pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, azines,pyridazines, pyrazine oxizine, Purines and Pyrimidines,

Azines are a functional class of organic compounds, formed from the condensation reaction of twoequivalents of an aldehyde or ketone with one equivalent of hydrazine.[1][2] They may be further classified as aldazines or ketazines, depending on the nature of the carbonyl compound.

Azines may be prepared by the direct reaction of a carbonyl compound with hydrazine hydrate: the reaction is exothermic.[6] The usual method of industrial production is the Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process, starting from the ketone, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
[5]

Reactions and uses

Azines have been used as precursors to hydrazones[5][9] and diazo compounds.[9][10][11]

Azines are also important intermediates in the industrial production of hydrazine hydrate by the Bayer hydrazine process[12][13] or thePechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.[7][8] They have been also used as sources of hydrazine produced in situ, for example in the production ofherbicide precursor 1,2,4triazole.[14] The coordination chemistry of azines (as ligands) has also been studied.[15][16][17] Acetone is used to derivatize hydrazine, through formation of acetone azine, for analysis by gas chromatography: the method has been used to determine trace levels of hydrazine in drinking water [18]and pharmaceuticals.
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Nomenclature

Azines may be named by substitutive or functional class nomenclature.[20][21] In functional class nomenclature, the functional modifier "azine" is appended to the name of the carbonyl compound: hence, "acetone azine".[20] In older nomenclature, the functional class name "ketazine" has been used with the names of the hydrocarbyl substituents: e.g., "methyl ethyl ketazine". In substitutive nomenclature, azines are named as derivatives of hydrazine: hence, "diisopropylidenehydrazine". [20] In the presence of groups of higher seniority, the prefixes "hydrazinylidene" and "hydrazinediylidene" are used.[22] Unsymmetrical azines, that is compounds of the type X=NN=Y with X Y, are not named as azines: in the absence of other functional groups having higher seniority, they can be named as substituted hydrazones.