I: Loi III: Khng c qu 0,4%

Loi IV: Khng c qu 2,8%

4-Methylimidazol

Loi I: -

(MEI)

Loi III: Khng c qu 300 mg/kg & khng c qu 200

mg/kg tnh theo cht mu tng ng
Loi IV: Khng c qu 1000 mg/kg & khng c qu 250
mg/kg tnh theo cht mu tng ng

2-Acetyl-4-

Loi I: -

tetrahydroxy-

Loi III: Khng c qu 40 mg/kg & khng c qu 25

butylimidazol (THI)

mg/kg tnh theo cht mu tng ng.

Loi IV: -

6. c tnh

C kh nng gy ung th cho ngi

4. CHT BO QUN
4.1. Tng Quan
- Cht bo qun l cc ha cht t nhin hay tng hp c thm vo sn phm
nh thc phm ngn nga hoc lm chm li s thi ra, h hng gy ra bi s
pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt hay do cc thay i khng mong mun v mt ha hc.
Chng c th s dng nh l mt ha cht duy nht m cng c th trong t hp vi
nhiu loi ha cht c cc tc dng khc.
- Th nh cn phn bit r rng nhm cht bo qun ngn nga vi sinh vt, nm
nem nm mc pht trin, thng c gi l cht bo qun trong ting Anh gi l
preservative v nhm cht ngn chn qu trnh oxi ha cc thnh phn dinh dng
ca sn phm, thng c gi l cht chng oxi ha, trong ting Anh gi
l antioxidant.

24

- Do dng vi mc ch bo qun cho nn ngi ta thng gi chung l cht bo

qun.
Cht bo qun gm c hai loi chnh:
- Cht bo qun chng vi sinh vt (Hin tng nht b mt, i thiu, mi
chuathng l do vi sinh vt, nm men hoc nm mc pht trin gy ra)
- Cht bo qun chng oxy ha (Hin tng i du, gt du, ti mu, mt hng
v thng l do qu trnh oxy ha gy ra)
- Theo nh phn loi trn, ta cn phi xc nh rng sn phm ang cn bo
qun theo hng no. T quyt nh ch s dng loi cht bo qun cn thit v
trnh vic s dng nhiu loi theo cch bao vy va khng c li ch kinh t va nh
hng n ngi tiu dng.
4.2. Cht Chng Vi Sinh Vt
4.1.1. Acid benzoic (E210)

- Acid benzoic c cng thc ha hc: C7H6O2 hay C6H5COOH.

- Acid benzoic l mt cht rn tinh th khng mu, khng mi. Mui ca n
c s dng nh l mt cht bo qun thc phm v acid benzoic l mt tin thn
quan trng i vi s tng hp ca nhiu cht hu c khc.
- Trong t nhin, acid benzoic c tm thy cc loi cy nh: mn, qu v hu
ht l qu mng. Acid benzoic v mui Natri ca n t lu c s dng c
ch s pht trin ca VSV.

25

Mn, qu, qu mng

- Acid hp thu vo trong t bo VSV nhm:

+ c ch h hp t bo VSV.
+ Hn ch kh nng nhn c cht ca VSV.
- Acid benzoic vi tc dng bo qun ch xy ra trong mi trng axit pH =
2,53,5.
- Acid benzoic (E210) dng trong bo qun thc phm: ML = 0,1%.
4.1.2. Sodium benzoate (E211)
- Sodium benzoate c cng thc ha hc NaC6H5CO2, ngoi ra cn c cc mui
khc nh Potassium benzoate (E212), Calcium benzoate (E213) cng c tnh cht
tng t nh Sodium benzoate.
- Sodium benzoate l cht c s dng rng ri bo qun thc phm, vi s
E l E211. N l mui natri ca acid benzoic, ha tan c trong nc.
- Mc d cht bo qun benzoic acid bo qun thc phm hiu qu hn, song
Sodium benzoate thng c s dng nh mt ph gia thc phm v axit benzoic
khng ha tan c trong nc. Mc s dng ca acid benzoic bo qun thc
phm thng t 0,05-0,1%. Axit benzoic c mt trong thc phm phi c kim sot
theo quy nh ca php lut.
- Hot tnh chng khun ca benzoate ph thuc rt nhiu vo pH ca thc phm,
hot tnh ny cao nht khi pH thp nht (thng c dng bo qun cc loi thc
ung vi nng 0.03-0.05%). Cc mui benzoate dng kt hp vi acid
ascorbic (vitamin C - E300) s hnh thnh hp cht benzen, mt hp cht gy ung th.
Tuy nhin hp cht ny khng hn mc nguy him cao n sc khe ngi tiu
dng. Nhit , nh sng v thi hn s dng c th nh hng n t l benzen hnh
thnh.
- Mui benzoate c sn xut bng cch trung ha acid benzoic vi NaOH.
26

4.2. Cht Chng Oxi Ha

4.2.1. Khi Nim
- Cht chng oxi ha l mt loi ha cht gip ngn chn hoc lm chm qu
trnh oxi ha cht khc. S oxi ha l loi phn ng ha hc trong electron c
chuyn sang cht oxi ha, c kh nng to cc gc t do sinh ra phn ng dy chuyn
ph hy t bo sinh vt
4.2.2. C Ch Hot ng

- Bnh thng cc phn t ca c th chng ta trng thi cn bng, trong qu

trnh trao i cht, mt s nguyn t b mt electron s tr thnh k kht mu v i
chim ot cc electron t nhng nguyn t khc. Nhng k kht mu chnh l gc
t do. Khi chim ot electron, cc gc t do s gy ra mt lot gc t do mi, lm
cho cc t bo b h hi hoc bin cht, dn dn s dn ti thnh phn ca thc phm
b thay i..
- Cht chng oxi ha ngn qu trnh ph hy ny bng cch kh i cc gc t do,
cht chng oxy ha l nhng cht lm v hiu ha tc ng ca gc t do. C th hn
cht oxy ha c electron d tha cung cp cho gc t do kht mu, nh vy lm v
hiu

ha

tc

hi

ca

gc

do.

Ngi

ta

hay

dng

cc cht

kh (nh thiol hay polyphenol) lm cht chng oxi ha. Do , trnh s gy hi ca

cc gc t do th cn thit phi loi b chng bng cch s dng cc cht chng xi
ha b sung nh Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, polyphenol, S kh gc t do
ca cht chng xi ha, trong cc electron khng ghp i ca gc t do s c
nhn electron ca cht chng xi ha to thnh cc electron ghp i bn vng.

27

C ch hot ng ca cht chng oxy ha

4.2.3. Yu Cu
- Cc cht chng oxi ha c dng trong thc phm phi m bo cc yu cu
sau:

+ Bo tn cc gi tr dinh dng c bn ca thc phm.

+ Cc gi tr cm quan ca thc phm phi c gi nguyn.
+ Qu trnh s dng nhng cht ny phi tin li, chi ph thp.
4.2.4. Li ch
- Cc cht chng oxy ha c sn trong thnh phn cc loi rau qu (nh cam ch
vitamin C).
- Li ch chnh ca vic s dng nhng hp cht chng oxy ha t nhin l tnh
an ton so vi vic s dng nhng hp cht chng oxy ha tng hp. Tuy nhin cc
nh khoa hc cng khuyn co nn thn trng trong vic s dng nhng hp cht ny,
v vi mt liu lng no c th c nhng tc ng ph i vi ngi s dng.
- Cc cht chng oxi ha c ngun gc t nhin thng gp: Axit L- ascorbic
(vitamin C) dng t nhin, Acid citric hoc Acid limonic, Tocopherol (vitamin E),
Acid tactric v mt s loi gia v tho mc nh cy hng tho (Rosmariquinon v
Rosmaridiphenol l hai thnh phn c kh nng chng oxy ha ca loi cy ny).
Ngun gc nhn to: Vitamin C tng hp, Vitamin E (hay Tocopherol) tng hp,
BHA, BHT, BTHQ
28

- Vitamin C c nhiu trong cc loi rau qu ti nh nc cam, chanh, qut, v

c hm lng cao trong rau xanh, c bit l bng ci xanh, tiu, khoai ty, ci
brussel, rau ci, c chua, cam, qut, chanh, bi

4.2.5. Acid ascorbic (Vitamin C)

- Axit ascorbic l mt hp cht hu c t nhin vi nhng c tnh chng oxy

ha. N l mt cht rn mu trng, ha tan c trong nc to nn tnh axit nh.
- Lng polyphenol c trong hu ht cc loi rau, c, qu..., ty theo loi nguyn
liu m hm lng polyphenol s khc nhau. Cng tn ti trong nguyn liu
l enzym polyphenoloxidase. Khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh s kch hot enzym
polyphenoloxidase hot ng v xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha cc hp cht
polyphenol thnh nhng hp cht mi gy sm mu v to v ng cho rau qu. Th
phm ca hin tng ny l enzyme. VD: To c hng ngn cc t bo nh v n cha
trong cc t bo ny l enzyme cng nh cc thnh phn ha hc khc. Khi mt qu
to c ct khi cnh, b nh ri (v d ri t trn cy xung hay ri t trn bn
xung) hoc b ct ra, cc t bo nh b mt s v, nu trong mt t bo nguyn
vn, enzyme v phenol c tch bit vi nhau th gi chng b trn ln v phn ng
vi nhau cng vi oxy (qu trnh PPO Polyphenol oxidase). Mu nu c to ra do
qu trnh phn ng v xy ha l do sn phm ca n melanin.
29

C ch hot ng ca Acid Ascorbic

- Khi c cht chng oxy ha acid ascorbic vo s gim s to thnh mu nu, lm
cho qu to khng b sm mu.
- Chnh v c ch ny m acid ascorbic c s dng ph bin bo qun cc
loi thc ung (ngoi ra cng c s dng ph bin bo qun cc loi thc phm
khc): chng li s oxy ha trong mt s loi nc gii kht, nc p rau qu

30

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Vn Ngc Hng, Hng liu v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
[2] L Vn Vit Mn, Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa v thc ung Tp 2
Cng ngh sn xut thc ung pha ch, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM.
[3] m Sao Mai (Ch bin), Ph gia thc phm, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM.
[4] Nguyn nh Thng, Cng ngh sn xut nc gii kht, NXB Khoa hc v K
thut, H Ni.

31