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Phan III: 3.1 Khai niem

Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)

Broadband (dai rong): la dch vu hay he thong can cac kenh truyen dan co kha nang cung cap toc o ln hn toc o s cap. Thuat ng B-ISDN c s dung e noi ti va nhan manh cac lnh vc dai rong cua ISDN. B-ISDN s dung che o chuyen thong tin ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode: che o chuyen thong tin bat ong bo) oc lap vi phng tien truyen tai lp vat ly. B-ISDN da tren c s cac khai niem cua ISDN va co the bao gom them cac chc nang B-ISDN mi va tien tien hn. V B-ISDN da tren c s toan bo cac khai niem cua ISDN nen cau hnh chuan truy xuat ISDN cung lam c s cho cau hnh chuan truy xuat B-ISDN. 3.2 Dch vu dai rong (broadband services)

3.2.1 Cac lp dch vu (Service classes) Cac dch vu dai rong c chia lam hai loai dch vu chnh: dch vu tng tac (interactive services) va dch vu phan phoi (distribution services). Dch vu tng tac lai c chia thanh lai c chia thanh 3 loai: dch vu oi thoai (conversational services), dch vu thong iep (messaging services) va dch vu truy xuat (retrieval services). Dch vu phan phoi gom dch vu phan phoi khong co s ieu khien rieng cua ngi s dung (distribution services without user individual presentation control ) va dch vu phan phoi co s ieu khien rieng cua ngi s dung (distribution services with user individual presentation control) (xem minh hoa Figure 1/I.211).

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Interactive services

Conversational services

Messaging services

Retrieval services

Distribution services

Distribution services without user individual presentation control

Distribution services with user individual presentation control

T181842 0-92/d01

FIGURE 1/I.211 Classificat ion of broadband services

3.2.2 nh ngha cac lp dch vu a) Dch vu oi thoai

Nhn chung cac dch vu oi thoai cung cap phng tien lien lac hai chieu theo thi gian thc (no store-and-forward: khong lu tr va chuyen tiep ) chuyen thong tin hai au (end-to-end) gia ngi s dung vi ngi s dung hay ngi s dung vi may chu (v du, x ly d lieu). Dong thong tin co the la hai chieu oi xng, hai chieu khong oi xng hay trong mot vai trng hp ac biet (chang han, video surveillance: giam sat video) la mot chieu. V du ve cac dch vu oi thoai dai rong la hoi thoai video (video conference) va truyen so lieu toc o cao (high speed data transmission). b) Dch vu thong iep

Cac dch vu thong iep cho phep lien lac gia cac ngi s dung qua he thong lu tr vi cac chc nang lu va chuye n ( store-and-forward), hop th (mailbox) va x ly thong iep (message handling: soan thao, x ly va chuyen oi thong tin). V du ve cac dch vu thong iep dai rong la cac dch vu x ly thong iep (message handling services) va cac dch vu th tn danh cho hnh anh ong (film), hnh anh co o phan giai cao va thong tin am thanh (audio information).

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c)

Dch vu truy xuat

Ngi s dung dch vu truy xuat co the truy xuat thong tin lu tr cac trung tam thong tin cong cong. Thong tin nay ch c gi en ngi s dung theo yeu cau. Thong tin co the c truy xuat theo y thch ca nhan. Hn na, thi gian bat au gi thong tin la do ngi s dung ieu khien. V du ve cac dch vu loai nay la cac dch vu truy xuat film, hnh anh co o phan giai cao va cac thong tin lu tr. d) Dch vu phan phoi khong co s ieu khien rieng cua ngi s dung

Loai dch vu nay bao gom cac dch vu truyen thong. Chung cung cap dong thong tin lien tuc c phan phoi t mot nguon trung tam cho mot so khong gii han cac ngi nhan co quyen truy xuat. Ngi s dung co the truy xuat dong thong tin nay ma khong co kha nang xac nh thi iem bat au phan phoi chuoi thong tin. Ngi s dung cung khong co the at cac thong tin c phan phoi. Tai thi iem truy xuat co the ngi s dung khong co c phan au cua thong tin. V du ve dch vu truyen thong la cac chng trnh phat thanh va truyen hnh. e) Dch vu phan phoi co s ieu khien rieng cua ngi s dung

Dch vu loai nay phan phoi thong tin t mot nguon trung tam cho mot so ln ngi s dung. Tuy nhien, thong tin c cung cap theo mot chuoi cac thc the thong tin (v du, cac khung) lap lai co chu ky. V vay ngi s dung co kha nang truy xuat rieng cac thong tin phan phoi co chu ky va co the ieu khien thi iem bat au cung nh at trc thong tin. V c lap lai co chu ky nen cac thong tin c ngi s dung chon se luon luon hien dien t au. Mot v du ve dch vu loai nay la video truyen thong (full channel broadcast videography). 3.2.3 Cac dch vu co the cung cap c Table 1/I.211 ch ra cac dch vu co the cung cap c cua B-ISDN.

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3.3 Kien truc B-ISDN 3.3.1 Kien truc chc nang Figure 1/I.327 minh hoa kien truc chc nang cua B-ISDN. Cung nh vi N-ISDN viec ieu khien B-ISDN da vao bao hieu kenh chung. SS7 se c nang cap e cung cap cac kha nang m rong cho mang toc o cao. Tng t, nghi thc bao hieu ieu khien ngi s dung mang cung la mot phien ban nang cap cua Q.931: Q.2931. D nhien B-ISDN phai dung nap tat ca cac dch vu truyen dan 64 kbps ve chuyen mach thc cung nh chuyen mach goi von c N-ISDN dung nap. ieu nay giup cho s au t va phng tien cua ngi s dung khoi phai chuyen oi t N-ISDN sang B-ISDN. Them vao o cac kha nang dai rong cua B-ISDN c cung cap cho cac dch vu truyen dan toc o d lieu cao hn. giao dien ngi s dung mang nhng kha nang nay c cung cap cung vi phng tien ATM nh hng ket noi.

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TABLE 1/I.211

Service classes Conversational services

Type of information Moving pictures (video) and sound

Examples of broadband services Broadband b), c) video-telephony

Applications Communication for the transfer of voice (sound), moving pictures, and video scanned still images and documents between two locations (person-to-person) c) Tele-education tele-shopping tele-advertising Multipoint communication for the transfer of voice (sound), moving pictures, and video scanned still images and documents between two or more locations (person-to-group, group-to-group)c) Tele-education Tele-shopping Tele-advertising Building security Traffic monitoring

Some possible attribute values g) Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric (Value for information transfer rate is under study)

Broadband b), c) videoconference

Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric

Video-surveillance

Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ unidirectional Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric Demand/reserved/permanent Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric Connection oriented connectionless

Video/audio information transmission service Sound Multiple soundprogramme signals

TV signal transfer Video/audio dialogue Contribution of information Multilingual commentary channels Multiple programme transfers High speed data transfer LAN (local area network) interconnection MAN (metropolitan area network) interconnection Computer-computer interconnection Transfer of video and other information types Still image transfer Multi-site interactive CAD/CAM Data file transfer

Data

High speed unrestricted digital information transmission service

High volume file transfer service

Demand Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric

High speed teleaction Document High speed Telefax

Realtime control Telemetry Alarms Demand Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric

User-to-user transfer of text, images, drawings, etc.

High resolution image communication service Document communication service

Professional images Medical images Remote games and game networks Demand Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ bidirectional asymmetric

User-to-user transfer of mixed documents d)

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Possible broadband services in ISDN a) TABLE 1/I.211 (continued) Possible broadband services in ISDN a)

Service classes Messaging services

Type of information Moving pictures (video) and sound Document

Examples of broadband services Video mail service

Applications Electronic mailbox service for the transfer of moving pictures and accompanying sound Electronic mailbox service for mixed documents d)

Document mail service

Retrieval services

Text, data, graphics, sound, still images, moving pictures

Broadband videotex

Video retrieval service High resolution image retrieval service

Document retrieval service Data retrieval service Existing quality TV distribution service (PAL, SECAM, NTSC) Extended quality TV distribution service Enhanced definition TV distribution service High quality TV High definition TV distribution service

Videotex including moving pictures Remote education and training Telesoftware Tele-shopping Tele-advertising News retrieval Entertainment purposes Remote education and training Entertainment purp oses Remote education and training Professional image communications Medical image communications Mixed documents retrieval from information centres, archives, etc. d), e) Telesoftware TV programme distribution

Some possible attribute values g) Demand Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ unidirectional (for further study) Demand Point-to-point/multipoint Bidirectional symmetric/ unidirectional (for further study) Demand Point-to-point Bidirectional asymmetric

Demand/reserved Point-to-point/multipoint f) Bidirectional asymmetric Demand/reserved Point-to-point/multipoint f) Bidirectional asymmetric

Demand Point-to-point/multipoint f) Bidirectional asymmetric Demand (selection)/ permanent Broadcast Bidirectional asymmetric/ unidirectional Demand (selection)/ permanent Broadcast Bidirectional asymmetric/ unidirectional

Distribution services without user individual presentation control

Video

TV programme distribution

TV programme distribution

Pay-TV (pay -per-view, pay -per-channel) Text, graphics, still images Document distribution service

TV programme distribution

Electronic newspaper Electronic publishing

Demand (selection)/ permanent Broadcast Bidirectional asymmetric/ unidirectional Demand (selection)/ permanent Broadcast/multipoint Bidirectional asymmetric/ unidirectional Demand (selection)/ permanent Broadcast/multipoint f) Bidirectional asymmetric/ unidirectional

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TABLE 1/I.211 (concluded) Possible broadband services in ISDN a) Service classes Distribution services without user individual presentation control (continued) Type of information Data Examples of broadband services High speed unrestricted digital information distribution service Video information distribution service Full channel broadcast videography Some possible attribute values g) Permanent Broadcast Unidirectional

Applications Distribution of unrestricted data

Moving pictures and sound Text, graphics, sound, still images

Distribution of video/audio signals Remote education and training Tele-advertising News retrieval Telesoftware

Permanent Broadcast Unidirectional Permanent Broadcast Unidirectional

Distribution services with user individual presentation control NOTES

a)

In this table only those broadband services are considered which may require higher transfer capacity than that of the H1 capacity. Services for sound retrieval, main sound applications and visual services with reduced or highly reduced resolutions are not listed.
b)

This terminology indicates that a re-definition regarding existing terms has taken place. The new terms may or may not exist for a transition period.
c) d)

The realization of the different applications may require the definition of different quality classes.

Mixed document means that a document may contain text, graphic, still and moving picture information as well as voice annotation.
e) f) g)

Special high layer functions are necessary if post-processing after retrieval is required. Further study is required to indicate whether the point-to-multipoint connection represents in this case a main application.

For the moment this column merely highlights some possible attribute values to give a general indication of the characteristics of these services. The full specification of these services will require a listing of all attribute values which will be defined for broadband services in Recommendations of the I.200-Series.

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L ow-L a yer ca p abili tie s

High-Layer capabilities

TE

L F C

B ro ad ba nd cap ab ilities

L F C

TE or service provider

64 kbit/s based ISDN capabilities

Inter-exchange signalling capabilities User-to-network signalling U ser-to-u ser (u ser-to-n e tw ork) sig na llin g
T 181 861 0- 92/d

LFC TE

Local function capabilities Terminal equipment

FIGURE 1/I.327 Basic architecture model of the B-ISDN

3.3.2 Giao tiep ngi s dung mang Figure 1/I.413 minh hoa cac iem chuan RB, S B va T B trong B-ISDN hoan toan giong vi cac iem chuan R, S va T trong N-ISDN. Tong ai noi hat B-ISDN phai co kha nang x ly ca cac thue bao ISDN lan thue bao B-ISDN. Cac thue bao ISDN c noi vi tong ai bang cap xoan oi va cac thue bao B-ISDN c noi vi tong ai bang cap quang. 3.3.3 Cau truc truyen dan Co 3 dch vu truyen dan mi c nh ngha: dch vu truyen dan song cong 155.52 Mbps dch vu truyen dan song cong bat oi xng: + t thue bao ti mang: 155.52 Mbps + t mang ti thue bao: 622.08 Mbps dch vu truyen dan song cong 622.08 Mbps

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SB B-TE1 B-NT2

TB B-NT1

R TE2 or B-TE2 B-TA

SB

T1811390-90/d01

Reference point Functional group B-TA Terminal adaptor for B-ISDN B-TE Terminal equipment for B-ISDN B-NT Network termination for B-ISDN

FIGURE 1/I.413 B-ISDN reference configurations

3.4

Cac nghi thc ISDN dai rong

3.4.1 Mo hnh tham chieu nghi thc B-ISDN (The B-ISDN protocol reference model)

M anagement plane

Plane management

C ontrol plane Higher layers

Control plane Higher layers

Layer management

ATM adaptation layer

ATM layer

Physical layer

T1810451-90

FIGURE 1/I.321 B-ISDN protocol reference model

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3.4.1.1Cac mat phang Mo hnh chuan nghi thc co 3 mat phang: Mat phang ngi s dung (User plane): vi cau truc phan lp cung cap cho viec chuyen thong tin ngi s dung cung vi cac thong tin ieu khien lien quan nh ieu khien lu lng, kiem soat sai, Mat phang ieu khien (Control plane): co cau truc phan lp, thc hien cac chc nang ieu khien ket noi va ieu khien cuoc goi lien quan ti bao hieu can thiet cho viec thiet lap, giam sat, giai toa cac cuoc goi va cac ket noi. Mat phang quan ly (Management plane): cung cap hai loai chc nang la chc nang quan ly lp (Layer Management) va chc nang quan ly mat phang (plane management). + chc nang quan ly mat phang: mat phang quan ly thc hien cac chc nang quan ly lien quan ti he thong va cung cap s phoi hp gia cac mat phang. Mat phang quan ly khong co cau truc phan lp. + chc nang quan ly lp: mat phang quan ly thc hien cac chc nang quan ly lien quan tai nguyen va tham so nam cac thc the nghi thc cua no. Quan ly lp x ly cac dong thong tin ieu hanh bao dng cua lp ang x ly. 3.4.1.2Chc nang cac lp rieng biet cua B-ISDN PRM (Protocol Reference Model: mo hnh chuan nghi thc B-ISDN) Figure 2/I.321 minh hoa cac lp cua PRM va xac nh cac chc nang cua lp vat ly, lp ATM va lp AAL. a) Lp vat ly Lp vat ly gom hai phan lp : Phan lp moi trng vat ly PM (physical medium sublayer): ch bao gom cac chc nang phu thuoc vao moi trng vat ly. Phan lp moi trng vat ly cung cap kha nang truyen dan bit bao gom chuyen bit va ong bo bit. No bao gom viec ma hoa ng day va chuyen oi ien - quang. + Moi trng vat ly: cac chc nang truyen dan phu thuoc rat ln vao moi trng truyen dan. + Thi hieu bit: chc nang co tnh nguyen tac la phat va thu cac dang song thch hp vi moi trng truyen, vi viec chen / tach thi hieu bit va ma hoa ng day. Nguyen thuy c nh ngha ranh

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gii gia cac phan lp PM va TC la dong lien tuc cac bit hay ky hieu logic cung vi thong tin thi hieu cua no. Phan lp hoi tu truyen dan TC (transmission convergence sublayer): thc hien tat ca cac chc nang can thiet e chuyen oi dong cell (cell) thanh dong cac n v d lieu (v du, bit) co the gi va nhan c qua moi trng vat ly. Khoi so lieu (SDU: service data unit) chuyen qua ranh gii gia lp ATM va lp vat ly la dong cac cell hp le. Phan lp hoi tu truyen dan TC thc hien cac chc nang sau:

Higher layer functions Convergence Segmentation and reassembly Generic flow control Cell header generation/extraction Cell VPI/VCI translation Cell multiplex and demultiplex Cell rate decoupling HEC header sequence generation/verification Cell delineation Transmission frame adaptation Transmission frame generation/recovery Bit timing Physical medium CS Convergence sublayer PM Physical medium SAR Segmentation and reassembly sublayer TC Transmission convergence

Higher layers CS SAR AAL

ATM

TC

PM

FIGURE 2/I.321 Functions of the B-ISDN in relation to the protocol reference model

+ Phat va phuc hoi cac khung truyen dan. + Bien oi khung truyen dan: chc nang nay e cau truc dong cell theo cau truc payload cua khung truyen dan (theo hng phat) va tach dong cell nay ra khoi khung truyen dan (theo hng thu). Khung truyen dan co the la tng cell (ngha la khong can phai them bao b vao dong cell), bao b SDH hay bao b Rec. G.703,

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+ Phan tach cell (Cell delineation): chieu phat dong cell ATM c ngau nhien hoa, chieu thu cac gii han cell c nhan biet bang c che HEC (Header Error Control) va dong cell c giai ngau nhien hoa. + Tao va kiem tra HEC: chieu phat HEC c tnh va chen vao header cua cell. chieu thu cac header cua cell c kiem tra loi va sa loi neu co. Cac cell co header loi khong sa c se b loai bo. + Chen va thu hoi cac cell trong (Cell rate decoupling): chen va thu hoi cac cell trong e bien oi toc o cac cell ATM hp le sang dung lng payload cua he thong truyen dan. Cac nguyen thuy lp vat ly (Physical Layer primitives): Ngi ta nh ngha hai nguyen thuy gia lp vat ly va lp ATM. PH-DATA request: lp ATM yeu cau lp vat ly gi SDU lien quan ti nguyen thuy nay cho thc the ngang cap vi no. PH-DATA-indication: lp vat ly bao cho lp ATM biet rang SDU lien quan ti nguyen thuy en t thc the ngang cap vi no a nhan c. b) Lp ATM

Lp ATM khong phu thuoc vao lp vat ly di no. Cac chc nang cua lp ATM bao gom: Ghep va tach cac cell (Cell multiplexing and demultiplexing): chieu phat chc nang ghep cell ket hp cac cell t cac kenh ao (VC: virtual channels) va cac ng ao (VP: virtual paths) thanh mot dong cell khong lien tuc. chieu thu chc nang tach cell dan hng cac cell rieng biet t dong cell khong lien tuc en cac VP va VC ung cua chung. Dch ten ng ao (VPI: Virtual path identifier) va ten kenh ao (VCI: virtual channel identifier): chc nang nay xay ra tai cac vung chuyen mach ATM (ATM switching fields) va / hoac cac nut noi xuyen (cross-connect nodes) gom ca B-NT2. Gia tr cua VPI va / hoac VCI cua moi cell ATM nhan c xep tng ng vi mot gia tr VPI va / hoac VCI mi. Tao / tach header cell (Cell header generation/extraction): Nhng chc nang nay ap dung tai cac iem bat au va ket thuc lp ATM. chieu phat chc nang tao header cell nhan trng thong tin t lp cao hn va tao ra header cell ATM ung ch tr HEC. Chc nang nay cung bao gom ca viec dch ten iem truy xuat dch vu sang ten cua VC va VP. chieu thu chc nang tach header cell g cac

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header cell va chuyen trng thong tin sang cho lp cao hn. Chc nang nay cung bao gom ca viec dch ten cua VC va VP sang ten cua SAP. ieu khien lu lng chung (Generic flow control: GFC): Khi s dung GFC lp ATM thong tin ieu khien lu lng c truyen trong cac cell ch nh (assigned cells) va khong ch nh (unassigned cells). Cac cell mang thong tin nay c phat i lp ATM. Cac nguyen thuy lp ATM (ATM Layer primitives): moi SAP, SDU ngang qua ranh gii gia lp ATM va AAL la trng thong tin cell. Gia lp ATM va AAL co hai loai nguyen thuy c nh ngha: ATM-DATA request: AAL yeu cau lp AT M gi ATM-SDU lien quan ti nguyen thuy nay cho thc the ngang cap vi no. ATM-DATA-indication: lp ATM bao cho AAL rang ATM-SDU lien quan ti nguyen thuy en t thc the ngang cap vi no a nhan c. c) Lp thch ng ATM (ATM Adaptation Layer)

Lp thch ng ATM bao gom cac phan lp phan oan va tai hp (segmentation and reassembly sublayer: SAR) va phan lp hoi tu (convergence sublayer: CS). Phan lp phan oan va tai hp thc hien phan oan thong tin lp cao thanh kch thc phu hp vi trng thong tin cua cell ATM gi i va khi nhan se tai hp noi dung cua chuoi trng thong tin cell ATM thanh thong tin lp cao. Phan lp hoi tu la mot ac tnh giao tiep. No xac nh cac dch vu AAL cung cap cho cac lp cao. 3.4.2 Lp vat ly B-ISDN 3.4.2.1Cac ac tnh moi trng vat ly giao dien ngi s dung mang
UNI 155.52 Mbps Giao tiep Giao tiep quang ien 2 si cap ong 2 si quang n truc mode UNI 622.08 Mbps * Giao tiep Giao tiep quang ien FFS 2 si quang n mode

Moi trng truyen dan

Ma ng day CMI NRZ FFS NRZ * Bao gom ca giao tiep bat oi xng mot chieu 622.08 Mbps, mot chieu 155.52 Mbps va giao tiep oi xng ca hai chieu 622.08 Mbps.

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3.4.2.2Ma ng day a) Ma CMI

CMI c dung trong cac giao dien ien s dung cap ong truc. CMI la ma khong tr ve khong 2 mc, bit nh phan 0 c ma hoa ca 2 mc bien o A1 va A2 lien tiep, moi bien o chiem na khoang thi gian n v T/2. Mc nh phan 1 c ma hoa la mot trong hai mc bien o A1 hay A2 trong ca khoang thi gian n v T theo quy tac oi mc oi vi cac bit nh phan 1 lien tiep. Mot v du c minh hoa Figure 18/G.703. Lu y: Bit nh phan 0 luon luon la chuyen oi dng gia khoang thi gian n v nh phan.
0 Binary Level A2 0 1 0 1 1 1

Level A1 T 2 T T 2 T
T1818870-92

FIGURE 18/G.703 Example of CMI coded binary signal

Bit nh phan 1: + chuyen mc dng vao luc bat au khoang thi gian n v nh phan neu khoang thi gian trc o la mc A1; + chuyen mc am vao luc bat au khoang thi gian n v nh phan neu bit nh phan 1 cuoi cung trc o c ma hoa mc A2.

b)

Ma NRZ

Ma NRZ c s dung trong cac giao dien quang. Tren thc te no la dan g ASK (amplitudue-shift keying) theo quy tac sau:

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Bit nh phan 1 co phat anh sang. Bit nh phan 0 khong phat anh sang.

3.4.2.3ac tnh moi trng vat ly cua UNI 155 520 kbit/s a) Toc o bit 155 520 kbit/s 20 ppm b) Giao tiep ien Tam giao tiep: + microcoax (4 mm): 100 m + CATV (7 mm): 200 m Moi trng truyen dan: + truyen dan iem noi iem + dung 2 si cap ong truc cho 2 hng Ma ng day: CMI

c)

Giao tiep quang Tam suy hao: Moi trng quang: Ma ng day: + bit nh phan 1: + bit nh phan 0: Bc song: 0 dB en 7 dB 2 si quang n mode G.652 NRZ phat sang khong phat sang 1310 nm

3.4.3 Lp ATM Lp ATM thc hien quan ly va tao ra phan header (header) cua cac cell (cell) ATM. chieu gi lp ATM nhan d lieu t lp cao hn va them vao header e c cac cell dai 53 octet va gi en lp vat ly. chieu nhan lp ATM nhan cac cell t lp vat ly, lot bo header 5 octet va gi phan 48 octet con lai cho lp cao hn. Lp ATM c xac nh trong khuyen ngh ITU-T I.361.

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Data 48 octet
H Payload T H

Video 48 octet
Payload T H

Voice 48 octet
Payload T AAL

53 octet 48 octet
CH H Payload

53 octet 48 octet
T
CH H Payload

53 octet 48 octet
T
CH H Payload

ATM T

ATM network

53 octet 48 octet
CH H Payload

53 octet 48 octet
T
CH H Payload

53 octet 48 octet
T
CH H Payload

ATM T

48 octet
H Payload T H

48 octet
Payload T H

48 octet
Payload T AAL

Data

Video Voice Relationship of AAL, ATM layer and ATM network

Trong Blue Book nam 1988, kch thc cac cell van cha c xac nh cu the: phan header la t 3 en 8 octet va phan payload dai t 32 en 120 octet. en nam 1990 CCITT mi xac nh lai la phan header dai 5 octet va phan payload dai 48 octet. Theo y cua CCITT th c che chuyen tiep cell cua ATM se cung cap ha tang c s can ban cho mang vien thong trong the he sap en nen no phai thoa man yeu cau ho tr cac loai dch vu khac nhau. Trong khi cac thiet b so ngay nay chuyen mach theo octet con mang ATM lai chuyen mach theo cell. Nh vay kch thc cell nh the nao la toi u cho ca cac dch vu nhay vi thi gian tre va cac dch vu khong nhay vi thi gian tre. CCITT s dung header 5 octet v no u e cung cap thong tin ve a ch va ieu khien va no cung la mot giai phap trung gian gia nhu cau header nho (3 octet) va header ln hn (8 octet). Kch thc payload co the anh hng trc tiep en dch vu c cung cap. Chat lng cua dch vu thoai cung nh cac dch vu nhay vi thi gian tre phu thuoc nhieu vao o tre cua mang trong khi chat lng cua dch vu so lieu cung nh hau het cac dch vu khong nhay vi thi gian tre khac lai phu thuoc vao throughput va hieu qua

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cua nghi thc . Trong cac dch vu so lieu can toc o cao th cac payload dai se lam cho so cell t hn va throughput ln hn. Vi cac dch vu thoai th cac payload nho lam cho cac cell nho, de ap ng cac yeu cau o tre thap giam thieu cac bo em va de dang xay dng cac iem chuyen mac h chuyen tiep cell. ieu can ban anh hng en kch thc cua cell la o tre cua lu lng thoai. Moi mau PCM c lay trong vong 125s. So octet hay la so mau PCM c lay trong moi cell co the anh hng trc tiep ti lng thi gian can thiet e hnh thanh va van chuyen mot cell. Mot vai nha ieu hanh mang muon thc hien payload 32 octet keo dai 4 ms trong khi mot vai nha ieu hanh mang khac lai muon thc hien payload 64 octet keo dai 8 ms. Payload dai 48 octet keo dai 6 ms la mot s dan xep gia hai y kien nay. Du header 5 octet tao phan phu troi len en hn 9% trong mot cell 53 octet nhng ieu nay se khong ang ke khi ca cac thiet b chuyen mach va mang eu ang hoat ong. 3.4.3.1Chc nang cua lp ATM Ghep va tach cac cell: tao ra dong cac cell xuat phat t cac ng ao (VP: virtual path) va cac kenh ao (VC: virtual channel) khac nhau va phan phoi vao cac VP hay VC chnh xac. Phien dch VPI va VCI: neu che o nay cung cap chc nang chuyen mach VP va hoac VC th VPI va hoac VCI cua cell nhan c can phai c phien dch thanh mot gia tr VPI va hoac VCI mi. Them vao va lot bo header cua cell: Trong chieu phat lp ATM phai lay cac thong tin t lp cao hn, them vao header cua cell va chuyen cho lp vat ly. chieu thu lp ATM nhan cac cell t lp vat ly, lot bo header va chuyen phan thong tin (payload) cho nghi thc lp tren ung cua no. ieu khien lu lng chung: lp ATM phai co chc nang quan ly thong tin ieu khien lu lng chung.

3.4.3.2Cau truc cell ATM

Bits: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 .... 5 6
Information field (48 octets)

Header (5 octets)

....

53 octet cell

53

T1307450-96/d01

FIGURE 1/I.361 Cell structure at the UNI/NNI

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Generic flow control (GFC) la mot trng 4 bit (ch co UNI) dung vi c che GFC e kiem soat lu lng cac ket noi ATM co chat lng dch vu khac nhau. C che nay c dung e ieu khien dong cell e lam du bt tac nghen nho. Mac du c che GFC van cha c nh ngha ay u nhng no van c thiet ke e cung cap thong tin kiem soat lu lng gia cac thiet b au cuoi BISDN va mang tuy thong tin nay khong c chuyen xuyen qua mang. Cac trng VPI va VCI hnh thanh nhan nh tuyen (routing label). Giao dien UNI s dung trng VPI dai 8 bit con giao dien NNI s dung trng VPI dai 12 bit. Trng VCI cua ca hai giao dien luon luon dai 16 bit. Payload type identifier (PTI): la mot trng dai 3 bit ch th phan payload cua cell la thong tin cua ngi s dung hay thong tin quan ly lp cua lp ATM. Bit th nhat bang 0 no ch th ay la thong tin ngi s dung va khi o bit 2 mang thong tin ve tac nghen va bit 3 la user-to-user bit co the c s dung bi bat ky chc nang nao cua lp cao hn AAL. Chang han, AAL5 s dung bit nay e ch th ay la cell cuoi cung cua thong iep AAL5. Cell loss priority (CLP): bit nay co the c ngi s dung hay mang cai mc 1 e ch th cell ang truyen co mc u tien thap. Cac cell nay co the c mang u tien loai bo trong mot so ieu kien qua tai mang. Viec s dung bit CLP co the han che tac ong xau cua cac cell b mat trong tnh trang tran bo em cua mang. ng dung au tien cua c che CLP la dung cho cac dch vu toc o bit khac nhau. CLP = 0 la mc u tien cao mang thong tin ong bo can thiet cho viec phuc hoi tn hieu. S mat mat cac cell nay tac hai hn mat mat mot cell bnh thng nhieu. Header error control (HEC) cung cap viec kiem tra d so ma vong 8 bit bao ve 4 octet au cua header. HEC co the sa c cac mau sai, phat hien c mot so mau sai nhieu bit va phuc vu viec phan tach cell.

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`dr`

VXB

Bit 8 GFC VPI VCI VCI HEC CLP Cell Loss Priority GFC Generic Flow Control PT Payload Type HEC Header Error Control VPI Virtual Path Identifier VCI Virtual Channel Identifier PT CLP 7 6 5 4 VPI VCI 3 2 1 Octet 1 2 3 4 5

FIGURE 2/I.361 Header structure at UNI

Bit 8 7 6 5 VPI VPI VCI VCI HEC PT CLP VCI 4 3 2 1 Octet 1 2 3 4 5

FIGURE 3/I.361 Header structure at NNI

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PTI coding Bits 432 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Interpretation User data cell, congestion not experienced. ATM user-to-ATM-user indication = 0 User data cell, congestion not experienced. ATM-user-to-ATM-user indication = 1 User data cell, congestion experienced. ATM-user-to-ATM-user indication = 0 User data cell, congestion experienced. ATM-user-to-ATM-user indication = 1 OAM F5 segment associated cell OAM F5 end-to-end associated cell Resource management cell Reserved for future VC functions

3.4.3.3Kiem soat loi header (HEC: Header Error Control) a. Cac chc nang kiem soat loi header

HEC dung e kiem soat loi tren toan bo header. Ma dung cho HEC co kha nang: sa c sai 1 bit, hoac do c sai nhieu bit. May phat se tnh gia tr trng HEC, may thu co 2 che o hoat ong nh minh hoa Figure 11/I.432.
Multi-bit error detected (cell discarded)

No error detected (no action)

Correction mode No error detected (no action)

Detection mode

Error detected (cell discarded)

T1811410-90/D11

Sin gle bit error detected (correction)

FIGURE 11/I.432 H E C: Receiv er m odes of opera tion

Che o hoat ong ban au la sa sai 1 bit. Kiem tra tat ca cac header, neu do c sai th tac ong ke tiep phu thuoc vao trang thai hien tai cua may thu. che o sa sai ch sa c sai 1 bit va may thu c chuyen sang che o do

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sai. che o do sai tat ca cac cell co header sai eu b loai bo cho en khi nhan c cell co header khong co loi mi chuyen sang che o sa sai. Trong hnh 7.12 no action ngha la khong thc hien sa sai va cung khong loai bo cell nao. Lu o Figure 12/I.432 minh hoa tac ong cua sai len header cua cell ATM. b. Tao day kiem soat sai header

May phat tnh gia tr tren 4 octet au cua trng header va chen ket qua vao octet th 5. Trng kiem soat sai header la day dai 8 bit. o la d so phep chia module 2 cua tch x8 vi noi dung header khong ke HEC cho a thc G(x) = x8 + x 2 + x + 1. may phat, noi dung ban au cua thanh ghi trong thiet b tnh d so trong phep chia c cai san mc 0 cho tat ca cac flip flop roi c ieu chnh bi phep chia header khong co HEC nh a mo ta tren. D so ket qua c gi i la HEC 8 bit. e cai tien viec thc hien phan tach cell khi xay ra hien tng trt bit ngi ta thc hien nh sau: - Cac bit kiem tra c cong module 2 cho mot mau 8 bit trc khi chen vao octet cuoi cung cua Header. - Mau bit c khuyen ngh la 01010101 (bit ben trai la bit co trong so ln nhat). - May thu phai tr (cung tng ng vi phep cong module 2) cho cung mot mau 8 bit trc khi em i tnh sydrome cua header. Hoat ong nay hoan toan khong anh hng en kha nang do / sa sai cua HEC.

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Incoming cell with uncorrupted header

Incoming cell with corrupted header

Y es

Error detected? Detection No

No

Correction

Mode?

Permissible header? (Note 2)

Y es

Correction appears possible? No

No

Yes Permissible header? (Note 2) No Yes

Intended header reconstructed?

Yes

Valid cell (Note 1), correct header (intended service)

Discarded cell (Note 3)

Valid cell (Note 1), errored header (unintended service)

T13 02150-93/D 12

Functions usually performed by the ATM layer

NOTES 1 Definition of valid cell: A cell where the header is declared by the header error control process to be free of errors (Recommendation I.113). 2 An example of an impermissible header is a header whose VPI/VCI is neither allocated to a conneciton nor pre-assigned to a particular function (idle cell, OAM cell, etc.). In many instances, the ATM layer will decide if the cell header is permissible. 3 A cell is descarded if its header is declared to be invalid; or if the header is declared to be valid and the resulting header is impermissible.

FIGURE 12/I.432 Consequences of errors in ATM cell header

c.

S dung HEC vao viec phan tach cell (Cell delineaction)

Phan tach cell la qua trnh xac nh ranh gii cac cell. Header cell ATM co cha HEC cung dung e phan tach cell. Figure 13/I.432 minh hoa s o trang thai cua phng phap phan tach cell dung HEC.

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Bit by bit

HUNT

Correct HEC

ALPHA consecutive incorrect HEC

Incorrect HEC

PRESYNC

Cell by cell

T1818670-92/D13

SYNCH

DELTA consecutive correct HEC

Cell by cell

FIGURE 13/I.432 Cell delineation state diagram

trang thai HUNT qua trnh phan tach c thc hien bang cach kiem tra tng bit e tm HEC ung. Khi a tm c HEC ung th xem nh tm c mot HEC va chuyen sang trang thai PRESYNCH. trang thai PRESYNCH qua trnh phan tach c thc hien bang cach kiem tra tng cell e tm HEC ung. Qua trnh c lap lai cho ti khi xac nhan c DELTA HEC ung lien tiep. Neu do mot HEC sai nao th chuyen sang trang thai HUNT. trang thai SYNCH th viec phan tach xem nh mat khi nhan c ALPHA HEC sai lien tiep. Cac tham so ALPHA va DELTA c chon sao cho qua trnh phan tach c hieu qua va an toan nhat: oi vi cell lp vat ly th ALPHA = 7 va DELTA = 8 3.4.3.4Quan he gia ngi s dung va cac lp mang e chuyen payload cua ngi s dung Quan he gia ngi s dung va cac lp mang e chuyen payload cua ngi s dung c minh hoa hnh ve sau:

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User ATM network ULP AAL ATM Physical ATM Physical ATM Physical ATM Physical

User ULP AAL ATM Physical

UNI

NNI

NNI

UNI

3.4.4 Lp thch ng ATM (AAL: ATM Adaption Layer) 3.4.4.1Tong quan ve AAL Lp cao nhat trong mo hnh nghi thc B-ISDN la AAL. AAL co chc nang cung cap giao tiep gia lp ATM va cac ng dung, cac nghi thc ang s dung hien nay. Trong khi lp ATM thc hien phan header 5 octet cua cell th lp AAL thc hien phan payload 48 octet cua cell. Quan he gia cac lp ATM, AAL va mang ATM c minh hoa hnh ve trang sau. Dch vu AAL bao gom: x ly loi truyen dan, phan oan va tai hp e thc hien truyen tai cac khoi d lieu kch thc ln bang cac cell ATM, x ly cac trang thai mat cell, ieu khien lu lng va nh thi. Lp AAL bao gom 2 phan lp la CS (Convergence Sublayer: phan lp hoi tu) va SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer: phan lp phan oan va tai hp). Ban than phan lp CS lai c phan chia thanh 2 phan lp la SSCS (Service Specific CS) va CPCS (Common Part CS). Phan lp hoi tu cung cap cac chc nang can thiet e ho tr tng ng dung bang AAL. Moi ng dung lien ket vi AAL qua mot iem truy xuat dch vu. Phan lp phan oan va tai hp ong goi thong tin nhan c t phan lp hoi tu thanh cac cell e truyen dan va m goi au ben kia. Moi cell bao gom 5 octet header va 48 octet thong tin nen SAR phai ong goi cac header SAR, trailer SAR cung vi thong tin phan lp CS thanh cac khoi 48 octet. Ban au ITU-T nh ngha moi loai nghi thc cho mot loai dch vu vi ten goi t loai 1 en loai 4. Thc te, moi loai nghi thc bao gom 2 nghi thc phan lp CS va phan lp SAR. Gan ay, loai 3 va loai 4 c gop lai thanh loai 3/4 va mot loai mi c nh ngha: loai 5.

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Class A Timing relation between source Bit rate Connection mode AAL protocol Required Constant

Class B

Class C Class D Not required Variable

Connection oriented Type 1 Type 2 Type 3/4, Type 5

Connectionless Type 3/4

Cac dch vu ATM ho tr c chia lam 4 loai ky hieu la A, B, C, D. - Loai A: Dch vu nay yeu cau x ly thi gian thc, toc o truyen khong oi (CBR: Constant Bit Rate), kieu truyen nh hng ket noi (connection oriented). Dch vu loai A mo phong theo chuyen mach kenh, cac dch vu loai nay thng la tieng noi va tn hieu video co toc o khong oi. - Loai B: Dch vu nay yeu cau x ly thi gian thc, toc o truyen thay oi, kieu truyen nh hng ket noi. Cac dch vu cua no thng la tn hieu audio va video co toc o thay oi. Loai nay co the c s dung bi dch vu truy xuat thong tin trong khoang thi gian ln, lu lng c gi en ngi s dung, sau o tr hoan khi ngi s dung can xem xet thong tin. - Loai C: Dch vu nay la cac dch vu khong yeu cau thi gian thc, toc o truyen thay oi, kieu truyen nh hng ket noi. No phuc vu cho cac dch vu truyen so lieu nh hng ket noi va cho bao hieu. - Loai D: Dch vu nay la cac dch vu khong yeu cau thi gian thc, toc o bit thay oi, kieu truyen khong nh hng ket noi, dung cho cac dch vu truyen so lieu khong nh hng lien ket va ac biet cho bao hieu. 3.4.4.2AAL1 Loai AAL1 nay co nhiem vu chuyen thong tin khach hang lp tren USDU, toc o chuyen khong oi, yeu cau thi gian thc va cung cap cac dch vu ch th loi cac bit khong phat hien c cho lp cao hn. Chc nang c ban cua no bao gom phan tach va tao lai thong tin cua ngi s dung, x ly viec chuyen oi o tre cua cell, cung cap chc nang x ly viec loai bo hoac ghep them cell va tao ieu kien e pha thu lay lai thong tin clock pha phat e ong bo, phat hien loi trong header cua cell. V mo phong theo chuyen mach kenh nen viec giam sat tham so QoS t au cuoi en au cuoi la can thiet.

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a.

Phan lp SAR

Lp nay nhan khoi d lieu 47 octet t lp hoi tu CS va sau o them vao header e tao ra SAR-PDU dai 48 octet roi gi en lp ATM. Ngc lai tai au thu phan lp SAR nhan 48 octet t lp ATM. Ngc lai tai au thu phan lp SAR nhan 48 octet t lp ATM sau o tach header roi gi en phan lp CS.
Cell header SN field 4 bits SNP field 4 bits SAR-PDU payload 47 octets

SAR-PDU header SAR-PDU (48 octets)

T1811320-90/d01

FIGURE 1/I.363 SAR-PDU format of AAL type 1

Cau truc SAR-PDU gom 48 octet trong o octet au tien la trng thong tin ieu khien nghi thc PCI (Protocol Control Information). PCI bao gom 4 bit ch th t SN (Sequence Number) va 4 bit ma bao ve loi SNP (Sequence Number Protection) cho SN.
CSI bit Sequence count field (3 bits)

SN field (4 bits)
T1817600-92/d02

FIGURE 2/I.363 Sequence number (SN) field format

Trng SN c chia thanh phan lp hoi tu CSI (1 bit) s dung e truyen thong tin ong bo hoac cac thong tin ve cac d lieu co cau truc va 3 bit em th t SC (Sequence Count). SC luon c tang len pha phat va pha thu se kiem tra cac cell SAR-PDU a mat hoac chen nham sai th t.

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CSI bit = 0

SAR-PDU header

AAL user information SAR-PDU payload (47 octets)

a) Non-P format CSI bit = 1

SAR-PDU header

Pointer field 8 bits

AAL user information (46 octets) SAR-PDU payload (47 octets)

T1817650-92/d07

b) P format

FIGURE 7/I.363 Format of SAR-PDU payload for structured data transfer method

Trng SNP gom 4 bit ma bao ve chong loi, trong o cha ma CRC co a thc sinh g(x) = x3 + x + 1 e sa loi n va phat hien loi nhieu bit cho trng SN, bit cuoi cung trong 4 bit cua SNP la bit P (Parity) kiem tra chan le ca 7 bit trong mot octet header. Hnh ve sau mo ta cau truc SAR-PDU cua AAL1.
Reserved bit Offset field (7 bits) Pointer field (8 bits)
T1817660-92/d08

FIGURE 8/I.363 Pointer field format

b.

Phan lp CS Tuy thuoc vao loai dch vu bao gom mot so chc nang sau: X ly s thay oi tre cua cell, cac gia tr tre khac nhau c x ly thong qua bo em. Neu bo em rong th no t ong em them mot so bit, con neu b tran th mot so bit b huy bo. X ly cac cell mat hoac b chen nham: cac cell loi nay c nhan biet bi SAR nhng viec x ly c thc hien CS. Khoi phuc tn hieu ong bo bang cach s dung phng phap anh dau thi gian d ong bo SRTS (Synch Residual Time Stamp). Moc

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thi gian d RTS c dung e o va mang thong tin ve o khac nhau gia ong bo chuan chung lay t mang va ong ho cua thue bao cung cap dch vu. ong ho tham khao chung co san neu pha phat va pha thu thong tin vi nhau thong qua mang ong bo (v du nh mang SDH/SONET). Neu ong ho chung khong co san (nh mang PDH chang han) th phng phap khoi phuc ong bo da tren viec giam sat mc ay cua bo em tai au thu. c. Kieu ghep kenh mo phong DS1 s dung AAL1

ay la mot v du truyen bang cach s dung AAL1 hoat ong trong SRTS mo phong mot luong so DS1 c tao ra bi video, am thanh. Nh a biet mot khung DS1 co 193 bit c lap lai 8000 lan moi giay. Khung DS1 co 1 bit ong bo khung va 192 bit d lieu cua ngi s dung. CS tnh RTS c sau 8 cell mot lan va cung cap en SAR cho viec chen vao header. Cac khung 193 bit c goi vao cac goi 47 SAR-PDU bi phan lp SAR, sau o SAR cong them SN va SNP. SAR-PDU 48 octet c chuyen ti lp ATM. ay no c cong them 5 octet header tao thanh cell 53 byte. Ghep kenh nay c danh cho tn hieu thoai luong so 1,5Mbit/s.

3.4.4.3AAL2 AAL2 chuyen thong tin thi gian thc, co toc o thay oi va cung cap cac dch vu ch ra loi bit cho lp cao hn. Cung nh AAL1, AAL2 cung cap chc nang chia va ghep thong tin khach hang. Ngoai ra no con thay oi o tre cua cell, cung cap chc nang them bt va lay lai tn hieu clock au thu. AAL2 quan sat thong tin kiem tra nghi thc AAL-PCI e kiem tra loi bit (neu co), giam sat thong tin khach hang va hieu chnh loi. Noi chung AAL2 c xay dng t nen tang cua AAL1. AAL2 co the tr thanh 1 nghi thc quan trong trong cac hoat ong cua ATM trong tng lai v no ho tr tn hieu audio va video co toc o bit thay oi bang cach s dung chuan ma hoa video MPEG2 (Motion Photographic Experts) co the hoat ong toc o bit thay oi. Trng so th t SN cho phep phat hien cell b loi. Trng loai thong tin IT (Information Type) e ch tai la bat au ban tin BOM (Beginning Of Message), tiep tuc ban tin COM (Continuation Of Message) hay ket thuc ban tin EOM (End Of Message). No co the gom thong tin thi gian hoac phan biet cac thanh phan tn hieu video hay audio. Trng ch th o dai LI (Length Indicator) c dung e xac nh cac octet CS-PDU cha trong trng tai SAR-PDU.

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Trng CRC dung e bao ve chong loi. Hnh ve sau cho thay cau truc mot SAR cua AAL2
4 bit SN 4 bit IT 45 octet SAR-PDU payload 6 bit LI 10 bit CRC

SAR-PDU header

SAR-PDU trailer

3.4.4.4AAL3/4 AAL3/4 c phat trien t AAL3 (ho tr cac dch vu loai C) va AAL4 (ho tr cac dch vu loai D). Ngay nay hai kieu AAL nay hp thanh AAL3/4 ho tr ca cac dch vu loai C lan cac dch vu loai D. Phan lp CS c chia thanh 2 phan: phan chung CPCS (Common Part CS) va phan phu thuoc dch vu SSCS (ServiceSpecific CS). Figure 10/I363 minh hoa cau truc cua AAL3/4. AAL3/4 ho tr hai kieu dch vu c ban la dch vu thong iep (message mode service) e truyen cac so lieu ong thanh khung (nh cac khung HDLC chang han) va dch vu kieu dong bit (streaming mode service) e truyen cac d lieu toc o thap vi yeu cau tre nho.
SAP

Service specific CS (may be null) Primitives Common part CS Primitives SAR (common)

SSCS

CPCS

AAL

T1817680-92/d10

SAP CS CPCS SAR SAP SSCS Convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer Segmentation and reassembly sublayer Service access point Service specific convergence sublayer

FIGURE 10/I.363 Structure of the AAL type 3/4

a.

Dch vu kieu thong iep

SAR

CS

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che o nay mot n v so lieu dch vu AAL-SDU trong 1 hoac vai CSPDU, vai SAR-PDU lai c tao ra t cac CS-PDU nay. Trong kieu dch vu nay no ho tr cho viec truyen cac AAL-PDU co o dai co nh hoac thay oi. b. Kieu dch vu dong bit

n v d lieu dch vu AAL (AAL-SDU: AAL Service Data Unit) c chuyen qua giao tiep AAL trong mot AAL-IDU (AAL Interface Data Unit). Dch vu nay ho tr viec chuyen van cac AAL-SDU co o dai co nh hay thay oi. Trong ca hai kieu dch vu tren eu ho tr 2 che o lam viec bao am (assured operation) va khong bao am (non-assured operation). c. Che o lam viec bao am

che o nay tat ca cac SDU c phan phat ung theo th t nh ban au. Cac SDU b mat hay loi eu c truyen lai, ieu khien lu lng c cung cap gia 2 iem au cuoi. Che o nay s dung c ac ket noi iem iem.

d.

Che o lam viec khong bao am

Che o nay khong gi lai cac d lieu b mat hoac hong. No co the cung cap chc nang chuyen cac SDU b hong en lp cao hn va chc nang ieu khien lu lng oi vi viec ket noi iem-iem trong lp ATM tuy theo nhu cau can thiet. Tuy nhien no khong cung cap chc nang ieu khien lu lng oi vi ket noi iem-a iem. e. Phan oan va tai hp SAR

Cac CS-PDU co o dai thay oi, v vay SAR-PDU bao gom 44 octect la so lieu cua CS-PDU, 4 octect con lai danh cho thong tin ieu khien. Figure 14/I.363 ch ra cau truc cua SAR-PDU cua AAL3/4.

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Cell header

ST

SN

MID

SAR-PDU payload

LI

CRC

SAR-PDU header SAR-PDU

SAR-PDU trailer

ST SN MID LI CRC

Segment type Sequence number Multiplexing identification Length indication Cyclic redundancy check code

(2 bits) (4 bits) (10 bits) (6 bits) (10 bits)

T1811 370-9 0/d14

FIGURE 14/I.363 SAR-PDU format for AAL type 3/4

Trng kieu oan ST (Segment Type) co o dai 2 bit no ch ra cac loai cua CS-PDU cha trong SAR-PDU nh: phan au cua CS-PDU co gia tr BOM = 10, phan tiep theo COM = 00, phan cuoi EOM = 01 va cac CS-PDU n co SSM = 11 (Single Segment Message). Trng ch o dai trng thong tin LI (6 bit) ch ra so octect cua CS-PSU co cha trong trng d lieu cua SAR-PDU. Trng so th t SN (Sequence Number) dai 4 bit, moi khi nhan c SAR-PDU thuoc ve mot ket noi gia tr cua SN tang len 1 n v. Trng SN co nhiem vu phat hien chen nham da vao SN. Trng chong loi CRC dai 10 bit thc hien kiem tra loi trong SAR-PDU. Gia tr CRC c tnh cho trng header, trng d lieu va trng LI. Trng CRC co a thc sinh g(x) = x10 + x9 + x5 + x4 + x + 1. SAR con co chc nang phan kenh hoac ghep kenh cac CS-PDU cua cac ket noi mc AAL khac nhau thanh mot ng noi lp ATM (VCI/VPI). SAR s dung trng nhan dang hp kenh MID (Multiplexing Identifier) dai hn 10 bit tao nen 210 = 1024 CPCS-PDU khac nhau c ghep tren VCC ATM n. ay la chc nang chnh cua AAL3/4 v no cho phep ghep nhieu ket noi vat ly tren mot VCC n. Viec phan kenh hoac hp kenh c thc hien tren c s t au cuoi ti au cuoi. Nhng ng noi lp ATM bao gom cac ket noi lp ATM khac nhau se c x ly nh mot thc the n. f. Phan lp CPCS

CS cua AAL3/4 cung cap cac chc nang chuyen oi thong suot cac SDU ghep gia AAL-SAP va lp ATM, phat hien loi va thc hien sa sai cac CPCSPDU.

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CPCS-PDU header

CPCS-PDU payload

PAD

CPCS-PDU trailer

CPI

Btag

BASize

AL

Etag

Length

CPCS-PDU header CPCS-PDU

CPCS-PDU trailer

CPI Btag BASize PAD AL Etag Length

Common part indicator Beginning tag Buffer allocation size Padding Alignment End tag Length of CPCS-PDU payload

(1 octet) (1 octet) (2 octets) (0 ... 3 octets) (1 octet) (1 octet) (2 octets)

T1817690-92/d15

FIGURE 15/I.363 CPCS-PDU format for AAL type 3/4

Phan CPI (Common Part Indicator: bo ch th phan chung) co chc nang dung chung cho cac dch vu ket noi va khong ket noi. Phan CPCS truyen cac khung so lieu cua ngi s dung co o dai bat ky trong khoang 1 en 65535 octet. Cac ket noi CPCS c thiet lap bi mat phang quan ly hoac mat phang ieu khien trng ch th chung CPI ch ra rang PDU tng ng co phai la phan chung hay khong. Trng nhan hieu au Btag va nhan hieu ket thuc Etag co cung gia tr khi a vao au phat oi vi mot CPCS-PDU. Chung thay oi sau moi PDU tiep theo. Tai pha thu so sanh 2 gia tr nay e kiem tra viec mat cell hoac chen nham CS. Trng kch thc bo em Basize thong bao cho au thu biet kch thc toi a e nhan CPCS-PDU. Trng em PAD bao am cho trng d lieu cua CPCS-PDU la mot so nguyen lan cua 4 octect (tc la 32 bit e cho viec x ly au cuoi de hn) nen no co o dai t 0 en 3 octect, trng nay khong chuyen thong tin nao.

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Multiple of 4 octets 4 oct Hdr Info PA D 4 oct Trl PA D = 3 octets

Hdr

Info

Trl

PA D = 2 octets

Hdr

Info

Trl

PA D = 1 octet

Hdr

Info

Trl

PA D = 0 octet

Hdr

Info

PAD

Trl
T 18 17 700 -92 /d 16

<octet> PAD = 3 oct

PAD

PAD field CPC S header CPC S payload CPC S trailer

Format of the CPC S-PD U

Hdr Info Trl

FIGURE 16/I.363 Function of the PAD field

Trng sap xep AL dung e sap xep phan uoi cua CPCS co 32bit e thiet ke au thu n gian hn, no khong chuyen thong tin va at len 0. Trng o dai Length ch o dai cua trng d lieu CPCS-PDU e cho phan em c tach ra trc khi phan phat d lieu en ngi s dung. CPCS co chc nang can ban la cung cap lp mang khong ket noi (loai D) cung nh dch vu thong tin chuyen tiep khung (co ket noi, loai C). oi vi dch vu khong ket noi th khong can phan lp SSCS. Phan SSCS gom cac chc nang xac nh trc trnh t SSCS-PDU, sa loi bang cach truyen lai. Viec chia va ghep SSCS-PSU, ieu khien lu lng trong cung mot lp cung nh tr giup dch vu iem - a iem. Ngoai ra con co chc nang khac nh ch th qua tai cua mang, ieu khien qua tai cua mang, thiet lap hoac giai phong cac ket noi trong cac chc nang SSCS. g. Ghep kenh AAL3/4

Ghep kenh nay chu yeu dung cho a truyen thong gom nhieu dch vu cung mot luc va nh tren hnh ve chung ghep xen ke nhau nham ong bo gia cac loai dch vu khac nhau o.

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3.4.4.5AAL5
SAP

Service Specific CS (may be null) Primitives Common Part CS Primitives SAR

SSCS CPCS
T1817680-92/d50

AAL

SAP

FIGURE 6-1/I.363 Structure of the AAL type 5

S can thiet cua chc nang AAL5 la do nghi thc AAL3/4 co s phc tap cua cac dch vu ket noi va khong ket noi, chung khong phu hp vi toc o cao. AAL5 noi chung tng t nh AAL3/4 nhng thc chat la viec n gian hoa cac chc nang. Cung nh AAL3/4, AAL5 cung co cac phan lp SAR, CPCS, SSCS va no c phan thanh che o thong iep va che o dong tin, cung cap che o truyen bao am va khong bao am. Khac vi AAL3/4, AAL5 kho n g tr giup ghep kenh (v khong co trng MID), viec ghep kenh trong AAL5 c thc hien trong SSCS. AAL5 chu yeu dung cho bao hieu ATM, cung cap chu yeu cho cac yeu cau truyen so lieu. oi vi AAL3/4 co ti 4 byte cho cell header trong moi SAR-PDU cua 48 byte va CRC 10 bit cho viec phat hien cac oan b hong va 4bit SN cho viec phat hien cac oan b mat, chen nham nen khong cung cap u viec bao ve cho viec chuyen nhng khoi d lieu rat dai.

a.

Phan lp SAR

Chap nhan cac SDU co o dai la mot so nguyen lan cua 48 octect c gi xuong t CPCS neu nh khong bo sung them cac trng thong tin ieu khien (nh phan tieu e va phan uoi) vao cac SDU va nhan c. SAR ch thc hien cac chc nang phan oan au phat va tai hp au thu. e nhan biet iem bat

SAR

CS

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au va ket thuc au thu cua SAR-PDU AAL5 s dung trng AUU, AUU nam trong trng PT header cua cell ATM. Gia tr AUU = 1 ch ra iem ket thuc cua SAR-PDU con AUU = 0 ch ra iem tiep tuc hoac ket thuc cua SAR-PDU.

Cell Header

PT

SAR-PDU Payload SAR-PDU

T1300090-93/d53

PT = Payload Type

NOTE The Payload Type field belongs to the ATM header. It conveys the value of the AUU parameter end-to-end.

FIGURE 6-4/I.363 SAR-PDU format for the AAL type 5

CPCS-PDU pay load (CPCS-SDU)

PAD

C PCS-P DU trailer

CPCS-UU

C PI

Length

C RC

CPCS-PDU trailer

CP CS-PD U
T1 30 01 00 - 93 /d5 4

PAD CPCS-UU CPI Length CRC

Padding C PCS U ser-to-User Indication C om mon Part Indicator Length of C PCS-SDU C yclic Redundancy Check

(0 ... 47 octets) (1 octet) (1 octet) (2 octets) (4 octets)

FIGURE 6-5/I.363 CPCS-PDU Format for the AAL type 5

b.

Phan lp CS

Phan CPCS cung cap chc nang cac khung so lieu cua ngi s dung vi o dai bat ky t 1-65535 octect. Trong CPCS co trng UU (CPCS User to User indication) dai 1 otect mang thong tin ngi s dung. Trng Length ch th o dai cua tai (d lieu ngi s dung), rat can thiet cho viec phan biet gia d lieu

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ieu khien va trng em. Trng em PAD lap ay CPCS-PDU tao nen 48 octect, co o dai t 0 ti 47 otect va khong chuyen thong tin. CPI s dung e giai thch cho cac chc nang CPCS au cuoi te bao. g(x) = x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1. Viec chong loi cua AAL5 c x ly ay u tai lp CPCS con AAL3/4 c x ly chung SAR va CPCS. c. Ghep kenh AAL5

Cac goi 98 byte c en ong thi. V du hai goi en song song cua CPCS c cong them phan trailer cho moi goi. Cac AAL3/4 thong thng ch cac cell en cha vao (Basize). Sau o mi tai nh lai, v AAL3/4 co qua trnh ghep xen ke. Con AAL5 th can t buffer hn, do o ch can vai khung nho la no hp lai. 3.5 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao cac luong so PDH

3.5.1 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao luong so 1544 kbit/s
193 bits/125 sec F F F F F F Header Header Header

ATM cell mapping field: 24 octets (TS1 ~ TS24)

Provides F3 OAM functions: Detection of loss of frame alignment Performance monitoring (CRC-6) Transmission of FERF and LOC Performance reporting

ATM cell

Header

53 octets

T1302260-93/d01

FIGURE 2-1/G.804 Frame structure for 1544 kbit/s used to transport ATM cells

Cell ATM c sap xep vao cac bit t 2 en 193 (trong cac khe thi gian t 1 en 24) cua khung d lieu 1544 kbit/s vi cau truc octet cua cell ong bo vi cau truc octet cua khung (xem Figure 2-1/G.804). 3.5.2 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao luong so 2048 kbit/s

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Cell ATM c sap xep vao cac bit t 9 en 128 va 137 en 256 (trong cac khe thi gian 1 en 15 va 17 en 31) cua khung d lieu 2048 kbit/s vi cau truc octet cua cell ong bo vi cau truc octet cua khung (xem Figure 3-1/G.804).

TS16: Reserved for signalling TS0 256 bits/125 s Header Header Header Header

ATM cell mapping field: 30 octets (TS1 ~ TS15 and TS17 ~ TS31) Provides F3 OAM functions: Detection of loss of frame alignment Performance monitoring (CRC-4) Transmission of FERF and LOC Performance reporting ATM cell Header

53 octets
T 13 026 10-94/d 02

FIGURE 3-1/G.804 Frame structure for 2048 kbit/s used to transport ATM cells

3.5.3 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao luong so 6312 kbit/s Cell ATM c sap xep vao cac bit t 1 en 768 (trong cac khe thi gian 1 en 96) cua khung d lieu 6312 kbit/s vi cau truc octet cua cell ong bo vi cau truc octet cua khung. Cac bit 769 en 764 (cac khe thi gian 97 va 98) danh cho cac kenh thong tin cua ngi s dung va 5 bit cuoi cung (cac bit F) c dung cho ong chnh khung va OAM (xem Figure 4-1/G.804).

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TS97,98: Reserv ed for signalling 789 bits/125 s F F F F F F

A TM cell mapping field: 96 octets (TS1 ~ TS96) Header ATM cell 53 octets Prov ides F3 OAM functions: Detection of loss of fram e alignment Performance m onitoring (CR C-5) Transm ission of FE RF and LOC Performance reporting

T13 02 620- 94 /d0 3

FIGURE 4-1/G.804 Frame structure for 6312 kbit/s used to transport ATM cells

3.5.4 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao luong so 34 368 kbit/s
59 octets

A TM C ell 53 octets
T1 302 630- 94/ d04

Ov erhead octet

FIGURE 6-1/G.804 Frame structure for 34 368 kbit/s used to transport ATM cells

Cac cell ATM c sap xep vao 530 octet tai tin cua khung 34 368 kbit/s vi cau truc octet cua cell ong bo vi cau truc octet cua khung (xem Figure 61/G.804).

9 row s

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3.5.5 Sap xep dong cell ATM vao luong so 139 264 kbit/s Cac cell ATM c sap xep vao 2160 octet tai tin cua khung 139 264 kbit/s vi cau truc octet cua cell ong bo vi cau truc octet cua khung (xem Figure 9-1/G.804).

240 octets

Overhead octet

ATM cell
T1 302650 -94/d 06

FIGURE 9-1/G.804 Frame structure at 139 264 kbit/s

3.6

Ky thuat ghep kenh so SDH

3.6.1 Cau truc ghep kenh c ban

N STM-N AUG 1 AU-4 VC-4 3 3 TUG-3 1 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 7 7 1 TUG-2 AU-4 Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping C-n Container-n TU-11 VC-11 C-11 4 TU-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s (Note) 1544 kbit/s (Note)
T1819 080-9 2/d01

C-4

139 264 kbit/s (Note)

AU-3

VC-3

44 736 kbit/s 34 368 kbit/s (Note)

VC-2

C-2

6312 kbit/s (Note)

NOTE G.702 tributaries associated with containers C- x are shown. Other signals, e.g. ATM, can also be accommodated.

FIGURE 1-1/G.709 Multiplexing structure

9 rows

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3.6.2 Cau truc khung SDH

270 N columns (bytes) 9 N 261 N

1 Section overhead SOH 3 4 5 Section overhead SOH 9

T1819950-93/D07

Administrative unit pointer(s) STM-N payload

9 rows

FIGURE 3 -1/G.708 STM-N frame structure

chnh:

Cau truc khung STM-N c minh hoa Figure 3.1/G.708 gom 3 phan SOH Con tro n v quan ly (administrative unit pointer(s)) Trng thong tin (information payload).

XXX

VC-4

VC-3

T1819960-93/D08

a) STM-1 with one AU-4 AU- n pointer X AU- n AU- n pointer + VC-n (see 2)

b) STM-1 with three AU-3s

FIGURE 3-2/G.708 Administrative units in STM-1 frame

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.. ..

X
.. ..

X XX

VC -n VC -4

.. ..

VC-n n = 1, 2, 3

VC-3 n = 1, 2
T1 81 99 70 -9 3/D 09

a) STM-1 with one AU-4 containing TUs X o AU -n TU-n AU -n pointer TU-n pointer AU -n pointer + VC-n (see 2) TU-n pointer + VC-n (see 2)

b) STM-1 with thr ee AU-3s containing TUs

FIGURE 3-3/G.708 Two stage multiplex

3.6.3 SOH Viec nh v cac byte SOH trong mot khung STM-N c xac nh bi vector 3 chieu S(a,b,c) vi a (1 en 3, 5 en 9) bieu dien so cot, b (1 en 9) bieu dien so th t cum cot (multi-column number) va c (1 en N) bieu dien so cot trong mot cum cot nh c minh hoa Figure 5-1?G.708. Chang han, byte K1 trong khung STM-1 Figure 5-2/G.708 c nh v la S(5,4,1).
b=1
c=1 c=2 a= 1 a= 2 a= 3 a= 4 a= 5 a= 6 a= 7 a= 8 a= 9
T18 199 80- 93/ D10

b=2
c=N c=1 c=2 c=N c=1 c=2

b=3
c= N c=1 c=2

b=9
c=N

FIGURE 5-1/G.708 Numbering of SOH byte locations for STM-N

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9 bytes * * RSOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 C1 B1 D1 9 rows E1 D2 F1 D3

AU- n pointers B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 D5 D8 D11 K2 D6 D9 D12 MSOH

Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2
T1819990-93/D11

Bytes reserved for national use * Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken with their content Media dependent bytes

NOTE All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international standardization (for media dependent, additional national use and other purposes).

FIGURE 5-2/G.708 STM-1 SOH

Ten cua cac byte SOH khac nhau trong STM-1/4/16 c minh hoa cac Figure 5-2, 5-3 and 5-4. Ta co: So th t hang: ROW = a. So th t cot: COL = N (b 1) + c.

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36 bytes A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 C1 C1 C1 C1 * B1 D1 9 rows E1 D2 AU-n pointers B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 D5 D8 D11 K2 D6 D9 D12 MSOH F1 D3 * * * * * * * RSOH

Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2
T18200 00-93/D1 2

Bytes reserved for national use * Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken with their content

NOTE All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international standardization (for media dependent, additional national use and other purposes).

FIGURE 5-3/G.708 STM-4 SOH

144 bytes * * * * RSOH

A1 B1 D1 9 rows

A1

A1

A1

A1

A1

A2 E1 D2

A2

A2

A2

A2

A2

C1 F1 D3

C1

AU-n pointers B2 D4 D7 D10 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

T1820010 -93/D13

MSOH

Bytes reserved for national use * Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken with their content

NOTE All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international standardization (for media dependent, additional national use and other purposes).

FIGURE 5-4/G.708 STM-16 SOH

Al A2: Framing C1: STM identifier D1-D12: Data Communication Channel (DCC) El, E2: Orderwire Fl : User channel B1: BIP-8 B2: BIP-N 24

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K1, K2: Automatic protection switching (APS) Channel Z1(b5-b8): Synchronization status Z1, (bits 1, 2, 3 and 4) Z2: Spare 3.6.4 ieu chnh con tro (pointer adjustment) ay ta xet mot v du ve ieu chnh con tro AU-4. 3.6.4.1anh so o lech AU-4 Con tro AU-4 cha trong cac byte H1, H2, H3 nh minh hoa Figure 31/G.709.

1 1 2 3

9 10

AUG Negative justification opportunity (3 bytes) Positive justification opportunity (3 bytes)

270

4 H1 Y Y 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 H1 Y 5 6 7 8 9 Y

H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0

. . . .

86 -

87 -

. . . .

521 -

522 -

. . . .

125 s

. . . .

782 86 -

H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0

. . . .

. . . .

250 s
T1819190-92/d12

1* All 1s byte Y 1001SS11 (S bits are unspecified)

FIGURE 3-1/G.709 AU-4 pointer offset numbering

3.6.4.2Gia tr con tro AU-4 Nh minh hoa Figure 3-3/G.709 gia tr con tro AU-4 la mot so nh phan t 0 ti 782 bieu dien o lech tnh tng 3 byte mot gia con tro va byte au tien cua VC-4 (xem Figure 3-1/G.709). Lu y rang ban than cac byte con tro AU-4

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khong c tnh vao o lech. V du, con tro bang 0 ch th VC-4 bat au v tr ngay sau byte H3 cuoi cung, trong khi con tro bang 87 ch th VC-4 bat au v tr 3 byte sau byte K2.
H1 H2 H3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
T1819210-92/d14

10 bit pointer value I D N Increment bit Decrement bit New data flag bit

Negative justification opportunity

Positive justification opportunity

New data flag Enabled 1001 Disabled 0110 Negative justification Invert 5 D-bits Accept majority vote

Pointer value (bits 7-16) Normal range AU-4, AU-3: 0-782 decimal TU-3: 0-764 decimal

SS values 10

AU- n/TU- n type AU-4, AU-3, TU-3

Concatenation indication 1001SS1111111111 (S bits are unspecified) Null pointer indication (NPI) 1001SS1111100000 (S bits are unspecified)

Positive justification Invert 5 I-bits Accept majority vote

NOTES 1 2 NPI value applies only to TU-3 pointers. The pointer is set to all 1s when an AIS occurs.

FIGURE 3-3/G.709 AU-n/TU-3 pointer (H1, H2, H3) coding

3.6.4.3ieu chnh con tro (pointer adjustment) Gia toc o khung va toc o VC-n co mot o lech tan so nen gia tr con tro se c tang len hay giam i mot n v khi can thiet tng ng vi viec hieu chnh dng hay am mot (vai) byte. Cac hoat ong con tro lien tiep phai c tach biet t nhat la 3 khung. Neu toc o khung cua VC-n qua cham th gia tr con tro phai tang len 1. Tac ong nay c ch th bang cach ao ngc cac bit 7, 9, 11, 13 va 15 (cac bit I) cua t con tro. Sau o se co 3 byte hieu chnh dng xuat hien ngay sau byte H3 cuoi cung trong khung AU-4 cha cac bit I ao ngc. Con tro ke tiep se cha o lech mi. Tac ong nay c minh hoa Figure 3-4/G.709.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 3 4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 5 Start of VC-4

AUG

270

n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 1

9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 5

125 s Pointer value (n)

n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 2

9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 5

250 s Pointer value (I-bits inverted) Positive justification bytes (3 bytes) n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 3

9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 5

375 s Pointer value (n + 1)

n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 4

9 1* All 1s byte Y 1001SS11 (S bits are unspecified)

500 s
T1819220-92/d15

FIGURE 3-4/G.709 AU-4 pointer adjustment operation positive justification

Neu toc o khung cua VC-n qua nhanh th gia tr con tro phai giam i 1. Tac ong nay c ch th bang cach ao ngc cac bit 8, 10, 12, 14 va 16 (cac bit D) cua t con tro. Sau o se co 3 byte hieu chnh dng xuat hien cac byte H3 trong khung AU-4 cha cac bit D ao ngc. Con tro ke tiep se cha o lech mi. Tac ong nay c minh hoa Figure 3-6/G.709. V du: Bang sau minh hoa mot trng hp ieu chnh con tro. Pointer value Dec Hex 522 20A Increment Decrement 523 20B 521 209 H1 Binary NNNN SS ID 0110 10 10 0110 10 00 0110 10 11 0110 10 10 0110 10 10 H2Binary ID ID ID ID 00 00 10 10 10 10 00 00 01 01 11 11 00 00 10 11 00 00 10 01 H1 Hex 6A 68 6B 6A 6A H2 Hex 0A A0 5F 0B 09

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 3 4 H1 Y Y 5 H2 1*1* H3 H3 H3 n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Start of VC-4

AUG

270

Frame 1 9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y 5 H2 1*1* H3 H3 H3 n 2, n 1, n 1, n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 2 9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y 5 H2 1*1* 250 s Pointer value (D-bits inverted) Negative justification bytes (data) n 2 n 1, n 1, n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 3 9 1 3 4 H1 Y Y 5 H2 1*1* H3 H3 H3 n 2 n 1, n 1, n 1 n n n n + 1, n + 1 Frame 4 9 1* All 1s byte Y 1001SS11 (S bits are unspecified) 500 s
T1819240 -92/d1 7

125 s Pointer value (n )

375 s Pointer value (n 1)

FIGURE 3-6/G.709 AU-4 pointer adjustment operation Negative justification

3.7

Sap xep dong cell ATM vao cac luong so SDH

Viec sap xep cac cell ATM c thc hien bang cach ong bo cau truc byte cua moi cell vi cau truc byte cua virtual container c s dung. V dung lng chnh xac cua container-x hay container-x-mc co the khong la mot so nguyen lan o dai cell ATM (53 octets) nen mot cell co the c phep vt qua ranh gii cua container-x. Trng thong tin cua cell ATM (48 bytes) se c ngau nhien hoa trc khi sap xep vao VC-x hay VC-x-mc. chieu ngc lai trng thong tin cua cell ATM se c giai ngau nhien trc khi chuyen cho lp ATM. 3.7.1 Sap xep cac cell ATM vao VC-4 Dong cell ATM c sap xep vao container-4 vi cac ranh gii octet cua chung ong bo vi cac ranh gii byte cua container-4. Sau o container-4 c sap xep vao VC-4 cung vi VC-4 POH (xem Figure 5-20). V vay cac ranh gii cell ATM c ong bo vi cac ranh gii byte cua VC-4. V dung lng

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container-4 2340 octet khong la mot so nguyen lan o dai cell 53 octet nen cell co the vt qua ranh gii container-4.
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 . . . Z3 Z4 Z5 VC-4 POH ATM cell
. . . . . . . . . . .

VC-4

T1819510-92/d46

53 octets

FIGURE 5-20/G.709 Mapping of ATM cells in the VC-4

3.7.2 Sap xep cac cell ATM vao VC-4-Xc Dong cell ATM c sap xep vao container-4-Xc vi cac ranh gii octet cua chung ong bo vi cac ranh gii byte cua container-4-Xc. Sau o container4-Xc c sap xep vao VC-4-Xc cung vi VC-4-Xc POH va X-1 cot chen co nh (xem Figure 5-21). V vay cac ranh gii cell ATM c ong bo vi cac ranh gii byte cua VC-4-Xc. V dung lng container-4-Xc 2340.X octet khong la mot so nguyen lan o dai cell 53 octet nen cell co the vt qua ranh gii container-4-Xc.

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VC-4-Xc J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 Z5 260 * X bytes Fixed stuff

VC-4-Xc POH

X-1

T1816560-92/d47

ATM Cell: 53 Octets

FIGURE 5-21/G.709 Mapping of ATM cells into a VC-4-Xc

MSB 1

LSB 8
T13 021 30-9 3/D 09

First bit transmitted

Last bit transmitted

NOTE The bit numbering used in this figure is different from the convention used in Recommendation I.361 but in accordance with Recommendation G.709.

FIGURE 9/I.432 Order of transmission of bits within a byte

Th t truyen cac bit trong mot byte la t trai sang phai nh c minh hoa Figure 9/I.432.

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Cau hoi t kiem tra 1. Hay phan tch c che sa sai trong thon g tin ieu chnh con tro AUn/TU-3 IDIDIDIDID theo ITU-T Rec. G.709. Cho biet kha nang phat hien sai va kha nang sa sai cua c che. Hng dan: Trong trng hp khong co nhieu, neu lay tong module 2 cua 5 bit I cua hai khung lien tiep se c 11111 neu tang va 00000 neu khong tang. Cung vay, trong trng hp khong co nhieu, neu lay tong module 2 cua 5 bit D cua hai khung lien tiep se c 11111 neu giam va 00000 neu khong giam. 2. Phan tch vai tro cua bit kiem tra chan le trong trng SNP thuoc SARPDU header cua AAL1. Hng dan: Phan tch tren c s ket hp vi trng CRC theo ITU-T Rec. I.363. Cho biet ty le toi a va ty le toi thieu cua cac Physical Layer OAM cell so vi tong so cac cell ATM trong giao tiep vat ly ITU-T Rec. I.432. Hng dan: Trng hp toi a la trng hp khong co cac Idle cell.

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Cho biet muc ch cua viec ghep tach octet 01010101 trc khi tnh HEC. Hay cho mot vai v du thc te cung muc ch vi thu tuc tren. Hng dan: Hay xet nhng thu tuc CRC ma ket qua khi khong co sai lai chia ra c so d khac 0. 5. Cho biet nhng ng dung mi nhat cua AAL2 Hng dan: Xem thong tin tren trang web http://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent =T-REC-I.366.1