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Phan I: 1.1

IDN (Integrated Digital Network)

S phat trien cua IDN

S phat trien cua IDN qua 3 giai oan: Giai oan 1: au tien la SPC, ieu khien bang chng trnh co san (Store Program Control) tc la cac tong ai ien thoai c ieu khien bi mot may tnh thay cho cac thanh ghi (Registers). Phan chuyen mach cua cac tong ai nay van con la tng t va ch co phan ieu khien la dung ky thuat so. Cung thi gian o nhng co gang au tien c thc hien vi truyen dan so qua he thong PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). ay tn hieu tng t t may ien thoai c chuyen thanh tn hieu so. Bien o tn hieu thoai c lay mau 8000 lan moi giay. Sau o gia tr mau nay c thiet b PCM chuyen thanh t ma 8 bit. 8 bits nhan vi 8000 la 64000 bit moi giay va ay la toc o c s cua toan bo he thong PCM. Giai oan 2: Bang cach ghep 30/24 kenh thoai nh vay tren nhng oi day cac cong ty khai thac ien thoai co the quan ly c s phat trien lu thoai trong mang cua mnh ma khong can phai chon cap them na. Cap at tien con mach ien t lai re hn nhieu. Giai oan 3: Giai oan ke tiep trong viec so hoa la thiet ke chuyen mach so e co the ket noi vi dong so t he thong PCM nay vi he thong PCM khac. Cac tong ai qua giang la cac tong ai au tien dung chuyen mach so. Chang bao lau viec thc hien cac tong ai so hoan toan tr nen re hn va bay gi tn hieu thoai t may ien thoai c ma hoa PCM ngay khi no en tong ai au tien. ay la cau hnh IDN (Intergrated Digital Network). 1.2 Ky thuat ghep kenh PDH

1.2.1 Phan cap ghep kenh so PDH 1.2.1.1He thong ghep kenh Bac My Xem Figure 1/G.702 1.2.1.2He thong ghep kenh chau Au Xem Figure 2/G.702

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Bang 1.1 Phan cap ng truyen so PDH

Mc phan cap so Toc o bit tuy theo toc o bit cap c s 1544 kbit/s 1 2 3 4 64 1544 6312 32 064 97 728 44 736 2048 kbit/s 64 2 048 8 448 34 368 139 264

1.2.2 Cau truc khung c ban 2048 kbit/s va thu tuc CRC-4 1.2.2.1S du ng bit 1 trong khung d lieu 2048 kbit/s Khung d lieu 2048 kbit/s co 256 bit anh so t 1 en 256. Toc o lap lai khung la 8000 Hz. Viec bo tr cac bit t 1 ti 8 trong khung c minh hoa Table 4a/G.704. Khi muon tang cng viec bao ve tranh ong bo khung gia va m rong giam sat ty so sai bit th bit 1 c s dung cho thu tuc CRC-4. Thiet b co thu tuc CRC-4 van co the giao tiep vi cac thiet b khong s dung thu tuc CRC-4. Table 4b/G.704 minh hoa cach bo tr cac bit 1 ti 8 tao ra a khung CRC4. Moi a khung CRC-4 ket hp 16 khung anh so t 0 ti 15 va c chia thanh 2 a khung phu 8 khung (SMF: sub-multiframes) la SMF I va SMF II tng ng vi th t xuat hien cua chung trong a khung CRC-4. a khung phu la kch thc khoi so lieu thc hien kiem tra d so ma vong (2048 bit). Can lu y rang cau truc a khung CRC-4 hoan toan khong lien quan g en cau truc a khung khe thi gian kenh 16 (64 kbit/s). Trong cac khung cha t ong bo a khung bit 1 c s dung e truyen 6 bit cua t ong bo a khung CRC-4 va 2 bit ch th sai (E). T ong bo a khung CRC-4 la: 001011. Cac bit E c cai mc 0 cho ti khi ca ong bo khung c ban va ong bo khung CRC-4 eu c thiet lap. Sau o bit E c s dung e ch th cac a khung phu nhan c b sai bang cach chuyen mot bit E t 1 sang 0 cho moi t ong bo a khung b sai. Thi gian tre gia viec do ra a khung phu sai va viec thiet lap bit E ch th trang thai sai phai nho hn 1 giay.

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TABLE 4a/G.704 Allocation of bits 1 to 8 of the frame Bit number 1 Alternate frames Si Frame containing the frame alignment signal (Note 1) Si (Note 1) 0 0 2 3 4 1 5 1 6 0 7 1 8 1

Frame alignment signal 1 A Sa4 (Note 4) Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8

Frame not containing frame alignment signal

the

(Note 2)

(Note 3)

Note 1 Si = bits reserved for international use. One specific use is described in 2.3.3. Other possible uses may be defined at a later stage. If no use is realized, these bits should be fixed at 1 on digital paths crossing an international border. However, they may be used nationally if the digital path does not cross a border. Note 2 This bit is fixed at 1 to assist in avoiding simulations of the frame alignment signal. Note 3 A = Remote alarm indication. In undisturbed operation, set to 0; in alarm condition, set to 1. Note 4 Sa4 to Sa8 = Additional spare bits whose use may be as follows: i) Bits Sa4 to Sa8 may be recommended by CCITT for use in specific point-to-point applications (e.g. transcoder equipments conforming to Recommendation G.761). ii) Bit Sa4 may be used as a message-based data link to be recommended by CCITT for operations, maintenance and performance monitoring. If the data link is accessed at intermediate points with consequent alterations to the Sa4, bit, the CRC-4 bits must be updated so as to retain the correct end-to-end path termination functions associated with the CRC-4 procedure (see 2.3.3.5.4). The data-link protocol and messages are for further study; iii) Bits S a5 to Sa7 are for national usage where there is no demand on them for specific point-to-point applications [see i) above]. Bits Sa4 to Sa8 (where these are not used) should be set to 1 on links crossing an international border.

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TABLE 4b/G.704 CRC-4 multiframe structure Bits 1 to 8 of the frame Sub-multiframe (SMF) Frame number

1
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 C1 1 C2 1 C3 E C4 E

2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

3
0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A

4
1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4

5
1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5

6
0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6

7
1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7

8
1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8

Multiframe

II

Note 1 E = CRC-4 error indication bits (see 2.3.3.4). Note 2 Sa4 to Sa8 = Spare bits (see Note 4 to Table 4a/G.704). Note 3 C1 to C4 = Cyclic redundancy check-4 (CRC-4) bits (see 2.3.3.4 and 2.3.3.5). Note 4 A = Remote alarm indication (see Table 4a/G.704).

Lu y: cac bit E luon luon c xem xet ngay ca khi SMF cua no b loi v co mot kha nang nho la cac bit E cung co the sai. trong cac thiet b khong s dung bit E, cac bit E c cai mc 1. 1.2.2.2Kiem tra d so ma vong a) Qua trnh nhan chia

T ma CRC-4 a khung phu N la d so khi nhan a thc bieu dien a khung phu N-1 vi x 4 roi chia module 2 cho a thc sinh x 4 + x + 1. Lu y: Khi bieu dien noi dung cua khoi bit can kiem tra thanh a thc th bit au tien cua no ngha la bit 1 cua khung 0 hoac bit 1 cua khung 8 se la bit co trong so ln nhat. Tng t, C1 la bit co trong so ln nhat va C4 la bit co trong so nho nhat cua d so.

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b)

Thu tuc ma hoa Cac bit CRC-4 trong SMF c thay the bang cac bit 0. Sau o SMF c em x ly nhan chia nh a noi. So d co c em lu tr e chen vao cac bit CRC-4 tng ng cua SMF ke tiep.

c)

Thu tuc giai ma Sau khi tach cac bit CRC-4 va thay bang cac bit 0, SMF nhan c c x ly nhan chia nh a mo ta tren. So d co c em lu tr e em so sanh tng bit vi cac bit CRC4 nhan c SMF ke tiep. Neu so d tnh c bo ma hoa tng ng chnh xac vi cac bit CRC-4 nhan c trong SMF ke tiep th SMF ang kiem tra xem nh la khong co loi.

1.2.2.3ong bo khung va cac thu tuc CRC tai giao tiep 2048 kbit/s a) Mat va phuc hoi ong bo khung ong bo khung xem nh mat khi nhan c 3 tn hieu ong bo khung lien tiep b sai. ong bo khung xem nh c phuc hoi khi: + Lan au tien xuat hien t ong bo khung ung + S vang mat cua t ong bo khung trong khung ke tiep bang xac nhan bit 2 cua khung la 1. + Xuat hien t ong bo khung ung lan th 2 trong khung ke tiep. b) ong bo a khung CRC s dung thong tin trong bit 1 cua khung c ban

Khi a thiet lap c ong bo khung th ong bo a khung neu co t nhat hai tn hieu ong bo a khung CRC hp le trong vong 8 ms, vi ieu kien cac tn hieu ong bo a khung CRC cach nhau 2 ms hoac mot boi so cua 2 ms. Viec tm kiem tn hieu ong bo a khung CRC ch c thc hien trong cac khung c ban khong cha t ong bo khung. Neu khong at c ong bo a khung CRC trong vong 8 ms th ong bo khung hien thi la ong bo khung gia va bat au tm kiem lai ong bo khung.

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c)

Giam sat sai bang CRC-4 Thong tin x ly CRC c s dung di 2 dang: Thong tin trc tiep: can thiet phai ch th trang thai nay do c sai trong mot khoi bit CRC. Thong tin tong hp: trong cac chu ky 1 giay lien tiep phai thong bao so cac khoi bit CRC sai. So nay nam trong khoang 0 en 1000 (thap phan).
Frame alignment search Frame alignment loss check CRC multiframe alignment search

Monitoring for incorrect frame alignment, and error performance monitoring using CRC

T1 81905 0-92

1 ms information

1 second information

FIGURE 2/G.706

P ro cedure to be fo llow ed in passing from th e f rame a lig nment s ea rch to error m onito ring using a cyclic redundan cy check (CR C) (2 048 kbit/s)

1.2.3 Ky thuat hieu chnh dng s dung trong cac luong so PDH cap cao 1.2.3.1Nguyen ly hieu chnh dng Trong ky thuat ghep kenh PDH 4 luong so ngang cap (tributaries: nhanh) c ghep thanh mot luong so cao hn mot cap theo phng phap xen bit. Phng phap nay oi hoi cac nhanh phai co toc o bit bang nhau. Tuy nhien, toc o bit cua cac luong so nhanh eu co dung sai nhat nh nen tren thc te toc o bit cac nhanh la khong bang nhau. Ky thuat can bang toc o cac luong so nhanh

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au vao cua mot bo ghep kenh goi la hieu chnh. T hieu chnh (justifying) xuat phat t ky thuat in an khi ngi ta lam can bang o dai cac dong ch bang cach them vao cac dong ngan nhng khoang trong khong mang y ngha thong tin. Trong ky thuat hieu chnh dng ngi ta them bit gia (Bits available for justification) vao nhng v tr nhat nh trong luong so nhanh co toc o thap hn e cai thien toc o bit cua no. Thong tin co hay khong co hieu chnh can c bao ve chong sai nham v viec xac nh nham lan co hoac khong co hieu chnh se lam mat ong bo cac luong so nhanh tai ngo ra cua bo ghep kenh do b mat hoac them mot bit. cac luong so toc o thap nh luong so 8448 Kbit/s hay 34368 Kbit/s thong tin hieu chnh can c bao ve chong cac mau sai 1 bit trong khi cac luong so toc o cao hn nh 139 264 Kbit/s thong tin hieu chnh can c bao ve chong cac mau sai 2 bit. Vi luong so 8448 kbit/s hoac 34 368 kbit/s s dung hieu chnh dng ta can sa sai 1 bit cho thong tin ieu khien hieu chnh. Ta co 2 tin: v0 : co hieu chnh v1 : khong co hieu chnh. Can thiet ke bo ma sao cho co kha nang sa c t = 1 sai. Tc la bo ma co khoang cach Hamming D 2t + 1 = 3. Chon D = 3, ta thiet lap bo ma gom 2 t ma nh sau: + v0 = 000 : khong co hieu chnh, cac bit ieu khien la 000. + v1 = 111 : co hieu chnh, cac bit ieu khien la 111. Bang 1.2 Bang sap xep chuan cua bo ma { 000,111 } v0 = 000 001 010 100 v1 = 111 110 101 011

e1 = 001 e2 = 010 e3 = 100

Nh vay nhn vao bang sap xep chuan ta co the thay khi nhan c mot to hp sai 1 bit th t ma au cot la t ma ban au va mau sai au hang la mau sai a tac ong len t ma. Viec giai ma cung co the thc hien n gian bang phng phap a so bit quyet nh. Neu nhan c mot to hp co a so la cac bit 0 (001, 010, 100) th t ma a gi la v0 = 000. Neu nhan c mot to hp co a so la cac bit 1 (110, 101, 011) th t ma a gi la v 1 = 111. Tng t vi luong so 139 264 kbit/s s dung hieu chnh dng ta can sa sai 1 hoac 2 bit cho thong tin ieu khien hieu chnh. Ta co 2 tin: v0 : co hieu chnh v1 : khong co hieu chnh.

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Can thiet ke bo ma sao cho co kha nang sa c t = 1 sai va t = 2 sai. Tc la bo ma co khoang cach Hamming D 2t + 1 = 5. Chon D = 5, ta thiet lap bo ma gom 2 t ma nh sau: + v0 = 00000 : khong co hieu chnh, cac bit ieu khien la 00000. + v1 = 11111 : co hieu chnh, cac bit ieu khien la 11111. Nh vay nhn vao bang sap xep chuan ta co the thay khi nhan c mot to hp sai 1 hoac 2 bit th t ma au cot la t ma ban au va mau sai au hang la mau sai a tac ong len t ma. Viec giai ma cung co the thc hien n gian bang phng phap a so bit quyet nh. Neu nhan c mot to hp co a so la cac bit 0 (cac t ma cot 2) th t ma a gi la v0 = 00000. Con neu nhan c mot to hp co a so la cac bit 1 (cac t ma cot 1) th t ma a gi la v 1 = 11111. Bang 1.3 Bang sap xep chuan cua bo ma { 00000, 11111 } v0 = 00000 00001 00010 00100 01000 10000 00011 00101 01001 10001 00110 01010 10010 01100 10100 11000 v1 = 11111 11110 11101 11011 10111 01111 11100 11010 10110 01110 11001 10101 01101 10011 01011 00111

e1 = 00001 e2 = 00010 e3 = 00100 e4 = 01000 e5 = 10000 e6 = 00011 e7 = 00101 e8 = 01001 e9 = 10001 e10 = 00110 e11 = 01010 e12 = 10010 e13 = 01100 e14 = 10100 e15 = 11000

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1.2.3.2Luong so PDH cap II 8448 Kbit/s

TABLE 1/G.742 8448-kbit/s multiplexing frame structure Tributary bit rate (kbit/s) Number of tributaries Frame structure 2048 4 Bit number Set I 1 to 10 11 12 13 to 212 Set II 1 to 4 5 to 212 Set III 1 to 4 5 to 212 Set IV 1 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 212 848 bits 206 bits 10 kbit/s 0.424

Frame alignment signal (1111010000) Alarm indication to the remote digital multiplex equipment Bit reserved for national use Bits from tributaries

Justification control bits Cj1 (see Note) Bits from tributaries Justification control bits Cj2 (see Note) Bits from tributaries

Justification control bits Cj2 (see Note) Bits from tributaries available for justification Bits from tributaries

Frame length Bits per tributary Maximum justification rate per tributary Nominal justification ratio Note - Cji indicates the ith justification control bit of the jth tributary.

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1.2.3.3Luong so PDH cap III 34 368 kbit/s

TABLE 1/G.751 34 368 kbit/s multiplexing frame structure Tributary bit rate (kbit/s) Number of tributaries Frame structure Frame alignment signal (1111010000) Alarm indication to the remote digital multiplex equipment Bit reserved for national use Bits from tributaries 8448 4 Bit number Set I 1 to 10 11 12 13 to 384 Set II 1 to 4 5 to 384 Set III 1 to 4 5 to 384 Set IV 1 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 384

Justification service bits Cj1 (see Note) Bits from tributaries

Justification service bits Cj2 (see Note) Bits from tributaries

Justification service bit Cj3 (see Note) Bits from tributaire available for justification Bits from tributaries Frame length Bits per tributary Maximum justification rate per tributary Nominal justification ratio Note - Cjn , indicates the n th justification service bit of the jth tributary.

1536 bits 378 bits 22 375 kbit/s 0.436

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1.2.3.4Luong so PDH cap IV 34 368 kbit/s

TABLE 2/G.751 139 264 kbit/s multipl exing frame structure Tributary bit rate (kbit/s) Number of tributaries Frame structure 34 368 4 Bit number Set I 1 to 12 13 14 to 16 17 to 488 Set II to V 1 to 4 5 to 488 Set VI 1 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 488

Frame alignment signal (111110100000) Alarm indication to the remote digital multiplex equipment Bits reserved for national use Bits from tributaries

Justification service bits Cjn (n = 1 to 4) (see Note) Bits from tributaries

Justification service bit Cj5 (see Note) Bits from tributaire available for justification Bits from tributaries Frame length Bits per tributary Maximum justification rate per tributary Nominal justification ratio Note - Cjn indicates the n th justification service bit of the jth tributary.

2928 bits 723 bits 47 563 bit/s approx. 0.419

1.3

Han che cua IDN

Han che cua IDN la ng day thue bao van con la tng t. Do vay: toc o truyen so lieu qua MODEM rat thap do gii han dai thong cua ng day thue bao tng t, khong the tien hanh nhieu cuoc goi ong thi tren ng day thue bao, s dung mang rieng biet vi he thong truyen so lieu nen khong hp ly hoa mang c, khong s dung c cac dch vu mi co nen tang ky thuat so. Ngi ta khac phuc cac han che cua IDN bang ISDN va sau o la thc hien so hoa ng day thue bao bang cong nghe ng day thue bao so DSL (Digital Subscriber Line).

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Cau hoi t kiem tra 1. a thc sinh cua bo ma vong thc hien bao ve thong tin hieu chnh trong luong so PDH 8448 kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.742) V = {000,111} la: A. x3 + 1 B. x2 + x + 1 C. x3 + x 2 + x + 1 D. x2 + 1 E. x3 + x + 1 Hng dan: Xet a thc ma v(x) = d(x).x n-k + r(x) = x 2 + x + 1 (111) vi d(x) la a thc mang tin, (n,k) = (3,1) va r(x) = x + 1 la so d trong phep chia d(x). x n-k cho g(x) = x 2 + g 1x + g 0. Vay d(x) = 1. Thc hien phep chia d(x). x n-k cho g(x) ta c thng q(x) = 1 do a thc b chia va a thc chia cung bac. T ay: d(x). x n-k = q(x).g(x) + r(x) x2 = 1(x2 + g 1x + g 0) + x + 1 g1x + g 0 + x + 1 = 0 (g1 + 1)x + g 0 + 1 = 0 Tc la g 1 = g 0 = 1. Vay g(x) = x 2 + g 1x + g 0 = x 2 + x + 1. ap an: B 2. Bo ma tuyen tnh thc hien bao ve thong tin hieu chnh trong luong so PDH 8448 kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.742) V = {000,111} co: A. (n, k) = (6, 2) B. (n, k) = (3, 1) C. (n, k) = (3, 2) D. (n, k) = (5, 4) E. (n, k) = (4, 1) ap an: B Ngi ta thc hien canh bao BER > 10-3 luong so 2048 Kbps (ITU-T Rec. G.704) bang cach m mot ca so 1 giay va em cac t ong bo khung PCM-30 nhan c co sai sot. Muon canh bao BER > 10-3 th so t ong bo khung loi do c trong 1 giay phai ln hn: A. 8 B. 28 C. 32 D. 56 E. 128

3.

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Trong ca so 1 giay co 8000 khung, trong o co 4000 khung chan cha 4000 t ong bo khung. Moi t ong bo khung c xet 7 bit nen co 7 4000 = 28000 bit c kiem tra. Ty so sai bit 10-3 lam cho hn 28 bit b sai trong nhieu nhat la 28 t ong bo khung b loi hay noi cach khac 28 t ong bo khung b loi tng ng vi t nhat 28 bit b loi va d nhien BER a ln hn 10-3.

Hng dan:

ap an: B

4.

Bo ma tuyen tnh thc hien bao ve thong tin hieu chnh trong luong so PDH 139 264 kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.751) V = {00000, 11111}co kha nang sa c: A. Tat ca cac mau sai 4 bit B. Tat ca cac mau sai 3 bit C. Tat ca cac mau sai 1 bit D. Tat ca 10 mau sai E. Tat ca eu sai Hng dan: Bo ma V = {00000, 11111} co khoang cach Hamming D = 5 nen co the sa c tat ca cac mau sai 1 bit va 2 bit. Co tat ca 5 mau sai 1 bit va 5! 5.4 C2 = = 10 mau sai 2 bit. 5 =
2!(5 2)! 2

ap an: C 5. Cho biet so lng bit trong khoi bit c kiem tra d so ma vong CRC-4 trong luong so 2048 Kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.704). A. 256 B. 2048 C. 128 D. 4096 E. Tat ca eu sai ap an: B Toc o cua cac bit E a khung CRC-4 trong luong so 2048 Kbit/s ITU-T Rec. G.704 la: A. 8 000 bps B. 4 000 bps C. 2 000 bps D. 1 000 bps E. 100 bps ap an: D

6.

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7.

Cho biet a thc sinh cua bo ma vong CRC-4 trong luong so 2048 Kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.704). A. x4 + x + 1 B. x3 + x + 1 C. x4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 D. x4 + x 2 + 1 E. x4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 ap an: A

8.

Bo ma vong tuyen tnh thc hien kiem tra d so ma vong CRC-4 trong luong so 2048 Kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.704) co: A. (n, k) = (2052, 2048) B. (n, k) = (2052, 4) C. (n, k) = (2048, 4) D. (n, k) = (2048, 1024) E. (n, k) = (1024, 4) Hng dan: Khoi bit thc hien kiem tra d so ma vong co 2048 bit la cac bit mang tin nen k = 2048, mat khac do co 4 bit d so nen n k = 4 suy ra n = 2052. ap an: A 9. Toc o tong cong cua cac bit C1, C2 , C3, C4 a khung CRC-4 trong luong so 2048 Kbit/s ITU-T Rec. G.704 la: A. 8 000 bps B. 4 000 bps C. 2 000 bps D. 1 000 bps E. 100 bps ap an: B

10.

Bo ma tuyen tnh thc hien bao ve thong tin hieu chnh trong luong so PDH 139 264 kbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.751) V = {00000, 11111}co kha nang phat hien c: A. Tat ca cac mau sai 3 bit B. Tat ca cac mau sai 2 bit C. Tat ca cac mau sai 1 bit D. Tat ca 30 mau sai E. Tat ca eu ung Hng dan: Bo ma V = {00000, 11111} co khoang cach Hamming D = 5 nen co the phat hien c tat ca cac mau sai 1 bit tat ca cac mau sai 2 bit, tat ca cac mau sai

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3 bit va tat ca cac mau sai 4 bit. Co 5 mau sai 1 bit, bit,
C3 5 = 5! 5.4.3 = = 10 mau 3!(5 3)! 2.3

C2 5 =

5! 5.4 = = 10 mau 2!(5 2)! 2

sai 2

sai 3 bit va

C4 5 =

5! 5.4.3.2 = = 5 mau 4!(5 4)! 2.3.4

sai 4 bit.

ap an: E