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buf ausmdk;aemufrmS uyfNyD; &Sad eyg
w,f/ tJ'D yefu&d,[m cEmudk,f
twGi f; tif qlv if [k drk ef ; "mwf ud k
xkwf ay;ygw,f/
tJ'D yefu&d,rSm a&m*g
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l ifxkww
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EIe;f [m usoGm;wwfygw,f/ Oyrm
wpfcktaeeJYajym&&if yefu&d, a&mif
wJha&m*g- jzpf&if qD;csKd
aoG;csKad &m*gjzpfwwfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku -yefu&d,rSm oH"mwfawG rsm;vGef;wJha&m*gygyJ/ oH"mwfawG
yefu&d,rSm tenfxkid faewmyg/ cEmudk,ftpdwftydkif; tm;vHk;
vkdvkdrSm tenfxkdifayr,fh yefu&d,rSm tenfxkdifwm ydkNyD;awmh
rsm;ygw,f/
yefu&d,rSm uifqmwpfrsKd;rsKd;? tusdwfwdkYbmwdkY jzpfvdkY
&S&d ifvnf; yefu&d,&JU vkyif ef;aqmifwm[m usoGm;wwfygw,f/
tJovkjd zpf&if yefu&d,[m tifqlvifxkwEf eI ;f awG enf;oGm;ygw,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfEkdifygw,f/
yefu&d,udk cGJpw
d fcH&wJhvlem eJY yefu&d,
a&mif&rf;wJah &m*g&Sad eolawGrmS yefu&d,&JU vkyif ef;aqmifwmawG[m
vnf; omrefxuf ydkenf;oGm;ygw,f/ tJovkd enf;oGm;awmh

- - -
yefu&d,uxkwfwJh tifqlvifxkwfEIef;vnf; usoGm;ygw,f/
usoGm;wJh tcsdefus&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfvmygw,f/ 'gu
tkyfpkwpfckyg/
[kwu
f /hJ wjcm;tkypf ak wGtaMumif;udkvnf; ajymygOD; q&m/
wjcm;tkyfpkwpfckuawmh tonf;a&m*gyg/ tonf;rSm
a&m*gwpfckckjzpfvmcJh&if vlem[m qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfvmEdkif
ygw,f/ Oyrm tonf;<uyfa&m*g -- a&m*g?
bmaMumifhvJqdak wmh tonf;[m vlYcEmudk,x
f Ju oMum;"mwfudk
xde;f csKyfwht
J cg t"dutcef;u@u yg0ifaevkUd ygyJ/ vlwpfa,muf
ukd aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGenf;atmif? rsm;atmif tonf;u
xkwfay;ygw,f/ aoG;xJu ydkaewJh oMum;"mwfawGudkvnf;
tonf;rSm odkavSmifxm;ay;ygw,f/ tJovdk vkyfay;Ekid fawmh
tonf;rSm a&m*gjzpfwJhtcg tonf;u oMum;"mwfawGukd xdef;
ay;wJh EIe;f rrSeb
f J jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/ tonf;rSma&m*gjzpfwJhtcg
usawmh odrf;qnf;okdavSmifxm;EkdifwJhEIef;xm;usoGm;&ifyJjzpfjzpf?
tonf;uae oMum;"mwfawG ydkNyD;awmh xGuv
f m&ifyJjzpfjzpf
aoG;csKd? qD;csKda&m*g jzpfEdkifygw,f/
aq;0g;wcsKUd aomufok;H jcif;aMumifh aoG;csK?d qD;csKd a&m*g
jzpfEkdifw,fvkdU Mum;zl;ygw,f/ b,fvkdaq;0g;awGu aoG;csKd?
qD;csKda &m*g jzpf Ekdif ygovJq &m/
rSew
f ,f/ aq;0g;wcsKdUaMumifh aoG;csKd? qD;csKda&m*g jzpf
w,fqdkwm rSeyf gw,f/
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D kv
d Hk; - 'ufqm
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awGukd tvGet
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jzpfvmwwfygw,f/ tJ'DvlawGu b,fvkv
d lrsKd;awGvJqkdawmh


Oyrm- yef;em &ifusyfa&m*gonfawG?
yef;em&ifusyfa&m*gonfawG[m aumh
wDukpd wD; GKd ufawGukd q&m0efneT Mf um;
vkdYyJjzpfjzpf? q&m0ef rnTefMum;bJeJY
'Daq;aomuf&if aysmufw,f? ouf
omw,fvkdY Mum;zl;aevk dYyJ jzpfjzpf?
oHk;pGJaewJh vlawG[m aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gtjzpf aoG;csKd? qD;csKda&m*g jzpf
vmwwfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vlrsKd;awG[m
aq;udkom jzwfvku
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aoG;csKda&m*g aysmufoGm;wwfygw,f/
aemufwpfck qD;aq;awGygyJ/
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awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'DqD;aq;awGudk &yfEkdif&ifvnf;yJ qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gaysmufoGm;wJhtaetxm;rSm &Sdygw,f/
[kwfuJhyg q&m/ aq;0g;awG&JU awGu
tifrwefaMumufp&maumif;wmyJaemf q&m/ uReaf wmfu
h kd q&m0efBu;D
wpfa,mufu ajymzl;w,fq&m/ twufa&m*gudk ukowJh aq;
wpfrsK;d [mvnf;yJ qD;csKad &m*gjzpfvmEkid w
f ,fvYdk Mum;zl;ygw,fq&m/
twufa&m*g? 0ufl;jyefwJha&m*g? 'Dtwufa&m*grSm
uRefawmfwkdY q&m0efawG toHk;jyKaewJh aq;wpfrsKd;aygh/
vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'Daq;udk yrmPrsm;rsm; a&&SnfaomufoHk;
r,fqkd&if wcsKdUvlemawGrSm qD;csKda&m*gjzpfvmEdkifw,f/ vltm;vHk;
awmh rjzpfbl;aemf/ wcsKdUwcsKdUaom twufa&m*g&SdwJhvlawGrSm
jzpfwwfygw,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfvmEkdifwJh tvm;tvm
ydk&Syd gw,f/

- - -
odyfukd tusKd;&Sdw,fq&m/ uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm aq;0g;
oHk;pGJraI wGeJUywfoufNyD;awmh odypf nf;urf;r&Sw
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wumrSm tvG,w
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Sd Jh tcGit
fh vrf;aMumifh
vnf;ygwmaygh/ aMumfjimawGuvnf; tifrwefudk qGJaqmifwmudk;
q&m&JU/ aq;0g;aMumfjimaqmif;yg;awGzwfNyD; aq;awGukd wvGJoHk;
aewJh vlawGvnf; trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ ckvkd q&mwkdYu aqG;aEG;ynm
ay;awmh jynfolvlxktwGuf ydktusKd;&Sdwmaygh q&m/ qufNyD;
aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD; q&m/
aemufxyftkyfpkwpfckaygh/ tJ'DtkyfpkrSm qD;csKda&m*g bm
aMumifjh zpf&ovJq&dk if tifqv
l if[rdk ek ;f "mwfukd qefu
Y siaf ewJh a[mfrek ;f
udk,cf EmxJrSm &Sad ewJhvlrsKd;? tJ'Dvrl sK;d rSm tifqlvifa[mfrke;f "mwfu
wpfzuf? tifqlviftmedoifudk wpfzufuae qefYusifwwfwJh
a[mfrke;f "mwfuwpfzuf? [kdrkef;awGu wpfckeJYwpfckaygh/ wpfck&JU
tmedoifukd tjcm;wpfcku rQwatmifvkdY vkyaf y;Muygw,f/
tifqlvif"mwfu enf;aew,f/ 'grSr[kwf tifqlviftmedoifudk
qefYusifwJha[mfrke;f "mwfawGxkww
f Jh a&m*gawGaygh? rsm;vm&if
vnf;yJ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfwwfygw,f/
Oyrmjy&&if BuD;xGm;vGef; wJha&m*gaygh/ 'gudk
vdkY ac:ygw,f/ udk,fxJ? OD;aESmufxJu yDusLx&DvdkYac:wJh
tusw
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f aeNyD;awmh BuD;xGm;rI a[mfrke;f xGuw
f ,f/ tJ'D a[mfrke;f
"mwfawG rsm;oGm;&ifvnf;yJ qD;csK?d
aoG;csKd jzpfEdkiyf gw,f/
aemufwpfcku pwD;GKd uf
aq;awG? apmapmu uReaf wmf ajym
cJhwJh aumhwDukpd wDKGd ufawG? tJ'g
awG udk,fcEmxJu txGufvGefwJh
a&m*gyg/ vludkMunhfvu
kd &f if rsuf
ESmBuD;u 0kid f;pufaer,f/ azmif;


aer,f/ ukyyf ;kd awGwufaer,f/ ycHk;ESpzf ufrSm tqDawG wufaer,f/
Ak d uf u k d M unf h v k d u f & if tqD a wGe JY a zmif ; aer,f / 0zD; aer,f /
rsufESmudk Munfhvku
d f&if vrif;vkd0kdi;f pufaer,f/ tJ'Da&m*gudk
-- vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd a&m*goGijf yif
&Sdae&ifvnf;yJ qD;csKda&m*g jzpfwwfygw,f/
'D -- &wJhtcg ukd,fxJuaeNyD;awmh
aumhwu
D kd pwDKGd ufvakd c:wJh a[mfrke;f "mwfawGxkwaf y;wm? apmapm
uajymcJhwJh y&ufeDqkv
d Hk;udk udk,cf EmtjyifuaeNyD;awmh taMumif;
aMumif;aMumifh rsm;rsm;ay;xm;vdkY&Sd&ifvnf; aemufqHk;awmh qD;csKd?
aoG;csKad &m*gjzpfwmygyJ/ tJ'DvlrsKd;udk a[mfrke;f "mwfxkwaf ewJhae&m
udk z,fvu
kd &f ifyjJ zpfjzpf? a[mfrke;f "mwfygwJh aq;0g;udk &yfvu
kd &f ifyJ
jzpfjzpf? qD;csKad &m*g aysmufoGm;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gu qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g
tjzpfrsm; apwJha&m*gawGygyJ/
aemufwpfckuawmh arG;&myg wcsKdUa&m*gawGyg/ qD;csKdeJY
wGJNyD; ygvmwwfygw,f/ 'gudkawmh uRefawmftao;pdwf rajym
awmhygbl;/ odyfNyD; aq;ynmqefomG ;r,f/ 'gawGu qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gjzpf&jcif; taMumif;awGygyJ/
aus;Zl ; ygyJ q &m/
ZD0u? trSw7f 3? azazmf0g&Dv? 2001 ckESp/f

- -
-
qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g[m uRefawmfwkdYEkid fiHtygt0if urm
wpf0ef;vHk;rSmjzpfa ewJh EIef ;uav;udk pNyD;ajzMum;ay;ygq&m/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g&JU jzpfEIef;yrmPaygh/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g&JU jzpfEIef;yrmP[m wpfurmvHk;
twkid f;twmeJY wkd;aewmawmh trSeyf J/ jzpfEIef;vnf;yJ wufaeyg
w,f/ tJ'DrmS zGHUNzdK;NyD;Ekid if HeJU zGHUNzdK;qJEkid if HqNdk yD; (2)ydki;f cGaJ jymzkUd vdktyf
ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkYdEkdifiH[m zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHxJrSm yg0ifygw,f/


wpfurmvHk;twkid ;f twmeJUajym&&if 1995 ckEpS rf mS vlaygif;
(135)oef; qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfaew,fvkYd cefUrSef;xm;ygw,f/
'g &JU cefYrSe;f csufyg/ jzpfEIef;awG wkd;vmwJhtwGuf vmr,fh
tESpf 20-25 aygh/ c&pfESpf 2025 ckESpfrSm oef;aygif; 300 &Sdr,f
vdkY cefUrSef;xm;ygw,f/ aemufvmr,fh tESpf 20twGif;rSm (2)q
ausmf wkd;yGm;vmr,fh oabmrSm&Sad eygw,f/
urmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gvlOD;a&&JU 60 %[m zGHUNzdK;qJ
EdkifiHawGrSm aexkid fNyD;awmh 40%[m zGHUNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHawGrSm aeMuyg
w,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gjzpfEIe;f rsm;jym;vmwJhtwGufrkYv
d kd jzpfvm
r,fh aemufqufwGJa&m*gonfawG&JU 0efxkyf0efydk;[m b,folYrSm
usrSmvJqkad wmh zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrSm trsm;qHk; wm0efydvmrSmudkvnf;
uRefawmfwkdY cefYrSe;f vdkY &ygw,f/
zGHUNzdK;qJEikd if HawGrmS a&m*gjzpfEIe;f bmaMumifh jrifhwufvmyg
ovJ q&m/
zGHUNzdK;qJEkid if HawGrSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfEIe;f bmaMumifh
rsm;&ovJqakd wmh eHygwfwpfu zGHUNzdK;qJEkid if aH wG[m
zGHUNzdfK;vmatmifBudK;pm;MuvkUd ? BudK;pm;MuwJhtwGuf NrdKUjyawG? &GmawG?
NrdKUawG? pufrIZHkawG xlaxmifMuw,f/ tJovdk xlaxmifMuwJh
twGuaf Mumifh ydkrsm;vmw,fvkdY wcsKdUaom aq;ynm&Siaf wGu
oHk;oyfMuygw,f/
pufrIvkyfief;awG xlaxmifMuawmh vlawG[m pufudkyJ
tm;udk;vmMuygw,f/ -- cGet
f m;udk pdkux
f kwf vkyu
f kid f
wJhvlu ydkNyD;enf;vmw,f/ 'Dawmh vlawG[m cEmudk,v
f Iyf&Sm;rI
ydkenf;oGm;w,f/ tJovkjd zpfwJhtwGuf qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g ydkrsm;
vmwJh taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfvmygw,f/
aemufwpfcku tpm;taomufyg/ taemufwkdif; pwkid fvf
tpm;tpmawGaygh/ [rfbm*gwkY?d udkumukv
d mwkY?d tcsK"d mwfveG u
f JwhJ

- - -
tpm;tpmawG/ tJ'D tpm;tpmawG[m taemufwikd ;f uae zGHUNzdK;qJ
EkdifiHawGukd ydkNyD;awmha&mufvmw,f/ aygh/
tJ'gawGukd wcsKUd vGefvGefuJuJ pm;aomufMuw,f/ pm;wJhvlwkdif;
jzpfovm;? rjzpfbl;/ rsKd;dk;ADZaMumifh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfzdkY
taMumif;&if;ygvmwJhvlawGu ydkNyD;jzpfygw,f/
aemufNyD; wpfEkid if HeUJ wpfEikd if H ul;vl;qufqHrIawG ydkNyD;awmh
jrefqefvmw,f/ wpfEikd if H&UJ vlaerIpdkuaf wG wpfEikd if Hukd vG,v
f G,f
ulul xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufvmw,f/ wcsKdU vGefuJwJh tpm;tpm
awGukd pm;wmuawmh taemufEkdifiHom;awG? zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHawGaygh/
olwkYdEkid fiH&JU tavhtxawGu zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawGukd a&mufvmwJh
twGufaMumifh 'DbufrSm a&m*gjzpfEIef;awG ydkrsm;vmw,fvkYd ,lq
ygw,f/
aemufwpfcsufu uRefawmfwkYdEkdifiHvkd zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHawG
taeeJY ,cifwkef;uvnf; ul;pufa&m*gawG jzpfyGm;EIef; rsm;w,f/
bmaMumihfvJqkad wmh a&roefYwmwkdY? pm;wJhtpm;tpmawG roefY
wmwkYd? yk;d rTm;aMumifhjzpfwJh ul;pufa&m*gawG? [kw
d kef;u tjzpf
rsm;cJhw,f/ zGHUNzdK;atmifvkyaf ewJhumvrSm tJ'Dul;pufa&m*gawG
jzpfEIef;usvmaomfjim;vnf; vHk;0 yaysmufoGm;atmif rvkyEf ikd fao;
ygbl;/ usefawmh usefao;w,f/ tJovkd ul;pufa&m*g 0efxkyf
0efydk;BuD;wpfck &Sad ecsdefrSm wpfzuf
u zGUH NzdK;atmifBudK;pm;wJhtwGuaf Mumifh
ul;pufwJha&m*gawG r[kww
f Jh aoG;
csKd? qD;csKd? ESvHk;? aoG;wkd;ponfwkdY
vnf; wkd;wufrIeJYtwl jzpfEIef;awG
wufvmw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH&JU
taetxm;u ul;pufwwfwhJ a&m*g
awG&JU 0efxky0f efyk;d uwpfzuf wpfcsed f
wnf;rSmyJ rul;pufwwfwJha&m*g


awGv nf ; wk d ; wuf EI ef ; wuf v mr,fh
0efxkyf0efydk; (2)q ydvmp&mtaMumif;&Sd
ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwYEkd kid fiHtae
eJYa&m usef;rma&;0efxrf;awGtaeeJYyg
ckuwnf;u tJ'jD yemudk ajz&Si;f zdkY jyif
qifae&wJh taetxm;rSm&Sw
d ,f/ 'gu
vuf&Sd tajctaeyg/
uRef a wmf w k d Y E k d i f i H t aetxm;u
a&m q&m/
jref r mEk d i f i H r S m qD ; csKd ? aoG ; csKd
a&m*g b,favmufjzpfEIef; &Sad ew,fqk d
wm uRefawmfwkdYrSm aocsmqef;ppfavh
vmrIawG vkyzf kdYawmh vkdygao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh ta&SUawmif
tm&StzGJU&JU cefYrSe;f csuft&awmh 1995 ckESpw
f kef;uawmh 2.4%
vl (100) rSm 2.4 a,mufEIe;f avmufjzpfw,fvkYd cefYrSe;f cJhygw,f/
tJ'DcefUrSe;f csu[
f m vmr,fch &pfESpf 2025 ckESprf Sm 3.2%xd wk;d r,f
vdkY cefUrSef;xm;ygw,f/ vl 100 rSm 2% om jzpfcJhvkYd&Sd&if oef;
aygif; 40-50 rSm b,favmuf &Sv
d mrSmvJ/ pOf;pm;wGucf suMf unh&f if
tajzxGuv
f mygw,f/ yrmPuao;i,fwJh yrmPawmh r[kwf
bl;/ awmfawmfrsm;ygw,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gudk umuG,v
f akYd &m r&Ekid b
f ;l vm; q&m/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gudk umuG,v
f rYkd &bl;vm;qkad wmh twkid ;f
twmwpfckxd umuG,fvdkY&ygw,f/ trsm;pkjzpfwm apmapmu
uRefawmfajymcJhwhJ eJU trsK;d tpm;? 'DtrsKd;tpm;ESpfckrSm
[m jzpfyGm;EIef;enf;w,f/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHawGrSm vl (100)
rSm (10%)avmufyJ &Sdw,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfymG ;rItm;vHk;&JU

- - -
10% [m trsKd;tpm;jzpfNyD;awmh 90%[m trsKd;
tpm;jzpfygw,f/
'gayrJh zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawGrSmusawmh trsKd;tpm;[m
zGHUNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHawG&JU jzpfEIef;xuf ydkenf;w,f/ trsm;qHk;jzpfwmu
tifqlvifudk rDSckpd &mrvdkwJh trsKd;tpm;u trsm;pkjzpfaeyg
w,f/ txl;ojzifh vlemtrsK;d tpm;trsm;pk[m trsKd;tpm;
jzpfaewm awGU&ygw,f/ 95% xuf ydkrsm;aewmukdvnf; awGU&
ygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gudkumuG,fvkdY &ygovm;
qkw
d Jh tar;udkajz&&if qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gudk twkid f;twmwpfckxd
umuG,fvkYd&wJhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY vkyfief;aqmifwmwcsKdUukd
vkyfaewmawG &Sdygw,f/ umuG,fwJhtaMumif;udkrajymcif jzpf
&wJhtaMumif;&if;udkord S b,fvkdumuG,f&ovJqw
kd m ajym&wm
ydkvG,fr,f/
ydkNyD;awmh jynfhpHkoGm;wmayghq&m/ ajymyg/
trsKd;tpm;(wpf) qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gonfawG
rSmawmh 'Da&m*gjzpfzdkUtwGuf ADZawG twkid f;twmwpfckxd ygvm
wwfygw,f/ rsKd;dk;ADZeJY ywfoufvkdY tao;pdwfajymae&if odyf
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tefw*D sif wpfrsK;d ay:vmw,f/ tJ'D y#dvIYyH pn
;f trsK;d tpm;
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f kd xdckdurf IawG


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awG&JU zsuq
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jzpfvmEkdifw,fvkdY qkdygw,f/
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vlemawG rsm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkYt
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ar;&if ol&UJ rdbtpOftquf bdk;bifawGrmS ? nDtpfukad rmifErS awGyg


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- - -
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omreftm[m&zGHUNzdK;wJhuav;avmuf zGHUNzdK;rI odyfraumif;ygbl;/

- - -
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trsK;d tpm;(ESp)f qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gjzpf
zdkY taMumif;&if;wpfcsuyf J jzpfygw,f/


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aumif;wJhtcsufawGukd uRefawmfqufNyD; ajymcsifygw,f/

- - -
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d rf LS ;BuD;&JaoG; (aq;uko XmerSL;?
trSwf(2) wyfrawmfaq;Hk)u aqmif&GufNyD;awmh jrefrmEkdifiHu
a[majymoltaeeJY uRefawmfu aqmif&Gufygw,f/ EkdifiHjcm;u
a[majymoltaeeJYuawmh tdEd,EdkifiHu ygarmu -
u aqmif&Gufygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY aqG;aEG;ajymqkdcJhwm
uawmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g ukxHk;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh trsKd;tpm;
(ESp)f qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gwpfckwnf;udk xdef;HkeJY rjzpfbl;? rvHk
avmufbl;/ ol&JU tpkta0;jzpfwJh t0vGefa&m*g? aq;vdyfaomuf
jcif;eJY tqD"mwf vGefuJwJha&m*gawGyg wpfNydKifwnf; ukoEkdifygrS
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gonfawGrmS jzpfEeI ;f ? ESvHk;a&m*gjzpfEeI ;f ? aoaysmuf
EIe;f awG usoGm;r,fqkdwJh aemufqHk;ay: awGU&SdcsufawGukd aqG;aEG;
cJhjcif;omjzpfygw,f/


uRefawmfwkdY aq;taMumif;udk ajymavhajymxr&Syd gbl;/
q&m0efwpfa,muftaeeJU b,fukrPDu bmaq;udk oHk;ygqkNd yD;
aMumfjimavhvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ aMumfvnf; raMumfjimoifhygbl;/
aq;udk qD;csK?d aoG;csKa
d &m*gumuG,f aq;tjzpfeUJ uRefawmf
wkYd wpfvHk;rSrajymcJhygbl;/ [m qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*guko&mwGif oHk;oifhaom aq;wpfckom jzpfygw,f/ qD;csKd?
aoG;csKd umuG,af q; vHk;0r[kwyf g/ uRefawmf odoavmufuawmh
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g umuG,af q;qkw
d m 'DuaeYxd ray:ao;ygbl;/
aemufwpfaeYusawmh qD;csK?d aoG;csKd umuG,af q;qkNd yD; owif;pmxJ
azmfjyxm;wm uRefawmf awGUvku
d f&ygw,f/ wpfae&mrS vGJcJhw,f
vdkY xifygw,f/
b,fae&mrSm rSm;,Gi;f cJw
h ,fqw
kd m rodEikd af yr,fh rSm;,Gi;f rI
wpf&yfqw
kd mawmh uRefawmfwo
kYd yd gNyD/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g umuG,f
aq;vkdY rSm;,Gif;azmfjyoGm;wJh aq;udk qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gr&Sdao;wJhvlwpfa,muf aomufoHk;rd&if b,fvkd tusKd;
tjypfa wG cHpm;Ek di fygovJq&m/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g r&Sdwo
Jh lawGom pm;rd&if 'Daq;aMumifh
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfavsmhenf;NyD; jzpfNyD;awmh
touftE&m,fjzpfwJhtxd a&mufoGm;Ek difygw,f/ 'Daq;[m
umuG,fwJhaq; r[kwfygbl;/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g ukowJh aq;
wpfrsKd;yJ jzpfw,f/
aus;Zl;ygyJq&m/ aemuftywf q&mhqD uRefawmfvmcJh
ygOD;r,f /
ZD0u? trSwf 74? rwfv? 2001 ckESp/f

- -
--
qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g&JU aMumufp&maumif;wJh tcsuaf wGukd
aqG;aEG;ay;ygq&m/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g[m aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfawG ESp&f Snf
vrsm; vGeu
f Jrsm;jym;vmwJhtcsded fus&if aoG;aMumi,fawGukd xdcu
kd f
Ekid fovdk ta&;BuD;wJhaoG;aMumBuD;awGukdvnf; xdckdufEdkifygw,f/
NyD;awmh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGvnf; wpfckNyD;wpfck jzpfay:vm
Ekdifygw,f/


cGJjcm;rItaeeJU owfrSwfr,fqkd&if aoG;aMumi,fawGukd
xdwJha&m*geJY aoG;aMumBuD;awGukdxdwJh a&m*gqkNd yD; (2)rsKd; cGJEkdif
ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif aoG;aMumawGeJYrqkid fwJh wjcm;aemuf qufwGJ
a&m*gawGvnf; jzpfEkdifygao;w,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKad Mumifh aoG;aMumi,fawGudk xdvYjkd zpfEikd w
f Jh
a&m*gawGudk OD;qHk; &Sif;jyay;ygvm; q&m/
aoG;aMumi,fawGukd xdoGm;&if todomqHk;uawmh qD;csKd?
aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifh rsufpt
d jrifvTm rSm ajymif;vJrIawG
jzpfjcif;? - vdkYac:ygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifhjzpfwJh rsufpt
d jrifvTm xdckduf
rIa&m*g[m b,favmufqkd;0g;ovJqkd&if aemufqHk; tjrif vHk;0
uG,foGm;wJhtxd jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*geJY quf
EG,fNyD; jzpfay:cHpm;&wJh rsufpda&m*gawGuawmh trsm;BuD;ygyJ/
aoG;aMumi,f aemufxyfxdwJh a&m*gwpfckuawmh
ac:wJh ausmufuyfa&m*gyg/ ausmufuyfonfvnf; aoG;
xJrSm oMum;"mwf ESpf&Snfvrsm;&Sdae&if ausmufuyfudkoGm;wJh
aoG;aMumao;ao;av;awG[m vHk;0ysufpD;oGm;Edkifygw,f/
aemufqk;H us&if ausmufuyf[m vHk;0tvkyrf vkyEf ikd af wmhbJ
azmwm? a&mifwm jzpfvmygw,f/
ausmufuyfaq;pufawGeJU ausmuf
uyf a q;&wJh tajctaexd v nf;
qkduaf &mufvmygw,f/ Ekid fiHjcm;rSm
awmh ausmufuyftpm;xdk;uko&
wJhtxd a&m*g&JU twdrfteuf[m
BuD;us,o
f mG ;wwfygw,f/ ckqkd uRef
awmfwkdYEdkifiHrSmvnf; ausmufuyf
tpm;xk;d ukorIawGatmifjrifaeygNyD/

- - --
apmapmuajymcJhwJh rsupf t
d jrifvmT udk xdckduv
f kdY tjrifuG,f
jcif;[m zGHUNzdK;NyD;wJhEkdifiHawGrSm rsurf jrifjzpfapwJh t"dutusqHk;
taMumif;&if; jzpfaeygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g[m b,favmuf
aMumufp&maumif;ovJqkdwm odEkdifygw,f/ rsufpt
d mHkaMumawG
ysufpD;apwJh tjyiftmHkaMumukd oGm;wJh aoG;aMumav;awGuvnf;
ESp&f Snv
f rsm; tcsKd"mwf vGefuJrIaMumifh ajymif;vJrIawG jzpfoGm;
NyD;awmh tmHkaMuma&mif&rf;jcif;a&m*g? tmHkaMumudk xdckdufwJh
a&m*gawG jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhrdkYvkYd vlawG bmjzpfvm
ovJqk&d if vufzsm;? ajczsm;awG xHkw,f/ usOfw,fqkdwmrsKd;awG
jzpfvmygw,f/ xHkwmusOw
f m aemufykid ;f uswJhtcgrSmawmh ajcrSmqkd
ajctdwfBuD;pGyfxm;wJhtwkdif;? vufrSmqkd vuftdyfBuD; pGyfxm;wJh
twkid ;f tJ'Dtpdwftydkif;awGu xHkae? usOaf eNyD;awmh emusifudkucf J
rIawG tcsdefwkdif; cHpm;vm&ygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKdaMumifh wcsKdUusawmh tmHkaMumawG xdcku
d f
oGm;wwfygw,f/ tJovkd xdckdufawmh rsufESmrSmqk&d if rsufESm&JU
<uufom;awGudk axmufyHhaewJh tmHkaMumeHygwf (7)qkw
d m &Syd g
w,f/ tJ'DtmHkaMumxdckduf&if rsufESmwpfjcrf;? yg;&GJUoGm;wmjzpf
Ekdifygw,f/ rsupf ad &GUvsm;rI? rsufpu
d kd oGm;aewJh tmHkaMum eHygwf
(3)udk xdoGm;w,fqkd&if rsucf GHwGJusvmwmwkY?d rsufpad wG vIy&f Sm;
rIawG csKdU,Gi;f vmwmwdkY jzpfEkdifygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh ac:wJh txl;tmHk
aMumawGukdvnf; xdckduEf kdifygw,f/ txl;tmkHaMumawGukdxd&if
aoG;aygifxed f;odrf;jcif;wkdY? rsufpdoli,ftdrf tusOf;tus,fudk
xde;f odr;f jcif;awG ? qD;tdru
f kd xde;f odr;f jcif;awG? 'gawG&JU vkyaf qmif
rIawG ysufpD;,kd,Gi;f oGm;Ekdifygw,f/
odomwmwpfckuawmh txl;tmHkaMumxdwJhtwGuf bm
awGjzpfavhjzpfx&SdovJqkd&if a,musfm;awGrSm yef;aowmwkdY?
yef;ndK;wJha&m*gawG jzpfvmygw,f/ aemufwpfcku uRefawmfwYkd


tdyf&muxvku
d fwJhtcsderf Sm rdkufceJjzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/ rdkufceJ
jzpfwt
hJ aMumif;&if;u bmvJqakd wmh tdyaf epOfrmS &Sad ewJh aoG;aygifu
xvdkuw
f Jhtcsderf Sm &Sw
d JhaoG;aygifeJY kww
f &ufuGmjcm;oGm;rIaMumifh
jzpfygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gonfwpfa,muf tdyfaewJhtcsdefrSm&Sd
aewJh aoG;aygifu xvdkuw
f JhtcsdefrSm t&rf;usoGm;wwfygw,f/
omrefvlwpfa,mufrmS qk&d if tJovdk aoG;aygifrusqif;oGm;atmif
txl;tmHkaMumtzGJUu xdef;odrf;ay;xm;ygw,f/ txl;tmHkaMum
tzGUJ u rxde;f odr;f Ekid w
f ht
J wGuaf Mumifh tdyw
f ht
J csefd rf Sm&Sw
d hJ aoG;aygifeUJ
xvdkufwJhtcsdefrSm&SdwJh aoG;aygifu t&rf;udkuGmjcm;oGm;NyD;awmh
OD;aESmufuko
d Gm;wJh aoG;aygifusoGm;NyD; rdkucf eJjzpfomG ;w,f? NyD;awmh
owdarhvJusoGm;Edkiyf gw,f/ 'gu qD;csKd? aoG;csKo
d rm;awG tjzpf
rsm;wJh a&m*gwpfrsKd;yg/
aemufwpfcku txl;tmHkaMumxdwJhtwGufaMumifh tpm;
tpmpm;NyD;&if AdkuBf uD;u u,faew,f/ AdkufBuD;u,fNyD;awmh awmf
awmfeJY tpmraMubl;aygh/ 'gawGvnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/
wcsKUd qD;csK?d aoG;csKdorm;awG xl;xl;qef;qef;jzpfwwfwm
wpfckusawmh xrif;pm;yGJxkdifvdkuw
f meJY [if;&eHY&wmeJU cHwGif;u
oGm;a&rxGub
f J rsufESmrSm acR;oD;acR;aygufawG waygufaygufeJY
usvmwmrsKd;vnf; &Syd gw,f/ 'g bmaMumifh jzpfovJqkd&if acR;udk
vnf; tmHkaMumtzGJUu xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/
trsm;qHk;jzpfwwfwmuawmh vuf? ajcawG xHkw,f? usOf
w,f? yef;aow,f? yef;ndK;w,f? tdyf&mutxrSm rdkufceJ jzpf
wmawG[m qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifh tmHkaMumxdckdufwJh aemuf
qufwGJa&m*gvuPmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gu aoG;aMumtao;
av;awGrSm xdvkdY jzpfwmyg/

- - --
aoG;aMumBuD;awG xdckdufoGm;
&if bmjzpfEkdifygovJ q&m/
aoG;aMumtBuD; awGrSmjzpfwJh
a&m*gawGtaeeJY ajym&&if ESvHk;udk oGm;
wJh aoG;aMumawGxo
d Gm;&if ESvHk;a&m*g
&Edkiyf gw,f/ tJovkd ESvHk;udkoGm;wJh
aoG;aMumrS xdckdufwJhtwGuf ESvHk;ckef
EIe;f rrSefjcif;eJY ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;wJh
a&m*gawG jzpfEkdifygw,f/ ESvHk;aoG;
aMumawG usO;f NyD;awmh ESvHk;<uufom;
awG aooGm;wwfwJha&m*gvnf; jzpf
oGm;Ekdi fygw,f/ ESv Hk ;<uufo m;awG
aooGm;wJhtwGuf ESvHk;&JUvkyaf qmifrIawG usomG ;NyD;awmh azmw,f?
a&mifw,f? a&m*gawGvnf; jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f/ 'gu
ESvkH;udkoGm;wJh aoG;aMumawG xdcku
d v
f kYjd zpfwJh qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g&JU
aemufqufwGJjyemawG jzpfygw,f/
OD;aESmufudkoGm;wJh aoG;aMumBuD;awG xdvkYd&Sd&if olwkdYu
udk,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;wmwdkY? aooGm;NyD;awmh csufcsi;f jyefaumif;
oGm;wwfygw,f/ vdkYac:wJh avjzef;rI ti,fpm;aygh/ udk,f
wpfjcrf;aooGm;w,f? vufwpfjcrf;aooGm;w,f? wu,fyJ 'kuw
d
b0udk vHk;vHk;a&mufoGm;wJh avjzwfa&m*gawGvnf; jzpfoGm;Ekdif
ygw,f/
ajcaxmufyky foGm;wJha&m*gawGa &m q&m/
ajcaxmufuko
d Gm;wJh aoG;aMumawGaygh/ xdcu
kd rf I &Syd gw,f/
aoG;aMumawGrSm b,fvkx
d cd kdufrIawG&do
S vJqkdawmh ajcaxmufudk
oGm;wJh aoG;aMumawG usO;f oGm;Edkiyf gw,f/ ajcawG? vufawGomG ;wJh
aoG;aMumawG? trsm;tm;jzifh ajcawGoGm;wJhaoG;aMumrSm xdygw,f/


tJ'DrSmusawmh ajcaxmuf tzsm;ydki;f awGxd aoG;ravQmufawmhygbl;/
aoG;ravQmufwJh tcgusawmh xdrdcku
d rf v
d Ykd temawG jzpfvmwJhtcg
aoG;eJY tm[m&"mwfr&wJhtwGuaf Mumifh temjzpfvkdY&Sd&ifvnf;
aumif;aumif;rusufawmhygbl;/ ajcaxmufawG rnf;vmr,f/
ykyw
f ,f? aemufqHk;usawmh jzwfypf&wJhtxd jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
aoG;aMumi,f? aoG;aMumBuD;awGeJY rqkid w
f Jh aemufqufwJG
a&m*gawGrsm; &Sdygao;ovm;q&m/
&Syd gw,f/ aygh/ ydk;aMumifhjzpfwJh a&m*gawG vlrsm;
xufykd&Ekid fwJh? jzpfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ygw,f/
ydk;rTm;aMumifh temawGjzpfvUkd &Sd&if temawG usufcyJ gw,f/
temawGvnf; olrsm;xufydkNyD;awmh aygufw,f/ b,fvkt
d emrsKd;
awGvJqkdawmh ta&;jym;ay:rSm arG;uRwfem? jynfwnfemawG olrsm;
xufykNd yD; jzpfwwfygw,f/ ]temyqky?f ausmvHk;yky}f qkdwJh pum;
vnf; &Sdygw,f/ temyqkyaf wGUcJh&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJYu
awmh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gudk t&ifqkH;&SmazGazmfxkwzf kYd tNrJwu
kd w
f Ge;f
avh&dyS gw,f/ temyqkyfaygufNyDqkw
d meJY cGJxkwfypf&avh&Syd gw,f/
touf tE&m,fudkvnf; xdckdufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gawGuawmh
a&m*gydk;rTm;aMumifh jzpfwmawGyg/
q&m/

aoG;csK?d qD;csKad 0'em&Sif aemufxyfbmawGrsm; jzpfEikd yf govJ

aemufxyf bmjzpfEkdifovJqkdawmh ta&jym;ay:rSm rIdpGJwJh

a&m*gawGvnf; ydkNyD;awmh jzpfEkdifygw,f/ ayG;awG? ni;f awG[m
vnf;yJ omrefvlawGxuf qD;csKd? aoG;csKdorm;awG jzpfEIef;ydkrsm;
ygw,f/ trsKd;orD;awGqkd&if &ifom;awG&JUatmufrSm? a,musmf ;
awGqk&d if aygifjcHawGrSm rIdpGJwJha&m*gawG ydkNyD; jzpfwwfygw,f/
jzpfEIef;vnf; tifrwefjrifhygw,f/

- - --
aemufwpfck yg;pyfxJrSm i,fi,fujzpfwJh rSukvk[
d mrsKd;
awG? qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g&Sw
d JhvlBuD;awGrSm ydkNyD;awmh jzpfEIef;rsm;
ygw,f/ aemufNyD;vnfacsmif;awG? yg;pyfawG &JeDaeNyD;emw,f/
tjzLzwfav;awG uyfaew,f/ cGmvku
d fvdkY&&dS if aoG;awGpkdYxGufvm
wwfygw,f/ 'gawG&dw
S JhtwGuf tpm;taomufawG pm;aomuf&if
emusifrIa0'emawGvnf; cHpm;&ygw,f/ tpmtm[m&udkvnf;
aumif;aumif;rrSD0JEkdifygbl;/ aoG;csKd? qD;csKdorm;awG[m rIdpGJwJh
a&m*gawG ydkykdNyD;awmh jzpfEkdifygw,f/
trsK;d orD;? trsK;d om;awG vdit
f *Fg,m;,HwJha&m*gawGvnf;
qD;csKd? aoG;csKdaMumifh jzpfw,fvkd Y od&ygw,f/
rdef;rukd,f,m;,HwJha&m*g? trsKd;orD;wpfOD; 'Da&m*g
vuPmeJY q&m0efqDa&mufvmNyDqkd&if yxrqHk;ppfaq;oifhwmu
awmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g &Sdr&Sd qkw
d mygyJ/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g
r&Srd SbJ wjcm;a&m*gawGukd &SmazGukooifhygw,f/
trsK;d om;awGrmS vnf;yJ vdit
f *Fg,m;,HwahJ &m*g[m aoG;csK?d
qD;csKad &m*gjzpfwJholu qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*grjzpfwJhol xufjzpfEIe;f
ydkrsm;ygw,f/ 'gawG[m a&m*gydk;rTm;aMumifh jzpfwJha&m*gawGygyJ/
udk, f0efaqmifrdcifawGrSm qD;csKd ? aoG;csKd a&m*gjzpfEIef;
jrifhvmw,fvkdY od&ygw,f q&m/ [kwfygovm;/
rSeyf gw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*gjzpfwJh uk,
d 0f efaqmif rdcif
awG aygrsm;vmygw,f/ udk,0f efaqmifrcd ifawG qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g
jzpfjcif; (2)rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ wpfcku qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g&Sw
d hJ trsKd ;orD;
wpfO;D taeeJY uk,
d 0f efaqmifjcif;? aemufwpfcku e*ku
d qD;csK?d aoG;csKd
a&m*gr&Sdbl;/ uk,
d 0f efaqmifcsdeu
f srS yxrqHk; qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g
jzpfjcif;qkNd yD; (2)rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ 'DEpS rf sK;d [m bmuGmovJq&kd if udk,0f ef
raqmifcifuwnf;u&Sw
d hJ qD;csKad &m*g[m arG;NyD;aemufqufNyD; qD;csK?d


aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfomG ;ayr,fh udk,0f efaqmifcsed fusrS yxrqHk; jzpfwJh
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gusawmh uav;arG;zGm;NyD;wmeJU trsm;pkaom
ukd,0f efaqmifrdcifawG[m qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g aysmufoGm;wm
awGU&ygw,f/ b,ftcsed rf mS aysmufoGm;ovJqkad wmh EkYw
d u
dk cf sed u
f mv
aemufykid ;f rSm aysmufoGm;wwfygw,f/ aemufxyf udk,f0efaqmif
wJhtcsdefrSmvnf;yJ ckeu trsKd;orD;[m qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfzdkY
tvm;tvm&Syd gw,f/ tJovkdyJ ESpfBudro
f ;kH Budrjf zpfNyD;&ifawmh udk,f
0efaqmifonfjzpfap? udk,f0efraqmifonfjzpfap olr[m qD;csKd?
aoG;csKda&m*g pGJNyD;jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/
umuG,fa&;eJUywfoufvkYd uRefawmfwkdYu yxrOD; pm;ay;
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aoG;csKda&m*gudk BudKNyD;apmodEkdifav ydkNyD;awmh tusK;d &SdavygyJ/
vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrmS yJjzpfjzpf? rdom;pktwGi;f rSmyJjzpfjzpf? vlaY bmif

- -
tzGJUtpnf;twGi;f rSmyJjzpfjzpf? qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gonfawGukd apmEdkif
orQapmapm a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfzkYu
d uRefawmfwkYt
d wGuf tifrwef
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gudk b,fvk&d SmazGazmfxkwfMurSmvJvkYd
ar;r,fqkd&if ajzEkid fwmu qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*gudk apmapmpD;pD;
&SmazGazmfxkwzf kYd enf;vnf;(3)oG,&f ydS gw,fvYkd ajz&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
-Edkiif w
H pfEikd if &H UJ vlO;D a&tm;vHk;udk a&m*g&SmazGazmfxw
k jf cif;/
-qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*g&SdEkdifajc&SdwJh vltkyfpkawGukdom tmHk
pdkuf&SmazGazmfxkwjf cif;/
-qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gvuPmwpfckckaMumifh usef;rma&;
Xmeukd vmjywJhvlemawGudk qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g [kwf r[kwf &SmazG
azmfxkwjf cif;qkdNyD;awmh enf;vrf;(3)oG,f&Syd gw,f/
[kwfuJhyg/ yxrenf;vrf;aMumifh&&SdEkid fwJh tusKd;&v'f
uav;taMumif; odyg&ap/
'Denf;[m Ekdiif HwpfEkdiif H&JU &SdorQvlOD;a&tm;vHk;udk aoG;ppf
aq;r,f? qD;ppfMunfhr,fqkdwJh enf;vrf;yg/ 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfwdkY
taeeJU pOf;pm;oifhwmuawmh 'Dv&kd SdorQ vlOD;a&tm;vHk;udk a&m*g
&SmazGazmfxkwfwJhtcgrSm a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfrIaMumifh ay:xGuv
f m
r,fh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad 0'em&Siaf wG
ud k apmapmuk o wJh tusKd ;
aus;Zl;eJY wpfjynfvHk;rSm aoG;
a&m qD;yg ppfaq;&wJhtwGuf
ukeu
f sr,fah iGaMu;yrmP -
eJY 'DtaMumif;&if; ESpcf k
udk EIdi;f ,SOfMunfh&if ukefus
p&dwfu &&Sdr,fh tusKd;aus;Zl;
xuf ydkrsm;Ekid w
f m awGU&ygr,f/


uRefawmfwkdUEidk if Hvkd zGUH NzdK;qJEikd if HawGrSm EkdifiaH wmf&JU aiGaMu;
t&if;tjrpfawGukd tjcm;ae&mawGrSmvnf; oHk;ae&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf
'Denf;vrf;eJY qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gudk &SmazGazmfxkwzf q
Ykd w
kd m vHk;0roifh
awmfbl;vdkY uRefawmfwkdY ,lqygw,f/
'Denf;udk roHk;bl;yJxm;yg/ 'kw,
d enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKr,f
qkd&ifa&m q&m? b,fvkdaerSmvJ/
qD;csKda&m*g jzpfEkdifajc&SdwJhvlawGukd tmHkpkdufNyD; &SmazG
azmfxkww
f eJh nf;vrf;uawmh ydkNyD;obm0vnf;usw,f/ tusK;d &v'f
uvnf; ydkNyD;awmh wGufajcudkufr,fhoabm&Sdygw,f/
'Denf;eJUqD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gudk apmapmpD;pD;&SmazGazmfxkwf
r,fqkd&if b,fvv
kd lawG qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfEIe;f rsm;ovJqkdwm
uRefawmfwdkYozd dkY vkdtyfygw,f/ vlxktaeeJYvnf;yJ qD;csKda&m*g[m
b,fvkv
d lrsKd;awGrSm ydkjzpfEkdifw,fqkdwmudkvnf;yJ odoifhygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk odatmifvnf; tajccH aus;vufawm&Gmtxd bufaygif;pHk
uae ynmay;vIHYaqmfzkdY vdktyfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh q&mwkdYvdk
rD'D,mtydkif;eJY yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G Ef ikd &f if tcsed w
f kt
d wGi;f rSm vlxkMum;
usef;rma&;ynmjyefYyGm;oGm;r,fvkdYvnf; ,HkMunfygw,f/
[kwfuJhq&m/ wcsKdUaom a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;tzGJUawGu
rD'D,mtydki;f eJY vufwGJaqmif&Gufwm twkdif;twmwpfckxufydkNyD;
atmifjrifr&I cJhygw,fvkdU wm0ef&ySd k*Kd vfawGu ajymygw,f/ b,fvkd
vlrsK;d awGudk qD;csK?d aoG;csKed JYywfoufvkdY tmHkpu
kd f &SmazGazmfxkwf
rSmvJqk dw mav; &Sif;jyygOD;q&m/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfEkdifajc&SdwJh vlawGukdtmHkpkduf azmf
xkwfwJhenf;rSm b,fvkv
d lrsKd;awGudk azmfxkwfMurSmvJ/
eHygwfwpftkypf kuawmh rdom;pkxJrSm txl;ojzifh udk,feJY
aoG;eD;wJh wpftlxHkYqif; nDtpfudkarmifESr t&if;tcsmawGrSm

- -
'kwd, trsKd;tpm; qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g
&SdwJh vlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f/
taz? tar 'grSr[kwf nDtpfudk armif
ESr? udk,&hf UJ om;orD;awGrmS a&m*g&S&d r,f/
tJ'DtcsuftvufawGeJYywfoufNyD; odcsif
vkYd q&m0efu ]cifAsm;wkdY&JUrdom;pkxJrSm
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfcJhzl;ol &Sdovm;}
vdkYar;wJhtcg tcsKdUvlemu b,fvkdjyef
ajzovJqk d &if ]&Sdwmaygh q&m&,f /
uRefr a,musfm;rSm qD;csKad &m*g&Sad ew,f/
'gaMumifhrkYdq&mqD uRefrvmwm}vkYd ajz
wwfMuwmawGvnf; awGU&ygw,f/
'gudk pOf;pm;Munfh? tajccHuswJh ar;cGef;kd;dk;av; wpfck
aemf/ 'Dar;cGef;tay: ajzqkcd sufudkMunfh&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*geJY
ywfoufNyD; vlxktwGif;rSm use;f rma&;ynmjzefYjzL;zkdY b,favmuf
vkdaeao;ovJqkdwm odomxif&Sm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifhvnf; q&m&JUaqG;aEG;csufudk ZD0uu wpfqifh
azmfjyzdkY uRefa wmf pDpOfa qmif&Gu fvdku fw myg/
wu,fawmh vlem&JU ZeD;? cifyGef;rSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g
&Sdaomfjim;vnf; vlemeJY bmrSywfoufrI r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh ZeD;rSm
vnf; qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g &Sdaer,fqkd&ifawmh olwdYkuwpfqihf
arG;zGm;vmwJh uav;awGus&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfEIef;[m
omrefvlxufjzpfzkYd tcGiht
f vrf;ydkNyD;awmh rsm;ygw,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKd
a&m*g&JU rdom;pk&mZ0ifvkUd qw
dk Jh ae&mrSm rdb? rdb&JUtxuf bdk;bGm;?
t&if;tcsm? nDtpfudk armifESrt&if;tcsm? udk,fuarG;xkwfwJh
om;orD;awGudk qkdvjkd cif;jzpfygw,f/ - - udk
qkdvkdygw,f/


'Dae&mrSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g[m ul;pufwwfwJh a&m*g
wpfrsKd; r[kwfbl;qkw
d mvnf; odxm;oifhygw,f/ cifyeG ;f rSm qD;csKd?
aoG;csKda&m*g&Sad eayr,fh ol&JUZeD;rSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g r&SdEkdif
ygbl;/ 'gu rsKd;k;d ADZeJYywfoufwJh eHygwfwpf tkypf kyg/
eHygwfESpt
f kyfpkusawmh udk,fcEmt0vGefuJwJh olawGygyJ/
t0vGefuJw,fqkdwm &Sad ewJh touft&G,feJY t&yftarmif;rSm
&Sdoifh&Sx
d kdufwJh? owfrSwfxm;wJh udk,ftav;csdef &Sdoifhygw,f/
&So
d ifh&x
dS ku
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f Jh uk,
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f uf (120)&mckid Ef Ie;f ydkrsm;aer,fq&dk if
tJ'Dvludk t0vGefwJha&m*gonf &,fvkdY uRefawmfwkdYu wpfenf;
wpfzHkjzifh owfrSwfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku ydkNyD;awmh wduswJhEIe;f
xm;eJY vlwpfa,muf0w,f r0bl;qkdwmudk - vdkYac:wJh cEmudk,fxkxnftnTef;wGufenf;jzifh wGufcsuf
wkdif;wmod&SdEkdifygw,f/
=

udk,ftav;csdef(uDvk)d

t&yftjrifh(rDwm)_t&yftjrifh(rDwm)
'Dvkd yHkaoenf;eJYwGufcsufNyD; t0vGefuJrIa&m*g&Sd r&Sd
owfrSwEf kdifygw,f/ yHkrSet
f m;jzifh 20-25 &Sdwmuawmh ykHrSef
ygyJ/ 27 xufrsm;wJholawGudkawmh t0vGefaewJholvkdYowfrSwf
ygw,f/ tJovkd vlrsKd;awGudk uRefawmfwkdYu OD;pm;ay;&Sm azGazmf
xkwfzkdY vdkygw,f/
aemufeHygwfoHk;tkypf kuawmh udk,0f efaqmiftrsK;d orD;awGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ udk,0f efaqmifumvrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gjzpfzl;wJh trsKd;orD;awGyg? - - -?
olwkYdu arG;zGm;NyD;&if a&m*gaysmufoGm;wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
ar;Munfhvku
d fvdkY &S&d if ]uRefr ukd,f0efaqmifwke;f u qD;csKda&m*g
jzpfzl;w,f/ ckawmh vkH;0r&Sad wmhygbl;} qkw
d hJ trsK;d orD;awGukv
d nf;
OD;pm;ay;NyD;awmh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g &Srd &S?d yHkreS pf pfaq;aezdYk vdkygw,f/

- -
aemufwpfcku uk,
d 0f efaqmifpOftwGi;f rSm qD;csKad &m*g &Srd &Sd
odvkdufwJh trsKd;orD;awG? taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh qD;csKda&m*g
&Sd?r&Sd rodvdku&f ifawmifrS arG;zGm;vmwJh uav;awG? Ekdiif Hwum
pHEIe;f t&ajym&&if (9)aygiftxuf uav;arG;wJhtrsKd;orD;awGudk
vnf; uRefawmfwkdYu qD;csKda&m*gudk OD;pm;ay;&SmazGazmfxkwfay;zdkY
vkdtyfygw,f/
aemufeHygwfav;tkyfpku touft&G,t
f ykid ;f tjcm;? txl;
ojzifh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gtrsdK;tpm;ESpf[m touft&G,fay:rSm
rlwnfygw,f/ toufBuD;vmwmeJUtrQ vlwkdif; vlwkdif;[m cEm
udk,fwGi;f u yefu&d,qdkwJh tusdwfuae tifqlvifxkwEf Ief;enf;
vmwJhtwGuaf Mumifh toufBuD;vm&if aoG;csK?d qD;csKad &m*gjzpfEidk af jc
vlwikd ;f rSm &Sad eygw,f/ touft&G,(f 50) ausmw
f Jhvlwikd ;f udk qD;csKd?
aoG;csKda&m*gyHkrSepf pfaq;zkYd vdkygw,f/
eHygwfig;tkyfpkusawmhwcsKdUvlrsKd;awG[m yifudkADZt&udk
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gtjzpfrsm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd Ekid if HrSm uRefawmf
wdkYtawGUtMuHKt& tdE,
d rsK;d EG,af wGrmS tjcm;vlrsK;d awGxuf aoG;csK?d
qD;csKdjzpfEIe;f ydkrsm;wmukd awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd awGU&Sdcsufu
uRefawmfwkdYEkid if Hwifruygbl;? tar&duef? t*Fvef? Oa&myEkid fiHawG
rSmvnf; awmiftm&SwkdufuvmwJh vlrsKd;awG[m a'ocHEkdifiHom;
awGxuf qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gydkjzpfw,fvkYd awGU&dNS yD; vufcHxm;Mu
ygw,f/
t"du uawmh b*Fvm;a'h&Sf?
tdE,
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u vma&muf a exk d if w J hv la wG[ m
[kdrSm&SdwJh vlawGxuf qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*g ydkjzpfwm awGU&ygw,f/ aemuf
wpfcku ta&SUawmiftm&SrSm arm&doQ
rsKd;EG,af wG? wkwv
f lrsKd;awG[mvnf;


omrefvlawGxuf qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g
jzpfEIef; ydkrsm;aew,fvkdY u
xkwfjyefaMunmxm;ygw,f/
qD;csKad &m*gjzpfEikd af jc&Sw
d hJ wjcm;
tky fpk a wGa &m &Sd a o;vm;q&m/
&Syd gao;w,f/ 'gudk tkypf k(6)
vkYd ajymvkUd &ygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*gudk
OD;pm;ay;&SmazGay;&r,fh tjcm;tkyfpku
awmh b,f vkdvlrsKd;awGvJqk d&if t
aMumif;aMumif;aMumifh t&ifwkef;u
aoG;csKad &m*gudk aoG;ppfvu
kd w
f JhtcsdefrSm
aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh oMum;"mwfEIe;f xm;[m
omrefvlawGxufykrd sm;aewJh vlrsKd;awGyg/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKd jzpfavmuf
atmifvnf; aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfu rrsm;bl;/ Mum;umvwpfckrmS
&Scd zJh l;wJh vlawGq&kd ifvnf;yJ uRefawmfwYu
kd wpfcsed cf sed rf mS qD;csKad &m*g
jzpfvmzdkYu ydkNyD;awmh tcGihftvrf;rsm;wwfygw,f/
omrefvlxufpm&if oMum;"mwfyg0ifEIef;ydkrsm;aew,f/
qD;csKad &m*gvkYd owfrw
S Ef ikd w
f Jh pHcsed pf HneT ;f xdvnf; vGerf oGm;ao;bl;/
- vdkU ac:ygw,f/ omrefxuf
vnf; aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfrsm;aewJholawG? tJ'v
D v
kd rl sK;d ta,muf
(100)udk uRefawmfwkdYu (5)ESpMf umapmifhMunfhvkY&d Sd&if tJ'D vl100
xJu 30&mcdkiEf Ief;[m vlaumif;twdkif; jyefjzpfoGm;wm awGU&
ygw,f/ ppfaq;Munhw
f ht
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f ufrsm;cJhayr,fh
(5)ESpt
f MumrSm yHkrSet
f wkdif;jyefjzpfoGm;wm awGU&ygw,f/ 30
&mckid fEIef;uawmh bmrS rajymif;vJbJ &Sdaewwfygw,f/
usew
f Jh 30 &mckid Ef Ie;f uawmh (5)ESpftMumrSm trsK;d tpm;ESpf
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfoGm;wm awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vl

- -
wpfa,mufukd aoG;ppfaq;Munhfwht
J cg aoG;xJrSm aoG;oMum;"mwf
omrefxufrsm;cJhzl;wJh vlawGukv
d nf; uRefawmfwdkYu OD;pm;ay;&SmazG
azmfxkwfzdkY vkdtyfygw,f/
aemufwpftkypf kuawmh qD;csKda&m*g&JU taygif;yga&m*gawG
&Sw
d Jh vlawGukv
d nf; uRefawmfwkdYu qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g *kwpku
d f
&SmazGay;zdkU vkdygw,f/ taygif;yga&m*gqkd wmuawmh aoG;wk;d
a&m*g? aoG;xJrSm udkvufpxa&mrsm;aewJh a&m*g? aoG;aMum
BuD;awG xdckdufNyD;awmh ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwfeJY
avjzwf a&m*g&SdaewJholawG aemufNyD; ajcawG? vufawGrSm
aoG;aMum usO;f wJha&m*g&Sw
d Jh olawGrSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g r&SdcJh
ao;bl; qkd&ifawmifrS qD;csKda&m*gudk OD;pm;ay; &SmazGppfaq;zkdY
vdkygw,f/
uRefawmfajymcJhwmawGu qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfEkdifajc
&SdwJhvlawGukd a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
&Sif;ygw,f q&m/ qD;csKda&m*gvuPmawG&SdwJh tkypf k?
tJ'Dtkyfpkudk qD;csKda&m*g&SmazGa zmfxkwfrI taMumif;&if;udkvnf;
quf a jymygOD; q&m/
ckaqG;aEG;rSmu enf;vrf;oHk;oG,fteuf wwd,enf;vrf;?
qD;csKed yYJ wfoufNyD; a&m*gvuPmawG&v
dS Ykd uReaf wmfwu
Ydk kd vma&muf
jyowJh vlemawG? 'DvlemrsKd;udk uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY rvGJraoG qD;csKd?
aoG;csKda&m*gawGukd &SmazGazmfxkwfzdkY vkt
d yfygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gvuPmawGeJY vmwJh olawGq&kd if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfrsm;
wJhtwGufaMumifhrkdY a&iwfvGef;r,f? qD;oGm;rsm;r,f? a&aomuf
rsm;r,f? udk,ftav;csdefusqif;NyD; ydefoGm;r,f/ aemufwpfcku
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g&JU aemufqufwJaG &m*gvuPmawGjzpfwhJ ajczsm;
vufzsm;eJY tmHkaMumawG xHkusOfaeolawG temcPcPjzpfwJh
vlawG? twGi;f wdraf &m*gtjzpfrsm;wJo
h al wG? taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh


qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g &Srd Se;f rodao;olawG/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DvlrsKd;awG
udkvnf; a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfppfaq;zkdU txl;vdktyfygw,f/
wcsKdUu qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g &SdrSef;rodMubl;/ qD;csKd?
aoG;csKv
d uPmawGeYJ uReaf wmfwq
Yd k v
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h al wGxu
J 50&mckid Ef eI ;f
aom qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gvlemawG a&m*g&SdrSe;f rodbJ a&m*gjzpf
aewwfygw,f/ (5)ESpu
f ae (7)ESpu
f mv txd qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g
vuPmawGukd rodbJeJY aewwfMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd vlrsKd;awGrSm qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfaeNyDvkYd odwJh
tcsdefrSm qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g&JU aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG &Sad eNyD;
jzpfaewwfygw,f/ 'DvlrsKd;udkvnf; &SmazGazmfxkwfay;zkdY txl;vdk
tyfygw,f/ 'gu enf;vrf;(3)oG,fjzifh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gukd
apmapmpD;pD;awGUatmif &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
enf;vrf;oHk;oG,ef JU &SmazGazmfxkwfwJhcgrSm qD;csK?d aoG;csKd
a&m*g&Sdr&Sd b,fvkdenf;pepfawGeYJ prf;oyf&SmazGazmf xkwfMurSmvJ
qkd w mudk vnf ; &Sif ;vif ;ajymjyay;apvkd ygw,f /
'gu ar;oifw
h haJ r;cGe;f wpfckygyJ/ prf;oyfppfaq;wJh tydki;f
udk raqG;aEG;&if rjynfhpHkbl;/ 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfMum;jzwfajymcsif
wmwpfcku "mwfcGJprf;oyfrIeJY ywfoufvkYd vlemtaeeJY yxrqHk;
owdjyKrdwmu qD;oGm;wJhajrBuD;ay:rSm? 'grSr[kwf qD;cHxm;wJhcu
G f
xJrSm yk&Guq
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tcsufwpfckygyJ/ 'grsKd;awGU&if vlemtaeeJYvnf; odkYavm odkYavm
oHo,awGeYJ uRefawmfwYq
dk D qD;csKad &m*gjzpfaerI &Srd &Sd vma&mufjyo
wwfMuygw,f/
b,fvlemrsK;d rqkd uRefawmfwYq
kd Da&mufvm&if ar;jref;oifh
wmawGukd ar;jref;NyD; qD;eJYaoG;udk ppfaq;ygw,f/
qD;ppfweJh nf;awGeYyJ wfoufvUkd apmapmydki;f vawGrSmvnf;yJ
enf;enf;ajymNyD;oGm;ygNyD/ qD;udk ppfaq;jcif;[m qD;xJrSm "mwfwkd;

- -
ypn;f - yg? ryg ppfaq;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gudk uRefawmf
xyf&Si;f jyr,f/
qD;csKad &m*g&Srd &Sd "mwfcJpG rf;oyfwheJ nf;awGxJrmS tvG,fqkH;?
t&Si;f qHk; orm;dk;usprf;oyfenf;jzpfwhJ bifeD'pf "mwfcpGJ rf;oyfenf;
- - uawmh bifeD'pfaq;&nf - eJY
prf;oyfwJhtcg "mwfcJpG rf;oyfzef>yefwpfacsmif;
t&G,?f t&ufjyefoHk;rD;cGuf ? tpufcszef>yef (odkUr[kw)f
yvwfpwpf>yef(odkYr[kwf) rifpkyfwH? ydkufwHpwJh tpufcsvkdY&wm
awGu wpfrsKd;rsKd;? prf;oyfzef>yefudk ukdifwG,fzdkYoHnyf (okdYr[kwf)
puLxlxludkacgufxm;wJt
h acgufwpfck vdktyfygw,f/ 'gu qD;ppf
rI&JU vdktyfwJh ud&d,mtydkif;yg/ 'gudk bmjzpfvkYd xnfhajym&ovJ
ar;&if tcsdKUaomvlemawG[m qD;csKad &m*gjzpfNyDqd&k if 'Denf;pepfukd
oHk;NyD; qD;csKad &m*gtwuftusukd xdef;odr;f wwfMuvkYyd J jzpfygw,f/
yxrqHk;vkyf&rSmu prf;oyfzef>yefxJukd bifeD'pfaq;&nf
5 pDpD xnfh&r,f/ qD;udk tpufcs>yefeJU (8)puf prf;oyf
zef>yefxJukd xnfhNyD;awmh >yefukd tylay;&ygr,f/ NyD;&iftat; cH&
ygr,f/ qD;ta&mifajymif;oGm;wmudkMunfhNyD; qD;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
awG rsm;ae? raeudk uRefawmf Z,m;av;wpfcka&;jyr,f/


'DZ,m;av;udk tajccHNyD;awmh vku
d femr,fqkd&if qD;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfrsm;ae raeudk odEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/
prf ; oyf z ef > yef t wG i f ;
tenf x k d i f o nf h t a&mif

oMum;"mwf y g0if r I& mck d if E Ie f;

tjyma&mif
(aq;&nf\rlvta&mif)
tpdrf;Eka&mif
tpdrf;&ifha&mif
t0ga&mif
vdarmaf &mif
tkwfcJa&mif

0%
0.5%atmuf
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%txuf

'Denf;[m vG,fulNyD;awmh qD;csKda&m*gudk ukozkYdomru

vlemudk,fwkdif prf;oyfNyD; tpm;taomufawG? aq;awGukcd sdefqNyD;
pm;oHk;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tvGwfoabm prf;oyfNyD; pdwful;
aygufovdk aq;awG pm;oHk;ae&ifawmh 'kuvSvSawGUwwfygw,f/
wwfuRrf;wJyh nm&Sief JU pepfwus ukorIc,
H w
l muawmh pdwt
f cs&qHk;
jzpfygw,f/
bifeD'pf "mwfcGJenf;tjyif 'DxufvG,u
f lNyD; acwfrDwJhprf;
oyfrIawG ray:ao;bl;vm; q&m/
ay:aeygNyD/ enf;ynmawG wkd;wufvmwmeJUtrQ qD;xJrSm
*vl;ukdYpf"mwfwpfrsKd;wnf;udkyJ prf;oyf&wJh - (puLjym;)
awG? tom;"mwf? oMum;"mwf? uDwke;f ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; prf;oyf
Ekid fwJh puLjym;av;awGvnf; ay:aeygNyD/ qD; (100)pDpDxJrSm
*vl;ukYpd "f mwf 100 rDvD*&rfavmufygwm txdukad wmif rSeaf tmif

- -
prf;oyfay;Ekfid fygw,f/ 'DpuLjym;av;udk
ppfaq;wJh qD;xJrSm xnfhvku
d fw,f/ NyD;
awmh xkwMf unhfvku
d w
f meJY ta&mifajymif;
oGm;NyD; qD;xJrSm oMum;"mwfygwmudk
odEkid fygw,f/
'Da e&mrS m ta&;BuD ; wJh t csuf
wpfcsuu
f kd uRefawmfajymcsiyf gw,f/ qD;udk
bifeD'pfaq;&nfeJY csufNyD;awmhyJ jzpfjzpf?
- - eJYyJ ESpNf yD; prf;oyfwmyJjzpfjzpf?
qD;xJrSm oMum;"mwfrsm;aewm wpfck
wnf;ay:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh qD;csKda&m*g
&,fvkdY rowfrSw&f bl;qkdwmygyJ/ 'gudk
awmh vlemawGeJY usef;rma&;0efxrf;tm;vHk;udk tMuHay;csifyg
w,f/
tJ'Dvkd bmaMumifhajym&ovJqk&d if qD;xJrSmygwJh oMum;
"mwfEIe;f ? 'gawGudk uRefawmfajymNyD;NyD/ taMumif;&if;wpfckaMumifh
ausmufuyfuae qD;csKdEkdifwJhoMum;"mwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;EkdifwJh
pGr;f tm;enf;oGm;&if qD;csKad &m*gr&Sdaomfjim;vnf; qD;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfawG ygoGm;wwfygw,f/ aoG;csKda&m*g&Sdaeaomfjim;vnf;
ausmufuyfuaeNyD;awmh oMum;"mwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;EkdifwJhpGrf;
tm;txGufEIe;f jrifhaevkYd&Sd&ifvnf; aoG;xJrSm aoG;oMum;"mwf
rsm;aeaomfjim;vnf; qD;xJrSmusawmh oMum;"mwf rygbJ jzpfae
wwfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku olpm;aewJh? rSD0JaewJhaq;awG? "mwfjyK
wJhaq;0g;awG? - ay: rlwnfNyD;awmhvnf; ajymif;vJEkdif
ygw,f/ qD;xJrmS oMum;"mwfjrifhaerItay: wpfckwnf;om tajccH
NyD;awmh aq;ukorIawG vkycf Jh&if uRefawmfwkYd trSm;awG trsm;BuD;eJY
MuHKawGUEdkifygw,f/


'gayr,fh aoG;ppfaq;zdkY tvG,fwulrjzpfao;wJh ae&m
awGqk&d ifawmh 'DqD;ppfaq;rIudk toHk;jyKNyD; qD;udk ppfaq;Munfh
Ekid fygw,f/ qD;ppfaq;rItajzwpfckwnf;eJYawmh qD;csKdvkYd rowf
rSwyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh qD;rSm - jzpfwJh olawGukad wmh uReaf wmf
wdkYu rvGJraoG aoG;udkazmufNyD; ppfukd ppf&ygr,f/ ta&;BuD;wmu
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfwkdif;wmjcif;ygyJ/ -
- aoG;xJrSm wki
d f;wmwJhtcg uRefawmfwYu
kd enf;(2)enf;eJY
prf;oyfygw,f/
q&m/

aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfwkdif;wmenf;awGudk &Sif;jyay;ygOD;

aemufqHk; b,ftcsed fumvrSmyJ tpmpm;xm;onf jzpfap?

wpfaeYwmumv&JU b,ftcsed yf jJ zpfjzpf? q&m0ef? q&mrawGqD a&muf
vmwJhtcsdefrSm aoG;udk aumufazmufwm? vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ tJovkd azmufMunfhvku
d fvdkY odkYr[kwf
xuf rsm;wJhvlqkd&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g &SE
d kdiaf jc&Sw
d ,f
vkYd owfrSwfygw,f/ 'gu wpfenf;/
aemufwpfenf;uawmh
- - vdkY
ac:wJh tpmudk nydki;f rpm;bJeYJ
aemufwpfaeY eHeufxNyD; eHeuf
pmrpm;cif aoG;ppfaq;MunfhzdkY
vkyd gw,f/
10 em&Duae 12 em&D
Mum; tpmrpm;&if &ygw,f/
n 7em&Daemufykid ;f bmrS rpm;
bJ e JY eHe uf ( 7)em&D r S aoG ;
azmufvkduf&if &ygw,f/ tJ'D

- -
tawmtwGi;f rSm a&aomufvkYad wmh &ygw,f/ tJ'D aoG;tajzrsKd;
qkd&ifvnf; aoG;csKd&JUEIe;f xm;[m odkYr[kwf
xuf rsm;aewJhvlawGqk&
d if qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g&Sad ew,fvkYd
owfrSwfygw,f/
wcsKd Uq&m0ef a wGu aoG;*vl;udk Upfu d k (2)Bud rf a vmuf
ppfaq;wkid ;f wmwmvnf; awGUzl;ygw,f/ tJ'g wu,fhukd vdktyfvkYd
ppfa q;ckdifw mvm; q&m/
vkdtyfygw,f/ a&m*gvuPmr&Sw
d Jh vlrsKd;us&ifawmh
tenf;qHk;aoG;udk (2)Budrpf pfNyD;? ESpBf udrv
f Hk;rSm aoG;oMum; "mwfrsm;
aew,fqrkd S uRefawmfwYu
kd qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*g qkNd yD; owfrSwyf g
w,f/ tJovkd owfrSwjf cif;taMumif;&if;uvnf; vlwpfa,mufukd
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfaeNyDvdYk owfrSwfvkdufwmeJY olUoufwrf;
wpfavQmufvHk; aq;ukorI cH,l&r,fh a&m*gwpfck jzpfaevkYdygyJ/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKd &Sw
d m aocsmcsifvdkYyg/
wpfv? ESpv
f eJY aq;ukvdkY r&bl;? wpfoufvHk; uk&r,fh
a&m*gyg/ ukwJhtcg pm;&r,fhaq;awGuvnf;yJ aps;BuD;wmawG
vnf; ygygw,f/ aemufNyD;twkdif;twmwpfcktxd
aMumifh tE&m,f&v
Sd mEkid w
f t
Jh wGuf qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g [kwrf [kwf
aoaocsmcsmppfaq;NyD;rSom qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gqkNd yD; uRefawmfwkYd
ukooifhygw,f/ raocsm? rwdusbJ ukocJ&h if vlem epfemygr,f?
qkd;usKd;awGvnf; cHpm;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrkdY aoG;udk (2)Budrf
ppfaq;ckdif;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gayr,fh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g&JU vuPmawGjzpfwJh qD;rsm;
vGe;f w,f? a&iwfr,f? a&aomufrsm;r,f? xrif;pm;vsufeJY ydef
oGm;r,f pwJhvuPmawG &Sad ewJholrsm;usawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfrsm;aewmeJY qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g owfrSwfNyD; pwifukorI
cH,l&ygw,f/


'D ppf a q;enf ; (2)rsKd ; vHk ;eJ U vnf ;
ppfaq;NyD;NyD/ 'gayr,fh q&mwkdUtaeeJU
qD;csKd ? aoG;csKda &m*gtjzpf owfrSw f zd k Y
oH o, a w G j zpf a ea o ;w , f q k d & i f
wjcm;enf;pepfawGeJU ppfaq;MunfhEkdifwJh
enf ; vrf ; awG rsm; &S d o vm;q&m/
uRef a wmfa jymcJ hw J h ppfa q;wJh
enf ;pepfESpfckeJY rusdef;raojzpfaeao;
w,f / wpf c k r S m usawmh enf ; w,f ?
wpfckrSmusawmh rsm;aew,f/ tJo vdk
rusd ef ; raojzpf a eao;w,f q k d & if a wmh
ouf q k d i f & m"mwf c G J c ef ; ? ouf q k d i f & m
txl;ukq&m0efqD vlemudk ydkYay;NyD;awmh
- - prf;oyfenf;eJYa&m*gudk
&SmazGazmfxkwv
f Ykd &ygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Denf;eJY vlwikd ;f udkawmh prf;oyf
avh r&Syd gbl;/ ae&mwkid f;rSmvnf; prf;oyfvkYd r&ygbl;/ txl;uk
q&m0ef? txl;uk"mwfcGJcef; &SdwJhae&mrSmyJ prf;oyfvkdY &ygw,f/
'gawGuawmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gukd urmhusef;rma&;
tzGJU&JU pHcsed fpHnTe;f twkdif; a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;udk ajymjcif;jzpf
ygw,f/
tJ'Dv kd bmaMumifhajym&ovJqkdawmh 1997ckESpfu
tar&duef qD;csK?d aoG;csKd toif;BuD;uaeNyD;awmh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g
owfrSwfjcif;eJY ywfoufNyD; qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*g -
- awGukd jyifxm;awmh tar&duef qD;csKd? aoG;csKdtoif;u
owfrw
S fwhEJ Ief;xm;eJY u owfrw
S fwhJ EIe;f xm;[m wcsKUd ae&m
awGrSm uGmjcm;rIawG &Sdaeygw,f/
wcsKdUEkid if HawGuawmh tar&duefqD;csKd? aoG;csKd toif;BuD;
&JU nTefMum;csufudkyJ vufcHusifhoHk;Muw,f/ wcsKdUusawmhvnf;

- -
&JU

pHEeI ;f udk vufcMH uw,f/ uRefawmfwYEkd kid if u

H sawmh
&JU owfrSwfcsufudk vdkuef mygw,f/ &JU pHcsdefpHnTef;twkdif;
vufcHusifhoHk;aeygw,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g &SmazGprf;oyfwJhtydkif;udk ajymaeawmh
vlxktaeeJY r&Sif;rvif;jzpfaewJh taMumif;t&mwpfck? q&m rSwrf d
r,fxifw,f/ vlxkatmfoHuae atmfvku
d fwm/ tJ'geJyY wfoufNyD;
"mwfccGJ ef;wpfckew
YJ pfck tajzrwlraI v;awGukd &Si;f jyay;apvkyd gw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gudk &SmazGazmfxkwfwJhtcgrSm aoG;udk
t"du prf;oyf&r,fvYkd qkx
d m;awmh "mwfccJG ef;wpfckeYw
J pfck tajzrwl
wmeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh ajymp&mav;awG &Sdwmaygh/ wu,fawmh
vnf; aoG;csKw
d idk ;f wmjcif;eJUywfoufNyD; "mwfcJcG ef;wpfckeYw
J pfck tajz
rwlwmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f/ aoG;csKda&m*gudk ppfwJhtcgrSm
vnf; ppfweJh nf;pepfvnf; wpfckew
JY pfck rwlygbl;/ wcsKUd u *vl;udpkY f
atmufpDa'hpef nf;pepfudk oHk;w,f/wcsKdUu awmfvl'if;enf;pepfudk
oHk;w,f/ enf;pepfrwl&ifvnf;bJ tenf;eJYtrsm; uGm[Ekid yf gw,f/
uGm[rIukd "mwfcGJcef;awGu olwkYo
d k;H wJhenf;ay: rlwnfNyD;
awmh trsm;tm;jzifh azmfjyavh&ySd gw,f/ "mwfcGJcef;oHk;wJhenf;pepfeJY
ukrPDuay;xm;wJh awGvnf; wpfckew
JY pfck wlcsirf Swrl ,f/
oHk;wJeh nf;pepfvnf; wlcsirf w
S rl ,f/ olwEYkd ikd if HawGrmS awmh pHcsed pf n
H eT ;f
xdef;odrf;wJhXme awG&Sw
d ,f/ uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm
r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dawmh uGmjcm;rItenf;eJYtrsm; &SdEdkifygw,f/
pufuav;eJYwikd f;&ifa&m tajz xyfwlxyfrQ
rusEk difbl;vm; q&m/
*vl;udkYprf DwmvdkYac:wJh pufuav;eJYazmuf&if aoG; txl
tyg;ay: jzwfoef;wJt
h vif;wef;&JUjrefEeI ;f ? tvif;a&mifwef;eJY tvif;
a&mifjzwfoef;rIEIe;f xm;ay:rlwnfNyD; vlwpfa,mufwnf;udk 'Dpuf


uav;eJY azmufwmawmifrS xyfwlxyfrQ rusbl;/ ajymif;oGm;Ekdif
ygw,f/ tenf;trsm;uGm[rIav;awG &SEd kid yf gw,f/ jyify"mwfcJcG ef;
awG&JU prf;oyfraI wGukd xde;f csKyfwJhpHcsed pf HnTe;f xde;f odr;f rIawG &Sv
d m&if
awmh aumif;oGm;rSmyg/
"mwfcGJcef;oHk;ypnf;? enf;pepf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh b,favmuf
twGif;rSm&Sdr,fqdw
k mawG? 'gawGukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD;rS a&m*g
&,fvkdY owfrSwfoifhygw,f/
aygh? aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfrsm;rrsm;? ppfwJh
tcgrSm;Ekdifw,f/ aemufNyD; "mwfcGJcef;uwpfckeJYwpfck taetxm;
rwlwmrsKd;&Sdovkd ppfwJhtcsdeu
f mvrSm&SdwJh aoG;xJrSm tpmpm;xm;
rIEIe;f xm;[mvnf; wpfcsdefeJYwpfcsdef rwljyefygbl;/ 'Dtcsderf Sm tpm
pm;NyD; (1)em&DrSm ppfwJhEIef;xm;eJY (2)em&DrSmppfwJhEIef;xm;[mvnf;
uGmOD;r,f/ aemufqHk;tcsdef tpmeJYteD;ta0;[mvnf;yJ "mwfcGJcef;
tajzawG ajymif;vJEkid fygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrYkd qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gazmf
xkwfrIeJY ywfoufNyD; aoG;oMum;"mwfppfaq;rI[m rSeu
f efwduszkYd
tifrwefrS ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
ckvkd q&mu jcHKiHkok;H oyfNyD;awmh qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g[m
vl w pf a ,muf t wG u f b,f t wk d i f ; twmtxd ta&;BuD ; rS e f ;
oabmaygufoGm;ygNyD/ aemifvawGrSmvnf; qD;csK?d aoG;csKdjzpf&if
b,fvkd xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;eJY ae&r,fqkdwmav;udk qufvuf
aqG;aEG;ay;yg q&m/ aus;Zl;yJaemf q&m/

ZD0u? trSw7f 7? ZGefv? 2001 ckESp/f

ZD0u? trSw7f 8? Zlvkid fv? 2001 ckESp/f

- -

qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*geJYywfoufNyD; a&m*gjzpf&wJh
tajccHtaMumif;w&m;? a&m*gvuPmawG? b,ffvkdvlrsKd;awGrSm
tjzpfrsm;ovJ? &Sd r&Sd b,fvdkprf;oyfrvJ? rsK;d dk;vdkufwwfovm;
ponfjzifah yghaemf q&m/ NyD;cJhwJhvawGrSm q&maqG;aEG;ay;cJhygNyD/
'D u aeY q&maqG;aEG;ay;apcsifw Jh acgif ;pOf u awmh ]uk x Hk ;}
taMumif;ygyJ q&m/


qD;csKd? aoG;csKd ukxHk;awGaygh/ uRefawmfvnf; 'DtaMumif;
awGukd aqG;aEG;zdkYtpDtpOf&Sdygw,f/ qD;csKdukxHk;awG taeeJYajym
r,fq&kd if t"duta&;BuD;wJh ukxHk;(3)rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh
qD;csKad &m*gudk tpmtm[m&eJY ukojcif;? tifqlvifaq;xkd;NyD;awmh
ukojcif;? qD;csKdxdef;aq;? aomufaq;awGeJY uko jcif;qkdNyD;
(3)rsKd;&Sd ygw,f/
qD;csKt
d rsK;d tpm;awGjzpfwJh tifqv
l ifrSDckd qD;csKt
d rsKd; tpm;
(wpf)yJjzpfjzpf? tifqlvifrDSckd qD;csKda&m*gtrsK;d tpm;(ESp)f yJ jzpfjzpf?
rjzpfraevku
d ef m&r,fh ukx;kH uawmh
tpmtm[m&eJu
Y o
k jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
qD;csKda&m*gvlemwkid f;[m
uk,
d ef UJ vu
kd zf ufnaD xG&w
Sd Jh tm[m&
ukd a&G;cs,fpm;aomufwwfzkdY tif
rwefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ukd,feJY r
vdkuaf vsmwJh tpm;taomufawGudk
tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm; pm;aomufaerd&if
qD;csKad &m*gxde;f csKyfvYkd r&ovkv
d lem
taeeJYvnf; pm;csiw
f mudkvnf; pm;
aomufcGifhur&? aeYpOfpm;aewJh
tpm;tpmawGay:rSmvnf; wif;wdrf
a&mifh&JrIr&SdwJh pdwfaomua0'em
awG cHpm;&wwfygw,f/
'g[m qD;csKda&m*gvlemtrsm;pkrSm awGUae&wJh t"du
jyemygyJ/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gvlemwpfa,muftaeeJY tpm;taomuf
udk b,fvkdpm;aomufaeMuovJqk&d if eHygwf(1)u qD;csKda&m*g
vlemtcsif;csif; vufwkdYajymjywJhtpm;tpmawGukd pm;aewwfMu
ygw,f/ eHygwf(2)uawmh q&m0efawGajymwJh tpm;tpmawGukd

- -
pm;aeMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wcsKdUwcsKdUaom q&m0efawG&JUvlemudk
tMuHjyKcsuaf wG[m acwfeJYpepfeJY rukdun
f DwJh rjzpfwJh
tMuHPfawG jzpfaewmudkvnf; uRefawmfwkdY awGUae&ygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh vlemawGtaeeJU tpm;taomufpm;&wm tawmf
vGJrSm;NyD; aewwfygw,f/
eHygwf(3)uawmh t&yfpum;aygh/ 'Dvlujzifh 'gaumif;
w,f? [kv
d lujzifh 'gav;ydkaumif;w,f/ aumif;w,fqkdwJh tpm;
taomufawGukd bmtay: tajccHNyD;aumif;w,fqkdwmudkvnf;
wdwu
d sus rodMujyefbl;/ rodbJeJY [kv
d al jym 'DvlajymeJY pm;aomuf
aeMuwmvnf; &Syd gw,f/ tJovdk jzpfaewJt
h wGuf qD;csKad &m*gonf
vlemtawmfrsm;rsm;[m tpm;taomufaMumifhyJ 'kua&mufaeMu&
ygw,f/
uRefawmfhqDudkvmwJh vlemtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm qD;csKd xde;f csKyf
rIr&MuvkYd vmjywJhvlemawG rsm;ygw,f/ 'gbmaMumifhvv
J kdY avhvm
qef;ppfvku
d fwJhtcg qD;csKdaq;awGukd rdrda&m*geJY vku
d favsmnDaxG
oifhawmfr,fhaq;udk raomufMuvkYdyJjzpfap? aomufae&ifvnf;
rSerf SefraomufMuvdkUyJjzpfap? aoG;csKdxdef;r& jzpfaewwfygw,f/
aemuftaMumif;&if;wpfckuawmh ]rpm;oifh? rpm;xkdufwJh tpm;
taomufawGukd pm;aeMuvd}kY qD;csKu
d dk xde;f csKyfr&wJhvlemu ydkrsm;
wm awGU&ygw,f/
awGUorQ? vmjyorQ vlemwkid f;udk uRefawmfhtaeeJY rSerf Sef
uefuef pm;aomufwwfzkdY? qD;csKdorm;wpfa,muftaeeJY bmawG
pm;oifhovJqkw
d Jh pum;udkyJ aqG;aEG;ay;? ynmay;ae&ygw,f/
qD;csKed yJY wfowfvkYd ynmay;rItydki;f trsm;BuD; vkt
d yfaewm
uawmh aocsmygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*g vlemawGtaeeJU bmawG
ukdjzifha&Smif? b,fvkdtpm;taomufrsKd;ukad wmh pm;aomufoifhyg
ovJ /


qD;csKad &m*ga0'em&Sif bmpm;&rSmvJajymwJt
h cgrSm uRefawmfh
taeeJY rajymcsiw
f Jhtydki;f ajymvnf;ajymcsifaew,f/ bmjzpfvdkY
rajymcsif&wmvJar;vm&if q&m0efawG? aq;ynm&Siaf wGtaeeJY
t,ltqtydkif;? oabmxm;cH,lcsuftydkif;? vlemudkqD;csKd
&atmif tMuHPfay;wJt
h ykid ;f awGrmS q&m0eftcsi;f csi;f wpfO;D eJY
wpfO;D uGv
J EJG ikd v
f yYkd gyJ/ tJovdk 0d0g'awG uGJvEJG ikd w
f t
hJ csed rf mS uRefawmf
u pme,fZif;uaeajymvkYd tjrifcsif;? oabmw&m;csif; wkdufqkdif
wJhvlvnf;&Srd ,f? oabmxm;rwkdufqkdifwJhvlvnf; &SdEkdifygw,f/
t,ltq? oabmw&m;ykdif; wlnDwJholu uRefawmfhajym
pum;ukd vufcHEdik fovkd tjrifcsif;rwlwJh vlawGtaeeJY uRefawmfh
tay: tjrifwpfrsKd ; jrifoGm;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'Dvdk tajccHtaMumif;w&m;
awG&dSawmh uRefawmht
f aeeJUajym&wm tawmfhukd cufcJygw,f/
wpfzufu Munhfjyef&ifvnf; rajymvkdY r&awmhbl;/
vlemawG bmpm;&rSe;f rodjzpfaeMuygw,f/
bmyJjzpfjzpfyg q&m/ q&mwkdYvkd ynm&SifawGurS rajym
Mu&if vlemawGtaeeJU 'kuay: 'kuqifhoGm;Ek difwmaygh/
qD;csKo
d rm; bmawGpm;oifo
h vJqw
kd Jh ar;xm;wJhar;cGe;f udk
uRefawmfajym&r,fqk&d if uRefawmfavhvmzl;wJh Ekdiif Hjcm;u qnf;yl;
cJhwJh qD;csKdynm&yf? vuf&djS refrmjynfrSm qD;csKdvlemawGukd ukorI
ay;&if; qufvufqnf;yl;wJh qD;csKd
a&m*g ukxHk;bmom&yfawGeJU vuf&dS
tajctaerSm jzpfysufaewJh jyem
awGtay: rlwnfNyD;awmh uRefawmhf
taeeJY vlemtusKd; twGuf a y;wJh
tMuHjyKcsufawGo m jzpfygw,f/
t"d u tm;jzif h uRef a wmf a jymwJh
pum;&yfawG[m uRefawmfh&JUuk,
d fykid f

- -
yk*vu
d xifjrif,lqcsuf oufoufr[kwb
f J t"du oDtkd&DawG
tay:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh qD;csKda&m*gaA'&JU ukxHk;rSmygwJh tcsuf
awGukd tajccHNyD;awmh ajymjcif;om jzpfygw,f/
ckvkd BudKajymxm;&wm uRefawmf&h UJ wpfo;D yk*vu
d ? ajymcsif
wkid ;f avQmufajymaew,fvYkd tjrifrmS ;oGm;rSmudk pk;d &drv
f Yykd gyJ/ uRefawmf
ajymr,fh[mawG[m oDtk &d Day:rlwnfNyD;awmh vufawGUb0rSm
wu,fMuHKawGUae&wJh tcuftcJawGukd aygif;pyfNyD;awmh ajymwJh
tMuHPfawGomjzpfygw,f/
q&mhtaeeJU tckvkd pum;csD;awGrsm;aeyHk axmuf&if qD;csKd
a&m*geJYywfouf&if wkwfxrf;? "m;xrf;ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd;
&Sd a eyHk & w,f /
uReaf wmfu pma&;q&mBuD;odwt
hJ wkid ;f yJ/ q&m0ef BuD;BuD;
awmh r[kwyf gbl;/ ygarmuBuD;vnf; r[kwfbl;/ uRefawmfajymwJh
[mawGonf wpfckaomtwkid f;twmtxdawmh trsm;pkrSefw,f/
oabmxm;csif;wlwmvnf; &Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ oabmxm;csif; rwlwm
vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdEikd fw,f/ 'gu q&m0efawGbuftydki;f udk ajymwm
yg/ uRefawmfwwfEdkio
f rQ tpGef;rxGuaf tmif aqG;aEG;ygr,f/ qD;csKd
ukxkH;awG taMumif;ajymr,fqk&d if wu,fygyJ wkwfxrf;? "m;xrf;
ajym&r,fhtajctae&Sdawmh uRefawmh&f ifxJrSm tawmfav;awmh
av;aew,fAsm/
b,fbmom&yfrqkd wpfa,mufeJUwpfa,muf tjrifuGJvGJ
csuaf wG? oHk;oyfrI uGJvGJcsuaf wG &SEd ikd fygw,f/ 'gayr,fh q&m0ef
wkid ;f [m vlemawG&UJ tusK;d udkom a&S;IwwfMuw,fvakYd wmh uReaf wmf
em;vnf xm;ygw,f/ bmyJj zpfjzpf qD;csKda&m*gvlemawGtwGuf
tm[m&ukxkH;udkawmh q&m jynfhjynfhpHkpHkav; aqG;aEG;ay;apvkd
ygw,f /


'gawmhrSew
f ,f/ tm[m&ukxHk;eJYywfoufvkdY uRefawmf
vnf; aqG;aEG;ay;rSmyg/ qD;csKda&m*grSm tpmtm[m&eJYywfoufvYkd
t&ifwke;f u vdkYac:w,f/ ckaemufydkif;rSm
vdkY ajymif;ac:w,f/ rSm
t"dutm;jzifh vlwpfa,mufvt
kd yfwm[m tiftm;"mwf? u,fv&kd D
"mwf&zkdY vdktyfygw,f/
u,fvkd&D"mwf&zkdYqkd&if pm;aewJh tpm;tpmawGxJrSm
tm[m&tydki;f taeeJY t"dutm[m&BuD;(3)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ umAkd
[kduf'&dwf vdkYac:wJh upD"mwf? aemufwpfrsKd;u
ykdwif; vdkaY c:wJh tom;"mwf? vdkaY c:wJh tqD"mwf?
tJ'D(3)rsKd;tjyif aemufusew
f mu oifhwifhrQwwJh tpm;tpm? tJ'D
txJrSm ADwmrif"mwfawGygzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ pm;oHk;wJhtm[m&
taeeJYvnf; rQrQwwjzpfzkYd vkt
d yfygw,f/ qD;csKo
d rm;awGrSm t"du
tusqHk;uawmh upD"mwfygyJ/
EdkifiHjcm;rSm olwkdYvkyx
f m;wJh okawoeawGt& ajym&&if
wpfaeYwm pm;oHk;wJhtm[m&"mwf&JU (50)uae (55)&mckid Ef Ie;f onf
upD"mwfuae &oifhygw,f/ (30)uae (35)&mckdifEIef;onf
tqD"mwfuae &oifhygw,f/ (10)uae (15)&mckid fEIef;uawmh
tom;"mwfuae &oifhw,fvYkd NAdwo
d Qq;D csKt
d oif; -
-- u tMuHjyKxm;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmvlrsKd;awG&JU aeYpOfpm;oHk;aewJh tpm
tm[m&udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfhwJhtcg uRefawmfwdkYvlrsKd;[m xrif;
rsm;rsm;pm;w,f? tom;udk taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d aMumifyh jJ zpfjzpf? rBudKuf
vkYdyJjzpfjzpf? taemufEkdifiHawGrSmvdk trsm;BuD;rpm;wwfMuygbl;/
taeawmfavmufyJ pm;wwfMuygw,f/ qDusawmh uRefawmfwYkd
vlrsKd;awG pm;oHk;rI rsm;ygw,f/
uRefawmfqkdvkw
d mu uRefawmfwkdY&JU tm[m&"mwfawGukd
wdwu
d suswu
G cf sux
f m;wJh ude;f *Pef;awG r&Sad o;ayr,fh tMurf;zsi;f

- -
wGufMunfhvkd ufwJhtcg uRefawmfwd kY
pm;oHk;aewJh tpm;tpmawGxJrSm upD
"mwf[m (55)&mckid Ef Ie;f yg0ifEkdiw
f mudk
awGU&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYu xrif;udk
t"d u pm;wJh o la wGy J/ tom;av;
wpfwk;H ? ESpw
f Hk;pm;r,f? tom;"mwfonf
uRefawmfwkdUqDrSm (15-20) &mckid fEIef;
xufrykb
d l;/ tqDpm;wmawmhrsm;w,f/
qDjyef[if;csufpm;&if (30-35) &mckdif
EIef;ygoGm;r,f/ qkv
d dw
k mu uRefawmfwkYd
jrefrmvlrsKd;awG pm;aewJh jrefrmtpm;
tpmppfppfonf wu,fwrf;usawmh qD;csKad &m*gonfawG pm;oifw
h hJ
tpm;tpmeJY tHudkufygyJ/
[kwu
f hyJ g q&m/ q&mhpum;udk axmufcaH jym&&if uReaf wmf
eJY urmhum,AvtzGJUcsKyf&JU aq;rSL;csKyfjzpfwJh a'gufwmabmhvf
*kd;rif;eJU awGUqHkpum;ajymwkef;u jrefrmhtpm;tpmeJY tm[m&awG
[m ESvk;H ? qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;tpmtm[m&
awGygvkYd ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pm;aomufenf; pepfwcsKdU
uawmh rSm;aew,fvkdY olu aumufcsufay;oGm;ygw,f/ ola&muf
&if jrefrmhtoD;t&Gu fudkyJ tpm;rsm;wmvnf; awGU&ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYEkid fiHxGuf tpmtm[m&awG[m usef;rma&;eJU
nDnGww
f mawmh b,fvrkd S jiif;vkdUr&ygbl;/ ckqkd Ekid fijH cm;rSm okaw
oepmwrf;awG xGuv
f mw,f/ ta&SUwikd f;om;awG pm;wJhtpm;tpm
udk ,SOMf unfhvku
d fwJhtcg ta&SUwkdif;Ekid if Htrsm;pkuvlawG pm;aewJh
ta&SUwikd ;f tpm;tpmawG[m qD;csKw
d ifrubl;? 'DuaeY urmrSmjzpfEeI ;f
rsm;aewJh ESv Hk;a&m*g? ESv Hk ;aoG;aMumusOf;a&m*gawGt wGuf
vnf;yJ ydkNyD; oifhawmfygw,fvkdY ajymvmMuw,f/ tJ'Dawmh


qD;csKda&m*gwifrubl;? ESvHk;a&m*gonf
awGyg ta&SUwkid ;f tpm;tpmawGu oifh
awmfygw,f/
tm&SuvlawG pm;aewJhtpm;
tpmawG[m usef;rma&;
eJY nDnGwfwJh tpm;tpmjzpfygw,fvkYd
olwdkYbufu ,HkMunfMuw,f/ ckqkd&if
taemufwkdif;om;awGudk,fwkid fu ta&SU
wkid ;f om;awGpm;wJh tpm;tpmawGukd vdkuf
NyD;awmhawmif pm;aeMuygNyD/
tJ'Dvkd pm;aewJhtcsderf sKd;rSm uRef
awmfwdkYu ajymif;jyefpm;aewm awGUae&
w,f/ ]]qD;csKda&m*g}}qkw
d meJY uRefawmfwkdYvlrsKd;awGu aygifrkeYpf m;
r,f? bDpuGwpf m;r,f? csmygwD pm;r,f? yvmwm pm;r,f? tJovkd
udk,v
fh lrsK;d &JU k;d &mtpm;tpmawGukd rpm;awmhbeJ JY wpfckr[kww
f pfck
ajymif;vJpm;oHk;wwfMuwm awGUae&ygw,f/
'gu qD;csKd twGuf vkt
d yfvakYd jymif;vJpm;aomuf
Muwm r[kwb
f l;vm; q&m/
r[kwfygbl;/ rvkdtyfbJ ajymif;vJpm;jcif;vdkY uRefawmf
,lqygw,f/ udk,pf m;aeus tpm;tpmudkom rSerf eS u
f efuefpm;r,f?
tJ't
D pm;tpmawGxu
J a&Smifoifw
h mudk a&SmifNyD; pm;r,f/ jrefrmvlrsK;d
wpfa,muf pm;aewJh tpm;tpmwkdi;f [m rdkd;zvm dk;&mtpm;tpm?
vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d pm;NrJtpm;tpm? tJ'D tpm;tpmwkid f;om qufpm;oGm;
&if qD;csKad &m*gtwGuf tm[m&jyemawG enf;yg;r,fvYkd uRefawmf
,HkMunfygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh qD;csKda&m*gonfawGrSm tiftm;"mwfonf ckeu
ajymovkd &mEIe;f tcsK;d twkid ;f ygNyD; tiftm;"mwfEIe;f [m tenf;trsm;

- -
b,favmufay;&rSmvJqkdwm[mvnf; jyemwpf&yftjzpf &Sdae
ygw,f/
b,fvkd jyemawGrsm;vJ q&m/
'gudk twdtus uRefawmftaeeJYajymzdkYuawmh omrefvlxk
taeeJYvnf; wGuzf kYcd sufzYkd cufvkdY tMurf;zsif;yJ ajymr,f/ a,bk,s
ajym&&if ydefwJhvlonf ukd,t
f av;csdefwkd;atmif tiftm;"mwfydk
pm;&r,f/ 0aewJholonf ukd,t
f av;csdeaf vsmhusatmifvdkY tiftm;
"mwfukd avQmhpm;&r,f/ tMurf;zsif;uawmh 'gudk vlwkdi;f odNyD;om;
ygyJ/ 'gudk u,fvk&d D 1000 pm;&r,f? 2000 pm;&r,fqNkd yD;awmh
tao;pdwf uRefawmf rajymawmhygbl;/
0aewJholu enf;enf;avQmhpm;&r,f? ydefaewJholu yHkrSef
twkdif;pm;&ifpm;? r[kwf&if enf;enf;ykpd m;/ t"duuawmh 'gygyJ/
ajymcsiw
f mu wpfckcsif;? wpfckcsif;awGxJrSm umAk[
d kdu'f &dwfvkYd
ac:wJh upD"mwfudk ajymp&m&Syd gw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYvlrsKd; xrif;
pm;wm rsm;w,f/ xrif;u uRefawmfwkdY&JU t"dutpm;tpm? upD
"mwfawGrSmvnf; trsKd;tpm; trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ xrif;wdkY? *sKHwkYd
u&wJh vdkYac:wJh upD"mwf? oluusawmh pm;vku
d fvkYd
udk,fcEmxJa&mufoGm;NyDqkd&if tpmajcNyD; tqifhqifhajymif;vJNyD;
awmhrS aoG;xJukd a&mufoGm;ygw,f/ tJovdka&mufawmh olYukd
pm;vku
d w
f meJYcsucf si;f 'kid ;f ceJqkd aoG;csKu
d kcd sucf si;f ? rwufapEkid b
f ;l /
olwkYdu pm;NyD;rS wjznf;jznf;csif; aoG;xJa&mufoGm;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh umAkdk[u
kd 'f &dwf upD"mwfxJrSm *vl;udkYpfvkdYac:
wJh oMum;"mwfygwJh tpm;tpmawGusawmh tck pm;vku
d ?f tcktpm
tdrfxJukdjzwf? tlxJudka&muf? csufcsi;f aoG;csKdudk wufapygw,f/
tJ'gudk bmac:ovJqd&k if tpm;tpmawGrSm tcsKd"mwfEIef; yg0ifrI
rsm;wJh tpm;tpmawGaygh/ rsm;wJh tpm;tpm
awGukd rpm;&if jyemat;oGm;ygNyD/


vdkUac:wJh

umAk[
d u
kd 'f &dwrf SmygwJh tpm;tpmawGudk
pm;&if aoG;csK"d mwfonf jznf;jznf;csi;f rS wufwmaMumifh yefu&d,
uxGuw
f Jh tifqlvifwkdY? aomufxm;wJh aq;awGu olwkdYudk
xdef;odrf;csdef &ygw,f/
qkdwmbmvJ q&m/
rsm;wJh tpm;tpmawGua&m bmawGrsm;ygvJ q&m/
qkdwmuawmh aoG;*vl;udkYpfrsm;jcif;aygh/
wpfenf;ajym&&if qD;csKda&m*grSm rMumcP awGU&wJh aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwf tqrwefrsm;jcif;udkqv
dk kdygw,f/
rsm;wJh tpm;tpmqkw
d m tcsK"d mwf? *vl;ukYpd frsm;wJh tpm;tpmawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/
pm;vku
d fwmeJY tlxJa&muf? tluae aoG;xJcsucf si;f a&muf
oGm;w,f/ ckpm; ckcsufcsi;f aoG;xJrSm *vl;udkYpfrsm;wJh[mawG?
oMum;? EkdYqD 'gawG[m t"duygyJ/ oMum;ygwJh tpm;tpm?EkdYqD
ygwJh tpm;tpmawGudk rpm;zdkY a,bk,stm;jzifh tMuHay;ygw,f/
oMum;ygwJh tpm;tpm? Ekd Yq DygwJht pm;tpmawGud k
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&&if aumfzD? vufzuf&nfaygh/ aumfzDeJY
vufzuf&nfudk oMum;? EdkYqDeJYazsmfaomufvkYduawmh qD;csKda&m*g
onftwGuf roifhavsmfygbl;/
Oyrm- aumfzDaomufcsifw,fqkd&if uRefawmfwkdYu tqD
xkwx
f m;wJEh rkdY Ie?fY qD;csKo
d rm;awG oHk;vdkY&wJh oMum;"mwf? tJ'gawGeYJ
azsmfaomufrSyJ &ygr,f/ uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm ajymavhajymx &Sdwm
uawmh oMum;"mwfqkd&if EkdifiHjcm;u wifoGif;wJh tufpfygwif
- vdkYac:wJh oMum;"mwfu ckaemufykdi;f rSm qkNd yD;
oMum;&ygw,f/ tJ'D oMum;udk qD;csKdorm;awGtaeeJY oHk;vdkY&yg
w,f/ EkYdqDtpm; EGm;EdkYoHk;csif&ifvnf; oHk;vkdY&ygw,f/ EGm;EkdYrSm
tcsK"d mwf?oMum;"mwfrygygbl;/ EdrkY eI o
f Hk;r,fq&dk ifvnf;

- -
uJhokdYaom tqDxkwx
f m;wJh EdkYrIefYayg/ BudKufwJhaumfzDrIeY?f BudKufwJh
tufpyf gwif; oMum;eJY azsmfaomufcsi&f if &ygw,f/
jrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m jreffrmtpm;tpmawGudkom pm;Mu&if
qD;csKu
d kd xde;f csKyf&wm vG,w
f ,fvYkd uRefawmfajymcJhNyD;ygNyD/ wu,f
awmh 'DuaeY vlwkid f;aomufaeMuwJh aumfzD? vufzuf&nfqdkwm
uRefawmfwkdY&JU jrefrmtpm;tpm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh vltawmf
rsm;rsm;[m aumfzD? vufzuf&nfudk pGJpGJvrf;vrf;aomufaeMuawmh
r&Srd jzpf tpm;tpmvkdY xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpfaeMuygw,f/
qD;csKdorm;awGtaeeJY aumfzD? vufzuf&nf raomuf&if
udpat;oGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh rsm;wJh tpm;tpm
awGxJrSm oMum;eJYEkdYqDawGu t"du jzpfaeygw,f/ NyD;vdkY&S&d if
jrefrmvlrsK;d awG&JU tpm;tpmawGyg/ xef;vsuf? MuHoumawG? tJ'g
awGeJYvkyw
f Jh rkeYftrsKd;rsKd;? bdef;rkefYyJjzpfjzpf? a&TMunfqEGi;f ruif;
ponfjzifhaygh/ 'gjyifh rvkid yf gwJh tpm;tpmawG[mvnf;yJ rpm;oifh
wJh tpm;tpmawGrSmygw,f/ rvkid fygwJh tpm;tpmawGrSm wcsKdU
rvdkiw
f Hk;BuD;awG? csK&d J&JeJY tJ'Dvkyd gwJh tpm;tpmawGpm;zdkY roifhyg
bl;/ oMum;? EkdYqD? MuHoum? rvkid f tJ'gawGeJY qufEG,af ewJh
tpm;tpmawGudk rpm;MuzkdY tMuHay;vkdygw,f/
'DuaeY uRefawmfwkdYqDrmS tcsKd&nf? tcsKd&nfbl;awG? yHkpH
trsK;d rsK;d ? wHqyd t
f rsK;d rsK;d ? aMumfjimtrsK;d rsK;d eJU 0ifvmwmawGU&ygw,f/
tJ'DtcsK&d nfawGukad &m qD;csKo
d rm;awG aomufoHk;vkYd &ygovm;
q&m/
tcsKd&nfjyemuvnf; rao;bl;Asm/ ae&mwumrSm
tvG,fwul0,fvY&kd w,f/ tcsKd&nfykvif;awG? bl;awG raomufMu
zkYd uRefawmfwkdYu qD;csKda&m*gonfawGukd tNrJowday; ajymae&yg
w,f/ tJ'DtcsKd&nfawG aomufvku
d fwmeJY qD;csKdorm;awG&JU aoG;
xJrSm oMum;"mwfjAKef;qkd wufoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gqkd aomufoifh


raomufoifh pOf;pm;vkdY &ygw,f/ aemufwpfcku csKdwJhtoD;awG
- &JU jyemygyJ/
csKdwJhtoD;awGeJY ywfoufvkYd EkdifiHjcm;uvmwJh pmtkyfawG
rSmawmh qD;csKdorm;awGtaeeJY toD;udk pm;Ekdifw,fvkdY azmfjyxm;
wm uRefawmfwkdY awGU&ygw,f/ obm0toD;awGyg/ 'gayr,fh
uRefawmfwdkYqDudk tdEd,uvmwJh qD;csKdynm&SifawG? pifumylu
ynm&Siaf wGeJU 'DcsKw
d t
Jh oD;awGeUJ ywfoufvYkd aqG;aEG;Munfhwt
hJ cgrSm
olwkdY&JUt,ltqudk ar;Munfhawmh olwkYdu ]vHk;0rauR;bl;} vdkY
ajymMuygw,f/
'gu ta&SUwdkif;u qD;csKd
ynm&Si f a wG& JU oabmxm;yg/
uRefawmhftaeeJYuvnf;yJ csKdwJh
toD;awGeJYywfoufvkYd Ekid if Hjcm;u
xkw fwJhpmtkyfawGrSm b,f v kd yJ
a&;a&;? toD ; awG [ m csKd w h J
twGufaMumifhrkYd uRefawmfhtaeeJY
qkd qD;csKda&m*gudk xdef;odrf;vdkY raumif;ao;wJhtcsdefrSm vlemukd
vHk;0 rpm;zdkYtMuHay;ygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;rIeJY
aumif;vmr,fqkd&ifawmh tvGet
f uRHrpm;bJ csifhcsdefpGmeJY twkdif;
twmwpfcktxd pm;csif&ifpm;ygvkdY tMuHay;ygw,f/
toD;awGukd OyrmtaeeJYajym&r,fqk&d if yef;oD;? vdarmo
f ;D ?
iSufaysmoD;? pyspfoD;? oabFmoD;? z&JoD;eJY ydEJoD;? o&ufoD;
tukev
f Hk;u csKdwJhtoD;awGygyJ/ uRefawmfwkdYqDu toD;awGu
rcsKdwJhtoD;&,fvkdY r&So
d avmufygyJ/ wcsKdUu bmajymovJqk&d if
jrefrmjynfajrmufydki;f uvmwJh *&dwfzktoD;awGukda&m pm;vdkY&yg
ovm;wJh/ 'DtoD;rSmvnf; twkdi;f twmwpfcktxd tcsK"d mwf yg0if
aeygw,f/ t&omu csOzf efayr,fh tcsKd"mwfu aoG;rSm wufwm
ygyJ/ 'gaMumifhrkdY uRefawmfu vlemawGukd rauR;ygbl;/

- -
csKdwJhtoD;awGxJu csKdcsOfwGJyg0ifwJhtoD;awGudk a&mpm;
vkd Y &ygovm;/
ar;oifhwJh ar;cGef;av;ygyJ/ pma&;q&mar;ovdkyJ vlem
awGu tcsKdpm;csifawmh ]]pyspfoD;tcsOfrsKd; pm;vkdY&ovm; q&m}}
qkNd yD; ar;Muygw,f/ pyspo
f D;tcsOrf sK;d &,fvYakd c:ayr,fh tcsOfouf
ouftoD;rS r[kwfwmbJ/ tJ'D pyspfoD;tcsOfpm;&ifvnf;yJ qD;csKd
vlemtaeeJY aoG;xJrSm tcsKd"mwfuawmh wufaerSmygyJ/
uRefawmfwkdY vlemawGukd ajymavhajymx&Sdwm wpfck&Sdyg
w,f/ tcsOpf m;csi&f if oHy&moD;pm;ygvm;? a&SmufoD;pm;Muygvm;/
oHy&moD;eJYa&SmufoD;u csOfwmrS csOfwl;aewmyJ/ tcsKd"mwf vHk;0
rygbl;/ *vl;udpkY fvnf; vHk;0r&Sdbl;vdkY/ wcsKUd u a&SmufcsKo
d D; pm;csif
Muw,f/ a&SmufcsKdu csOaf wmhcsOfw,f? csOfwJhaemufrSm csKdwm
aemufqufwGJ ygaew,f/ csKdwmu toD;awGxJrSm z&ufpfwkdvdkY
ac:wJh oMum;"mwfygw,f/ z&ufpw
f kdqw
kd Jh oMum;"mwfu aemuf
qHk;cEmudk,fxJudk a&mufoGm;&if *vl;ukdYpf jzpfoGm;wmyJ/ tJ'D
tcgusawmh vlemtaeeJY oMum;"mwfukd pm;vku
d o
f vkyd gyJ/ oMum;
"mwfukd wpfenf;r[kww
f pfenf; yHkpaH jymif;NyD; pm;vku
d w
f o
Jh abmygyJ/
uRefawmfuawmh oMum;"mwfwufaewJhtcsed ?f t&rf;jrifhaewJhtcsed f
rsKd;rSm wwfEkid forQ csKdwJhtoD;awGudk vHk;0rauR;ygbl;/
tJ'aD wmh eJUywfoufvkYd csKyfvu
kd &f if
oMum;? EkYq
d ?D MuHoum? tcsKd&nfykvif;? bl;? csKw
d Jh toD;? rvdkiw
f Hk;
awGu csKw
d t
Jh pm;tpmjzpfwht
J jyif aoG;xJrmS csucf si;f wufapwwfvdkY
uRefawmfhvlemawGukd vHk;0rauR;ygbl;/
'd k if , uf aumf zD ? 'd k if , ufa uGu mtk w fa wGa &m
pm;vk d Y & ygovm;/
tJ'g jyemwpf&yfygyJ/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDudk jzpf
Edkif&if raomufMuygeJYvkdY uRefawmfwdkYvlemawGukd tMuHay;awmh


apm'uwpfcku 'kid f,uf aumfzD? auGumtkw?f aumfzDrpf
aomufvdkY&ygovm;vkdY ar;jyefa&m/ aumfzD raomuf&ygbl;vkdY
uRefawmfwdkYu nTeMf um;xm;awmh aumfzDrpfvnf; twlwlygyJ/
aumfzDrpfvkYd qkd&mrSmvnf; EIdUrIefY tcsKd;tpm;? oMum;tcsKd;tpm;?
aumfzDtcsKd;tpm; (3;1)eJY a&mxm;NyD;om;qkdawmh tcsKd"mwf ygwm
ygyJ/ uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm wm;r&? qD;r&jzpfaewmu tJ'D jyem
ygyJ/
wcsKUd uvnf; 'gawGukd qD;csKo
d rm;awG aomufvkY&d ygw,f
qkNd yD; aMumfjimaeMuw,f/ uReaf wmft
h awGUtMuHKt& ajym&&if 'gawG
ukd aomuf&ifvnf;yJ qD;csKdudk xdef;vdkYr&ygbl;/
'ku
d ,
f ufqkdwmu uRefawmfwYkd 0wJh olawGudk xyfNyD;awmh
r0atmif pm;vk&dY w,fvYkd qkyd gw,f/ qD;csKdorm;awG pm;aomufvYkd
&w,fvYkd wku
d f ku
d rf qkyd gbl;/ taemufEkid if aH wGrmS vnf;yJ qD;csKo
d rm;
awG pm;vdkY&w,fvkYd rnTefMum;ygbl;/ taemufEkdifiHawGu qD;csKd
orm;awG&UJ (60-70)&mckid Ef eI ;f u t0vGew
f o
Jh lawGcsn;f yJ/ t0vGew
f Jh
qD;csKdorm;awGom pm;vdkY&w,fvdkY ,lqMuygw,f/
qD;csKad ygifrkeUf ? qD;csKb
d DpuGw?f qD;csKrd ke<Yf uyfqNkd yD; xkwv
f kyf
a&mif;csaewmawG awGU&ygw,f/ 'gawGudka&m pm;vdkY&ygovm;
q&m/
[kww
f ,f/ wGiw
f Gifus,u
f s,v
f nf;pm;aeMuwm awGU&yg
w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm wpfckodxm;zkdYu urmrSm qD;csKo
d rm;awG twGuf
txl;oD;oefUazmfpyfxkwv
f kyx
f m;wJh qD;csKt
d pm;tpmqkw
d m r&Syd gbl;/
qD;csKad &m*gaA'rSm qD;csKo
d rm;awG oD;oefpY m;vdkY &wJh
qkdwm r&Sb
d l;vdkY qkyd gw,f/
qD;csKo
d rm;awGpm;vd&kY wJh tpm;tpmqkw
d muawmh
use;f rma&;eJY nDnTwa
f om tpm;tpmudkom pm;ckid ;f jcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ qkdawmh q&mpOf;pm;MunfhvkYd &ygw,f/

- -
use;f rma&;eJn
Y Dnw
G w
f Jh tpm;tpmqkw
d mrSmvnf;yJ uReaf wmf
apmapmydki;f u ajymcJhovdk ygwJh? trQif"mwf awGygwJh
umAkd[u
kd f'&dwfudk pm;ckid ;f wmyg/ tcsKv
d GefuJwJh tpm;tpmawGukd
rpm;ckid ;f ygbl;/ tJ'gvnf;yJ ta&;BuD;wJhtcsuw
f pfcsuyf g/ qD;csKu
d kd
xde;f r&vkYd uReaf wmfhqDukd a&mufvm&if vl (100)rSm (90) avmufu
rpm;oifhygbl;vdkY tMuHjyKxm;wJh tpm;tpmawGudk pm;aeMuwm
awGY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'kid ,
f ufonf 0wJv
h al wG pm;vdkY&w,fvkYo
d m
qkdygw,f/
tm&SwkdufrSm qD;csKda0'em&Sif&JU 40 &mckdifEIef;cefYomvQif
t0vGefwmawGU&ygw,f/ usew
f Jh aoG;
csKda&m*g&Siaf wGu omref(odkYr[kwf)
omrefxuf udk,f tav;csdefenf;wJh
vlawGyJqkad wmh 'ku
d f,ufawGukd pm;
oifh? roifh udk,fhbmomukd,f csifhcsdef
MuzdkY tMuHjyKvkdygw,f/
uRefawmfhqDudk wpfcgwkef;u
vlemwpfa,mufvmjyw,f/ ]]uRefr
'kdif,ufaumfzDrpfaomufw,f}} vkYd
ajymw,f/ qD;csKdu b,fawmhrS
(400-500)atmuf rusbl;/ olYudk uRefawmfwpfcg vufawGU
prf;jyw,f/ *vl;udkYpfrDwmudkxkd;NyD; prf;jyawmh tajzu
qkdNyD; zwfvdkYawmif r&awmhbl;/ qkdNyD; xGufvmw,f/
tJ't
D arBuD; kww
f &uf vefo
Y Gm;NyD; tJ'aD eYupNyD; 'dku,
f ufaumfzrD pf
vHk;0raomufawmhbl;/ qD;csKdukv
d nf; uRefawmf xde;f vdk&Y oGm;w,f/
usefwJhaygifrkefY? bDpupfawGvnf; csihfcsdefNyD;pm;Muyg/
oMum;"mwf? *vl;udkYprf yg&if pm;Ekdifygw,f/ yg&ifawmh rpm;oifh
ygbl;/


ck...qD;csKo
d rm;awG&JUtv,frSm a&yef;pm;aewJh qefwpfrsK;d
&Syd gw,f/ qD;csKq
d ef? qD;csKo
d rm;awGtwGuf oD;oefYqefyg/ 'DqefawG
a&m b,fvkdaeygovJ q&m/
qD;csKo
d D;oefUqef/ 'gvnf;yJ jyemygyJ/ qefqw
kd m tEk
t&ifh? qeftrsKd;tpm;ay:vku
d Nf yD; yg0ifwJhupD"mwfawG? trQif"mwf
awG&JU yg0ifEIef;[m uGJjym;uGmjcm;ygw,f/ upD"mwf rsm;rsm;yg&if
qD;csKdydkqk;d r,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qefMurf;pm;ygvkdY /
ajymygw,f/ qefMurf;udkawmif upD"mwfawG xGuo
f mG ;atmif a&udk
(2)cgiSJYvkduyf gOD;? (3)cgiSJYvu
kd fygOD;qkNd yD;awmh ay;wJhtMuHPf &Syd g
w,f/ 'DaeYacwfrSm 'DtMuHPfay;wmrSerf rSef jyefprf;ppfzkYd vdkaeygNyD/
uRefawmfajymcsiw
f mu uRefawmfwY&kd JU qD;csKdukxk;H rSm Oya'
owpfcku bmvJqk&d if qD;csKda&m*ga0'em&Si[
f m rdom;pktwGuf
csufjyKwfxm;aom tpm;tpmudk (csKdaom tpm;tpmuvGJvkdY)
pm;EkdifoifhonfvkYd qkdvkyd gw,f/ aemufwpfcku qD;csKda&m*g[m
wpfoufvHk;raysmufr,fha&m*g jzpfwht
J wGuf qD;csKad &m*gonf taeeJY
wpfoufvHk;pm;Ekdirf ,fh obm0usaomtpm;tpm jzpfoifhygw,f/
a,bk,stm;jzifh rdom;pku eJY ay:qefarT;udk aumhae
atmifcsufNyD; pm;aew,f/ vlemu wpftrd fwnf; twlwx
l ikd fpm;wJh
tcsed rf Sm ipdeq
f efukyd ?J 'grSr[kwf ]]qD;csKdqef}} udkyJ a&(2)cgavmuf
iSUJ NyD;awmh teHUt&om bmrSr&Sw
d x
hJ rif;udk pm;ae&r,fq&kd if a&&Snrf mS
tJ'Dpm;aewJhvlem&JU pdwx
f JrSm bmawGjzpf vmrSmvJ/ pOf;pm;MunfhvkUd
&Ekdiyf gw,f/
pdwf"mwfuswJha 0'emawG &Edkifwmaygh q&m/
[kdwkef;u vlajymenf;ayr,fh ckaemufydkif;rSm tajymrsm;
vmwmu qD;csKda&m*gjzpfaewJhvl&JU pdwaA' -
udkvnf; xnfhwGuMf uzdkY vkv
d mygNyD/ qD;csKad &m*gqkw
d m wpfouf
vHk;jzpfaewJha&m*g? aemufqufwGJa&m*gvnf; wpfoDwpfwef;BuD;?

- -
wpfoufvHk;yJ ukae&r,f/ touftE&m,fr&Sdwmawmif a0'em
trsK;d rsK;d cHpm;&NyD;awmh vlpOfrrDwt
Jh xdvnf; jzpfomG ;Ekid w
f ,f/ tJovdk
rjzpfatmif uko&wJph &dwu
f vnf; BuD;rSBuD;/ qD;csKad &m*gorm;&,f
vkYd owfrSwfvdkuw
f m cHvku
d f&wmeJY tJ'DvlrSm 0efxkyf0efydk;&,fvkYd
tNrJwrf;&Sdw,f/ olwkdYrSm tenf;eJYtrsm;aygh/ tapmydkif;tcsdefu
pNyD;awmh qD;csKd&,fvkdY ajymvku
d w
f Jhtcsderf Sm odyfaMumufvefYNyD;awmh
uRefawmhrf Sm qD;csKda&m*gr&SdEkdifygbl;vdkY taMumuftuef jiif;wwf
Muygw,f/
qD;csKda&m*gqkw
d mBuD;udk vufrcHEkid fwJhtcsde?f jiif;qefwJh
tcsed f? tJovkjd zpfNyD;awmhrS wpdrhpf drhef JY qD;csKad &m*gukd vufcv
H mwJh?
ighb0BuD;uawmh oGm;ygNyD/ vljzpfusKd; HI;ygNyDqkdNyD; pdwf"mwfus
wJhtcsdefukd 0ifoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd 0ifoGm; NyD;wJhaemufykid f;rSm tpm;
taomufuvnf; vlpOfrrDwJh tpm;taomufawG pm;ae&jyefw,f/
pm;aeNyD;awmh qD;csKduvnf; aumif;aumif;r&bl;/ tJ'D
aemufykid ;f bmjzpfovJqkd&if ighb0BuD;uawmh aorxl;? aerxl;
awmhygbl;qkNd yD; pm;csifwm pm;r,fuGmqkNd yD; tm;vHk;udkqefYusifwJh
tqifhudk a&mufoGm;w,f/
tJ'DrSm qD;csKda&m*gu rk;d xdatmif wufaewwfygw,f/
-- &aewJhtcsdefrSmawmh rpm;bJaevdkY qD;csKda&m*gusae
wwfygw,f/ aoG;wGi;f oMum;"mwfyrmPonf tenf;trsm;
t&rf;udk uGm[aer,f? uGmvGef;wJh tcgusawmh tJ'D
vlemtwGuf xdef;&wm odyfcufygw,f/ olUtwGuf tE&m,fvnf;
ydkrsm;vmw,f/
qD;csKad &m*gukd ukwt
Jh cgrSm owdxm;zdkY wpfcsuu
f aoG;udk
pufeJY azmufvdkuNf yD;awmh aoG;xJrSmygwJh (100)? (200) qkw
d Jh
udef;*Pef;awG oufoufukyd J uRefawmfwkdY ukay;aewmr[kwb
f l;/
qD;csKda&m*gudk ukoonfqkdonfrSm tJ'DoauFw udef;*Pef;awG
jzpfaewJhvlukd ukwm? tJ'DvlemrSm pdwfvnf;&Sdw,f/ udk,fvnf;


&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'Dawmh pdwv
f nf;yJ csr;f omzdkY vdkw,f/ vlvnf; use;f rmzdkY
vkdw,f/ &mckdiEf Ie;f jynfh use;f rmcsr;f omatmif uRefawmfwkdY q&m0ef
awGtaeeJY ukoay;zkdY vkt
d yfygw,f/
vlem&JU pdwaA'udk xnfhrwGufvdkY rjzpfawmhygbl;/
uRefawmfhqDudkvmwJh vlemudk apmapmuajymwJh[mawGukd
pm;Ekdi&f ifawmhpm;yg/ rpm;Ekdif&ifawmh obm0ruswmudk uRefawmf
wkdY OD;pm;ray;ovdk pm;vnf; rpm;ckdif;ygbl;/
qD;csKad &m*gukxk;H u
rSm vmorQvlemtm;vHk;udk xrif; (6)ZGe;f
pm;yg/ a&cef;iSJYpm;ygvdkU wpfajy;nD ajymvkdY r&ygbl;/ tm[m&
ukxHk;rSmvnf; olUtqifheJYol cGJjcm;xm;wm &Sdygw,f/ qD;csKd
ukxHk;onf wpfOD;csi;f ukxHk; - jzpfyg
w,f/
b,fvt
kd ajctaeawGrSm b,fvt
kd qifah wG cGjJ cm; owfrSwf
w,f q kd w mvnf ; ajymygOD;q&m/
tm[m&ukxHk;tqifhqifhaygh/ omrefyxrtqifhrSmawmh
tcsKdvGew
f Jhtpm;tpmawGudk a&Smifckdif;NyD;awmh vlemudkapmifhMunfh
ygw,f/ twkdif;twmwpfcktxdaygh/ (4)ywfavmuf apmifhMunfh
ygw,f/ r&bl;qk&d if olpm;wJhtpm;tpmawGukd xyfrHNyD; pdppfNyD;awmh
oD;jcm;xyfrHMuyfrwfreI JY tpm;taomufukd (4)ywfavmuf xyfauR;
Munfhygw,f/ (4)ywfavmuf (2)Budrf 8 ywf? (2)vavmufrSmrS
qD;csKda&m*gu auR;aewJh tpmtm[m&ukxHk;oufoufeJU raumif;
vmbl;qkd&if 'grSr[kwf olu t0vGefwJhvlpm&if;rSm ygaew,fqkd
&if tJ'Dtcgusawmh uRefawmfwkdYu vdkYac:w,f/
auR;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefus&ifawmh vlemudk
xrif;pm;aomufrIyrmPukd avQmhckid f;ygw,f/ pm;wJh xrif;&JU
trsKd;tpm;udkvnf; ajymif;ckdif;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbJ vmwJh

- -
vlwkdif;udk wpfajy;nD xrif;udk
b,fESpfZGef;pm;yg/ xrif;&nf iSJY
pm;yg/ qefMurf;pm;ygqkNd yD; ajym
avhajymx r&Syd gbl;/ bmaMumifh
vJqkdawmh vlawGuMumvm&if
'PfrcHEdkifMubl;/ aeYpOfpm;ae&
wJh tpm;tpm&JU'Pfudk rcHEkdifbJ
pd w f u sa&m*gawG &vmEk d i fy g
w,f/
NyD;cJhwJhvu uRefawmfwkdY &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufydki;f ukd tem
BuD;pDrHcsufeJY vkdufoGm;cGi&fh ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUrSm rSwfwrf;
wif dkuful;a&; uifr&mrif;wpfa,muf ygw,f/ olu qD;csKd
orm;? q&meJYvnf; jyzl;w,fvkdY ajymygw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd xrif;
pm;csed af &muf&if tm;vHk;0dki;f zGJU pm;Muawmh olUrmS rsufEmS i,fav;eJU
[kd[mrpm;&J? 'D[mrpm;&J jzpfaeyHkrsm; oem;p&m q&m&,f/
tJovkd vlrsKd;awGu 'keJYa'; &Sdaeygw,f/
Oyrm - uRefawmfhqDvmwJh OD;av;BuD;wpfa,muf&JU
taMumif;ajymjyr,f/ q&mhtwGuf &o0wKav;wpfyk'favmuf &
oGm;Edkiw
f ,f/ atmifyef;bufuvmwJh tJ'OD D;av;BuD;u ydkuq
f v
H nf;
&Sdw,f/ tjyifaq;HkrSm wufwmaygh/ OD;av;BuD; bmaMumifh aq;Hk
wufovJvUkd ar;vku
d fawmh olu uReaf wmf odyyf ed o
f Gm;w,f/ tpm;
rpm;Ekid v
f Ykd aq;Hkukv
d mwufwmwJh/ qD;csKad &m*gjzpfwm b,favmuf
MumNyDvJqkad wmh (10)ESp&f NSd yDwJh/ OD;av;ydefoGm;w,f/ tpmrpm;Ekdif
bl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ uRefawmf tukefvHk; ppfaq;Munfhw,f/ ydef&wJh
taMumif;&if;udk &SmazGw,f/ wDbDeJYacwfay:ul;pufEidk w
f Jh a&m*gawG
bmwpfckrS r&Sdbl;/ t"duawmh olUrSm pdwf"mwfusaewJhvuPm
udkyJ uRefawmfawGU&w,f/


OD;av;bmaMumifhyed o
f Gm;vJ? bmaMumifhtpmrpm;Ekid w
f mvJ
ajymygOD;qkdawmh q&m&,fwJh xrif;pm;&if rdom;pk (6)a,mufrSm
uRefawmfu tdrfaxmifOD;pD;qkdawmh acgif;&if;rSm xkdifckdif;NyD;awmh
[if;awGu tvQHy,fyJ csuaf uR;w,f/ uRefawmfhudkauR;wJh qefu
ipdefqefudk oHk;cgiSJYNyD;awmh auR;w,f/ usefwJhrdom;pk pm;aewmu
ay:qefarT;ukd eJU aumhaeatmif csufxm;NyD; pm;aeMu
w,f/ wpf&ufvnf; r[kwb
f ;l / ESp&f ufvnf;r[kwb
f l;/ aeYwikd ;f yJ/
usefwJh rdom;pk0ifawGNrdefa&&Sufa& pm;aecsdefrSm uRefawmfuawmh
teHt
Y &om bmrSr&Sw
d q
Jh efukd pm;ae&awmh uRefawmfhpdwx
f JrSm tpkdif
tcJBuD;awG? rauseyfrIawGeJY a'goawG xGuv
f mw,f/ wpf&ufqkd
pdwfudk b,fvrkd S xde;f r&awmhbJ pm;aewJh xrif;yefuefukd vTihyf pf
vku
d rf w
d ,f/ tdrrf mS arG;xm;wJh acG;u uReaf wmfeh m;rSm&Sad wmh tJ'x
D rif;
udk erf;MunfhNyD; csmceJvSnfhxGufoGm;w,f/ uRefawmfpm;wJh tpm;
tpmawGukd acG;awmif rpm;bl;/ 'DjrifuGif;udkMunfhNyD; uRefawmfidk
csifovdk? &,fcsifovkd jzpfoGm;w,f/ tJovkd rcsdwifuJ ajymjy
w,f/
OD;av;BuD;ajymwJhpum;udk uRefawmf oabmvnf; wlw,f/
oabmvnf;usw,f/ vufvnf;cHw,f/ qD;csKdorm;awGjzpfwwf
wJh pdwaA'oabmw&m;awG tukev
f Hk; ygoGm;w,f/ 'DOyrmukd
uRefawmf bmaMumifhajym&ovJqk&d if q&m0efwikdf ;f [m qD;csKda&m*g
onfawGukd pdwaf &mudk,yf g ukzkYv
d w
kd ,fqw
kd m jznfhpu
G af jymcsiv
f kYyd /J
qD;csKad &m*gukd b,ftqifha&mufaeNyDvJqkw
d mMunfhNyD; ukoay;Mu
zkYd vkt
d yfygw,f/ vmorQvlwkid f;ukd wpfajy;nDxm;NyD;awmh rpm;
ckdif;ygbl;/
uRefawmfwkdYu 'Dvlemonf ydefovm;? 0ovm;? Munfhyg
w,f/ olvkyaf e&wJh vkyif ef;yrmPeJY cGet
f m;"mwf oHk;pGJrIudk Munfh
vku
d fygw,f/ olu tvkyfMurf;orm;vm;? pm;yGJrSmxkdifNyD;awmh
uk,
d fum,yifyef;rI enf;enf;eJYxkdiNf yD; vkyf&wJholvm;? olU&JUcGet
f m;

- -
pdkux
f kwfryI rmPeJY olUtvkyrf sKd;tpm;udkMunfhygw,f/ olU&JU touf
t&G,fudk xnfhwGuMf uygw,f/ t&yftarmif;udk Munfhygw,f/
touft&G,u
f dk Munfhygw,f/ toufi,fwJholvm;? zGHUNzdK;rIawG
vkt
d yfqJrkdU u,fvkd&Drsm;rsm;vkdtyfaeovm;/ 'grSr[kwf touf
BuD;vdkY zGUH NzdK;rItwGuf rvkt
d yfawmhbJ omref&iS o
f efrItwGuyf J vdktyf
wJh u,fv&kd Dvm; Munfhygw,f/ olUae&yfa'oudk Munfhygao;w,f/
NrdKUjyrSmaewmvm;? aus;vufrSm aewmvm;/ olu rde;f rvm;?
a,musmf ;vm;qkw
d m Munfhvu
kd yf gao;w,f/ Ekw
dY u
kd w
f Jhrcd if jzpfr,f?
ukd,f0efaqmifrf cd ifjzpfr,f/ olrsm;xuf u,fvk&d D (2)qvdkwJh rdcif
jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/
vlemtrsK;d tpm;ay:rlwnfNyD; bufaygif;pHku qifjcifok;H oyf
NyD;awmh oleJUoifhawmfr,fh taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmudk pm;aomufzdYk
uRefawmfwYn
kd eT fMum;ygw,f/ qD;csKjd zpfNyDqw
kd meJY qefMurf;pm;qkNd yD;
wef;NyD;rajymygbl;/ oifhawmfw,f? roifhawmfbl;qkw
d mawmh udk,hf
[muk,
d yf J qHk;jzwfMunfhyg/ a&&Snrf Sm udk,hv
f lemukd pm;EkdifrSmvm;?
rpm;Ekdifbl;vm;qHk;jzwfMunfhyg/
tJ'Dvdkay;vku
d fwJhtwGuf qD;csKd rSm b,favmuf
xdaumif;oGm;ovJqkdwm udk,fhvlemudk udk,fjyefMunfhygw,f/
tJovkd pm;ckid ;f vku
d v
f Ykd qD;csKda&m*gonf ydkaumif;ovm;? vlqkdwm
csKyfwnf;rIrsm;av wHkYjyefrIu uvefuqef ydkvkyw
f mrsm;av awGU&
wwfygw,f/
csKyfwnf;&jyefawmhvnf; bmjzpfovJqkd&if xrif;rpm;eJY?
bmrpm;eJY Aku
d v
f nf;qmw,f? rwif;wdrb
f l;qkad wmh [dkavQmufpm;?
'DavQmufpm;eJY pm;awmhwmyJ/ pm;wJhtcgrSmvnf; rwnfhwJhtpm;
tpmawGukd pm;rdw,f/ aemufqHk;usawmh qD;csKdu raumif;bJeJY
uRefawmfqD vm&wmyJ/ vHk;0 aeraumif;vdkY vmjywmyJ/ t&rf;xde;f
csKyfvGe;f awmh aemufqufwGJu qD;csKdtwGuf raumif;wmyJ jzpfvm
ygw,f/


odyNf yD;awmhvnf; rxde;f csKyfzUkd ?
t&rf;BuD;vnf; rvGwaf y;zdkY vdkygw,f/
vlem&JU a&m*gtrsKd;tpm;eJY tqifhay:
rlwnfNyD;awmh tpm;taomufudk wGuf
wGufcsucf suef JY uRefawmftMuHay;avh
&S d y gw,f / t"d u tusqH k ; uawmh
rsm;wJh tpm;tpm
awGukd rpm;zkdYygyJ/
upD" mwf e JU qD ;csKd q uf E G, f r I
awmh tawmfav;udk jynfhjynfph kpH kH odciG hf
&ygNyD/ tom;"mwf? tqD"mwfawGeJY ywfoufNyD; qD;csKda&m*g
tajctaeud k vnf; &Si f;jyapcsifygw,f/
tom;"mwfuawmh uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJU 10&mckid fEIef;uae
15 &mckid fEIe;f twGif; pm;&r,fvkYd ajymw,f/ uRefawmfwkYd EkdifiHom;
awGu tom;"mwfudk trsm;BuD;pm;wJh tavhtxr&Sdawmh tJ
oavmufqkd taeawmfyJ/
tqD"mwfuawmh uRefawmfwdkYvlrsKd;awGu qDtpm;rsm;
w,f/ qDavQmhpm;zkYd usef;rma&;Xmeu ynmay;aewmvnf; cP
cPyJ/ qDtpm;vGe&f if ESvHk;aoG;aMumusO;f r,f? avjzwfr,f rsKd;pHk
ygyJ/
tqD"mwfrSm jynfh0tqDaygh/ jynfh0EIe;f rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;wJh
tqD"mwfudk uRefawmfwkdYu a&Smifckdif;wm? jynfh0EIe;f rsm;wJh tqDqkd
wmu tat;cHxm;vkdufvkYd&Sd&if cJoGm;wJhtqDrsKd; trJqD? 0ufqD?
pm;tkef;qDawGygyJ/
tJovdk cJwht
J qDawGukd wwfEkid o
f rQ enf;enf;yJpm;zk?Yd wwf
Ekid o
f rQ tqD&UJ 10 &mckid Ef Ie;f xuf enf;atmifpm;zkYd uRefawmfwYt
kd MuH
ay;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY Ekid fiHuxGuw
f Jh yJqw
D kdY? ESrf;qDwYu
kd dk pm;vdkY

- -
&ygw,f/ tqDwpfckvHk;&JU tm[m&"mwfyg0ifrIEIe;f xm;uawmh
(30-35) &mckid fEIef;xuf rydkatmifpm;zkdY vkdygw,f/
ajymNyD;orQudk tcsKyfjyefajym&&if qD;csKdrSm rpm;vdkY&wJh
tpm;tpmrSm vHk;0rpm;oifhaomtpm;tpm? toifhtwifhyJ pm;oifh
aomtpm;tpm? BudKufoavmufpm;vkdY&wJh tpm;tpmqkNd yD; (3)rsKd;
ydkif;jcm;Ekdifygw,f/
qD;csKo
d rm; vk;H 0rpm;oifhwJh tpmawGu bmawGvJ q&m/
qD;csKdorm;wpfOD;taeeJY vHk;0rpm;oifhwJhtpm;tpmawGu
awmh uRefawmfapmapmu ajymcJhygNyD/ rsm;wJh
tpm;tpmawGygyJ/ xyfajym&r,fqkd&if oMum;? EkdYqD? xef;vsuf?
MuHoum? csKw
d Jh rvkid v
f k;H awG? NyD;awmh tJ'gawGeJY qufE,
G v
f yk x
f m;wJh
tpm;tpmawG/ tkdupf u
f &if? udwrf keYt
f rsKd;rsK;d? zmvl'g? csKdwJhtat;
ykvif;? 'gawGukd a&Smif&r,f/ 'gawGu qD;csKdorm;awG vHk;0rpm;
oifhwJh tpm;tpmawGyg/
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfajymcsiaf o;wmuawmh qD;csKda&m*g
jzpfwJhEIe;f ? uRefawmfwkYd zGHUNzdK;qJEkdiif HawGrSm bmaMumifhrsm; wufvm
&ovJqkw
d Jh ar;cGef;ygyJ/ vlawGu ajymMuwJhtxJrSm taemufEkdifiH
u tpm;tpmawG uRefawmfwkYq
d D wifoGi;f vmvdkY? taemufEdik if o
H m;
awGpm;wJh tpm;tpmawGukd pm;MuvkdY qD;csKda&m*gjzpfvm&w,fvkYd
tcsKdUaom ynm&Siaf wGu oHk;oyfMuw,f/
aMumifhvkdY tcsKdUu ajymMuygw,f/
wu,fwrf;usawmh aMumifhyJ/ usef;rma&;eJY
nDnGww
f Jh aexdkio
f Gm;vm? pm;aomufrIawG ajymif;vJvmwJhtwGuf
qD;csKda&m*gjzpfEeI ;f ydkrsm;vmw,f/ tJ'DrmS t"du taMumif;&if;wpfck
uawmh rpm;oifhwJhtpm;tpmawG pm;oHk;wJhtwGufaMumifh qD;csKd
a&m*gjzpfEIe;f ? jrifhwufvm&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*g rjzpfao;
wJhvlawG 'gawGrsm;rsm;pm;aeMu&if qD;csKad &m*gjzpfzdkY tcGifhtvrf;


ydkrsm;ovkjd zpfNyD; qD;csKv
d el mawGtaeeJv
Y nf; tpm;tpmawG rqifrjcif
pm;ae&if vkH;0xde;f csKyfvrkYd &wJh qD;csKt
d qifu
h kd a&mufomG ;Ekid yf gw,f/
rvkt
d yfbJ udk,fcEmcRwf,Gif;rIawG jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
csifhcsdefNyD; pm;aomuf&r,fh tpm;tpmawGudk ajymygOD;/
[kwu
f hyJ g/ toifhtwifh qifqifjcifjcifeYJ csichf sed Nf yD; pm;oifh
wJh tpm;tpmawGuawmh qefeJYvkyfxm;wJh tpm;tpmawG? qefqkd
awmh xrif;aygh? qefjyKwfaygh/ qefeJYvkyw
f Jh tpm;tpmawGu rkefY
[if;cg;? rkefUwD? nyfacgufqGJ? jrLpGrf ponfjzifhaygh/ 'gawGu
csifhcsdepf m;&r,fh pm&if;xJrSmygw,f/ aemufwpfcku *sKH? *sKHeJY
vkyw
f mqkd&if acgufqJG? MumqH? csmygwD? yvmwm? aygifrkefY? eHjym;
trsm;BuD;yJ/ 'gawG[mvnf; csihcf sdeNf yD;pm;&r,ft
h xJrSm ygygw,f/
aemufwpfrsKd;u ap;xef;wJhOawG? Oyrm- tmvl;? uefpGef;Ovkd
[mrsKd;awG? 'Dap;xef;wJhOawGudk rpm;&wmrsKd;awmh r[kwb
f l;/
pdwf&v
Sd uf&Sd vufvGwfpy,f pm;ckdif;wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/
qkyd gpkY/d xrif;b,favmufpm;&rSmvJ/ taumif;qHk; ajym&
&if omrefukd,t
f av;csdefom&Sw
d Jh vltaeeJY pm;aeus oifhHkpm;ygvdkY
uRefawmf ajymvdkygw,f/
csifhcsed pf m;ygqkw
d aJh e&mrSm vlwpfa,muftaeeJY wpfyef;uef
eJYpm;vdkY0&if tJ'Dwpfyef;uefeJY &yfxm;vdkuyf g/ taygif;toif;eJYyJ
jzpfjzpf? pm;aumif;vdkYyJjzpfjzpf?
aemufxyf wpfyef;uef xyfrpm;
ygeJYawmh/ wif;wdrfatmifpm;yg?
t0vGefatmif rpm;ygeJY/ pm;csif
wkdif;awmh rpm;oifhygbl;/ csifh
csdefNyD;pm;MuygvkdYyJ tMuHay;vkd
ygw,f/

- -
b,favmufcsihfcsdefNyD; pm;&r,f? b,fESpfZGef;pm;&r,fvkYd
rajymvkyd gbl;/ t&ifwke;f u qD;csKdorm;awGudk csdefcGuef JY ZGef;eJYpm;
ckid ;f wJph epfukd usio
hf k;H cJw
h ,f/ ckaemufykid ;f acwfopfq;D csKd a&m*gukxk;H
rSmawmh csdefwG,fpm;&r,fhpepfudk odyfNyD; rusifhoHk;awmhygbl;/
bmjzpfvkdYvJqk&d if vlwpfa,muf[m tpm;tpmawmif
rpm;&ao;bl;/ pOf;pm;Munfhaygh? ZGe;f tcsdeef JYcsde&f rSm? t&rf;udk pdwf
uoduatmuf jzpfraebl;vm;/ aemufwpfcku obm0vnf; rus
bl;/ Iyaf xG;rIvnf; jzpfw,f/ tckaemufykid ;f rSm tJ'eD nf;udk OD;pm;ay;
rajymawmhbl;/ vlBudKufrrsm;awmhygbl;/ csifhcsdefNyD;awmh pm;yg?
wif;wdrfatmifpm;yg/ t0vGefatmifawmh rpm;MuygeJU/
qD;csKdorm;awG BudKufoavmufpm;cGi&fh SdwJh tpm;tpmawG
u bmawGvJ q&m/
qD;csKdorm;awG BudKufoavmufpm;vk&dY wJh tpm;tpmqkw
d Jh
ae&mrSm upD"mwfEIe;f rygoavmufjzpfwJh tpm;tpmawGyg/ Oyrmpdr;f vef;wJt
h oD;t&GufawGyg/ pdrf;vef;wJh [if;oD;[if;&Guq
f w
kd mu
uefpGe;f &Guf? [if;EkEG,f&Guf? refusnf;&Guf? bl;oD;? a*:zDxkyf?
rkev
f mO ponfjzifah ygh/ 'gawG qk&d if b,favmufpm;pm; qD;csKo
d rm;
awGtaeeJY bmrSrjzpfbl;/
uReaf wmfwYkd OD;pm;ay;ajymcsiw
f mu bmvJqakd wmh uReaf wmfh
qDudkvmwJh pifumylu qD;csKdygarmuwpfa,muf? olu bmajym
ovJqkdawmh ]]pm;yGJay: csxm;&if yk&u
G q
f w
d f wufwJh tpm;tpm
awGukd vHk;0rauR;ckdif;bl;}} wJh/
ygarmuBuD;ajymwm twkid f;twmwpfcktxd rSefygw,f/
toD;awGeJYywfoufvdkY csKdcsOq
f kNd yD;awmh ac:a0:aevdkY&d&S if rpm;Mu
ygeJY/ vHk;0csOfwl;aewJh oHy&moD;awGudk pm;csifoyqk&d if pm;yg/
'gayr,fh csKdwJh tpm;tpmawGvHk;0 pm;vdkYroifhygbl;/ csKdcsOfqkw
d Jh
tpm;tpmawGudkvnf; rpm;oifhygbl;/


qD;csKad &m*gvlemwpfa,muftaeeJY aoG;xJrmS *vl;udkYp"f mwf
awG wufaewJhtcsdefrSm tpm;taomufeJY ywfoufvkYd uefYowfrI
awG &Syd gw,f/ okdYaomf qD;csKdorm;jzpfaewJhtwGuf ighb0rSm
pm;p&mr&Sdawmhbl;/ igawmh vljzpf&usKd;IH;ygNyDvkdY pdwf"mwfus
avmufatmifawmh tpm;taomufu tJ'Davmufxd enf;roGm;
ao;ygbl;/ 'gudk vlemwkdif; owdxm;oifhygw,f/ tcsKdvGefwJh
tpm;tpmawGudk a&SmifvdkuNf yD;awmh? usefwJh[mawGukyd J yHkrSeaf v;
oifhwifhHk pm;r,fqkd&if pm;csifwmvnf; pm;vkdU&ygw,f/ qD;csKdudk
vnf; ydkqk;d roGm;atmif xdef;vdkY&ygw,f/ olU&JUa&m*gjzpfEIef;awG?
qD;csKad Mumifh aoqHk;rIEIe;f awGukv
d nf; twkid ;f twmwpfckxd xdef;vdkY
odrf;vdkY &ygw,f/
t"duuawmh vQmay:wifMunfhvu
kd v
f dkY oMum;vdk csKad evkYd
&S&d if rpm;ygeJY/ odoifhwmu csKw
d meJYoMum;vkcd sKdwm uGmjcm;rI&Sdyg
w,f/ csKdwJhtpm;tpmawGukd rpm;ygeJvkYd tMuHay;wJhtxJrSm wcsKdU
vlemawGu ar;Mujyefw,f/ yef;a*:zD pm;vkdU&ovm;? pm;vkdY&yg
w,f/ [if;csKrd eI Ypf m;vkY&d ygovm; ar;&if [if;csKrd eI Yq
f w
kd m oMum;vkd
csKdovm;? [if;csKdrIefYu [if;csKdrIefYvkyd J csKdwmaygh/ oMum;vkd rcsKd
ygbl;/ 'gayrJh EkdifiHawmfu tcsKdrIefYrsm;rsm;pm;&if jzpfvmEkdifwJh
a&m*gawG aMunmxm;awmh tcsKdrIefYudkvnf; pm;oHk;&efroifhbl;vkYd
uRefawmfajymcsifygw,f/ yef;a*:zDcsKdonf [if;oD;[if;&Guf csKdwJh
t&omomjzpfygw,f/ oMum;vkd rcsKdygbl;/ tJ'grsKd;awGudk pm;vkYd
&ygw,f/ bmaMumifhpm;vkYd&ygovJar;&if oMum;"mwfr[kwfvdkY
pm;vkY&d jcif; jzpfygw,f/ obm0twdkif; csKdwmu ta&;rBuD;bl;/
vQmay:wifMunfhvkYd oMum;vdkrcsKdzkdYom ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
trsm;BuD; tusKd;&Sdygw,f q&m/ q&mhqD tyifyef;cHvm
&usK;d eyfomG ;ygNyD/ qD;csKo
d rm;awGvnf; tusK;d &Srd mS yg/ q&maqG;aEG;
wJt
h xJrmS qD;csKo
d rm;awG bmpm;oifw
h ,f/ bmudkawmh rpm;oifb
h ;l

- -
qkw
d mudk uGJujJG ym;jym; xyfzefwvJvJ aqG;aEG;xm;awmh use;f rma&;
0efxrf;yJjzpfjzpf? vlem&Sifrdom;pkuyJjzpfjzpf? twkid f;twmwpfckxd
qD;csKjd zpf&if bmpm;&r,f? rpm;&bl;qkw
d hJ tenf;qHk;pdwful; wpfck
awmh &oGm;rSm aocsmygw,f/
uRefawmf pmtkyfwpftkyf jyKpkaew,f/ qD;csKdorm;awG
bmpm;oifhw,f? rpm;oifhbl;qkdwJh tcsufawGygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef
us&if pm;vkdU&wm? r&wmudk yko
d yd gvdrhrf ,f/ uJ ..bmrsm;ar;p&m
usefygovJ/
tpm;tpmeJUywfoufvkdUawmh ar;p&mrusef oavmufygyJ/
tm;vHk;ed*k;H csKyf&ifom xyfqifjh cHKiHkNyD; oHk;oyfay;ygq&m/ avmavm
q,f taomuftpm;eJY uRefawmfhrSm ar;p&mawG useyf gao;w,f/
'guawmh t&uf? u,fvkd&Drsm;rsm;ygwJh t&ufawG? qD;csKdorm;
aomufoifh? raomufoifh odcsifygw,f/
]]t&ufaomufvkdY &ygovm;}} qkdwJhar;cGef;/ uRefawmfh
qDukd vmjywJh trsKd;om; qD;csKdorm;awGu tNrJar;avh&Sdygw,f/
t&ufaomufwJhval wG&UJ t&ufxJrmS a&m? t&ufeJU wGJpm;wJh tjrnf;
xJrSma&m umAkd[kdu'f &dwef JU u,fv&kd Dtif tm;"mwfawG ygaew,f/
vlwpfa,mufvkt
d yfwJh tiftm;"mwfawGrSm t&ufu&wJh tiftm;
"mwfeJY tjrnf;u&wJh tiftm;"mwfawGukd xnfhNyD;awmh pOf;pm;zdkY
vdkygw,f/
tJovdkom rpOf;pm;bl;qkd&if yJaygh/ pm;
oifhwmxufykNd yD; pm;aomuf&if t0vGev
f mNyD;awmh qD;csKd xdef;odr;f
&wmvnf; ydkcufoGm;Edkiyf gw,f/ tJ'Dawmh u,fvk&d Dtiftm;"mwf
awG yg0ifrIudkvnf; uRefawmfwkdU xnfhpOf;pm; zkdU vdkygw,f/
aemufwpfcku t&ufaomufvkY&d Sd&if t&ufu bmjzpfovJqkdawmh
tonf;xJrSm oMum;"mwfwnfaqmufru
I kd wm;jrpfygw,f/ wm;jrpf
wJhtwGuaf MumifhrkYd uRefawmfwYkd qD;csKda&m*gxde;f aq;awG aomufwhJ


vlawGrSm aq;&JUtmedoifa&m? t&uf
&JU tmed o ift aeeJYa &m? oMum;"mwf
awGukd t&rf;udk usoGm;NyD;awmh aoG;xJ
rSm oMum;"mwf tvGefusqif;wJha&m*g?
[kduyf kd*vdkipf D;rD;,m;qkw
d Jha&m*gvuPm
awG awGUY&ygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh t&ufaomufv kdY
&S&d if [ku
d fyk*d vkid fpD;rD;,m;awG &wwfyg
w,f/ tJ'gudk uRefawmfwYx
kd nfhpOf;pm;zdkY
vkdygw,f/ aemufwpfcku t&ufaomuf
vkYd t&ufaMumifh rl;wmvm;? 'grSr[kwf
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusaewJhtwGuf
aMumifhrv
kYd Ykd ]]pOf;pm;qifjcif? awG;ac:rI}} awG yHkreS rf jzpfbJeUJ ukxHk;u
vnf; IyfaxG;rIawG ydkjzpfvmygw,f/ aemufwpfcku t&ufaomuf
aew,fq&kd if t&ufaomufwJhtwGuf t&ufaomufwJhvlrsm;onf
udk,cf EmxJrSm rsm;wJh tajctaeudkjzpfzkYd ydkrsm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsderf Sm aomufaewJhaq;awGrSmvnf; aemufykid ;f ajym
jyr,f/ vkYad c:wJh aq;awGonf ukd,cf EmxJrmS
vdkUac:wJh tufppf"mwfrsm;wJhtajctae udk jzpfap
wJhtwGuf t&ufeJY ckeu ajymwJh aq;awGaygif;NyD;awmh
tufppf"mwfawGrsm;vmwJh tajctaersKd;vnf; jzpfvmwwfygw,f/
tJ'gudkvnf; owdxm;zkdY vdktyfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku wcsKUd aom qD;csKad q;awGonf t&ufaomuf
NyD;vdkY&S&d if t&ufjzwfwJh vlrSmcHpm;&wJh vuPmrsKd; jzpfapwwf
ygw,f/ 'gudk t&ufeJY qD;csKda&m*g qufpyf qufE,
G rf Iudk ajymwm
yg/ tJ'aD wmh bmoma&;IaxmifhuyJMunfhMunh?f use;f rma&;Iaxmifh
uyJ MunfhMunfh? b,fvkyd Jjzpfjzpf t&ufraomufbJaeEkdif&ifawmh
taumif;qHk;ygyJ/

- -
tJ'Dawmh vHk;0raomufbJae&if ydkaumif;ygw,f/ jzwfyg/
t&rf;aomufwv
Jh lemrsm;qk&d if wwfEikd forQjzwfyg/ jzwfzkYrd BudK;pm;
cif wwfEkdiforQ avQmhaomufyg/ t&ufvGefuRHoGm;vkdY&Sd&if qD;csKd
a&m*gtwGuf tE&m,frsm;wwfygw,f/ t&ufraomufwv
Jh lxuf
ydkNyD; tE&m,frsm;ygw,f/ tvGef tuRHrjzpfzkUd owdxm;zkUd vkyd gw,f/
aumif;ygNyD q&m/ qD;csKdorm;vlemawG[m tiefavQmh
pm;zdkYvdktyfygovm;/ aq;oMum;awGudka&m pm;vdkY&ygovm;/
jrefrmvlrsKd;awG tiefpm;oHk;rIu rsm;ygw,f/ ig;yd?
ig;ajcmuf? iHjym&nfponfjzifah yghav/ tJ'grsKd;awGu tief"mwfrsm;
aewwfygw,f/ qD;csKo
d rm;wpfa,muftaeeJY tief"mwfukd w&m;
vGef rpm;rdzkYd ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ qm;"mwfrygbJ vHk;0qm;ayghBuD;
awmhvnf; r[kwfbJeJY omrefcsufdk;csupf Oftwkdi;f xyfNyD; tief
"mwfawG xyfaqmif;rpm;zkdYygyJ/ uRefawmfwYu
kd twdtusajym&&if
wpfaeY (6)*&rfxuf ydkrpm;zdkY tMuHPfay;zdkY vdkygw,f/ tJ'gudk
wkdif;&rSm cufr,fqkd&if tydkaqmif;NyD;awmh tiefxnfhrpm;zkdY
tMuHay;vkdygw,f/
Oyrmqkyd gpkYd rkefU[if;cg;pm;r,f? iHjym&nfxyfxnfh pm;wm
rsKd;? [if;awGukd iefatmifxyfxnfhpm;wmrsKd;? tJovkd rpm;zkdYygyJ/
bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh tief"mwfeJY rwnfhwJhaoG;wk;d ? aoG;wk;d rsm; jzpf
ae&if tiefpm;vkdY rjzpfygbl;/ aoG;wkd;eJY qD;csKdaygif;NyD;jzpfvdkY&S&d if
ESvHk;eJYausmufuyfa&m*gjzpfrIEIef;xm;ydkNyD; jzpfEkdifwJhtwGuf tief
"mwfudkvnf; avQmhNyD;pm;zkYd tMuHPfay;ygw,f/
aemufwpfck - - vdkYajymwJh qD;csKda&m*gonf
awGpm;wJh tpm;tpmawG? tcsK"d mwfeYJ ywfoufNyD;vkyw
f t
Jh pmawGvykd J
- - qkdwJh qD;csKdorm;awG pm;vkdY&w,fqkdwJh tpm;
tpmawGukd pm;oHk;zkYd tm;ray;ygbl;/ udk,h[
f muk,
d jf yKNyifNyD; use;f rm
a&;eJYnDnGwfwJh tpm;tpmawGudkom pm;zdkY tMuHjyKvkdygw,f/


aemufwpfck tcsKd"mwfeJYywfoufNyD;awmh oMum;tjyif
qufu&ifqw
kd Jh"mwf aq;oMum;vdkYac:w,f/ aemuf
wpfcg tufpyf wdef;vdkYac:wJh tvm;wl oMum;"mwfawG?
qlumrdwv
f dkYac:wJh oMum;tpm;xdk;"mwfawGaygh/ tJ'gawGukd oHk;pGJ
vkYd &ygw,f/ 'gawGukd oHk;pGJjcif;tm;jzifh tcsK"d mwfukd BudKufwJhvl
awGu tcsK"d mwft&omvnf; &r,f/ u,fv&kd DygwJh oMum;udkvnf;
rpm;wJhtwGuf qD;csKd rSmvnf; ydkNyD;awmh aumif;rGeyf gw,f/
tifqlvif aq;0g;ukxHk;awG roGm;cif q&m&Sif;jyapcsif
wJh taMumif;wpfckuawmh ukd,fvufavhusifhcef;yg/ bmom&yf
tvk d u f q&m0ef t awmf r sm;rsm;[m ud k , f v uf a vh u sif h cef ; ud k
tm;ay;ygw,f/ q&mwkdY&JU qD;csKda&m*gvlemawGua&m udk,fvuf
vIy f&Sm ;rIvk yfz dk Y vk dtyfygovm;/
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIvkyfief;awG vkyfMuzkYd tm;ay;ygw,f/
omref udk,v
f ufvyI &f Sm;rIvkyif ef;awGukd vkyfjcif;onf ckacwfumv
rSm vkYdac:wJh usef;rma&;eJY nDnGwfwJh aexdkifrI
tavhtusifhwpfcktjzpfeJY avhusifhcef;awGudkvkyfzkdY uRefawmf wku
d f
wGef;ygw,f/ vkyw
f JhtcgrSmvnf;
yHkrSev
f kyzf akYd wmh vdktyfygw,f/ tm;
pkdufcGefpkdufBuD;eJY tm;ukefarmyef;
oGm;wJhtxdawmh rvkyo
f ifhygbl;/
tNrJwrf;vnf; vkyfzkdY vkdygw,f/
qD;csKdorm;awGtaeeJY qD;csKd aq;
awGu d k v nf ; aomuf xm;r,f /
tm;pdkucf eG pf u
kd ef YJ t&rf;cGet
f m;"mwf
awGoHk;&wJh ukd,v
f ufvIyf&Sm;rI
avhusif hcef;awGv nf ; vkyfr,f
qkd&if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG

- -
avsmu
h sNyD;awmh aq;&JUtmedoifaMumifh? ckeuajymwJh avhusifhcef;&JU
tmedoifaMumifh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG t&rf;usNyD; [ku
d yf k*d vkid f
pD;rD;,m;awG &oGm;Ekdifygw,f/
wpfzufuvnf; qD;csKdorm;taeeJY u aumif;
aumif;r&ao;bl;/ oMum;"mwfawGrsm;aewJh tcsed rf sKd;rSm udk,v
f uf
vIyf&Sm;rIavhusihcf ef;awG tvGet
f uRHvkyv
f kduv
f dkY&&Sd if tJ't
D csed rf sK;d rSm
qD;csKd"mwfawG xdef;odrf;rIatmuf oGm;NyD;awmh e*kduwnf;u
raumif;wJh[mu ydkq;kd NyD;awmh -- vdkY ac:wJh a&m*g0if
oGm;Ekdiyf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tpGef;ESpfzufukd a&SmifzkdYvkd
ygw,f/
avhusichf ef;wtm;BuD;vnf; rvkyef UJ / rvkyb
f eJ UJ vnf; raeeJU/
qD;csKda&m*gudk &atmif tpm;taomuf aq;0g;awGeJYxed ;f ?
tJ'gudk ydkNyD;awmhaumif;atmif udk,fvufavhusifhcef;awGudk yHkrSef
vkyzf dkY vdkygw,f/
'DacwfBuD;rSm ajymavhajymx&Sdwmuawmh wpfywfudk (5)
&uf? wpfaeYukd rdepf(20)uae (30)? yHkrSeu
f av; vrf;avQmuf/
tJ'gu vlwpfa,mufusef;rmoefpGr;f zdkYtwGuf vHkavmufygw,f/
t&rf;BuD; 0dwaf wGrrS? t&rf;BuD;jyif;jyif;xefxefBuD;awG upm;rS&,f
r[kwyf gbl;/ ta&;BuD;wmawmh yHkrSef jzpfzdkY vkdygw,f/
yHkrSeaf vhusihcf ef;vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh cEmudk,fvnf; uspfvspf
oefrmvef;qef;NyD;awmh cEmudk,fxJuykdaewJh tqD"mwfawGeJY
tm[m&"mwfawGudkvnf; avhusifhcef;vkyfjcif;jzifh cEmuk,
d frS
xyfNyD;awmh t0vGew
f hJ tydkaqmif;tE&m,fawG rjzpfzkYd tJ'gqkd qD;csKd
xdef;&wm vG,fygw,f/
aus;Zl;yJq&m/ qD;csKda&m*g&NyDqkd&if wpfoufvHk; uk&
r,fha &m*gjzpf a vawmh wu,f y J&if a v;p&m aumif ;ygw,f /
tm[m&ukxHk;eJUywfoufvkdU jyefvnfoHk;oyfrIawGvkyfOD;rvm;q&m/


tm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh awGUae&wJhjyemawGrSm
eHygwfwpfu uRefawmf apmapmuajymcJhovdk qD;csKo
d rm;awG t&yf
pum;eJYajymqdkwJh tpm;tpmawGukd vku
d femNyD; pm;oHk;aeMuwm
wu,f odwwf? odem;vnfwJh q&m0efawG nTeMf um;csuf r[kwf
bJeJY wvGJvku
d fpm;aeMuw,f/
aemufwpfcku pm;oHk;rIyHkpH? pm;oHk;wJh[mawG vGJrSm;aeMu
wmawG[mvnf; jyemygyJ/ aq;awGpm;w,f? 'grSr[kwf
tifqv
l ifx;kd r,f? tJ'Dtcsedf rf Sm aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGusw,f?
rusatmifvdku oifhwifhrQwwJh umAk[
d ku
d 'f &dwaf wG? upD"mwfawG
pm;&r,fvkdY ajymcJhw,f/
vlemawGu bmvkyw
f wfMuovJqkdawmh tpm;taomuf
udk pm;r,f/ aq;udkvnf;pm;w,f/ tpm;taomufpm;wJhae&mrSm
olwYu
kd upD"mwfrygwJh tpm;tpmudk pm;r,f/ reufudk c&ufum
(2)csyaf wmh pm;xm;w,f/ EkaYd v;wpfcu
G f aomufvu
kd w
f ,f/ NyD;awmh
aq;aomufvkduw
f ,f/ aeYv,fusawmh bmjzpfovJodvm;? uwkef
u,ifjzpfNyD;awmh owdvpfoGm;w,f/ 'g bmaMumifjh zpfovJar;&if
olpm;wJh tpm;tpmawGrSm upD"mwfrS rygwm/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfenf; oGm;vdkYaygh/
reufu Muufom;pGyfjyKwfav; aomufxm;w,f/ Muuf
om;wHk;av; (2)wHk; pm;cJhw,f/ NyD;awmh aq;xdk;w,f/ aq;xdk;
vnf;NyD;a&m uwkeu
f ,ifawGjzpfvmw,f/ acR;awG xGufvmw,f?
Akduaf wG qmvmw,f? owdvpfw,f? wcsKdU wufw,f/ jzpfrSmaygh
olpm;vkdufwJhtxJrSm upD"mwfrS rygwmuk;d /
uRefawmftMuHay;csifwmu reufpm? aeYv,fpm? npm?
tJ'D t"du (3)eyfrSm upD"mwfygwJh tpm;tpmawGukd pm;oifhw,f/
xrif;jzpfap? qefev
YJ kyw
f t
Jh pm;tpmjzpfap? 'grSr[kwf *sHK? *sKHev
JY kyw
f hJ
tpm;tpmjzpfap pm;zdkYygyJ/ xnfhNyD;awmh pm;ay;&r,f/ tJ'D (3)eyfrmS
upD"mwfyg&r,f/ reufpmeJY aeYv,fpmMum;xJrSm tqmajywpfck

- -
pm;vd&Yk w,f/ aeYv,fpmeJY naepmMum;rSm
tqmajytpmwpf r sKd ; pm;vk d Y &w,f /
npmeJY ntdyfcgeD;rSmvnf;yJ tqmajy
pm;csi&f if pm;Ekid yf gw,f/
t"du tpm(3)eyfjzpfwhJ reuf?
aeYv,f? npm;NyD;&if Mum;xJrSm tqmajy
av;awG pm;vdkU&ygw,f/ t"du uawmh
'Dreuf? aeYv,f? naeydki;f rSm aomuf&
r,fhaq;awGeJY vludkcsdefNyD; ay;ae&wJh
twGuaf Mumifh 'D (3)eyfrSm upD"mwfawG
ygaezkYd vdkygw,f/ upD"mwfrygbJ aecJh
&if oMum;"mwfuswJh jyemawGu
tNrJwrf; jzpfomG ;rSmyJ/
pm;&r,fhupD"mwfygwJh tpm;
tpmawG ajymcJhNyD;ygNyD/
rrsm;wJh tpm;tpmrpm;&if jyemr&Sdbl;/ tJ'g jyem
wpfck/
pm;aeus rdkd;zvm tpm;tpmudk pGefUvGwNf yD;awmh topf
tqef;awGukd ajymif;pm;wmu jyemwpfckjzpfygw,f/ wpfouf
vHk;jrefrmyDyD? jrefrmtpm;tpmudk pm;vmNyD;rS qD;csKdvnf;jzpfa&m
nbufus csmygwDpm;w,f? aygifrkeUf pm;w,f? qefMumqHpm;w,f/
olwYrkd odwmu qefMumqH? *sKHMumqH? csmygwDtukev
f Hk;onf upD
"mwfawGcsnf;yJ/ yg0ifrIEIe;f enf;wmrsm;wmyJuGmw,f/ upD"mwf
awGuawmh upD"mwfawGy/J
rd;kd zvm pm;wmwpfckudk aoGznfNyD;awmh tpm;tpmwpfck
udk wpfoufvHk;pm;Ekdirf Smvm;? pOf;pm;Munfhvu
kd yf gOD;/ qD;csKda&m*g
onf wpfoufvHk; raysmufwJha&m*g/ 'gaMumifh ukd,pf m;r,fh tpm;
tpmwpfckudk wpfoufvHk;pm;Ekid fr,fh tpm;tpmawG jzpfoifhw,f/


wpfcsed fwpfcsdef usyef;a&SmifwJh[mrsK;d rjzpfoifhbl;/ a&SmifaewJhtcsdef
rSm usr,f? pm;aewJhtcsderf Sm wufr,f? 'gu qD;csKad &m*g&JU xHk;pHyJ/
ta&;BuD;wmu rpm;oifh rpm;xkdufwm tNrJa&SmifNyD; pm;oifhpm;
xkdufwm tNrJwrf; rSefrSefpm;zdkYu t"duygyJ/ usyef;BudKMum;rpm;
bJeJY vHk;0a&Smifaevku
d f? pm;csifwJhtcsed fusawmh trsm;BuD;pm;vku
d f?
tJ'grsKd; vHk;0rjzpfoifhbl;/
uReaf wmft
h aeeJU pm;aeus tpm;tpmawGukd aoGznfNy;D awmh
obm0ruswhJ tpm;tpmawG pm;aewm rjzpfapcsiyf gbl;/ 'gawGu
qD;csKdorm;awG&JU jyem/ ukd,fpm;aewJh[m bmrSef;rodwJhtcg
usawmh aumif;r,fxifwJh tpm;tpmawG pm;aeMuwmaygh/ ab;
uae ajympum;? qD;csKda&m*gonf tcsi;f csif; vufwYpkd um;? tJ'D
pum;awG em;axmifNyD; pm;aeMu&if qD;csKu
d kd vkyw
f Jhtcg
tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;eJU MuHK&wwfygw,f/ tm[m&ukxHk;eJY ywfouf
vkYduawmh 'gavmufajym&if vHkavmufr,f xifygw,f/
taumif;qHk;aqG;aEG;csufawGygyJq&m/ qD;csKda&m*gjzpf&if
tpm;tpm qifjcif&? t0rvGeaf tmif xde;f odr;f &? udk,v
f uf vIyf
&Sm;rIvyk &f qkad wmh awG&NyD; vlUb0rSm pnf;urf;eJU
aexkid pf m;aomufEikd &f ef toufykd &SnEf idk w
f ,fqw
kd hJ oabmw&m;awG
udk dkuo
f Gi;f ay;Ekdi&f if odyu
f kd tusKd;&So
d mG ;rSmyJ q&m&,f/ Ekid fiHrSm
qD;csKed JUywfoufvYkd ynmay;vkyfief;awG trsm;BuD;vkyMf uzdkY vkad eyg
ao;w,f /
ZD0u? trSwf 79? Mo*kwv
f ? 2001ckESp/f
ZD0u? trSwf 80? pufwifbmv? 2001ESpf/
ZD0u? trSwf 81? atmufwkdbmv? 2001ckESp/f

- -

NyD;cJhwJhtywfu q&maqG;aEG;ay;cJhwm tpmtm[m&eJY
aoG;csKd? qD;csKda&m*gudk xdef;odrf;jcif;yg/ aygh/ 'Dtywf
aqG;aEG;ay;csifwmuawmh qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gudk tifqlvifeJY
xdef ;odrf;jcif ;ygyJ q&m/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKd ukxHk;awGeJYywfoufNyD; t"duukoenf;
(3)rsK;d &Sw
d ,fvYkd uRefawmfajymcJhygw,f/ tJ'u
D kxk;H awGxJrSm ta&;BuD;
qHk;uawmh tpm;taomufeJY ukojcif;u ta&;BuD;qHk;ygyJ/ tpm;
taomufukxHk;[m bmaMumifhta&;BuD;ovJqkad wmh aoG;csKda&m*g


trsKd;tpm;(1)jzpfvkYd tifqlvif vko
d nfjzpfap? aoG;csKad &m*g trsKd;
tpm;(2)jzpfvdkY aomufaq;eJYuko aeonfjzpfap? b,fa&m*g
trsKd;tpm;yJjzpfjzpf? oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh tpm;tpmudk pm;rSom
vQif ukxHk;u atmifjrifygw,f/ tpm;taomufeJYywfoufNyD;awmh
NyD;cJhwJh tywfu uRefawmfajymcJhNyD;ygNyD/ aemufajymzdkYusefwmu
tifqv
l iftaMumif;? aq;0g;awGeUJ uo
k jcif;taMumif;awGajymzkYd usef
ygw,f/
qD ; csKd ? aoG ; csKd a &m*gonf w pf a ,muf u d k tif q l v if
bmaMumifhay;&ygovJq&m/ b,fvkdtrsKd;tpm; aoG;csKda&m*grSm
tifq lvif a y;zkd Y vkd t yf ygovJ/
tifqlvifx;kd aq; bmaMumifah y;&ovJ rajymcif uRefawmf
wdkY cEmudk,&f UJ ZD0urtaMumif; enf;enf;ajymzkYd vdkygw,f/ uReaf wmf
wdkY&JU cEmudk,rf Sm yefu&d, - qkw
d Jh tusw
d w
f pfck&dw
S ,f/
tJ'D yefu&d,qkdwJha[mfrkef; tusdwfuaeNyD;awmh tifqlvifawG
a[mfrke;f "mwfawG xkwaf y;ygw,f/ tJ'D tifqlvifawG -
[m cEmudk,x
f JrSm tonf;uaeNyD;awmh *vl;ukdUpf -qkw
d Jh
tm[m&"mwf xkwaf y;wmudk wm;qD;ay;w,f/ NyD;awmh aoG;xJrSm&Sd
wJh *vl;udkYpaf wGukd <uufom;awG? tqDjyifawGxJ0ifoGm;atmif
vkyaf y;w,f/ tifqlvif&Sdaew,fq&kd if aoG;xJrSm
aoG;oMum;"mwfawG rrsm;atmif xde;f ay;wJh tmedoifawG &Syd gw,f/
tonf; u tcsKd"mwfawG odrf;xm;wJhae&m? tcsKd
"mwfawG t"duaqmufwnfxm;wJhae&m? olu *dka'gifvykd /J *vl;udYpk f
awG xdef;odrf;xm;wJh *kda'gif/ *dka'gifuaeNyD;awmh tcsKd"mwfawG
xGurf vmatmif xde;f xm;vkY&d ygw,f/ *dka'gifuxGuv
f mwJh *vl;udkYpf
tcsKd"mwfeJY pm;vkdufwJh tpm;taomufawGxJu tcsKd"mwfawG
aoG;xJrSm&Sdae&ifvnf; tifqlvif"mwfu bmvkyfay;ovJqkdawmh
olYudk oHk;pGJay;&r,fhae&m <uufom;awGaygh/ <uufom;awGxJ

- -
0ifoGm;atmif vkyaf y;Ekid fygw,f/ wpfenf;
tm;jzifhajym&&if xkwfay;aewmukv
d nf;
wm;ay;w,f/ oHk;wJhae&muvnf; toHk;
rsm;w,fqkdawmh aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh *vl;udkYpf
awGukd yHkrSe&f Sad eatmif tifqlvifu xdef;
ay;ygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh udk,fcEmxJrSm tifql
vif rxGuf awmhbl;qkd &if rxGufwJh
taMumif;&if;u yefu&d,uaeNyD;awmh
xkwfwJhEIe;f tm; r&Sdawmhbl;qk&d ifyJjzpfjzpf?
'grSr[kwf tifqv
l if xGuaf wmhxu
G w
f ,f/
xGufwJhEIef;xm;onf omref&Sdxkduf&So
d ifh
wmxuf enf;ae&if? 'grSr[kw&f if tifql
vifuawmh xGuw
f ,f/ olY&JU tmedoifudk
t[efYtwm;jzpfapwJh taMumif;&if;wpfck
&SdaevdkY tifqlv if&JU tmedoifusae&if
tJ'DtaMumif;&if;oHk;rsKd;aMumifh uk,
d x
f JrSm oMum;"mwfawG rsm;vm
ygw,f/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGrsm;vm&if qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g
jzpfvmygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh tifqlvifudk,x
f Ju vHk;0rxGufwJh ('grSr[kw)f
t&rf;txGufenf;wJh a&m*guawmh apmapmydkif;awGrSm uRefawmf
ajymcJhzl;w,f/ trsKd;tpm;(1) aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfygw,f/ toufi,f
&G,fwJhvlawGrSm tjzpfrsm;ygw,f/ yefu&d,qkdwJh tusdwf[m
tenf;qHk; (95) &mckdifEIe;f ysufpD;oGm;NyD;wJhtcgusawmh tifqlvif
xGuw
f Jh[monf b,fvkrd S rvHkavmufawmhbl;/ tJovkd vlrsKd;udk
uRefawmfwYu
kd jyifyuaeNyD;awmh tifqv
l if tpm;xkd;ray;bl;qk&d if
olw&Ykd UJ uk,
d x
f JrmS aoG;csK"d mwfawG t&rf;BuD;rsm;aer,f/ aoG;csK"d mwf


rsm;w twGufaMumifhrk Yd aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gawG jzpfvmr,f/ tJ'DvlrsKd;awGu
trsKd;tpm;(1) aoG;csKda&m*gonfawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/
trsKd ; tpm;(2) aoG ; csKda &m*g
onfawGusawmh uk d,fwGif;uxGufwJh
tifqlvifu yefu&d,uaexkwfawmh
xkwfay;aew,f/ 'gayr,fh yHkrSet
f ae
txm;xuf xkwfay;wJhpGrf;tm;u enf;
aew,f/ 'grSr[kwf&if enf;NyD;xkwaf ewJh
tifqlvifrsm;onf tmedoiftjynfht0
r&Sdbl;/ olwu
kYd dk - --ac:
wJh wpfckckaygh/ tifqlviftmedoifawG
usqif;atmif vkyaf y;wJht&m? "mwfowdawG cEmudk,x
f rJ Sm ay:ae
&if trsK;d tpm;(2)aoG;csKad &m*gonfvYkd uReaf wmfwkYd owfrw
S yf gw,f/
trsKd ;tpm;(2)aoG;csKda&m*gonf rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh
tifqlvifawGxkwaf y;wm? enf;aewmudk tjyifuae aomufaq;
awG ay;vku
d fNyD;awmh xGuEf Ief;awGydkrsm;atmif uRefawmfwdkY vkyf
ay;vkYd&ygw,f/ aomufaq;awGeJY ukvdkY&w,f/ 'grSr[kwf xGuf
aewJh tifqlvifu omref&Sdoifh&dx
S kdufwJh twkdif;twmxd tmed
oifr&SdbJ tmedoifenf;atmif vkyaf y;wJh taMumif;w&m;udk z,fypf
atmif uRefawmfwkdYu aq;ay;vkdY &ygw,f/
qkv
d kdwmu tifqlviftmedoif - -- enf;
atmifvkyaf y;wJht&mawGukd z,fay;vkYd&w,f/ tifqlviftmedoif
usqif;atmifvkyfapwJh - -- oufomvmatmif
aq;awGay;vdkY&ygw,f/
tMurf;tm;jzifhqv
kd kdY&&Sd if trsK;d tpm;(1) aoG;csKda&m*gonf
awGukd tifqlvifay;&w,f/ trsK;d tpm;(2) aoG;csKda&m*gonf

- -
awGukd aomufaq;awGeJY ukvY&kd ygw,f/ 'gu a,bk,sajymwmyg/
oabmaygufr,fvdkY xifygw,f/
aygufygw,f/ 'geJUq&m tifqlviftrsK;d tpm; b,fESprf sK;d
avmuf &SdygovJ/ b,ftifqlvif ydkaumif;ygovJ/
uRefawmfwYEkd ikd if HrSm tifqv
l iftrsK;d rsKd;&Syd gw,f/ cEmudk,f
xJuxGuw
f Jh tifqv
l if - vluxkww
f hJ tifqlvif?
tifqlvifxJrSm olu taumif;qHk;ygyJ/ tJ'gxuf 1920 ckESprf Sm
tifqlvifudk aq;ynm&Siaf wG pawGUw,f/ tJ'Dwke;f u tifqv
l ifudk
b,fuxkwaf y;ovJqv
kd &kYd &dS if 0uf&UJ yefu&d,u xkww
f ht
J ifqv
l if?
EGm;&JUyefu&d,uxkwfwJh tifqlvifqkNd yD; &SdcJhw,f/ ckaemufydkif;rSm
rsKd;k;d ADZynm&yfawG wk;d wufvmwJhtcgusawmh -
ac:wJh enf;ynmeJYxkww
f Jh tifqlvifawGu vluxkww
f Jh
tifqlvif eD;yg;aumif;ygw,f/ wd&pmefuxkwfwJh tifqlvif[m
vlu xkwfwJh tifqlvifeD;yg; aumif;ygw,f/ wd&pmefuxkwfwJh
tifqv
l ifu vl&JUtifqlvifrSm&Sw
d Jh trdkifEt
kd ufqpfvdkYac:wJh armfvD
usL;awGu (3)vHk;avmuf vleJYuGmjcm;aeygw,f/ qkdvkdwmu vl&JU
tifqlvifeJY xyfwlxyfrQ rwlbl;/ rwlwmeJY tJovkdajymif;vJrI
jzpfwmeJY cEmudk,u
f csucf si;f odygw,f/ tJ'D tifqv
l ifukd oHk;pGJzef
rsm;vm&if vl&JUtifqlvifeJY xyfwx
l yfrQ rwlwht
J ifqv
l ifukd qefu
Y sif
wJh y#dypn;f awG cEmuk,
d fxJu xGufvmEkdifygw,f/ wu,fvkYd
xGufvmcJh&if a&&Snrf Sm bmjzpfvmovJqkdawmh tJ'DtifqlvifawG
xk;d aomf jim;vnf;yJ cEmudk,x
f JrSm tifqv
l if&UJ tmedoifawGusvm
NyD;awmh tifqv
l ifvdktyfEeI ;f awG ydkykNd yD;awmh rsm;oxufrsm;vmwwf
ygw,f/ ckaemufykdif;rSm rsK;d kd;ADZenf;ynmeJY wnfaqmufNyD;xkwfwJh
tifqv
l ifawGusawmh vl&JUtifqlvife;D yg; aumif;wJhtwGufaMumifh
tifqv
l ifukd qefu
Y siw
f Jh y#dypn;f - awGxkwEf eI ;f u
r&So
d avmufeD;yg; aumif;ygw,f/ olwkdYuawmh taumif;qHk;ygyJ/


wcsKUd aq;qkid fawGrSm tdEd,bufu 0ifvmwJh tifqlvif
awG awG&Y w,f/ wcsKUd vel mawG oHk;pGJaeMuwmvnf; awGU&ygw,f/
olwkY&d JU tmedoifu b,fvdk&SdEikd fygovJ q&m/ 'gudkoHk;&if bm
tusKd;w&m;awG jzpfvmEkd ifygovJ/
wu,fw
h u,fawmh tJ'D tifqv
l ifrsK;d awG[m a&cJaowm
xJrSm odrf;NyD;awmhxm;wm r[kwfbl;/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY
tpm;taomufeJY aq;0g;BuD;MuyfrIaumfrwDuaeNyD;awmh w&m;0if
cGijhf yKeHygwfeYJ wHqyd ?f rSwyf kw
H ifNyD; cGihjf yKxm;wmr[kwyf gbl;/ olY
[mol ukeo
f nfawGu atmufvrf;uae o,fvmwJh tifqlvif
trsK;d tpm;awG jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D tifqv
l if&UJ aumif;wmu aps;ouf
omw,f/ 'DtifqlviftrsK;d tpm;u EGm;uxkww
f Jh tifqv
l ifawGy/J
raumif;wmu olwaYkd wGonf vrf;wpfavQmuf o,fvmwJt
h csed rf mS
jzpfovkd o,fvmwJt
h wGuaf Mumifrh kYd pGr;f tifowdtmedoifawG &mEIe;f
jynfh b,fvdkrS r&SdEkdifygbl;/ 'DtifqlvifawG xk;d wJhvlawGqkd&if
tifqlviftmedoifusaewJhtwGufaMumifhrkdY tifqlvif,lepfawG
trsm;BuD;xk;d &w,f/ tJovdk ,lepfrsm;rsm;xkd;zefrsm;&if tJ'D
tifqv
l ifonf tmedoifususvmNyD;awmh tifqlvifukd qefUusiw
f hJ
y#dypn;f awGay:vmwJhtwGufaMumifh raumif;wJhaemufqufwGJ
tusK;d w&m;awG &Edkiyf gw,f/
w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmwJh aq;0g;awGu uReaf wmfwYq
kd rD mS
trsm;BuD;yJ/ w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifxm;wJh aq;0g;wcsKUd ukdawmif twk
vkyw
f Jhvlu &Sad o;w,f/ tE&m,fuawmh tvGeUf tvGeyf Jaemfq&m/
'geJY uRefawmfwYq
kd rD mS w&m;0ifjzefcY scd iG &hf xm;wJh tifqv
l iftrsK;d tpm;
b,fESrsKd;avmuf &SdygovJq&m/
qkw
d Jh ukrP
u
D jrefrmjynfrSmoGi;f aewJh tifqv
l if
uawmh eJU vdakY c:wJh tifqlviftrsKd;tpm;
(2) rsKd;&Syd gw,f/

- -
aemufwpfcku - ac:wJh ukrP
Duxkww
f hJ
vda
kY c:wJh tifqv
l if&,f? - vdakY c:wJh tifqv
l if
&,fqkdNyD;awmh jrefrmjynfrSm tifqv
l ifudk w&m;0if&Ekdiw
f m &Syd g
w,f/ apmapmuajymcJw
h hJ ukrP
u
D xkww
f hJ tifqv
l ifeYJ
- uxkww
f hJ tifqlvifawGu rsK;d dk;ADZaA'ynm&yfeYJ
xkwx
f m;wJh tifqv
l ifawGrkYd olwUkd awGu taumif;qHk;ygyJ/ raumif;
wmuawmh olwYu
kd aemufqk;H ay:enf;eJY xkwx
f m;wJt
h wGuf aps;u
BuD;w,f/ tifqlviftrsm;BuD;vkt
d yfwJh vlemawGtaeeJY trsm;pku
a&&Snrf mS oHk;zkYd rwwfEikd Mf ubl;/ 'gu ta&;BuD;wJh jyemwpf&yf
jzpfaew,f/
'guawmh tifqv
l ifwpfckwnf;om aps;BuD;aewm
r[kwyf gbl; q&m/ w&m;0ifjzefcY sad ewJh tjcm;aq;awGvnf; aps;BuD;
ygw,f/ xm;ygawmh/ uRefawmfocd siw
f mu tifqlvif&UJ tmedoif?
wpfaeY b,fEpS fBudrfxkd;&r,fqw
kd mav;yJ aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD;/
aps;BuD;wJh jyemu wpfu@yg/ a&m*goufomatmif?
aoG;csKad &m*gudk xde;f csKyfEikd af tmif q&m0efwpfa,muftaeeJY aq;0g;
awGukd vrf;nTeaf y;&rSmu wpfu@yg/(uReaf wmfwYkd nTe;f wJh aq;0g;
awGukd roHk;pGJEikd w
f JhvlemawGtwGuaf wmh uRefawmfwdkYvnf; pdwf
raumif;ygbl;/)
taumif ; qH k ; uawmh
aoG;csKda&m*grjzpfatmif aexkid f
rIykpH HawG jyKjyifajymif;vJMuzdykY gyJ/
tifqlv ifrSm tMurf ;tm;jzifh
awmh tmedoifwkdwkdeJY csufcsi;f
xkd;? csufcsif;tmedoif&wJh aq;?
tmedoifvnf; MumMumrcHbl;/
tmedoifjrefjref&wJh trsKd;tpm;?


tJ'gudk bmac:ovJqkdawmh aysmfvG,fwJhtifqlvif
- vdkY ac:ygw,f/
aysmfvG,fwJhtifqlvifrSef; b,fvdkoEd kdifovJqkd&if tif
qlvifykvif;udk axmifMunfhvu
kd /f a&vkd Munfaew,f/ a&ta&mif
twkid ;f yJ jzpfaew,f/ 'gqkd uRefawmfwu
kYd tifqv
l ifvYkd
ac:ygw,f/ tJ't
D ifqv
l ifukd ta&jym;atmufrSmvnf; xk;d vk&Yd w,f/
tom;xJvnf; xk;d vd&kY w,f/ ta&;ay:vkt
d yfvkYd aoG;jyefaMumxJ
xk;d csiv
f nf; &ygw,f/ olU&UJ tmedoifu xk;d vku
d Nf yD;wmeJY em&D0uf
tawmtwGi;f rSm pNyD; tmedoif&w,f/ tJ'D tmedoifu b,favmuf
MumMumcHEkid o
f vJq&kd if (6)em&Davmufxd MumMumcHw,f/ qkv
d w
kd mu
- uko
d m oHk;NyD;awmh cEmudk,x
f u
J tifqlvifukd
xde;f r,fq&dk if uReaf wmfwo
Ykd nf (6) em&DyJ cHwht
J wGuaf Mumifh vl
wpfa,mufonf wpfaeYukd (24) em&DtwGuf tenf;qHk; (4)Budrx
f ;kd
&ygr,f/
tifqv
l iftmedoif[m em&D0uftMumrSm pNyD;&wJh twGuf
aMumifhrkdY xk;d NyD;em&D0uftMumrSm xrif;pm;oifhygw,f/ tpm;
taomuf pm;oifhw,f/ bmaMumifv
h Jqakd wmh aq;xk;d NyD; em&D0uf
MumrS pm;wJhtcsdefrSm ukd,fxJu oMum;"mwfawG wufvmr,fh
tcsdefeJY udk,fxJrSmtifqlvif a&mufvmr,fhtcsdefuGufwdudkufrS
omvQif oMum;"mwfawG t&rf;rrsm;atmifvkYd tifqlvifukd xde;f ay;
&m a&mufygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhrkYd tifqv
l ifx;kd r,fq&kd if tpmrpm;rD
em&D0uf BudKxdk;&ygr,f/
[kwu
f Jhyg q&m/ uRefawmf tifqlviftaemuf&nfqkdwm
Mum;zl;w,f/
[kwyf gw,f? &Syd gw,f/ tifqv
l iftaemuf&nf? apmapmu
uReaf wmfajymcJhwmu tifqv
l iftMunf&nf? tifqv
l iftaemuf&nf
uawmh axmifMunfhvu
kd v
f &Ykd &dS if rIid ;f xkid ;f xkid ;f eJY taemuf&nf jzpf

- -
ygw,f/ olwaYkd wGu tmedoifMumMumrcHEikd w
f Jh tifqv
l if? uk,
d x
f J
rSm xk;d vdkuv
f &kYd &dS if tenf;qHk; (24)em&Duae (36)em&Dxd tmedoifcH
w,f/ tmedoifp&wmuawmh tMunf&nfvdk em&D0uftwGi;f rSm
r&bl;/ (2)em&DtMumrSmrS pvkYd&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtaemuf&nfudk
xk;d r,fq&kd if olwYu
kd xrif;pm;NyD; csucf si;f wufvmr,fh oMum;
"mwfukd csucf si;f xde;f ray;Ekid b
f l;/ xdk;NyD; (2)em&DMumrS tmedoif&
r,f/ xrif;u tckpm;w,f/ em&D0uftawmtwGi;f rSm aoG;xJrmS
oMum;"mwfuwufvm&if olYukw
d pfckwnf;eJYuawmh pm;NyD;NyD;csi;f
wufvmr,fh aoG;csKdudk xde;f vkdYr&ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh pm;xm;wJh
oMum;"mwfawGuawmh 'Dtifqv
l ifrsK;d xk;d rS&r,f/ (24)em&Dcw
H hJ
twGuaf Mumifhrv
Ykd kd omreftm;jzifh wpfaeYukw
d pfBudrx
f ;kd HkeYJ vHkavmuf
ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfwkYd taeeJY vlemtajctaeay:rlwnfNyD;
(2)Budrcf x
JG ;kd w,f/ reufwpfBudr?f naewpfBudrf xk;d zkv
Yd kyd gw,f/
tJ'Dtifqlviftaemuf&nfawGukd uRefawmfwdkYu
- vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tmedoif udk,x
f JrSm MumMumvnf;
cHEikd yf gw,f/ 'gayrJh tifqv
l iftaemuf&nfawGu ta&jym;atmuf
rSmyJ xk;d vdkY&ygw,f/ - eJYvnf; wGJxk;d vdkY&ygw,f/
'Dtaemuf&nftifqlvifukd tom;xJvnf; rxk;d &ygbl;/
taMumxJvnf; vHk;0rxkd;&ygbl;/ tifqv
l ifeJY vlemudk (24)em&D
aoG;csK"d mwfrwufatmif xde;f r,fq&kd if tpmpm;NyD; csufcsi;f wuf
vmr,fh aoG;csK"d mwfukd xde;f zdkYtwGuf tMunf&nfvakdY c:wJh
- udk tpmrpm;cifx;kd zdkYvkt
d yfygw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh em&D0uf
aemufykid ;f rSm wjznf;jznf; wufvmr,fh aoG;csK"d mwfawGeJY nydki;f rSm
tonf;uxkwaf y;wJh oMum;"mwfawG udk,x
f rJ SmwufaewJh aoG;csKd
"mwfukd xde;f zkYq
d kd&if taemuf&nfvYakd c:wJh tifqlvifudkvnf; xk;d
ay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
aoG;csK"d mwf (24)em&D aumif;aezkUd q&kd if tifqv
l if tenf;qHk;
(2)rsKd;vdkygw,f/ tMunf"mwfeJU taemuf&nf(2) rsKd;aygif;xkd;rS


omvQif uRefawmf wdkU aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh
oMum;"mwudk xdef;ay;Edkifygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh ckaemufydkif;rSm
- vdkYa c:wJ h BudKwifa&m
NyD;om; tifqlvifawG ay:vmw,f/ apm
apmuajymc ukrPDuvnf;
xkwfw,f/ - ukrPDu
vnf;xkwv
f kyyf gw,f/ ukrP
DtrnfawG
udk ajymaewmu ukrP
DawGukd uRefawmf
aMumfjimay;aewm r[kwyf gbl;/ tifql
vifudk b,fukrPDu xkwfw,fqkdwm
Ekid if HwumrSm ajymaeusrdkY uRefawmf ajym
aejcif; jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh ukrPDu
xkwfwJh tMunf&nfudk vdkYac:w,f/
taemuf&nfudk vdkYac:w,f/
eJU udk (3;7)? (30;70) EIe;f eJY xkwx
f m;ygw,f/
rSm tMunf&nfu (30)&mcki
d fEIe;f ygw,f/ taemuf
&nfu (70)&mckid Ef eI ;f yg0ifygw,f/ oluawmh apmapmu tifqv
l if
wpfckcsi;f pkyo
f vkd ydkuu
f w
kd pfcgwnf; tMunf&nfpkyfvu
kd ?f taemuf
&nfpkyv
f u
kd ?f vkyaf ep&m rvkyd gbl;/ a&mNyD;om;vmwJhtwGuf xk;d r,fh
tcsdefus&if wkdufkdufpkyNf yD; xkd;vkdufHkygyJ/
- ukrP
u
D xkww
f t
hJ ifqv
l ifu
qkdNyD; a&mNyD;vmw,f/ olwkYu
d jrefrmjynfrSm (3;7) tcsKd;eJY a&mNyD;
vmwmygyJ/ Ekid fiHjcm;rSmawmh tcsKd;rsKd;pHk a&mxm;wJh tifqlvifawG
trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
wcsKUd (5;5) a&mxm;wm&Sw
d ,f/ (4;6)a&mxm;wm &Sw
d ,f/
tcsKd;rsKd;pHkeJYa&mxm;wJh - qkdwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/

- -
tifqlvifudk b,fvdkvlrsKd;awGrSm vkdtyfygovJ q&m/
'gu ar;&r,fh ar;cGef;yg/
a&SUuajymNyD;wJhtwkid ;f yJ trsKd;tpm;(1) aoG;csKad &m*g vlem
awG[m tifqlvifxk;d zkdY rvGJraoG vkt
d yfygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkd
awmh cEmudk,fu tifqlvif vHk;0rxkwfay;EkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh
tjyifuae tifqlvifrxk;d ay;Edki&f if tJ'Dvrl sK;d toufr&SiEf ikd yf gbl;/
'Dawmh tifqlvif xkd;udkxkd;ay;&ygr,f/
aemuf trsK;d tpm;(2) aoG;csKad &m*gonfawGtaeeJU --
tjyif;txef&&ifaygh/ pdwfa&mudk,fyg zdpD;rItjyif; txefjzpfwJh
tcsed frsKd;rSm aoG;csKda&m*gtrsK;d tpm;(2)jzpfaomfjim;vnf; tifqv
l if
xdk;rS ydkaumif;ygw,f/ a,bk,sawmh trsK;d tpm;(2) aoG;csKda&m*g
[m aomufaq;awGex
YJ ed ;f vdkY&aomfjim;vnf; taMumif;wpfcck kaMumifh
jyif;xefwJhpw
d zf pd D;rI tBuD;tus,fjzpfvmNyDq&kd if ukd,x
f Juxkww
f Jh
tifqv
l if trsK;d tpm;onf tJ'MD uHKawGUae&wJh pdwzf pd D;rIuku
d mrdatmif?
xde;f odr;f Ekidf af vmufatmif rvHkavmufygbl;/ udk,fxJrSm jyif;xefwhJ
pdwzf pd D;rIawGMuHK&if cEmudk,x
f u
J -- vdkYac:wJh a[mfrke;f wpfrsK;d
xGuaf vh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Da[mfrke;f "mwfawGu tifqlvif&JU tmedoifukd
qefYusiw
f Jhoabmw&m;awG&dw
S ,f/ cEmudk,x
f JuxGuaf ewJh tifql
vif"mwfonf trsKd;tpm;(2) aoG;csKdrSm xGuw
f hEJ Ief;xm;enf;aewJh
twGuaf Mumifrh kYd e*ku
d enf;aewJhMum;xJ -- vnf;&a&m enf;
wJhtifqlvifukd qefYusifwJha[mfrke;f awG xyfxGuv
f m&if olU&JU tmed
oifawG r&So
d avmufjzpfoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'gqkd udk,x
f JaoG;csK"d mwfukd
xde;f zdkYqkdwm b,fvekd nf;eJYrS rjzpfEdkifwJhtwGuf tJ'Dvludk tifqv
l if
xkd;ay;rSom aoG;csKad &m*g oufomr,f? xdef ;f odr;f vkY&d rSm jzpfyg
w,f/
ovJ q&m/

b,fv[
kd mrsK;d udk jyif;xefwhpJ w
d zf pd ;d rIvkdY ac:Ekid yf g


OyrmqkdygpdkY - temaygh/ cEmudk,x
f J&JU wpfae
&m&mrSm a&m*gydk;aMumifh temawGtBuD;tus,jf zpfaew,f/ ausmrSm
qkyd gpdkY temyqkyf tBuD;tus,fjzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dtemudk aomuf
aq;av;eJY xde;f aevkYu
d awmh ol&JUtem[m b,fvkdrS rusuaf wmh
bl;/ aoG;csKo
d nf b,fvkrd S aumif;p&mr&Sad wmhbl;/ tifqlvifx;kd rS
om&r,f/
aemufOyrmwpfcku wDbaD &m*g? tqkwx
f JrSm temjzpfae
wm? 'Da&m*gjzpfcJh&if uRefawmfwkYu
d tifqv
l ifxkd;rSomvQif aoG;csKd
"mwfykad umif;r,f/ a&m*g&SdaewJh aoG;csKd a&m*g&SdaewJh aoG;csKd
a&m*gvlemudk aomufaq;awGeJY ukwmxuf tifqlvifx;kd NyD; ukwm
u ydkaumif;ygw,f/ 'Da&m*gqk;d av -- ursm;av? 'Da&m*gqk;d
av? qdk;av tifqv
l if ajymif;NyD;xdk;rSomvQif aq;vnf;ay;?
tifqv
l ifvnf; ajymif;xk;d ? 'grSomvQif aoG;csKd"mwfaumif;r,f/
aoG;csKd"mwf aumif;rSomvQif temusufwmjrefr,f/ a&m*g
aysmufzv
kYd nf; jrefr,f/ 'gu eJY ywfoufwmyg/
qkyd gawmh - r0ifbJ cEmuk,
d fxJrSm? tqkwx
f J
rSm erdk;eD;,m;vkdYac:wJh tqkwBf uD;cJaewJh a&m*gawG? tBuD;tus,f
zsm;r,f/ udk,fxJrSm atmufqD*si"f mwfawG r&bl;/ tJ'grsKd;us&if
tifqlvifxkd;rSomvQif aoG;csKda&m*gvlem[m udk,w
f Gi;f rSm aoG;csKd
"mwfukd xde;f odr;f rIaumif;r,f/ a&m*gaysmufwmvnf; ydkNyD;awmh jref
qefvmr,f/ 'gayrJh temav;awG aygufr,f? temuav; ao;ao;
auG;auG;jzpfHkeJY -- a[mfrkef;awGu odyfrrsm;Ekdifygbl;/arT;
uRwfemwpfvHk; aygufHkavmufeJYawmh tifqv
l ifxk;d p&m rvdkygbl;/
tJ'grsKd;usawmh oufqikd w
f Jh ydk;owfaq;ay;r,f/ aoG;csKu
d kd
aumif;aumif;xde;f Ekdiaf tmif aomufaq;udk aoaocsmcsm Muyfrwf
NyD;awmh ay;r,f/ tJ'gqkd&ygw,f/ tEkeJY t&ifh? tem&JUjyif;xefrI
tay: rlwnfNyD;awmh tifqv
l ifxdk;zdkY rxdk;zdkYqw
kd m q&m0eftaeeJY
qHk;jzwfzkYd vkdygw,f/ 'gu - eJY ywfoufvykdY g/

- -
'kw,
d wpfcsuu
f awmh -- qdkwJhae&mrSm t"du cGJpdwf
ukojcif;rsm;? vdakY c:w,f/ taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh
cGJ&r,f/ &ifcGJzGih&f r,f/ Adkucf JrG ,f? 'grSr[kwf udk,0f efaqmifrcd if?
Adkucf JNG yD;arG;r,f/ oabmu vkyfcJh&if tJ'D cGJwJh
tcsed frSm? cGJNyD;vlemudk,x
f Ju oMum;"mwfukd xde;f odr;f rIykad umif;
Ekdifygw,f/ 'Dvrkd vky&f if oMum;"mwfukd xdef;r&? odrf;r&jzpf
vmNyD;awmh vlem[m - -- vdkaY c:wJh
tajctaersK;d a&mufoGm;Ekdiyf gw,f/
wwd,tcsuu
f awmh tjcm; -- rsm;wJh tajctaersm;
uawmh r&Sm;yg;ygbl;/ jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdygw,f/ ESvHk;aoG;aMum
jAKef;pm;BuD; ydwo
f Gm;w,f/ tJ'D ydwo
f mG ;
wJh ESvHk;aoG;aMumaxmufyahH ewJh ESv;Hk <uufom;awGu aooGm;r,f/
ESvk;H a&m*gqkw
d m odwht
J wkid ;f ygyJ/ tifrwefjref? tifrwef ta&;BuD;
wJh a&m*gygyJ/ tJovdk jAKef;pm;BuD; jzpfomG ;wJha&m*grsK;d
awGrmS tifqv
l ifay;&if emvefxEIe;f vnf;
jrefw,f/ ao aysmufEeI ;f vnf; enf;oGm;ygw,f/
tifqlvifu tjyif;txefpw
d fzdp;D rIaMumifjh zpfwJh aoG;csKu
d dk
tawmfav; xde;f csKyfEikd w
f myJ/ wcsKd Uu tifqlvif xk;d &rSmudk odyf
0efav;Muw,f/ qufNyD; aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD; q&m/
aemufwpfcku Ekid fiHwumrSm aoG;csKd&JU wGJzufrw
d faqGBuD;
ESvHk;a&m*gawGtwGuf okawoevkyx
f m;wmawG trsm;BuD;ay:
vmw,f/ olwY&kd JU avhvmcsut
f & qDG'ifEkdiif HrSmvkyx
f m;wJh avhvm
csuaf wGt&aygh/ aoG;aMumawG jAKef;pm;BuD;ydwv
f kYd ukoaewJh twGi;f
rSm tifqv
l ifay;cJw
h hv
J el m? emvefjyefxv
l mwJhval wGukd (3)vwkid w
f ikd f
tifqlvifqufx;kd NyD;awmh ukorIcH,lcJhwJhvlawG[m tifqlvif
rxk;d bJ ukvkduw
f ESvHk;aoG;aMumydww
f JhvlawGxuf ao aysmufEIe;f
enf;w,f/ ESvHk;a&m*gaMumifh rusef;rrmjzpfrIvnf; enf;w,f/


qkdawmh ckaemufydki;f ukxHk;uawmh ESvHk;aoG;aMumcsufcsi;f ydwf&if
jzpfEkid f&if tifqlvifeJUxdef;w,f/ ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwfNyD; (3)v
wkdifwkdif tifqlvifxkd;ukozkdY tMuHjyKMuygw,f/ 'guawmh vwf
wavm awGU&Sw
d Jh okawoejyKcsufwpfckygyJ/
pwkwtcsufu avjzwfwm? OD;aESmufxJrSm aoG;aMum
ydwf yJ jzpfjzpf?
aoG;aMum aygufoGm;vdkYyJjzpfjzpf? udk,fwpfjcrf; aooGm;w,f/
owdvpfoGm;w,f/
tJ'v
D rl sK;d usv&Ykd &dS ifawmh -- u jyif;xef;vGe;f wJt
h wGuf
tifqlvifxkd;rSyJ tqifajyr,f? tifqlvifxkd;wJhtwGuf vlem&JU
aoG;csKd"mwfudk xde;f odrf;rIvG,u
f lNyD;awmh aoG;csKd"mwfaumif;vmrS
omvQif olonfvnf; cHpm;ae&wJh rlva&m*g? Zmpfjrpfa&m*gawG&JU
emvefxrIEIe;f xm;onf vsifjrefygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrsKd;rSm aoG;csKd"mwfudk aumif;aumif;rxdef;bl;
qkd&if? aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG tqrwef rsm;jym;rIawG jzpfvm
r,f/ aemufqufwGJtaeeJY - -- vdkYac:wJh
avmavmvwfvwf raumif;wJh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG jzpfvm
onftxd IyfaxG;rIawG jzpfoGm;Edkiyf gw,f/ 'g[m tifrwefta&;
BuD;NyD; owdxm;&r,fhtcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
aoG;csKd trsKd;tpm; (1)yJjzpfjzpf? (2)yJjzpfjzpf -- &vkYd
&Sd&if tifqlviftukev
f Hk; xkd;
&r,f/ om"u(4)ck ajymcJhyg
w,f/
NyD ; cJ h w J h v u od y H
okawoDawG awGU&SdazmfxkwfwJh
tpD&ifcHpmrSm awGUvkduf&w,f
q&m/ aoG ; csKd a &m*gaMumif h

- -
i,f&G,fwJhtcsed f aoqHk;rIrsm;w,fvkdY aMunmoGm;w,f/ trsK;d tpm;
(1) aoG;csK?d 'grSr[kwf touf(40) rwkid rf jD zpfwJh oufBuD;aoG;csKd
a&m*g&So
d lawG[m omrefuse;f rmolawGxuf (8)ESpfapmNyD; aoqHk;
Ekid w
f ,fvYkd t*Fvefajrmufykid ;f rSm&Sw
d hJ rpf',fvb
f dk; taxGaxGa&m*g
ukaq;HkBuD;u oka woDawGu ajymMum;oGm;ygw,f/ qkdawmh
q&m&JUaqG;aEG;rIukd jyefp&atmif/ tifqlvifx;kd &wJh &nf&G,cf suaf ygh
q&m/
[kwyf gw,f/ aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfc&Jh if aoG;csKad &m*g r&Sw
d Jh
omrefvlawGxuf? a,bk,stm;jzifh oufwrf; 7 ESp?f 8 ESpf
ydkwkdw,fqkdwm/ aoG;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;rI
raumif;vdkY? aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG - 0ifvmvkdYyg/
aoG;csKx
d de;f odrf;rIom aumif;cJh&if omrefyQrf;rQoufwrf;twkdif;
aeEkid frSmyg/ tifqv
l ifx;kd &wJh a&m*gtrsK;d tpm;? vlemtrsKd;tpm;
taMumif;qufajym&&if aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifh csufcsi;f jzpfay:vmwJh
aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG (&ufwt
kd wGi;f ) jzpfwJh aemufqufwaGJ &m*g
rsm;aygh - awG 0ifcJhvkdU&&Sd ifvnf;yJ aoG;csKd
a&m*gtrsKd;tpm;(2)yif jzpfvifhupm; tifqlvifay;rSyJ aoG;csKd
xdef;odrf;rIukd vG,fulygr,f/ vlemvnf; toufcsr;f om&m &&Syd g
r,f/
tJ'Dawmh - qdkwmu a&SUydkif;rSmvnf;
enf;enf;ajymoGm;NyD/ aemufykdi;f rSmvnf; wjcm;ukxHk; awGajymwJh
tcgrSmvnf; qufNyD;ajymr,f/ 'DaeYajym&&ifawmh aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfawG t&rf;rsm;vmNyD;awmh - vdakY c:wJh "mwfawG
rsm;vmwJha&m*g -- vdkYac:w,f/ wpfenf;
- -- vda
kY c:w,f/ aygh/ aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwf
awGv nf ; rsm;w,f / - ac:wJh "mwf yp nf ; awGv nf ;
rsm;w,f/ (cEmudk,x
f u
J )aoG;awGvnf; tufqpfbufudk ajymif;
vJ o Gm ;w,f / t"d u tm;jzif h tajccH t csuf ( 3)csuf & Sd w ,f /


(1)oMum;"mwfawGrsm;w,f/ (2)
- rsm;w,f? (3)cEmudk,fu
aoG;awGonf tufqpfbufudk "mwfjyef
ajymif;vJomG ;w,f/ tJ' 0ifvm &if
tifqlvifeJU xdef;odrf;zkdUvdkw,f/ 'gu
yxr a&m*gwpfrsKd;yg/
'k w d , a&m*gtrsKd ; tpm;ud k v nf ;
quf a jymyg q&m/
'k w d , &uf w k d t wG i f ; jzpf w J h aemuf
qufwGJa&m*gtaeeJYajym&&if apmapmu
ajymcJhwJh aoG;csKdaMumifhjzpfwJh aemufquf
wGJ a&m*gawGuawmh vufwpftqDwkdqpf -- uk,
d f
cEmxJ vdkaY c:wJh "mwfypnf;awGrsm;vmw,f/ qkw
d m
e*dkuwnf;u tufqpf"mwfawG? "mwfawGrsm;vm&if udk,x
f J
rSm -- tufqpf"mwfawG ydkrsm;vmw,f/ aoG;xJrSm
tufqpf"mwfawG rsm;vm&if cEmudk,frSm &SdwJh uvmyfpnf;awG&JU
vkyaf qmifru
I tm;vHk;usomG ;Ekid w
f ,f/ tJ'D vufwpftqDwq
kd pfawG
cEmudk,rf mS &S&d if cEmudk,&f JUvyI &f mS ;rIawG tukev
f k;H usomG ;Edkiyf gw,f/
b,f[mrSmtxdcu
kd q
f k;H vJqk&d if ESvHk;<uufom;awGrSm txd
cku
d q
f Hk;? tufqpfrsm;vm&if cEmudk,x
f u
J <uufom;awGonf
csufcsi;f ESvHk;ckefEIe;f awG rrSefwmwdkY? ESvHk;ckef&yfoGm;wmwkdY pwJh
aemufqufwGJjyemawG jzpfEkdifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vufwpftqD
wkdqpfrsm;wJh a&m*gjzpfvm&ifvnf;yJ uRefawmfwkdYu tifqlvif
xkd;ay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
wwd,a&m*gtrsK;d tpm;taeeJUajym&&if &ufwt
kd wGif;jzpf
wJh aemufqufwaJG &m*guawmh -
ac:w,f/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG t&rf;rsm;NyD; aoG;aMumawG

- -
ydwNf yD;awmh avjzwfomG ;wJah &m*g? aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf t&rf;rsm;
aew,f/ tufqpf"mwfuawmh rrsm;bl;/ oMum;"mwfawGt&rf;
rsm;NyD; aoG;aMumxJu aoG;awGu yspfcJukefw,f/ yspcf JukeNf yD;awmh
aoG;aMumawG ydwfwJha&m*g/ tJ'g txl;ojzifh t0vGefuJNyD;awmh
trsKd;tpm; (2)aoG;csKda&m*gonfawGrSm aoG;csKd"mwfrsm;NyD;jzpfwJh
a&m*g? tJ'Da&m*gjzpf&ifvnf;yJ tifqv
l ifay;rS rlva&m*goufom
r,f/ tifqlvifray;bJ 'Da&m*gudk xddef;vkdY r&ygbl;/
aemufwpfckuvnf; [ku
d yf ku
d vkid ;f pD;rD;,m;
qkw
d m aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfvGefuJpGm usqif;jcif;yg/ aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfvGeu
f JpGm usqif;oGm;wJh vlemawG? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
b,ftcsdefrSm usovJqkd&if aoG;csKda&m*gaomufaq;awG taomuf
vGeo
f Gm;vkdY? 'grSr[kwf aq;pm;NyD; aemuftpm;tpmpm;wJhtcg
usawmh yHkreS rf pm;&if? 'grSr[kwf pm;wJh tpm;tpmawGrSm upD"mwf
yg0ifrIenf;vdkY? 'grSr[kwf jyif;xefwhaJ vhusihcf ef;awGvkyfv?dYk tJovkd
taMumif;aMumif;awGaMumifh udk,x
f rJ SmoMum;"mwfawG usqif;oGm;
&ifvn;f tJ'DoMum;"mwfukd xde;f odrf;zkYd tNrJwap oMum;"mwfawG
jyefay;&ygw,f/ oMum;"mwfawG jyefay;wJt
h cgusawmh usqif;oGm;
wJh oMum;"mwfawG jyefwufvmrSmyJ/ oMum;"mwfawG jyefwufwJh
tcsdefrSm tJ'DtcsdeftawmtwGi;f avmavmvwfvwf tifqlvifeJY
xdef;odrf;&wm vG,fygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh qkd&ifvJ tifqlvifudk EIef;xm;
av;wpfckeJYowfrSwfNyD; eJYxdef;odrf;zkdY vkdygw,f/
uJ qkv
d kdwmudk jyefcsKyfajymvkYd&Sd&if trsKd;tpm;(2) aoG;csKda&m*g
jzpfaomfjim;vnf;? aomufaq;awGeYJ xde;f wJah &m*gjzpfaomfjim;vnf;?
&ufwt
dk awmtwGi;f jzpfay:vmwJh aemufqufwJaG &m*gjzpfay:vm&if
qD;csKd? aoG;csKu
d dk tifqlvifeJY ajymif;NyD;xdef;zkYv
d kdygw,f/ 'gu ol&JU
ukxHk;ygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd vlrsKd;awGqk&d ifvnf; uRefawmfwkdUu tifqlvif
"mwfawG rvGJraoG vkt
d yfygw,f/


uRefa wmfhr d w f a qGw pf a ,muf & JUZeD ;? td rf a xmif r uscif
uwnf;u aoG;csKad &m*gjzpfaf ewm? odyfawmh rjyif;bl;/ aq;0g;
ukorIvnf; tNrJ,lw,f/ ck udk,0f ef&SdaeNyD/ olUukd aoG;csKad &m*g
xd ef ;od rf ;ay;wJhq &m0efu aomuf a q;awGt pm; tif q l vif e JY
aoG;csKdudk xdef;&r,fqkda&m? txdwfwvefY jzpfaeMuw,fq&m/
uReaf wmfqv
kd w
kd mu aoG;csKad &m*gonf uk,
d 0f efaqmifrcd ifavmif;awG
tifqlvifajymif;xk;d zdkY vkrd vkd odcsifygw,f/
'Dar;cGe;f u tifqlvifx;kd &wJh pwkw&nf&G,cf sufrSm ygyg
w,f/ tifqv
l ifvkdtyfwJhvlawGxJrSm - -
udk,f0efraqmifcifuwnf;ujzpfwJh aoG;csKda&m*g? -
- udk,0
f efaqmifrSpNyD;jzpfwJh aoG;csKad &m*gqkNd yD; (2)rsK;d &Sw
d ,f
vdkY uRefawmfajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ (2)rsKd;vHk; udk,f0ef&SdvmNyDqw
kd meJY
cEmudk,x
f rJ mS &Sw
d haJ oG;csK"d mwfukd xde;f zdkY tpm;taomufeJY pxde;f Munfh
w,f/ r&bl;qk&d if tifqlvifxdk;NyD; xde;f &ygw,f/ wcsKdUaomvlem
awGu oMum;"mwf odyrf rsm;&if tpm;taomufeJYyJ xdef;vdkY&yg
w,f/
udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrSm aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfNyDqk&d if t&ifuyJ
jzpfcJhonfjzpfap? ckrSpjzpfonfjzpfap? aomufaq;udk uRefawmfwkdY
vHk;0ray;ygbl;/ 'gu a,bk,soabmw&m;udk aqmifNyD; ajymjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'geJYywfoufNyD; aoG;csKda&m*gonf ukd,f0efaqmif
jzpfwJhtcg a&m*geJYywfoufNyD; aomufaq;awGeJY ukaewJh[mudk
okawoevkyaf ewmawmh &Syd gw,f/ tck uRefawmfajymaewmonf
trsm;pkukd &nf&G,fNyD; ajymwJhtwGufaMumifh tJ'Dokawoevkyif ef;
awGudkawmh rajymawmhbl;/ qkdawmh tESpcf sKyftaeeJYajym&&if
]]udk,0f efaqmifrSm tpm;taomufeJY xdef;vkUd r&&if tifqlvifxkd;&
r,f}} qkdwmygyJ/
yOr&nf&G,fcsufuawmh aomufaq;eJYaoG;csKda&m*gudk
xdef;odrf;aewJhvlem? aomufaq;awG rwkd;awmhwJh a&m*gonf

- -
eJY

qkdNyD;&Sdw,f/ txl;ojzifh wcsKUd aomvlem

rsm;[m pNyD;xdef;odrf;cgprSm
- ac:wJ h aq;? tJ ' D a q;awG u d k
pNyD;ay;&if wcsKdUaomvlemrsm;onf pNyD;
ukuwnf;u vHk;0rwkd;bl;/ aoG;csKd"mwf
xdef;vdkYr&bl;/ vdkYac:
w,f/ wcsKdUusawmh pNyD;xdef;cgprSm &
w,f/ (10)ESpu
f ae (20)ESpMf umvmwJh
tcgusawmh udk,fcEmuaeNyD;awmh tJ'D
aomufaq;awGukd wHkYjyefwJh"mwf enf;vm
wJhtcgusawmh aoG;csKda&m*gudk aomuf
aq;eJY xdef;vdkYr&awmhbl;/ tJ'gudkusawmh
vdkY ac:w,f/ tJ
ovdk aomufaq;eJYrwkd;awmhwJh aoG;csKd
a&m*gonfawGqkd&if tifqv
l ifudk xdk;&rSmyg/ tifqv
l ifx;kd rS xde;f
vkdY&ygw,f/
q|r&nf&G,cf sufuawmh wcsKdUaom aoG;csKda&m*gonf&JU
tcsKdUaom aemufqufwGJa&m*g tcsKdUu tifqlvif xdk;vku
d fvY&kd Sd&if
jrefjrefqefqefjyefaumif;wm&Sdygw,f/ Oyrmwpfckajym&r,fqkd&if
aemufqufwaGJ &m*gawGtaMumif; aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSmvnf; ygOD;r,f/
aygif&if;awGudkufw,f? tm;enf;w,f -
qdkwJha&m*g? tJ'gu tmHkaMumawGa&mif&rf;vdjkY zpfwm? tJ'grsK;d us&if
tifqlvifxkd;wJhtwGufukd jyefaumif;oGm;Ekdifygw,f/
tifqlvifxk;d rS aumif;r,fh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG? tif
qlvif xkd;udkxk;d &r,f/ qkdawmh ajymcJhwJh tcsu(f 6)csufuawmh
a,bk,soabmw&m;awGygyJ/ tifqlvif[m b,fv&kd nf&G,fcsuf
eJY b,fvv
kd lrsKd;awGudk ay;&ovJqdkwmudk ajymcsifwm jzpfygw,f/


tawmfhudk A[kokw wk;d ygw,f
q&m/ 'geJY tifqlvifxkd;&if bmawG
udkrsm; owdxm;zkYd vkt
d yfygovJq&m/
tifqv
l ifudk jzpfEkid &f ef p0,f
uwnf;u oufwrf;ukef tifqlvif
aq;rjzpfzkYd vdktyfygw,f/ oufwrf;
ukefae&if olU&JUtmedoif[m usqif;
aewJhtifqlvifyJ jzpfrSmyJ/ tJ'gqkd&if
vkdtyfwJhtifqlvif ,lepfxufydkNyD;
awmh oHk;ae&r,f/ tmedoifrjynfh0wJh
tifqlvifayghAsm/ 'gaMumifh &ufrvGef
wJh tifqlvif jzpf&ygr,f/ jzpfEkdif&if
q&m0efrnTefMum;bJ tifqlvif trsKd;
tpm;udk ajymif;vJNyD; roHk;&bl;/
tifqlvifukd at;wJhae&mrSmxm;zdkY vkd
tyfygw,f/ a&cJaowm&S&d if a&cJaowmxJrmS xm;zkv
Yd t
kd yfygw,f/
a&cJaowmr&S&d ifawmh 'Dae&mrSm aoG;csKad &m*gonftrsm;pku a&cJ
aowmr&SEd kid yf gbl;/ 'gqk&d if tifqv
l ifaq;udk wku
d f ku
d af ea&mifjcnf
rxk;d wJh ae&mrSmxm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ jywif;aygufem;u pm;yGJay:
rSmcsxm;r,f/ pm;yGJay:udk aea&mifjcnfusr,f? aea&mifjcnf xkd;
aer,f? <uufavQmufay:wifxm;r,f? aea&mifjcnfxkd;jcif;cH&r,f/
'Dvkad e&mrsKd;awGrSm tifqlvifudk rxm;rdzkdY vkt
d yfygw,f/ tvif;
a&mif wku
d fdkurf uswJh arSmifaewJhae&m rSmxm;ay;&if tmedoif[m
aysmufroGm;ygbl;/
tifqlvifaq;udka&mif;wJholtaeeJU jzpfEkdif&if a&mif;r,fh
tifqlvifaq;awGukd a&cJaowmxJrSm xdef;odr;f xm;oifhw,f/
0,fwJhvlemtaeeJYvnf; a&cJaowmxJrSm odrf;qnf;xm;wJh tif
qlvifudkyJ 0,f,loifhygw,f/ vkdYac:wJh a&cJaowm

- -
xJrSmxm;rS aq;tmedoif[m rysufbJeJY tjynfht0&ygr,f/ tJ'g
aMumifhrkdY atmufvrf;u0ifvmwJh tifqlvifawGonf tmedoif
tjynft
h 0 r&Syd gbl;/ ukeo
f nfawGtaeeJY tqifajyovdk o,faqmif
vmrSmrdkY tifqlviftmedoif ysufaewwfygw,f/ 'gudkawmh owd
xm;oifhygw,f/
aemufwpfcu
k aq;xk;d enf;eJYywfoufvUkd uReaf wmfwYdk owd
xm;&r,fhtcsuf? uRefawmfwkdYu a,bk,stm;jzifh tifqlvifudk
ta&jym;atmufrSm xkd;ygw,f/ ta&jym;atmufrSmxkd;wJhtcgrSm
wpfuk,
d fvHk;rSm&Sw
d Jh ta&jym;atmufrmS xk;d vkdY&ygw,f/ aygifay:rSm
&Sw
d Jh ta&jym;atmufrmS vnf; xk;d vdkY&ygw,f/ Aku
d frmS &Sw
d hJ ta&jym;
atmufrSmvnf; xkd;vkdY&ygw,f/
jzpfEkdif&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdYu reufxkdf;r,fhtifqlvifudk
aygifrSmxk;d zkYd tMuHjyKygw,f/ naeykid ;f rSmxk;d wJh tifqv
l ifukd Aku
d rf mS
xk;d zkUd tBuHjyKygw,f/ vufarmif;rSmawmh odyx
f ;kd avhr&Syd gbl;/ xk;d vkYd
awmh&ygw,f/ tifqv
l ifx;kd wJhae&mrSm ta&;BuD;wmuawmh xk;d wJh
tyfonf ta&jym;atmufrSm &SdaezkYd ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
- ta&jym;atmufrSm&SdwJh tifqlvifyJjzpf&ygr,f/ xkd;vkdufwJh
tyfonf taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ta&jym;atmufudkvGefoGm;NyD;
taMumxJ? tom;xJ0ifoGm;vkdY rjzpfygbl;/
ta&jym;atmufrxk;d rdbJ <uufom;xJ0ifoGm;&if bmrsm;jzpf
Edkiyf govJ q&m/
ta&jym;udkveG fNyD; <uufom;xJ 0ifoGm;vkY&d &Sd if eHygwfwpf
tifqv
l ifxkd;wmonf t&rf;emygr,f/ remoifhbJ emwmyg/ eHygwf
ESpf <uufom;xJa&mufwJhtifqv
l ifonf <uufom;awGuvIy&f Sm;rI
rsm;wJhtwGuaf Mumifh <uufom;awGuta&jym;xufpm&if aoG;aMum
awG ydkrsm;ygw,f/ <uufom;xJa&mufoGm;wJh tifqv
l ifukd aoG;
aMumu pkyf,lrIEIef;ydkrsm;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aoG;xJjrefjref


xufxuf tifqlvif a&mufoGm;ygw,f/ jrefjrefa&mufoGm;wJh
twGufaMumifh aoG;xJu oMum;"mwf usoGm;wwfygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifhrkUd aoG;oMum;tusjrefNyD;awmh [ku
d yf ku
d vdki;f
pD;rD;,m;vnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/ xkd;NyD;csufcsi;f jzpfEkid fygw,f/ ol
onf emvnf;emw,f? [ku
d yf ku
d vkid ;f pD;rD;,m;vnf; jzpfwwfw,f/
tmedoifvnf; udk,x
f Jjrefjrefa&mufNyD; jrefjrefvnf;ysupf ;D oGm;w,f/
jrefjrefysufpD;oGm;wJhtwGufaMumifrkdYvkdY aemufydkif;MumvmwmeJY
trQ vdkaY c:wJh aoG;csK"d mwfawGrsm;wm jzpfapEkid f
ygw,f/ 'gu tifqv
l ifxkd;wmeJYywfoufwJh jzpfEkid w
f JhtcsufawG?
tJ'gaMumifhrkYd xk;d wJhtifqv
l ifonf ta&jym;atmufudk yDyDjyifjyif
a&mufzYkd vkt
d yfygw,f/
xkd;wJhtcgrSmvnf; aygifrSmjzpfap? Akdurf Smjzpfap? uRefawmf
wkYu
d ta&jym;udkvufnKd ;eJYvufrMum;nyfNyD;awmh qGJrudkiv
f kduNf yD;
awmh xk;d wJhtyfukd (90)'D*&D0ifzYkd ckaemufykid ;f rSm tMuHay;ygw,f/
t&ifht&if uRefawmfwkdUausmif;om;b0u ta&jym;atmufxkd;cJh
wmuawmh (45)'D*&Dapmif;NyDawmh xk;d ckid ;f ygw,f/ xkd;ckid f;vdk&Y &Sd if
tJ'gawGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh eHygwfwpfemw,f? <uufom;xJ a&muf
oGm;wwfvkdY aemufwpfcku temjzpfzdkYrsm;ygw,f/ ckawmh ta&jym;
udk rNyD; tyfukd (90) 'D*&Dxm;NyD;xk;d &if tqifajyygw,f/ 'gu
tifqlvifxkd;wJh enf;ygyJ/
aemufwpfcku tifqlviftxkd;cH&wJhvl&JU wpfudk,fa&
oefY&Si;f a&;udpy gyJ/ a&tNrJcsK;d w,f? ta&jym;rSm aMu;r&Sw
d v
Jh lq&kd if
tJ't
D a&jym;udk xk;d wJt
h cgwkid ;f t&ufysq
H w
G pf &m rvkyd gbl;/ 'gayrJh
uk,
d x
f ;kd r,fh ta&jym;ywf0ef;usi[
f m aMu;awGeJU npfywfae&ifawmh
oefY&Si;f a&; vky&f ygvdrrhf ,f/ temjzpfEIe;f oufomygw,f/
aemufwpfcku tifqv
l ifx;kd jcif;[m a&SUydki;f rSm ajymcJhovkd
yJ tpmpm;wJhtcsed ef JYudkufNyD;awmh xk;d &r,f/ tifqlvifudk yHkrSef
tm;jzifhqd&k if uRefawmfwYu
kd t&nfMunfeJU taemuf&nfwGJNyD;awmh

- -
ay;ygw,f/ t&nfMunf&UJ tmedoifu em&D0ufMumrS vmr,fhtwGuf
aMumifh tpmrpm;cif em&D0ufBudKxkd;zdkYvkdygw,f/ tcsdefuku
d Nf yD;awmh
xkd;zkYv
d kdygw,f/ pm;cgeD;usrS uyfx;kd &if bmjzpfEkid fovJq&kd if pm;
vkdufwJhtpm;tpmonf tpmtdrfuwpfqifh tlxJa&mufNyD;awmh
aoG;xJ a&mufoGm;vkdY oMum;"mwfwufvmwJhtcsed frSm tifqv
l if
tmedoifu r&Sad o;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh udk,fxJrSmoMum;"mwf rsm;
aejcif;awG jzpfaewwfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh jzpfEkid &f if tifqv
l ifukd
xdk;NyD; em&D0ufMumrS tpmpm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
tifqlvifxdk;enf; b,fESenf;avmuf &SdygovJ q&m/
a,bk,stm;jzifh tif qlvifukd reufwpfcg? naewpfcg
xkd;aeMuayr,fh wu,fawmh tifqlvif xkd;yHkxkd;enf;awGu
(4)rsKd;avmuf &Sdygw,f/ ta&;BuD;wmu tifqlvifxkd;wkdif;
xk d ; wk d i f ; onf tpmeJ Y
udkufNyD;awmh csdefxkd;zkdY
ajymcsiyf gw,f/ tifql
vifudk uRefawmfwk dYu
wpfBudrfxkd;zdkY nTefMum;
wJh vlvnf; &Sdygw,f/
tJ'gu aoG;csKdtEkpm;
awGrSm xk;d avh&Sdygw,f
vkdY tMurf;zsi;f ajym&rSm
ygyJ/


tpydki;f rSm aomufaq;vnf; aomufaew,f/ nrtdycf ifrmS
tifqlvifwpfBudrx
f ;kd w,f/ vdkY ac:ygw,f/ ntcsed frSm
tifqv
l ifx;kd NyD; aeYykid ;f rSm aomufaq;ay;ygw,f/
aemufusawmh tifqv
l ifukd reufwpfcg? nwpfcgxk;d w,f/ reuf
wpfcg? nwpfcgxk;d awmh tMunf&nfeYJ taemuf&nfukd reufpm
rpm;cifrSm wpfcgxk;d w,f/ naepm rpm;cif wpfBudrx
f kd;w,f/
xk;d wJeh nf; &Sw
d ,f/ eHygwf(3)enf;uawmh reuftyd &f mx? reufpm
pm;wJhtcsdefrSm tMunf&nfeJYtaemuf&nfudk wpfcgwnf;a&mxkd;
ygw,f/ naepmpm;wJhtcsdefus&if naepmrpm;cif em&D0ufrSm
tMunf&nfx;kd w,f/ NyD;awmh ntdycf geD;usrS taemuf &nfx;kd w,f/
'gu (3)Budrx
f kd;wJhenf;ygyJ/ wpfaeU(4)Budrf xdk;wJhenf;uawmh
reufpmrpm;cif? aeYv,fpm? naepm rpm;cif tMunf&nfx;kd w,f/
reufpm? aeYv,fpm? naepm (3)Budrx
f k;d w,f/ ntdy&f m0ifcgeD;rSm
wpfBudrx
f ;kd w,f aygif; (4)Budryf gyJ/
tifqv
l ifx;kd wJeh nf;awG trsm;BuD;&Syd gw,f/ 'gudk oufqidk f
&mq&m0efawGu qHk;jzwfNyD;awmh vlemeJYo ifhawmfr,fhenf;udk
nTeMf um; ygvdrfhr,f/ vlemtaeeJY rqHk;jzwfoifhygbl;/
tifqv
l ifx;kd aewJv
h lawGonf tifqv
l ifx;kd NyD;wmeJYtpmpm;
zkdY vdktyfygw,f/ xkd;wJhtcsdef? pm;wJhtcsdefonf em&D0ufuGmzdkU
vkdygw,f/ NyD;awmh pm;wJhtpmonf upD"mwfygwJh tpm;tpmjzpfzkdY
vdkygw,f/ tifqv
l ifx;kd vku
d w
f ,f? em&D0ufMumawmh Muufom;
aMumfav; wpfwHk;avmufpm;w,f? EGm;EkYad v;wpfcu
G faomufw,f?
tJ'Dvkrd sKd;us&if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusoGm;rSmyJ/ tpmxJrSm
upD"mwf rygvkYyd g/
tifqv
l iftmedoifaMumifh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusaewJh
tcsdefrSm tpmpm;wJhtxJrSm upD"mwfvHk;0rygbl;/ tom;"mwf
awGcsn;f yJ ygaew,f/ ygaewJhtwGuaf Mumifh Aku
d fawmhjynfhw,f/
upD"mwfrygwJhtwGuaf Mumifh oMum;"mwfusNyD; [kdufykduvkid f

- -
pD;rD;,m;qkdwm jzpfvmr,f/ 'gaMumifh
upD"mwfygwJh tpm;tpmpm;zdkY vdktyf
ygw,f/
tif q l v if xk d ; yH k x k d ; enf ; u
awmh jynfhpHkygw,f/ tifqlvif xkd;wJh
ykdufawGeJUywfoufNyD;vnf; &Sif;jyay;
apvk d y gw,f /
tifqlvifxkd;wJh aq;xkd;ykduf
tao;av;awG &Sdygw,f/ tifqlvif
xkd;zd kYt wGuf oD;oefYvk yfxm;wmyg/
tJ'Dydkufao;av;awGrSm qefY
ygw,f / rS m ,l e pf t m;jzif h
aemufydki;f rSmxkwfwJh tifqlvifonf
uae ,lepf xdygygw,f/
,lepf(100)pmudk cGjJ crf;NyD;awmh pdwx
f m;ygw,f/ tJ't
D wkid ;f Munfx
h ;dk
vku
d fHkygyJ/ wcsKdUaom ydkufawGu awmhygw,f? (40),lepf
pmyJ/ [kw
d ke;f uxkwfwJh tifqlvifrSm rSm (40),lepfygvkdY?
ckaemufykid ;f rSmxkww
f Jh tifqv
l ifrSm rSm (100) ,lepfygw,f/
owdxm;rS aq;tcsdeftq rSefr,f/ tJ'g wGufzkYdvkyd gw,f/ 'gu
ydkufeJY ywfoufvdkY? 'gu dk;dk;tifqlvifxkd;wJh ydkufyg/
aemufwpfcku vdkYac:w,f/ abmvfyif
vkdygyJ/ abmvfyifuJhodkUaom aq;xk;d ydkuu
f av;awG? tJ'gav;awG
usawmh eHygwfwpfu o,foGm;&wmvG,w
f ,f/ eHygwf(2)u tJ'rD mS
ygwJh tyfav;awGu vdakY c:wJh t&rf;udk ao;i,f
wJhtwGufrdkYvkdY tom;xJ 0ifoGm;&if emvdkYemrSe;f awmif rodygbl;/
aemufwpfcku olu olU cvkwu
f av;eJY olU[mol 0uftlav;eJY
b,favmuf,lepf xkd;csiv
f J? (30) qkd (30)udk wifvkduw
f meJU


olU[mol (30)udkjyaeNyD;om;? xkd;
vkdufHkygyJ/ emvnf; rembl;/ wd
usw,f/ raumif;wmu aps;BuD;
w,f/ aq;xk;d ydu
k w
f pfckukd (7000)?
(8000) ckqkd aomif;ausmfavmuf
NyD/ ydkuu
f vJp&mrvkb
d ;l / aemufNyD;
awmh ydkufxJrSmxnfhwJh tifqlvif
tawmifhav;awG xnfhay;&w,f/
(3)pDpDygw,f/ tawmifah v;awGukd
jyefxnfh&ygw,f/ tJ'gu aps;BuD;
w,f/ aumif;wmu vG,fw,f?
xkd;&wmrSe fuef w,f / aps;awmh
BuD;w,f/
jrefrmjynfrSm r&Sdao;wJh
aemufwpfenf;uawmh tifqv
l ifudk ta&jym;atmufrmS ydkux
f nfh
NyD;awmh (24)em&D? yefYuav;wpfckeJY xk;d oGi;f aewm? tJ'gudk
- - - - vdkYac:w,f/ aumif;
wmu (24)em&DtwGi;f tifqlvifukd udk,x
f Ja&mufatmifay;ae
w,f/ tJ'guawmh tifqlvifeJY aoG;csK"d mwfukd xdef;wJhae&mrSm
taumif;qHk;yJ/ 'gayrJh raumif;wJh tcsuu
f awmh uRefawmfwkYq
d DrSm
avmavmq,fr&Sad o;bl;/ aemufwpfcku yefYukd udk,x
f JrSmxnfh
xm;NyD; (yefY)tvkyrf vkyfbJjzpfwwfw,f/ vlemtaeeJY (yefY)xnfh
xm;awmh yHkrSet
f vkyv
f kyw
f ,fxifNyD; tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif
rqifjcifbJ pm;wwfMuygw,f/ yefY wu,ftvkyfrvkyw
f Jhtcg
aoG;csK"d mwfawGu vlemrodbJeJY rsm;aewwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh aoG;csKd
udk xde;f r&bJ 'kua&mufygw,f/ tJovkd pufu uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm
r&Sad o;bl;/ 'gu tifqlvifx;kd wJh ud&,
d mwefqmyvmawGeJY ywf
oufwmawGygyJ/

- -
aus;Zl;ygyJ q&m/ tawmfa v;awmh jynfhpH kv mygNyD/
aq;xdk;wJtyfawG&JU oefU&Sif;rItydkif;taeeJU bmawGvkyfoifyh govJ
q&m/
owdxm;p&mwpfcsuf useaf o;w,f/ 'gu tifqv
l ifx;kd
wJ(h aq;xk;d tyf)awGukd a&aEG;pdrzf Ydk vdkovm;? aygif;zkYd vdkovm;/
ydkuw
f pfacsmif;pD wpfcgxdk;omvQif jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh oleJY
tyfwpfacsmif;onfvnf; wpfcgxk;d omjzpfygw,f/ odakY omfjim;vnf;
uRefawmfwkdYu odyfNyD;awmh acRwmwJhtaeeJY ydkufwpfacsmif;udkyJ
jyefjyefx;kd r,fq&dk ifawmh a&aEG;av;eJaY wmh tenf;qHk;pdraf y;zkYd vdkyg
w,f/ tyfukad wmh wpfa,mufwnf;omxk;d wJhtwGuf tyfrwH;k rcsi;f
xk;d aewmudk uReaf wmfwYdk rajymvdkygbl;/ wu,fw
h u,f xkwv
f kyf
wmuawmh wpfacsmif;udk wpfcgom xk;d w,f/ aq;HkawGrSmqk&d if
awmh vlem (3^4)a,mufu
f kd xk;d r,fq&kd ifawmh wpfa,muf tyf
wpfacsmif;pD xk;d &rSmygyJ/
tif q l v if x k d ; wJ ht wGu f aoG ;csKd a &m*gvl e mawGt aeeJ Y
aemuf q ufw GJq kd;usKd ;awGrsm; &Sdygovm; q&m/
tifqlvifxkd;wJhtwGuf jzpfEkdifwJhqkd;usKd;u txkd;vGef
oGm;&if [dkuyf kduvdkipf D;rD;,m;vdkYac:wJh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG
vGefuJpGm usqif;wwfygw,f/ vGefuJpGmusqif;jcif;&JU t"du
taMumif;&if;uawmh tifqv
l ifx;kd NyD;aemuf oifhawmfwJhtpm;tpm
udk rpm;vkdYyJjzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck aq;xk;d wJhae&mrSm aq;xk;d
wJhyrmPonf &So
d ifh&dx
S dkuw
f mxuf ydkNyD;rsm;aevdkY? aq;rxk;d cif
avhusihfcef;vkyaf vhvkyx
f r&SdbJ avhusihcf ef;vkyw
f mrsm;wJhtwGuf
tifqv
l ifx;kd NyD; aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGusoGm;wwfNyD; [ku
d yf kd
uvdkipf D;rD;,m;tjzpf rsm;wwfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku tifqlvifcPcPxkd;wJhae&mawGrSm tqD
jyifawGa&mifNyD; wufvmwwfygw,f/ cPcPxkd;vdkY tqDjyifawG


ydeNf yD; csKdifhNyD;cGufoGm;wmrsKd;vnf; jzpf
Ekid yf gw,f/ aemufwpfck bmjzpfEikd o
f vJ
qkd&if tifqlvifxkd;w,f/ xkd;wJh tif
qlvifu xkwv
f kyw
f Jhae&mrSm enf;ynm
tm;enf;wJhtwGufaMumifh roefYvkdYbJ
jzpfjzpf? 'grSr[kwf apmapmuajymwJh
'DaemufqHk;ay: rsK;d dk;ADZenf;eJY xkwx
f m;
wmr[kwfbJeJY wd&pmefawGuxkww
f Jh
tifqlvifawGjzpfvkYd wd&pmefawG&JU ydk
wif;awGygvdkY&,fyJ jzpfjzpf? tJ'Dtifql
vif udk,fxJa&mufoGm;&if
vdkY ac:wJh tifqv
l ifukd "mwfwHkYjyefaom
y#dypn;f awG ay:vmwwfygw,f/
tifqlvif awG ay:vmNyDqkd
&if xk;d ay;vdkuw
f hJ tifqv
l ifeJY aygif;NyD;awmh tifqv
l if&UJ tmedoif
awGukd avsmhenf;atmif vkyaf y;wwfygw,f/ 'gu tifqlvifxkd;
vkYd jzpfay:vmEdkifwJh raumif;wJhtcsuftvufawGygyJ/
ck uReaf wmfar;r,fh ar;cGe;f u tifqv
l ifukxk;H eJY ywfouf
vkdY aemufqHk;ar;cGe;f av;yg/ tifqlvifudk b,folu xkd;ay;oifh
ygovJ q&m/
wu,fw
h u,fusawmh tifqv
l ifukd tpmrpm;cif em&D0uf
twGi;f rSm tcsed u
f ku
d x
f ;kd &wmrkv
Yd kYd udk,pf m;r,ft
h csed u
f kd tpm;tpm
tqifoifhjzpfwht
J csed f udk,yf o
J w
d t
Jh wGuf vlemudk,w
f ikd f xdk;&ifx;kd ?
EdkYr[kw&f if vlemeJYtwlaewJh wpfa,mufa,mufu xkd;ay;wm
taumif;qHk;ygyJ/ q&m0ef? q&mrawGudk tm;udk;aevkYduawmh
aq;cef;rzGiahf o;bl;? tifqv
l ifx;kd Mu&awmhr,f? Aku
d u
f qmaeNyD/
tJ'Dawmh q&m0ef? q&mrawGukd tm;uk;d ae&if odyt
f qifrajyEkid f

- -
ygbl;/ wwfodem;vnfwJh q&m0efuaeNyD;awmh tifqlvifxkd;
&r,fhvlemudk xdk;yHkx;kd enf;? aq;xk;d wm rSeaf tmifoifay;r,f/ vlem
[m udk,fhudk,fukd tm;ukd; xkd;oifhygw,f/
tifqv
l ifx;kd jcif;tm;jzifh vlemawGuawmh a&m*ga0'emudk
twkdif;twmwpfcktxdawmh umuG,fvkdY&ygw,f/ wm;qD;vkYd
&ygw,f/ oufo matmifv nf; vky fay;vdkY&ygw,f/ 'g[m
tifqv
l ifeJY aoG;csKda&m*gudk ykdrqkd;atmif xde;f odr;f umuG,fjcif;
ygyJ/
aus;Zl;yJq&m/ 'DaeYawmh 'DrSmyJ &yfMuygpdkY/
ZD0u? trSwf 82? Edk0ifbmv? 2001 ckESp/f
ZD0u? trSwf 83? 'DZifbmv? 2001 ckESp/f
ZD0u? trSwf 85? azazmf0g&Dv? 2002 ckESp/f

- -

qD;csKd ?
a oG;csKd a &m*gukxHk;a wGtaMu mif ;
aqG ; aEG ; ay;NyD ; wJ h aemuf r Sm qD ; csKd ? aoG;csKd a &m*gud k
b,f v d k xd e f ; od r f ; apmif h Munf h Mu
rSmvJ q d k w mud k
q&maqG;aEG;r,f vdkY ajymxm;zl;ygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g a0'em&Siw
f pfa,muftaeeJY rdrcd Hpm;ae&wJh
qD;csKad &m*g[m b,fvkt
d ajctaersK;d &Sad ew,f? qdk;aeovm;? omref
vm;? ydkaumif;aeovm;qdkwmudk tNrJwrf; apmifMh unfah ezdkY odyu
f kd
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
vlemwpfa,muftaeeJY qD;csKad &m*gtaMumif; us,u
f s,jf yefYjyefY


odxm;&if qD;csKad &m*gxde;f odr;f a&;tydki;f rSm txl;aumif;rGeyf gw,f/
'gjzifh uRefa wmfw dkY qD;csKd? aoG;csKda &m*gudk b,fv dk
apmif h M unf h x d e f ; od r f ; Ek d if y govJq &m/
t"dutusqHk;eJY tvG,fulqHk;enf;uawmh qD;csKda&m*gudk
xde;f odr;f rItwGuf qD;ppfjcif;enf;pepfeYJ apmifMh unfhEikd yf gw,f/ qD;ppf
jcif;eJYywfoufNyD;awmh apmapmydkif;tcef;awGrSm uRefawmf us,f
us,jf yefjY yefY aqG;aEG;ay;zl;ygw,f/ a,bk,sxyf&iS ;f jy&&if qD;udk
ppfaq;enf;u usew
f q
Jh D;csKpd pfaq;wJh ud&d,mypn;f awGr&Sw
d ht
J cg
rsK;d rSm t"duoHk;pGaJ yr,fh uRefawmft
h aeeJY odyNf yD;awmh OD;pm;ray;csif
ygbl;/
qD;xJrSm oMum;"mwfyg0ifrI tenf;trsm;udk prf;oyfwJhqD;ppf
aq;enf; 2enf;&Sdygw,f/ yxrenf;uawmh bifeD'pf "mwfcGJppf
aq;enf; - - eJY ppfaq;enf;? 'kwd,enf;uawmh
qD;xJrSm *vl;udkYpf "mwfwpfrsKd;wnf;udkyJ prf;oyf&wJh -
(puLjym;)"mwfjyKppfaq;jcif;ygyJ/
aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfawG tvGejf rifv
h mwJt
h cg oMum;"mwf
awG[m qD;xJukyd g zdwv
f QHNyD; a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f/ qD;xJrmS
oMum;"mwfyg0ifrrI sm;jcif;? rrsm;jcif;[m ausmufuyfuae qD;csKd
apEkid w
f hJ oMum;"mwfukd xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm;tay:rSm t"du
tajccHygw,f/ qD;csKad &m*gwufvmav aoG;xJrmS &Sw
d hJ oMum;"mwfeYJ
qD;xJrmS &Sw
d Jh oMum;"mwfyrmPvnf; jrifv
h mavygyJ/ aemufwpfck
uawmh qD;csKad &m*gxde;f odr;f a&; tydki;f rSm qD;ppfaq;enf;eJU ppfaq;
rI[m vG,u
f jl cif;aMumifh vlem&Siu
f ,
dk w
f idk f vkyEf ikd w
f mrdkY oHk;aeMu
jcif;jzpfygw,f/ qD;xJrmS oMum;"mwftenf; trsm;udkppfr,fqk&d if
reuf? aeYv,f? nae ppfaq;&ygr,f/ aeYv,feYJ naeppfaq;rIukd
tpmpm;NyD; (2)em&DtwGi;f rSm ppfzkYd vdktyfygw,f/
reufyikd f; ppfaq;rIukdawmh tdy&f mx tpm;rpm;cif ppfaq;zdkYvkd
ygw,f/

- -
qD;ppfaq;rIeJY qD;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;rIudk odcGifh&ygNyD/ ck
uRefawmfodcsifwmu aoG;xJ oMum;"mwfrsm;rrsm; aoG;azmuf
ppfaq;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ck aoG;azmufppfaq;jcif;rSm uReaf wmfwkYd
awGUae& wmu d;k dk;"mwfcJcG ef;rSm aoG;azmufppfaq;jcif;eJY
vdkYac:wJh pufuav;eJY ukd,fwkdifp pfaq;jcif;yg/ 'gudk
q&m&Sif;jyapcsifygw,f/ 'Dprf;oyfr(I 2)ck&UJ tm;enf;csuf? tm;om
csufudkvnf; odcsifygw,f/
aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh aoG;csKd"mwfaumif;raumif; ppfaq;wJhtcgrSm
aoG;jyefaMumxJu aoG;udkazmuf,lNyD; "mwfcGJcef;rSm ppfaq;jcif;eJY
ckaemufqHk;ay: acwfpm;aewJh *vludkrw
D mpufeJY ppfaq;jcif; (2)rsKd;
&Sdwm rSeyf gw,f/
aeYpOfeJYtrQ aoG;jyefaMumuae aoG;azmuf,lNyD;awmh "mwfcGJ
cef;rSm aoG;csKd"mwfrsm;rrsm; ppfaq;zdkYqkw
d m vlemwpfa,muftaeeJY
rjzpfEikd ?f rvkyEf ikd yf gbl;/ tajctaetcGit
hf vrf;ay;rSmvnf; r[kwyf g
bl;/ 'g[m tm;enf;csufyg/ tm;omcsufuawmh "mwfcGJcef;rSm
aoG;csKd"mwfudk ppfaq;jcif;[m ydkNyD;wdusrSefuefygw,f/
ckacwfpm;aewJh *vlurkd w
D mpufeYJ aoG;csK"d mwfppfaq;rIusawmh
vufxyd fuae ukd,[
fh mukd,f aoG;azmuf,Nl yD; aq;okwx
f m;wJh
tjym;uav;ay:rSm aoG;pufuav;wpfpufwifNyD; ppfaq;enf;
uawmh vky&f wm vG,u
f yl gw,f/ NyD;awmh 'DpufawGukd tvG,f wul
0,f,lvdkY&ygw,f/ vG,fvG,fulul0,f,lvdkY&wJht wGufvnf;
'DpufeJY oHk;pGJrI ydkrsm;vmwmawGU&ygw,f/ *vludkrDwmpufawG
uawmh trsK;d rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ 'DpufawGukd oHk;r,fqk&d if uReaf wmft
h aeeJY
tMuHPfav;wpfck ay;csiyf gw,f/
pufoHk;pGJyHkukad wmh uRefawmf awGUz;l jrifz;l
ygw,f/ 'DpufeJYywfoufvkYd b,fvdk tMuHrsKd ; q&may;csiyf govJ/
pme,fZif;uwpf q ifhajym&if yd k xd a &mufN yD;vlo d rsm;ygw,f /


uRefawmfhtaeeJY b,fukrPDu
xkwfwJh pufudkoHk;
ygvdkYawmh rajymvdkygbl;/ 'gayrJh
'DpufawGoHk;r,fqkd&if ta&;BuD;
wmu a&&Snt
f oHk;cHwJhpufjzpfyg
w,f/ aemufNyD; *vlukrd w
D mpuf rSm
oHk;pGJwJh - awG[m vG,f
vG,fululeJY a&&Snrf Sm 0,fvdkY &wJh
pufrsKd;jzpfoifhygw,f/
wpfcgwavus&if wcsKdU
vlemawGu Ekid fiHjcm;uae *vludk
rDwmpufawG 0,f,lvmwwfMu
ygw,f/ awGtaeeJYvnf;
tacsmif; 20? 30? 100? 200
tykd ygvmwwf ygw,f / 'gayrJ h
'D (200)vnf; ukefoGm;wJh
tcgusawmh puf rS m toHk ; jyKwJh
awG uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm 0,fr&wmrsKd; MuHK&wwfygw,f/
'DvkdjzpfcJh&if pufu b,fvdkrSoHk;vdkYr&awmhygbl;/ uRefawmfqdkcsif
wmu jrefrmjynfrmS - 0,fv&kYd wJh pufrsK;d om 0,f,lok;H pGzJ ykYd gyJ/
pufuaps;BuD;awmh tusKd;&Sd&Sed JY a&&Snt
f oHk;csapcsifwJhoabmyg/
- om 0,fr&wJhpufrsKd;qdk&if 'Dpuf0,f,lykdifqkdifxm;ayr,fh
tvum;jzpfoGm;rSm aocsmygw,f/
'DpufawGeJY oHk;pGJMuolwkdif;[m ta&;BuD;qHk;u ukd,fppfwJh
aoG;tajz&JU udef;*Pef;awGudk ppfaq;wJhtcsed ?f aeY&uf? wdwdusus
rSwfwrf;wifxm;rSomvQif aoG;xJrSm&Sw
d Jh oMum;"mwfudk ppfaq;
jcif;[m ydkNyD; t"dym,f&ySd gvdrrfh ,f/ rSww
f rf;a&;rSwjf cif;[m odyfukd
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/

- -
jrefrmvlrsKd;awGtaeeJY aq;rSw fwrf;xdef;odrf;rItykdi;f rSm
tvG e f t m;enf ; aewm awG U&ygw,f /
tJ'Dtusifhudk uRefawmfwdkY azsmuf&r,f/ azsmufatmifvnf;
avhusiyhf nmay;&r,f/ wu,fawmh cufcufcJcv
J nf;r[kwyf gbl;/
aq;rSwfwrf;tay: av;av;eufeuf oabmrxm;Muwmyg/
wcsKdU? wpfcgwav reuftapmBuD; 'DpufeJY aoG;xazmuf
w,f/ 'grSr[kwf wpfcsdefcsdefazmufMuw,f/ NyD;&if q&m&,f?
uRefr aoG;csKu
d 100&Sw
d ,f/ 200 &Sw
d ,fqkdNyD; ajymwwfMuayr,fh
rSwfrxm;wwfMubl;/ vlemawG[m uRefawmfwkYdudk wpfBudrpf m?
ESpfBudrfpmavmufyJ aoaocsmcsmajymjyEkid fpGrf;&Sdw,f/
uRefawmfwkYo
d cd siw
f mu vlemazmufxm;wJhtBudrf? tpOftquf
wkid ;f rSm b,faeYb,f&ufrSmjzifh aoG;csK"d mwfusaew,f? b,faeYb,f
tcsdefrSmawmh aoG;csKd"mwfwufaew,f/ tJovdkazmufwJhtBudrf
wkdif;&JU rSwfwrf;tpOfvku
d f Munfhcsifwmyg/
'grS b,fwke;f ujzifhusoGm;w,f? b,faeYawmh jzifhwufoGm;
w,f/ 'g[m bmaMumifhjzpf&ovJqkw
d m uRefawmfwt
kYd aeeJY qef;ppfrI
awGukd wdwdususvkyzf dkY vdktyfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhrkdY *vl;udk
rDwmpuf0,fNyD; aoG;ppfaq;&if rSww
f rf;a&;xm;zdkY pmtkyw
f pftkyx
f m;
zdkY tMuHjyKvdkygw,f/ pm&Guftykdif;tpeJYa&;wmrsKd;? pdwfxJrSm
rSwfxm;NyD; q&m0efar;rSajymwmrsKd;xuf aeYpOfazmufxm;wJh [m
awGukd rSww
f rf;wifr,fhpmtkyw
f pftkyx
f m;zdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tJ
ovdk rSwfwrf;xm;jcif;[m qD;csKd
a&m*gudk apmifhMunfhxdef;odrf;a&;rSm
ta&;BuD;wJhtcef;u@rSmyg0ifNyD;awmh
uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY jyefvnfqef;ppfrI
awG vkyEf kdio
f vdk vdktyf&ifvkdtyfovdk
tcsdefra&G; vlemtusKd;twGuf ukxHk;
awGukd jyKjyifay;Ekdifygw,f/


'g[m tifrweftusK;d &Sw
d Jh tjyKtrlwpfckqkw
d m odapcsiyf gw,f/
'Dp uf e JY aoG ; azmuf p pf a q;aezd k Y wpf a eY r Sm b,f E Sp f
Bud r f a vmuf v d k t yf y govJ q &m/
tMurf;tm;jzifh oMum;"mwfoyd rf sm;aewJt
h csed af wG rSm wpfaeYudk
(4)Budraf vmuf azmuf&ygr,f/ reufpm? aeYv,fpm? naepm?
tpm;rpm;cif (3)BudrfeJY ntdyf&m 0ifcgeD;wpfBudrf ppfaq;oifhyg
w,f/
aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfaumif;vmaeNyDqk&d ifawmh vlem&JU emusirf I
a0'emudk enf;apcsifwmuwpfaMumif;? ppfaq;wJh puLjym;
awGaps;BuD;wmuwpfaMumif;? wpfaeYukd (2)Budryf J ppfckdif;ygw,f/
'Dxufykd aumif;&ifawmh aeYpOfeeH ufpm rpm;cif wpfBudryf J ppfaq;ckid ;f
ygw,f/
reufapmapmppfaq;wJh - udk uReaf wmf
wdkYu nwpfnvHk; 10em&D 14em&DvHk;vHk; tpmrpm;bJaeNyD; azmuf
&r,fvdkY rqdkvdkygbl;/ vlemawGu aoG;azmufzkdY[mudk wpfnvHk;
vkYHv? 0D&,
d pkduf? tm;xkwfNyD;awmh Aku
d fqmcH? acR;awGjyef&ifvnf;
rpm;&JbJ aewwfMuygw,f/ wu,fwrf;us&if 'DvkdaeNyD; ppfaq;
jcif;[m qD;csKda0'em&Siaf wGtwGuf tvGefudkyJ tE&m,frsm;vGef;
ygw,f/
'gaMumifh reuftdyf&mux reufpmrpm;cif aoG;azmuf&if
vHkavmufygw,f/ (14)em&DvHk;vHk; tpmrpm;bJ tiwfcHNyD;awmh
azmuf&r,fvkdY uRefawmfwdkY rqdkvdkygbl;/ reufpmrpm;cif azmuf
Ekid f&if &ygNyD/ 'gu a,bk,sajymwmyg/ wu,fvdkY tdyf&ifawmh
q&m0efTeMf um;wJhtwkid ;f azmufyg/ rTeMf um;&if reufpmrpm;cif
azmuf&if vHkavmufygw,f/
aoG;oMum;"mwfyg0ifrIudk aoG;azmufppfaq;MunfhNyD; tajc
taeu arQmv
f ifw
h mxufykad umif;ae&if wpfywf(2)Budryf J azmufyg/

- -
'Dxufykd NyD; xdef;odrf;EkdifwJh pdwfcs&wJh
tajctaersKd;xd &aeNyDqkd&if wpfvudk
(2)Budryf J uRefawmfwkYd azmufckdif;ygw,f/
azmufawmh azmuf&r,f/ vlem&JU
a&m*gtEkt&ifh? aumif; raumif;tay:
rlwnfNyD;awmh azmufwJhtBudrf ta&
twGuf vdkwk;d ydkavQmh uRefawmfwkYd vkyfay;
ygw,f/ ta&;BuD;wmu rSww
f rf;xm;
zdkYygyJ/ rSwfwrf;rxm;rdbl;qdk&if ta&;BuD;
wJh owif;tcsuftvufudk vTihfypfwmeJY
twlwlygyJ/ 'gudkawmh uRefawmfav;av;
eufeuf ajymcsifygw,f/
ckaemufyikd ;f 0ifvmwJh *vlukdrw
D mpufawGu t&rf;qef;opf
rI&Sdw,fvdkY Mum;zl;aew,fq&m/ tJ'g [kwfygovm;/
[kwfygw,f/ b,fvdk qef;opfovJqdk&if NyD;cJhwJhtBudrf
(25)Budrfavmufu azmufxm;wJh rSwfwrf;awGudk odkavSmiford f;
qnf;EdkifwJh rSwfPf ygyJ/ *vludkrDwmpufawGawmif
ay:aeygNyD/
vlemu rSww
f rf;rSw&f rSmudk ysi;f wJhtwGuf pufu rSwaf y;w,f/
vdktyfvkYd cvkww
f csKUd ukEd ySd v
f u
kd f kHeJY NyD;cJhwJh (25)Budrfuazmufxm;wJh
aoG;tajz&JU oMum;"mwfyrmPudk odcGih&f w,f/ 'gayr,fh aps;awmh
BuD;w,f/ vlwkid f;oHk;pGJzdkY tcGiht
f vrf;enf;ao;w,f/ aps;BuD;ayrJh
tJ'Dpufuk0d ,foHk;Edki&f ifawmh odyaf umif;ygw,f/ r0,fEkdi&f if uk,
d hf
[m uk,
d af zmufNyD; &vmwJhaoG;tajzudk Avmpmtkyw
f pftkyef YJ a&;rSwf
xm;zdkY wdkufwGef;yg&ap/
'DvkdrSwx
f m;&if qD;csKdxdef;odrf;rItykdif;rSm tusKd;w&m;rsm;pGm
cHpm;&ygw,f/


aoG;csKda&m*gaumif;raumif; b,fvdkrSwfom;& ygovJ

q&m/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gaumif;raumif;udk uRefawmfwdkYu bmeJY
owfrSwo
f vJqkd&ifaoG;xJrSmyg0ifwJhoMum; "mwftenf;trsm;ay:
rlwnfNyD;awmh owfrSwfygw,f/
tar&duef qD;csKdtoif;u vrf;Terf It&ajym&&if reuftdy&f m
utx tpmrpm;cifazmuf&if xufrausmo
f ifhygbl;/
tpmpm;NyD;azmuf&if xufrausmo
f ifyh gbl;/ ntdy&f m0ifcg
eD;azmuf&if xuf rausmfoifhbl;vdkY qdkygw,f/ -
taeeJY qdk&if rausmo
f ifhygbl;/ tpmpm;NyD; (2)em&D
MumrSazmuf&if xuf rausmfoifhbl;vdkY TeMf um;xm;yg
w,f/
'gu tay:ydki;f udkajymwmyg/ udk
awmh olwkdYu rajymygbl;/
'gayrJh uRefawmfhtawGUtMuHKt&ajym&&if jzpfEkid f&if
atmuf rqif;apcsib
f l;/ vlwpfa,mufrmS &Sdoifh&x
Sd ku
d w
f hJ oMum;
"mwf xufenf;wJh omrefvlaumif;wpfa,muf
twGufuawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf uae qdk&if
oMum;"mwfenf;NyD; jyemawGay:vmwwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh qD;csKd
vlemawGtaeeJYawmh ESpf&Snfvrsm; aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG rsm;
aewJhtwGuaf MumifhrkYd olwkYt
d wGufqk&d if uae a&muf
p&mrvdkygbl;/ omrefaoG;oMum;"mwfxufenf;NyDqkd&if
vdkYac:wJh aoG;xJr Sm oMum;"mwftvGefenf;wJh a&m*g
vuPmawG ay:vmwwfygw,f/ wcsKUd u aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
qdkwmeJY ay:vmwwfygw,f/ uRefawmfh
taeeJY vlemawG udk ydkNyD;pdwfcs&atmifqkNd yD;awmh eJY
Mum;xm;zdkYtMuHjyKvdkygw,f/ atmufa&mufoGm;NyDqkd&if
vuPmawG ay:vmwwfygw,f/ b,fvdkvuPmawG

- -
vnf;qdk&if a&m*g&ifhvmwmeJYtrQ oMum;"mwfenf;&if vlem[m
uwkeu
f &ifjzpfvmr,f? acR;xGurf ,f? tqmvGerf ,f? rl;r,f/ wcsKUd qkd
owdvpfoGm;r,f/ wufr,f? tJovdk jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/
wcsKdUusawmh 0ifayr,fh 'DvuPmawGray: aygufbJ
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfenf;vGe;f jcif; tajctaeawG jzpfay:aewwf
ygw,f/ 'gudk -- -- vdkYac:yg
w,f/
oMum;"mwf aoG;xJrSmenf;vGe;f wmudk rodwv
Jh v
l kYd owfrw
S v
f kYd
&ygw,f/ 'Dvkv
d rl sK;d [m vuPmawGay: wJhvx
l ufpm&if tE&m,f
ydkBuD;ygw,f/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfenf;aewJhvuPmawGukd
odwv
hJ [
l m oMum;"mwfwufatmif wpfpkw
H pfckpm;vdku&f if csucf si;f
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfwufvmygw,f/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
enf;rSe;f rodwv
hJ ltzdakY wmh aemufyikd ;f usawmh tE&m,frsm;wJ?h aMumuf
p&maumif;wJh a&m*gawG &oGm;Ekid yf gw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKdapmifhMunfhxdef;odrf;jcif;rSm wjcm; prf;oyf
ppfaq;wJhenf;awGrsm; &Sdygao;ovm; q&m/
&Sdygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY aoG;csKad &m*gaumif; raumif;
ppfaq;wJhtykid ;f rSm aemufppfaq;wJhenf;wpf enf;uawmh a[rdk*vdk
bifat0rf;pD ppfaq;enf;qdkwm &Sdygao;w,f/ 'Dppfaq;
enf;usawmh ae&mwkid f;? NrdKUwkid ;f rSm tvG,fwulppfaq;vdkYawmh
r&Ekid fygbl;/
&efuke?f rEav;NrdKUBuD;awGeJY wcsKdUaom tqifhjrifh"mwfcGJcef;awG
rSmyJ ppfaq;vdkY&ygw,f/ wpfcgppf&if aps;uBuD;awmh vlwkid ;f
rppfEkdiyf gbl;/ bmudk jyovJqk&d if vl&JUaoG;xJrSm&SdwJh a[rdk*vdkbif
vdkY ac:wJh (aoG;eDOu&wJt
h eDa&mif"mwf)? 'gu aoG;xJrSm &Sw
d hJ
oMum;"mwfawGuvmNyD; wGJaewJhEIef;xm;udk ajymwmyg/ vlem
wpfa,muf&JU aoG;eDOawG[m oMum;"mwfawG trsm;BuD;&SdaewJh


aoG;xJrmS &Sio
f efaer,fq&kd if tJ'D aoG;O
awGrSmvmNyD;awmh *vl;udpkY f"mwfawGu
vmaygif;aewwfygw,f/
oMum;"mwfawGenf;w,f? oMum;
"mwfawG yHkrSe&f SdaewJh aoG;xJrSm aoG;
eDOawG&S da er,fqd k &if tJ' DaoG; eDOu
xGuw
f Jh oMum;"mwf[m yHkrSefatmuf
enf;enf;yJ&Sd Ekdifygr,f/ aoG;eDOwpfck?
a[rd k *vdk bifwpfck &JU oufwrf ;[m
tMurf ; tm;jzif h (3)v? &uf a ygif ;
(120)Mumygw,f/ &uf (120)ausmf
twG i f ; rS m &S d w J h aoG ; &J U oMum;"mwf
ysrf;rQay:rlwnfNyD;awmh aoG;eDOrSm&SdwJh
a[rdk *vdkbif"mwfawGrSmvmNyD;awmh
*vl;udkYpfaygif;pnf;jcif; tenf;trsm;
jzpfay:apEkid fygw,f/ yHkrSef u 6-7% &Sdygw,f/

&JU t"du prf;oyf ppfa q;rI&JU &nf&G, fcsuf u

bmawGvJ q&m/
'Dprf;oyfrIudk bmtwGuf toHk;csovJqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY&JU
vlemawGu uRefawmfwkd YqDvmjywJhtcsdefus&ifqdkygawmh? vlem
wpfa,mufudk uRefawmfwdkYu wpfvcGmcsdef;w,fqdkygawmh/ wcsKdU
vlawG trSwrf Sm;aewmu q&m0efqDa&mufoGm;vdkY aoG;azmuf
MunfhvdkY tajzuaumif;ae&if a&m*gaumif;aeNyD? oufomaeNyDvkYd
,lqwwfMuygw,f/
wcsKdUvlemawGusawmh q&m0efjy&r,fh wpfywfavmufusrS
tpm;taomufukd pa&SmifwwfMuwm awGU&ygw,f/ q&m0efwm;jrpf
xm;wJh tpm;taomufawG bmqdb
k mrS rpm;awmhbl;/ q&m0efqD

- -
vnf; vmjy? q&m0efuvnf; aoG;azmufppfaq;? tJ'Dvkad oG;azmuf
ppfwJhtcsdefusawmh wpfywfvHk;vHk; tpm;a&Smifxm;awmh aoG;
oMum;"mwfu uRefawmfwkYv
d dkcsifwJh twkid f;twm abmiftwGi;f rSm
0ifaew,f/ vlemu q&m0efa&SUrSm tqlrcH&bl;? q&m0ef&JU
rsuEf mS omay;rIukd cH&w,f/ 'gayr,fh aq;cef;uvnf;xGuo
f mG ;a&m
rwnfw
h t
Jh pm;taomufawGukd twdk;cspm;wJh vlemwcsKUd &w
Sd ,f/
'DvkdvlemrsK;d [m olYukd,folvnf; vSnfhzsm;w,f? udk,&fh JU usef;
rma&;udk Muyfrwfukoay;aewJh q&m0efukv
d nf; vufwpfvHk;jcm;
vSnhfzsm;wmeJY twlwlyJ/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf wu,fu
h kd (24)em&D? wu,fu
h kd (1)v
vH;k aumif;aezdu
kY odyu
f kt
d a&;BuD;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkv
d el mrsK;d &JU aoG;
oMum;"mwfaumif; raumif;odcsi&f if eJY ppfaq;Munf&h if
tajzrSef &Ekid yf gw,f/ uRefawmfwq
kYd aD zmufwJh aoG;&JUtajzu aumif;
aeaomfjim;vnf; onf &ufaygif; (120)twGif;rSm&SdwJh
oMum;"mwf&UJ tenf;trsm;ay:rSm rlwnfwmqdkawmh uRefawmfhqD
vmrjycif (3)vtwGi;f u aoG;oMum;"mwfawGrsm;ae&if
vJ rsm;aerSmygyJ/
tJ'gaMumifh ]]uRefr tpma&Smifygw,f? uRefawmf tpma&Smif
ygw,f}}udk b,fvdkyJajymajym wufae&if 'Dvlem[m
uReaf wmferJY awGUcif (3)vtwGi;f rSmawmh q&m0efeT Mf um;csuaf wGukd
rvdkuef mvdkY aoG;csKd "mwfrsm;aewmudk 'Dprf;oyfenf;eJYazmfxkwNf yD;
uReaf wmfwkYd od&eSd ikd yf gw,f/ 'Denf;u uRefawmfwkYq
d DrSm us,u
f s,f
jyefYjyefY rppfEikd af o;ayr,fh Ekid fijH cm;rSmawmh tawmfhudk ppfaq;rI
awGvkyw
f ,f/ aps;vnf;BuD;w,f/ vG,fvG,u
f lulvnf; ppfaq;
vdrkY &awmh uReaf wmfwq
kYd rD mS toHk;enf;w,f/
[m a,bk,stm;jzifh aoG;csK"
d mwfaumif;jcif; raumif;
jcif; udk ppfaq;prf;oyfjcif;om jzpfNyD; a&m*g &SmazGa&;
tykdif;rSmawmh trsm;tm;jzifh roHk;ygbl;/


q&mu vl e mtrsm;BuD ; ud k uk o ae&wJ h o l q d k a wmh
trsK;d rsK;d tzHkzkaH om vlemawGukd awGU&rSmygyJ/ 'geJY q&m
ppfaq;enf; [m vlwkdif;udk ppfaq;ay;vdkY &ygovm;/
qdkwmuvnf; olu aoG;eDO&JUoufwrf; &uf(120)ay:
rlwnf NyD;awmh aoG;tajymif;tvJ&ydS gw,f/ aoG;eDO cPcPNydKuGw
J hJ
a&m*g&Scd v
Jh &kYd &dS if aoG;tm;enf;a&m*g &Sw
d hJ
vlemawGrSm [m odyt
f m;udk;vdrkY &ygbl;/ aemufwpfcku
udk,0f efaqmifrcd ifawGukv
d nf; udktm;udk;NyD;awmh uRefawmf
wdkY ppfaq;ay;vdkY r&ygbl;/
bmaMumifv
h q
J &kd if rdcif&UJ aoG;xJrmS &Sw
d hJ aoG;awG[m ol&Y UJ yifu,
dk f
aoG ; eDO jzpf o vd k aoG ;xJr Sm &S dw Jh uav;&JU tcsif ; ud k jzwf NyD;
jyefvmwJah oG;eDOawGvnf; a&maESmrI&adS ewwfygw,f/ aoG;eDOrSm&Sw
d hJ
oMum;"mwfonf rdcif&JUaoG;xJrSm&SdwJh oMum;"mwfwifrubl;?
uav;bufu jyefvmwJh aoG;eDOawG&JU Eke,fwhaJ oG;eDOawGvnf;
ygae&if olY&JUoufwrf;[m b,fvdkrSrrSeEf kdifygbl;/ rrSefEdkifawmh
uReaf wmfwu
kYd uk,
d 0f efaqmifrcd ifrSm ppfaq;enf;udk oHk;pGJ
jcif; rvkyyf gbl;/ 'gudkawmh odxm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
wcsKdU uk,
d 0f efaqmifawGukv
d nf; ppfaq; ay;aewmudk
uRefawmfwkYd awGUae&ygw,f/ aps;uBuD;awmh rvdkvm;tyfbJ vlem
taeeJY aiGaMu;ukefusrI rsm;oGm;wmuwpfyikd f;? xGufvmwJh tajz
aMumifh vGrJ Sm;wJh qHk;jzwfcsucf sNyD; tvGv
J Jt
G rSm;rSm; jzpfomG ;Ekid w
f mu
wpfyikd ;f ? 'gaMumifh ukd,0f efaqmifrdcifawGukd rppfoifhbl;vdkY
uRefawmf tMuHjyKvdkygw,f/
'Dxuf &ufwdkwdktwGif;rSm aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh oMum;"mwf
tenf;trsm;udk ppfaq;Ekid w
f Jh prf;oyfraI wGaum r&Sb
d ;l vm;q&m/
udk &uf (120)twGi;f aoG;oMum;"mwfudk ppfaq;enf;
&Sdovdk 'Dxuf&ufwdkwdkeJYodcsif&if - vdkY ac:wJh

- -
prf;oyfenf;eJY uReaf wmfwpkYd rf;oyfMunfv
h kYd &ygao;w,f/ 'Dprf;oyf
enf;u &ufowywf (6)ywftwGif;rSm&SdwJh vlem&JUaoG;csKd"mwf
ysr;f rQjcif;EIe;f xm;udk ppfaq;rItwGuf toHk;jyKEkid yf gw,f/
'gvnf; Ekdiif Hjcm;awGrmS awmh us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefY vkyaf eMuNyD/
uRefawmfwkYq
d DrSmawmh - udk odyv
f kyv
f kdY r&ao;yg
bl;/ wkid ;f wmwJhpufawGvnf; r&Sad o;ygbl;/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dprf;oyfenf;
eJY vlem&JUaoG;csKd"mwfukd b,fvdkwidk ;f wmrSmvJ/ b,fvkad rmfeDwmvkyf
rSmvJqkdwmudk aemifMuHKBudKufwJhtcg aocsm&Sif;jyygr,f/
uRefawmfajymcsifwmu vlemwpf a,muft ay: xm;&SdwJh
uRefawmfwkdY&UJ arQmfrSef;csuf - awGyg/ qD;csKad &m*gudk ukowJh
ae&mrSm arQmfrSef;tyfwJh arQmfrSe;f csufawGyg/ uRefawmfhtaeeJY vlem
wpfa,mufpawGUNyD qdkwmeJY uRefawmfwkYu
d rSe;f qNyD;awmh aq;ay;
ukowm r[kwyf gbl;/
vlem&JU tvkyt
f ukdi?f vlem&JUtouft&G,?f vlemu a,mufsm;
vm;? rdef;rvm;? EdkYwkdurf cd ifvm;? uk,
d f0efaqmifvm;? vlem&JU udk,f
tav;csed ?f vlem&JU uk,
d v
f ufvIy&f Sm;rI? NyD;awmh touft&G,f?
tJ'DtcsufawGay:rSm tajccHNyD;awmh vlemwpfa,mufcsi;f tay:
arQmfrSe;f csufxm;NyD; ukoay;&ygw,f/
vlwpfOD;csif;pDtay:rSm q&mwdkY&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif xm;
ygovm;/
vlemwkid ;f udk &nfrSe;f csufxm;&Syd gw,f/ qD;csKad &m*gukxHk;[m
vlwcsKUd xifMuovdk tvG,w
f uleYJ aq;awGt&rf;ay;aew,f? rSe;f ay;
vdkY&wJha&m*gwpfrsKd; r[kwyf gbl;/
ygyJ/ wpfOD; csi;f tay:rSm vdktyfwJh vdktyfcsuaf wGtay:rSm jyKjyif
ajymif;vJNyD; ay;ae&wJh ukxHk;awGyJqkdwm odapcsiyf gw,f/ 'gu
vlemwpfa,mufukd qD;csKad &m*guko ay;awmhr,fqk&d if uReaf wmfh
taeeJY xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;wJhtcsut
f csKUd ukd ajymjcif;jzpfygw,f/


tJ'aD wmh wpfa,mufrmS &Sw
d hJ arQmrf eS ;f csuo
f nf aemufwpfa,muf
rSm&SdwJh arQmfrSe;f csufeJY wlcsifrSwlygvdrfh r,f/ qD;csKda&m*gukxHk;
awG[m vlwpfO;D csi;f udk oD;oefaY y;&wJh ukx;k H omvQif
jzpfygw,f/ 'g a,bk,stm;jzifh uReaf wmfqv
kd kw
d myg/
'Dvlemudk 'Daq;yJay;w,f/ aemufvlemwpfa,mufudkvnf;
'Daq;yJ ay;wmygyJvkYd Munfh&if xifEikd pf &m&Sad yr,fhvkYd qD;csKad &m*g
wu,fukxHk;uawmh 'Dvel mudk b,f[mudk b,favmuf jzpfatmif
xm;r,fqkw
d hJ &nfreS ;f csuu
f awmh qD;csKad 0'em&Siaf wGukd ukoay; aewJh
q&m0efqrD mS xm;oifyh gw,f/ q&m0efawGu 'Dv&kd nfreS ;f csux
f m;NyD;
vlemawGukd ukoay;aeMuygw,f/
vlemwkid ;f tay:xm;&Sw
d Jh qD;csKad &m*guk &nfreS ;f csuaf v;awG
udkvnf; odcsifygw,f/
t"duuswhJ &nfreS ;f csuaf wG uReaf wmfajym&r,fq&kd if eHygwfwpf
u aoG;xJrSm&SdaewJh ygyJ/ tay:rSmvnf;yJ
uRefawmfajymcJhNyD/ jyefajym&&ifawmh tpmpm;NyD; (2)em&DtwGi;f
rSmazmufwJhaoG;[m uae Mum;twGif;rSmyJ
&Sd o ifhy gw,f / ntd yf &m
r0ifcif azmufwJhaoG;[m
eJY Mum;
rSm &Sdo ifhygw,f/ 'gu
vdkY ac:wJh taumif;
qH;k tajctaeeJY taetxm;
ygyJ/

- -
aemufwpfcku uk,
d t
f av;csed f qD;csK?d aoG;csKd
a&m*gukowJt
h csed rf mS vnf;yJ uRefawmfwu
kYd vlem&JUu,
kd t
f av;csed u
f kd
tNrJxnfw
h u
G zf kYd vdktyfygw,f/ uk,
d t
f av;csed f rsm;rrsm;? t0vGeu
f J
aeraeqdkwmudk -- eJYwGuv
f nf; &ygw,f/
'gudkvnf; uReaf wmf b,fvkw
d u
G cf su&f r,f qdkwmawGeyYJ wfoufNyD;
ajymcJhNyD;NyD/ vlemwpfa,muf[m 25xuf vHk;0rausmfoifh
bl;vdkY &nf&,
G cf sux
f m;&Syd gw,f/
aemufwpfck aoG;aygifcsdefygyJ/ aoG;aygifcsdefeJY ywfoufvdkY
wwfEikd forQ qD;csKda&m*gvlemudk omrefqD;csKda&m*gr&Sw
d v
Jh lawGxuf
pm&if ydkrkdwif;usyfpGm ukoay;zdkY &nfrSef;csufxm;&ygw,f/
tJ'aD wmh touf (60-65)atmuf vlemawGqk&d if twwfEikd q
f k;H
atmufrmS xm;csiy
f gw,f/ 65ESpt
f xufqk&d ifawmh
xuf b,fvke
d nf;eJYrS rausmo
f ifhygbl;/ toufBuD;
wJholrkdY olY&JUcEmuk,
d fzGJUpnf;yHkt& aoG;aygifukd enf;enf;ydkjrihx
f m;
ygw,f/ aemufyidk ;f rSm aoG;aygifeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmftao;pdwf
&Si;f jyay;ygr,f/
vlemwpfa,muftaeeJY qD;csKda&m*guvnf;&Sad er,f/ aoG;wdk;
a&m*gvnf; yl;wGJ&aSd er,fqdk&ifawmh ausmufuyfysufp;D zdkY &mcdkifEIe;f
tawmfhukrd sm;w,f/ aemufwpfck ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwaf &m*g&zdkY rsm;yg
w,f/ avjzwfjcif;qdkwJh OD;aESmufaoG;aMumawGydwzf dkY tvm;tvm
ydkrsm; ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qD;csKda&m*gonfawGukd aoG;aygifenf;
Ekid forQenf;atmif yHkrSefjzpfEkdiforQjzpfatmif &nfrSef;csufxm;NyD;
ukoay;&ygw,f/
aemufarQmrf eS ;f csuw
f pfckuawmh tqD"mwfxed ;f odr;f rIygyJ/ tqD
"mwfawGxrJ mS trsK;d rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ tJ'x
D u
J - udkyJ
ajymcsiyf gw,f/ - [m wkdif;wmvdkuw
f JhtcgrSm
wwfEikd o
f rQ &JUatmufrmS yJ xm;csiyf gw,f/ b,fvkd
enf;eJrY S &JUtxufrmS rxm;csiyf gbl;/ usew
f Jhtcsuf


awGvnf; trsm;BuD; &Sad eao;w,f/ t"duusNyD; toHk;uswhJ tcsuf
awGukdyJ uRefawmfhtaeeJY a&G;cs,af jymjyjcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'gawGu
&nfrSe;f csufawGyg/ qD;csKda&m*g vlemwpfa,mufqD tay:rSm qD;csKd
a&m*gukq&m0efwpfa,muf&JU xm;&Sw
d Jh &nfrSe;f csuyf gyJ/
qD;csKda&m*g[m b,favmufrsm; qdk;0g;w,f? b,fvdk
aoaysmufrI&dw
S ,f? aemufwdk;a&m*gawG A&yGBuD;cHpm;&w,fqdkwm
uRefawmfrsujf rifu,
kd f awGUawGUz;l jrifz;l ygw,f/ vlem&Siaf wGu,
kd w
f ikd f
udku qD;csKad &m*gtay: av;av;eufeufrxm;wwfMuwmudkvnf;
awGU&ygw,f/ qD;csKad &m*geJY ywfoufNyD; use;f rma&; ynmay;rIawG
t&Sed f t[kefjyif;jyif;eJY aqmif&GuMf uzdkY vdktyfaeNyDvdkYvJ uRefawmfh
taeeJY ,lqygw,fq&m/ qD;csKad &m*grSm taygif;toif; a&m*gawG
&Sdw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ 'geJYywfoufNyD; q&maqG;aEG;ray;awmhbl;
vm;/
aqG;aEG;ay;yghr,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*geJY taygif;tyga&m*g
awG? -- -- vdkY ac:ygw,f/ qD;csKed Yt
J wl wGzJ ufjzpf
wwfwJh a&m*gawGukdvnf; txl;*kpdkufukorIay;zdkY vdktyfwm
trSeyf gyJ/ qD;csKjd zpfcJh&if 'Da&m*gwpfckwnf;eJY &yfraewwfwm olY
obm0ygyJ/ aemufwdk;a&m*gawG trsKd;rsKd;vnf; wGJNyD;0ifvmwwf
ygao;w,f/
tJ'geJYywfoufNyD;awmh (1988)ckESpfu tar&duefEkdifiHu
a'gufwm&DAifqkw
d Jhyk*Kdvu
f qD;csKd? aoG;csKd a&m*geJY wGJNyD;jzpfwwfwhJ
wGJavhwJx
G &SdwJh a&m*gvuPm tpkta0;
qdkNyD;awmh wifjycJhzl;ygw,f/ tJ'gudk aemufykid f;usawmh
trsKd;trnfrodaom a&m*gvuPm tkyp
f kvdkYvnf; ac:
a0:Muygw,f/ tJ'D [m wpfcgwpf&H ESvHk;a&m*g
ynmaA'rSmajymwJh eJY rSm;Ekid fwJhtwGufaMumifhrkYv
d dkY
aemufyikd f;rSm vdkY cGJac:Muygw,f/

- -
tJ'aD &m*gtpkta0;awG rSm bmawGygovJqkad wmh
qD;csKad &m*gtjyif qD;csK?d aoG;;csKad &m*g rjzpfao;wJh
- vda
kY c:wJh - qD;csKad &m*grjzpfcif
wpfqifhaygh/ tJ'DvlrsKd;awG yg0ifaewwfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku
- vda
kY c:wJh t0vGeu
f JwJh tajctaevnf; yg0ifaeygw,f/
aemufwpfck aoG;wdk;a&m*g - yg0ifygw,f/ 'ghjyif
vdkYac:wJh uk,
d fxJrSm tqD"mwfrsm;jym;jcif;
a&m*gawGvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ 0w,f? aoG;wdk;w,f? tqD"mwfawG
rsm;aer,fqk&d if avmavmq,f qD;csKad &m*grjzpfao;&ifawmif qD;csKd
a&m*g&JU - ueOD; qD;csKad &m*gtajctaejzpfcsif jzpfae
wwfygw,f/
'ghjyif - tifqv
l if"mwfawG vGeu
f NJ yD; rsm;jym;
aewJhtajctae? uk,
d x
f rJ mS &Sw
d Jh tifqv
l if"mwfawG&JU tmedoifawGukd
qefu
Y siw
f YjkH yefwwfwJh tajctae - -- eJY tmedoif
usqif;jcif; tajctaeawG tm;vHk;aygif;NyD; ,SOw
f v
JG mwJt
h ajctae
tm;vHk;udk vdkY ac:ygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
qD;csKad &m*g trsK;d tpm;(2) a0'em&Siaf wGrmS ydkNyD;awGU&ygw,f/
qD;csKad &m*gtrsK;d tpm; (2)udk uRefawmfwu
kYd bmaMumifh ajym&
ovJvakYd r;&if wpfurmvHk;rSm&Sw
d Jh (90-95%)onf qD;csKad &m*gtrsK;d
tpm;(2)a&m*gonfawG jzpfaeMuvdkYygyJ/
'gjzifh qD;csKdtrsKd;tpm; (2)a&m*gonfawG&JU taygif;
toif;a&m*gawG? tajctaeawGeYJ q&mwdt
kY aeeJY owdxm; xde;f odr;f
ay;zdkYa wmh vdkt yfrSmaygh/
[kwyf gw,f/ trsK;d tpm; (2)qD;csKad &m*gonfawG trsm;pk[m
qD;csKad &m*gwpfckwnf;eJrY vmbJ taygif;tygawGukyd g wGJac:vmavh
&Syd gw,f/ tJ'aD wmh qD;csKad &m*gudkukowJah e&mrSm aoG;xJrSm aoG;csKd
"mwfwpfckwnf;udkyJ ZGwfrw
Sd fukaevd&kY Sd&if 'Dvlem&JUjzpfEkdifwJha&m*g


awGukd wm;qD;ay;aeaomfjim;vnf; vHkavmufwJh ukxk;H awmh r[kwf
ygbl;/
tJ'Dawmh apmapmykid ;f uajymcJw
h hJ tajctaetm;vH;k udk uReaf wmfwYkd
xnfhpOf;pm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ qdkvdkwmu qD;csKad &m*gwpfckwnf;
ukHak vmufeaJY wmh uRefawmfwkY&d JUukxk;H onf tjynfhpHkqk;H ukxHk;jzpfcsif
rS jzpfr,f/ aemufqufwGJa&m*gjyemawG tcef;a&muf&if
uReaf wmf 'gawG jynfjh ynfph kpH kH aqG;aEG;ay;yghr,f/
uRefawmfaqG;aEG;wJhtxJrSm pma&;q&mBuD; owdxm;rdrvm;
rodbl;/ cPcPajymwJhpum;&yfwcsKdU &Sdygw,f/
bmrsm;vJq&m/ uRefawmfvnf; q&maqG;aEG;csufawGudk
em;vnf a tmif B udK;pm;ae&wmeJY owdrxm;rd b l;/
'Dvkyd g/ aoG;aMumi,fawGukx
d w
d haJ &m*g? a&SUrmS vnf; ajymcJhNyD;NyD/
- awGrSm t"dutm;jzifh rsufMunfvTm
rSmjzpfwJh ajymif;vJrI? aoG;aMumi,frsm;rSmxdwJh eJY
tmkHaMumawGrSm aoG;aMumi,frsm; ajymif;vJjcif;?
eJY ausmufuyfrsm;xdcdkufjcif;qdkNyD; (3)ck&Sdygw,f/
aoG;aMumi,frsm;udkxw
d Jh aemufqufwaJG &m*gawG[m rsuMf unf
vTmudk ysufpD;apEkdifygw,f/ ausmufuyfudkvnf; ysufpD;apEkdifyg
w,f/ vufawG ajcawGxHkw,f? usOfw,fqdkNyD; jzpfvmygw,f/
vlwpfa,muftaeeJY touf&iS af eaomfjim;vnf;yJ rsupf u
d rjrifbl;/
ausmufuyfuysufpD;aer,f? azmr,f? a&mifr,f? xHkr,f? usOfr,f?
xdawGUrIukdrodwJh a0'emawGcHpm;ae&ygr,f/ 'gqdk vlem[m pdwf
csrf;ajrhrI &Ekdifyghrvm;/
aemuf? aemufqufwGJa&m*gjzpfwJh -
aoG;aMumBuD;awGukdxdwJh a&m*gtaeeJYajym&&if b,frSm
xdovJaygh/ OD;aESmufudk oGm;wJh aoG;aMumBuD;awGudk xdw,f/
tJovdkx&d if avjzwfygw,f/ - --

- -
vdkYac:ygw,f/

ESvHk;udk oGm;wJh

aoG;aMumBuD;awGx&d if
-- vdka
Y c:wJh ESvHk;aoG;aMum
ydwfwJha&m*gjzpfvmygw,f/ ESvHk;aoG;
aMumusOf;a&m*gawGvnf; jzpfvmyg
w,f/ aemufwpfcku vufawG? ajcawG
udkomG ;wJh aoG;aMumawGvnf; usOf;vm
r,f/ ydwo
f mG ;Ekid w
f ,f/ 'gudk
- -- vd k Y a c:ygw,f /
qD;csKda&m*gaMumifhjzpfwJh aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gawGrSm aoG;aMumBuD;awGukd xdwJh
a&m*grsm;jzpfcJh&if csufcsif;aoqHk;rIeJY
&ifqkid &f ovdk a&&Snrf Svnf; aoqHk;rIrsm;wwfygw,f/
qD;csKdaMumifhjzpfwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGteuf wu,f
aoaysmufrEI eI ;f awGrsm;apwmuawmh ESv;k H aoG;aMumydwaf &m*gaMumifh ygyJ/
avjzwfvyYk d gyJ/ 'gudk odxm;oifyh gw,f/
'gaMumifh qD;csKad &m*gvlemawGukd cHpm;ae&wJh a0'emawGudk
oufomavsmhenf;kHrubJ qD;csKda&m*gonfawG&JU aoqHk;rIEIe;f
jrifhrm;apwJh taMumif;&if;awGukv
d nf;yJ umuG,Nf yD;awmh ukoay;zdkY
vdktyfygw,f/
'g odyfta&;BuD;wJh tcsufwpfckygyJ/
aMumufp&mawmh aMumufp&mawGcsn;f yJq&m/ 'gjzifh qD;csK?d
aoG;csKdaMumifh aoG;aMumBuD;awGudk xdapEkdifwJh taMumif;w&m;
av;awGukdvnf; q&m enf;enf;&Si;f jyygOD;/
aoG;aMumBuD;awGudkxw
d aJh &m*g? jzpfapEkid w
f Jh taMumif;&if;awG
udkjyefNyD;MunfhwJhtcgusawmh urmrSm prf;oyfcsufawG? okawoe
awG trsm;BuD;vkyfxm;wm &Sdaeygw,f/ 'DtcsuftvufawGeJY


ywfoufNyD;awmh aq;ynma[majymyGaJ wGrSm uRefawmfhtaeeJY tao;
pdwf ajymavh&Syd gw,f/
q&meJY aqG;aEG;wmusawmh jynfolvlxktwGuf ajymqdk&awmh
prf;oyfcsufawG? okawoejyKcsufawGukd tao;pdwf uRefawmf
rajymcsib
f l;/ pmzwfwv
Jh lawG Iyaf xG;oGm;rSmudk uRefawmfpk;d &drw
f ,f/
qdk&if - awGukd oufomapcsi&f if
qD;csKd a&m*gvlem&JUaoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfrsm;aewmudk xde;f odr;f kH
wpfckwnf;eJY rvHkavmufygbl;/ aoG;csKu
d kd xde;f &if;eJY aoG;aMum
i,frsm;udkxdwJha&m*gawGrjzpfao;&if BudKwifumuG,frIawGeJY
xde;f odrf;ay;&ygw,f/ jzpfNyD;om;qdk&ifvnf; a&m*gydkqk;d rvmatmif
umuG,rf IawG vkyaf y;xm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
'gu aoG;aMumi,fawG xdwhaJ &m*g? aoG;aMumBuD;awGudkxw
d hJ
a&m*gawGusawmh uRefawmfwkYd avsmeh nf;atmif ravQmhay;Ekid fbl;/
aoG;aMumBuD;awGrmS xdvjkdY zpfwJha&m*gawGukd avQmhcscsi&f if aoG;xJrmS
&Sw
d Jh oMum;"mwfudk enf;kHomrubl;? uRefawmfajymcJhwJh taygif;
tyg a&m*gawG? aoG;wdk;a&m*g? aoG;xJrSm tqD"mwfrsm;wJha&m*g?
t0vGefuJjcif;a&m*gawGukyd g t"duukoay;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gudk
uRefawmfpum;jzpf ajymaewmr[kwyf gbl;/ okawoejyKNyD; ckid rf mwJh
oufaotaxmuftxm;awG &Syd gw,f/
qD;csKda&m*gudk ukNyDqkd&if t"dutcsufwpfckuawmh 'Dvl[m
aq;vdyfaomufovm;? raomufbl;vm;qdkwm xnfhpOf;pm;zdkYvdkyg
w,f/ aq;vdyaf omufw,fq&kd if aq;vdyv
f k;H 0jzwfzkYd wdu
k w
f eG ;f zdv
kY kd
tyfygw,f/ avQmhaomufygvdYk rajymEkid yf gbl;/ vHk;0jzwfygvdyYk aJ jym
csiyf gw,f/ bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J k&d if aq;vdyaf omufjcif;aMumifh qD;csKad &m*g
&Sw
d v
hJ yl jJ zpfjzpf? qD;csKad &m*gr&Sw
d v
hJ yl jJ zpfjzpf ESv;kH a&m*g ydjk zpfapEkid v
f Yk d
ygyJ/ aq;vdyaf Mumifh usew
f ahJ &m*gawGvnf; trsm;BuD;jzpfEidk yf gw,f/
qD;csKda&m*g&Scd Jh&if ESvHk;a&m*gjzpfEIef; ydkrsm;ygw,f/ aq;vdyf
aomuf&if ydkqdk;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh aq;vdyfudk vHk;0 aomufjcif;rS

- -
&yfMuygvdkY ajymqdkjcif;jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck aoG;wdk;? aoG;wdk;
aMumifh avjzwfEikd fw,f/ ESvHk;a&m*gawGjzpfEkid w
f ,f/ ausmufuyf
ysupf ;D rIawGykrd sm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh aoG;wdk;a&m*gudkvnf;yJ omref
aoG;wdk;a&m*gr&SdwJh qD;csKda&m*gorm;awGxufpm&if *kwpdkufeJY
ukoay;zdkYvkdtyfygw,f/ qD;csKdorm;taeeJY aoG;wdk;b,favmuf&Sd
oifhw,fqkdwm uRefawmftxufrSm ajymcJhNyD;NyD/ aoG;wdk;udk aoao
csmcsm xdxad &mufa&mufukzdkY vdktyfw,fvkdY xyfajymcsiyf gw,f/
aoG;wdk;wmyJav? (140^90)yJ/ uRefrwdkYu aoG;wdk;wmav;eJY
rS aevdkYaumif;w,f/ aoG;usae&if aevdkYr&bl;qdkwJh vGJrSm;wJh
t,ltq&Sad ewJhvw
l csKdU jyKjyifajymif;vJzkYd ynmay;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
wcsKdUvlemawGu bmajymovJqkdawmh ]]uRefru aoG;wdk;
enf;enf;jrifah erS aeaumif;ygw,fq&m/ aoG;aygif (120^80)qd&k if
aeraumif;awmhb;l qdNk yD; t,ltqtvGt
J rSm;awGukd ajymwwfMu w,f/
aoG;wdk;wJhae&mrSm aoG;aygif (140^90)txufjrifhavjrifhav?
cEmuk,
d x
f rJ mS rvdv
k m;tyfwhJ ysupf ;D rIawG? qH;k I;H rIawG ydjk zpfav qdw
k mudk
oloabmraygufbl;/ jzpfEikd &f if (120^80)yJ/ rjzpfEkid b
f l; qdk&if
(130^80)? b,fenf;eJY yJjzpfjzpf? (140^90)atmufa&mufatmif
qD;csKda&m*gorm;awG aoG;wdk;udkxdef;xm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/


qD;csKo
d rm;&JU aoG;wdk;udk uRefawmf
wdkY ukowJt
h cg wjcm;aoG;wd;k xuf
pm&if ydkNyD;tEkpdwfzdkYawmh txl;vdk
tyfygw,f/ wcsKUd qD;csKad &m*gorm;
awGukd aoG;wdk;us apwJah q;0g;awG
ay;vd&kY ovdk wcsKUd usjyefawmh ay;vdkY
r&wmawGv nf ; &S d y gw,f / 'g
aMumifh qD;csKdeJY wGJzufaoG;wdk;udk
aocsmxde;f odr;f ay;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
qD;csKda&m*g[m aoG;wdk; a&m*geJY
aygif;rdNyDqk&d ifawmh aoaysmufrEI eI ;f
xm;u ydkNyD;awmh rsm;wwfygw,f/
qD;csKda&m*g? aoG;wdk;a&m*geJY
ESvk;H a&m*gawG[m twGn
J w
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awGjzpfygw,f/ vlemudk 'kuay;Ekid frSef;awmh uRefawmftawmfhudk
em;vnfvmygNyD/ tqD"mwftenf;trsm;aMumifh jzpfEkdifwJh tajc
taeawGukv
d nf; wpfvufpwnf; &Si;f jyay;ygq&m/
uRefawmfwdkY&JU cEmuk,
d fxJrSm tqD"mwfvGefuJjcif;
usawmh aoG;xJrmS tqD"mwfawG vGeu
f aJ e&if udv
k uf
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ESpfawGykdi;f jcm;NyD; udkvufpxa&m"mwfawGtay:rlwnfNyD;awmh
vlawG&JU ESvHk;a&m*gjzpfEIe;f udk qGJxm;wJ*h &yfawG? yHkawG&dyS gw,f/
'DykaH wGt&qdk&if udkvufpxa&m&So
d if&h x
dS u
kd w
f mrsm; avav? ESvk;H
a&m*gjzpfEeI ;f rsm;av? toufra&G; tkypf t
k m;vH;k ydjk zpfygw,f/
'gayrJv
h kYd qD;csKad &m*gom&Scd NhJ yDqk&d ifawmh udkvufpxa&maMumifh
jzpfwhJ ESvHk;a&m*gjzpfEIe;f [m qD;csKad &m*g r&Sb
d J udkvufpxa&mrsm;wJh
vlxufpm&if (3)qydktjzpf rsm;ygw,f/ qdkvdkwmu qD;csKda&m*g

- -
vnf; &Srd ,f? aoG;xJrSm raumif;wJu
h kv
d ufpxa&mawGvnf; rsm;ae
r,fqkd&if omrefq;D csKda&m*gr&SdwJhvlxuf (3q)uae (5q)txd
ESvHk;a&m*gjzpfEIe;f ydkrsm;aewwfygw,f/ ESvHk;a&m*gqdkwmrSm ESvHk;
aoG;aMumusOf;? ydwaf &m*gawGudk ajymjcif;jzpfygw,f/
'Dawmh aoG;csKda&m*gudk ukkHeJYrvHkavmufbl;/
ESvHk;a&m*gaMumifh qD;csKdorm;awG aoqHk;rIEIef;awGukd avsmhcs
csi&f if aoG;xJrSm&Sw
d hJ tqD"mwfukd avsmch szv
kYd kt
d yfygw,f/ tqD"mwf
b,favmuf&do
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- rjynfh0qDqkNd yD; (2)rsK;d &Sy
d gw,f/
jynfh0qDukd pm;oHk;jcif;uae uRefawmfwdkY a&Smif&r,f/ jynfh0qDvdkY
owfrSwEf ikd w
f Jhtajctaeudk vG,v
f G,u
f luel JYajym&&if [if;csufNyD;
tat;cHvu
kd fvdkY cJoGm;&if 'g[mjynfh0EIe;f rsm;wJhtqD"mwfawGyJvdkY
ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ t"du b,frSmygovJqk&d if wd&pmefawG&JUtqD
awGrSm ydkrsm;ygw,f/ 0ufq?D trJq?D Muuf? bJawG&JU ta&jym;ay:
utqD? tJ'DtqDawGucsufNyD;wmeJY tat;cHvkdu&f if cJoGm;wwf
ygw,f/ aemufwpfcku ykpGefacgif;rSmygwJh ykpeG fqD? pm;tke;f qD?
'gawG[m jynhf0tqDawGcsnf;ygyJ/ 'DtqD"mwfawGukd twwfEkdiq
f k;H
pm;oHk;jcif;rS a&Smifoifhygw,f/
rjynfh0qD - qdkwmuawmh uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm
vG,v
f G,fulu&l Ekid w
f mu ESr;f qD? yJq?D aeMumqD? [if;oD;[if;&Guf
u&wJh rm*s&if;tqD? 'gawGudkpm;&if ESvHk;aoG;aMumudk rmapwJh
a&m*g --- jzpfEIef; enf;apygw,f/
wd&pmeftqDeJY ywfoufvkdY vleJYwnfhwJhtqDawGu ig;tqDawG
ygyJ/ Ekid if jH cm;rSm a0vig;u &wJhtqD (tdkr*D g-3) tqDukd aq;0g;
tjzpfeJYawmif tqDusw,fqdkNyD; vlawGoHk;pGJaeMuygw,f/
'DrSm vG,v
f ,
G &f wJh ig;jrif;wd?kY ig;ywfawG&JUtqDawG[m vlukd
'kur ay;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifjh ynh0f qDukd a&Smifyg/ rjynf0h wJt
h qDukd ydkNyD;
awmhpm;oH;k yg/ Ny;D rS uk,
d &hf UJ u,
kd cf EmxJrmS tqD"mwfawG b,favmuf


&SdaeovJqkw
d mudk tenf;qHk; (6)vwpfBudrf yHkrSepf pfaq;zdkY vdktyf
ygw,f/ ppfaq;MunfhvdkY 'grS r[kwfvdkY
xufrsm;ae&ifawmh q&m0efeJYjyNyD; tqD"mwfusatmif aq;0g;awG
aomufzkYd vdktyfygw,f/ aq;0g;awGu trsm;BuD;yJ/ oifhovdka&G;NyD;
q&m0efu ay;ygvdrfhr,f/
ta&;BuD;wmu ukd,fcEmxJu tqDudkcszdkYygyJ/
tqDrsm;NyD; &So
d ifh&x
Sd dkufwJh uk,
d t
f av;csderf sm;ae&if uk,
d v
f uf
avhusihcf ef;awG yHkrSev
f kyzf kYd tMuHay;csiyf gw,f/ tqDukv
d nf; avQmh
pm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ aemufwpfck u,fvdk&DvkdYac:wJh pGr;f tif"mwf
awGukd avQmhNyD;pm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
jcHKiHkNyD;oHk;oyf&if qD;csKad oG;csKad &m*gudk apmifMh unfhxde;f odr;f wJh
tcgrSm qD;csKad &m*gawGuku
d kwhJ tm[m&? tifqv
l if? aq;0g;ukxk;H
awG trsK;d pHk&adS ewJhtxJu qD;csKad &m*gwpfckwnf;udkyJ rJNyD;ukae&if
qD;csKad &m*gjzpfaewJh a0'emonfO;D a&vnf; enf;atmif? qD;csKad &m*g
onfawG&JU aoqHk;rIEeI ;f avsmhenf;atmif ukxHk;awGeJYcsn;f ukvkYd
r&ygbl;/
'gaMumifh qD;csKad &m*gudk xdef;odrf;yg/ taygif;tyga&m*gawG
udkvnf; xdxad &mufa&muf ukyg/ 'grS cHpm;&rIawG? aoaysmufrEI Ie;f
awG usygr,f/ 'grSvnf; uRefawmfwkYd ukxHk;rsm;[mvnf; atmifjrif
Ekdiyf gw,f/ qD;csKda&m*gvlemawGtaeeJYvnf; qD;csKda&m*gu vGJvdkY
aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGrjzpfbl;qdk&if olt
Y aeeJY omref vlaumif;
twkid ;f vljzpfusKd;rIH;&bJ b0rSm aysm&f Tipf Gm oufwrf;aphaeoGm;Ekid f
ygvdrfhr,f/
aus;Zl;txl;ygyJq &m/ rarmwrf;aqG;aEG;ay;wJhtwGuf
ydkNyD;awmh tm;vnf;emygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aemufwpfywftwGuf
acgif;pOfav;awmh a&G;vdkufMu&atmifq&m/

- -
-
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;rIeJYywfoufNyD; aomufaq;
awGeJY ukojcif;taMumif; 'DwpfywfrSm aqG;aEG;ay;apvdkygw,f/
qD;csKd? aoG;csKd aomufaq;awG[m aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh oMum;
"mwfawGukd usapwJhtwGuf - vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ 'Daq;awGukd b,fvkdaoG;csKo
d rm;tkypf krSm toHk;jyKovJ
ar;&if trsK;d tpm;(2)aoG;csKo
d rm;awGrSm toHk;jyKygw,f/ 'D tkypf k0if
aoG;csKad &m*gonfawG[m yefu&d,vkYad c:wJh tusw
d u
f aeNyD;awmh
tifqlvifa[mfrke;f awGukd xkwfawmhxkwaf eygw,f/ xkwfaewJh


yrmPu omref&So
d ifh&dx
S dkufwJh tifqlvifyrmPxuf enf;aevkdY
jzpfap? xGuf wJht ifqlvif&JUtmedo ifudk qefYusifwJht aMumif;
udpawG? y#dypn;f awG ay:aevkYd tifqlvif&JU tmedoifu usaewJh
twGufaMumifhjzpfap? 'DtaMumif;&if;ESpf&yfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
aoG;csKda&m*gudk trsKd;tpm;(2) aoG;csKda&m*g&,fvkYd ac:ygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh cEmudk,w
f iG ;f u tifqv
l iftxGuEf eI ;f enf;aeay
r,fh yefu&d,uxkwfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm;&Sdaeao;wJhtwGuf tifqlvif
awG xkwaf y;Ekid af tmif xGufvmwJhtifqlvifawG tmedoifjynfhpGr;f
Ekid fatmif aq;0g;awGeJY vkyfay;Ekdifygw,f/ tJ'gu aomufaq;eJY
aoG;csKda&m*gudk ukojcif;&JU t"du&nf&G,fcsufyg/
aq;0g;tk yf pk b,fESrsKd;avmuf &SdygovJq&m/
aoG;csKad &m*g aomufaq;awGeyJY wfoufNyD;awmh tMurf;tm;
jzifh tkypf k(4)rsKd;cGJNyD;awmh ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh
-aq;0g;tkyfpk

-aq;0g;tkyfpk
-- - -aq;0g;tkyfpk
aemufqHk;ay: aq;0g;rsm;tkyfpkqkdNyD; (4)rsKd;cGJEdkiyf gw,f/
eHygwfwpftkypf kjzpfwJh aq;0g;tkypf kawGu
t"dutm;jzifh b,fvkdtmedoifawG ay;ovJq&kd if tifqv
l if"mwf
ydkxGuaf tmif vkyaf y;Ekid pf Gr;f &Syd gw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Daq;0g;tkyfpkudk
yefu&d,taeeJY tvkyv
f kyEf ikd af o;wJh aoG;csKo
d rm;awGukd toHk;jyKvkYd
&ygw,f/
aoG;csKt
d rsK;d tpm;(1)vlemawGukad wmh ay;vdkYr&ygbl;/ tif
qlvifxkwfwJh yefu&d,tusdw[
f m 95% ysufpD;aeNyDqk&d if 'D
aq;awGay;&ifvnf;yJ tifqv
l if b,fvkdrS xGuv
f mp&mtaMumif;
r&Syd gbl;/ 'Daq;udk toHk;jyKjcif;[m tifqlvifxGufatmifvkyf
ay;jcif;&JU t"dutaMumif;&if;wpf&yfygyJ/ 'Daq;[m vlaumif;

- - -
udkvnf; tifqv
l ifydkNyD;xGufatmif vkyaf y;Ekid pf Grf;&Syd gw,f/ aoG;csKd
a&m*gjzpfaewJhvlukv
d nf; vlaumif;vkyd J ykNd yD; tifqv
l ifxGuaf tmif
vkyaf y;EkdifpGr;f &Sdygw,f/ udk,fxJrSm tifqlvifawG rsm;ae&ifvnf;
aoG;xJrmS &Sw
d Jh oMum;"mwfukd usatmifvkyaf y;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh
vlaumif;rSma&m? aoG;csKdvlemrSmyg aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf tvGef
trif;usapwJh jzpfapEkid fpGrf;&Sdygw,f/
aq;0g;tkyfpkeJYywfoufNyD;awmh pNyD;ay:
wke;f u aq;0g;wpfcsKUd &Syd gw,f/ qkw
d hJ aq;&Syd g w,f/
tJ'Daq;udk - qk dNyD; 0,fvkd Y &ygw,f/ aemufwpfck
jrefrmjynfrSm toHk;rsm;wJh aq;awGukad jym&r,fqkd&if
uxkww
f hJ - qkw
d haJ q;? qkw
d t
Jh rnfeYJ
xkwaf ewm&Syd gw,f/ aemuf qkw
d Jhaq;? vlawG
trsm;qHk;odaewmu qkw
d Jhaq;? aemufxyf&Ekid w
f Jh aq;
wpfrsK;d u qkw
d ahJ q;yg/ qdkNyD; 0,fv&kYd ygw,f/
rsK;d pHk&ydS gw,f/ aemufqk;H tdE,
d uvmwJh emrnftrsK;d rsK;d eJY aoG;csKd
twGuf oHk;wJah q;awGvnf; &Syd gao;w,f/
aemufwpfcku ukrP
Du xkww
f Jh
qkdwJhaq;&Sw
d ,f/ qkdwJhaq;0g;awG vnf;&Sdygw,f/
aq;0g;emrnfawGu trsKd;rsKd;yJaemf q&m/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
aq;0g;awG&JUtrnf? olw k dY&JUtmedoif? ab;xGu fq kd ;usKd;awGu dk
odMu&if aq;0g;aMumifh tE&m,frjzpfEikd b
f ;l vdkY ,lqrdygw,f q&m/
bmyJjzpfjzpf b,faq;0g;rqkd udk,ho
f abmeJu
Y ,
kd af wmh vkH;0
raomufoifhygbl;/ ckeu uRefawmfajymcJhwJhaq;awG&JU tmedoif
uawmh yefu&d,uae tifqv
l ifawG xkwEf ikd af tmifvYkd vkyaf y;Ekid f
pGr;f &Syd gw,f/ tmedoifawGtaeeJv
Y nf; rsK;d pHkygyJ/ a&m*g tEkt&ifh
tay:tajccHNyD; aq;0g;awG&UJ tmedoiftenf;trsm;a&G;cs,Nf yD; vlem
udk ay;&ygw,f/


qkw
d Jh

aq;0g;
tkyfpkrSm&Sw
d Jh aq;awGukd uRefawmfwdkY
vmorQvlemwkdif;udk rsufpdrSdwfNyD;ay;
aewmawmhr[kwyf gbl;/ vlem&JUa&m*g
tEkt&ifh? vlem&JU cEmudk,frSm&SdwJh
oMum;"mwftenf;trsm;ay: tajccH
NyD;awmh aq;awGukd oifhawmfatmif
a&G;ay;&ygw,f/
aq;0g;tkyfpkwpfckxJu aq;
wpfrsKd;udk a&G;cs,fay;NyD;&if 'Daq;udk
wpfoufvHk;aomuf&r,fvdkY uRefawmfwdkY rajymvkyd gbl;/ a&m*g
tajctae t&yf&yfay:rlwnfNyD;awmh aoG;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;Ekdiw
f Jh
tajctaexd a&mufvmatmif aq;0g;awGudk ajymif;vGJoHk;pGJEkdifyg
w,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*grsm;[m vHk;0yHkaoum;csyftwkid ;f ukvkYd
&wJha&m*grsKd;r[kwfygbl;/ aoG;csKda&m*g[m NidrfaewJh a&m*grsK;d
r[kwfbJ tNrJwrf;ajymif;vJaewJh a&m*gwpfrsKd;yg/
'gaMumifh ukxk;H awGukdvnf; tNrJwap ajymif;vJok;H pJG&yg
w,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*g[m tpOftNrJajymif;vJwwfwJh a&m*g
wpfrsK;d qkdawmh q&m0efet
YJ NrJwrf;apmifh MunfhukorI cH,lzkdY vdktyf
r,fvkdY xifygw,f/
aoG;csKda&m*gonftaeeJY wpfBudrfjyHk? ESpBf udrfjyHkeJY rvHk
avmufygbl;/ wpfBudrf? ESpBf udrjf yNyD; q&m0efukrd jyawmhbJ aoG;csKd
a&m*gaumif;NyDvdkY ,lqNyD; q&m0efnTef;ay;xm;wJh aq;0g;awGudk
udk,ho
f abmeJYuk,
d f pGJaomufaevkYad wmh roifhygbl;/ 'gudk vlemawG
taeeJY odoihfygw,f/

- - -
vlem&JU a&m*gtEkt&ifh? aemufqufwGJa&m*gvuPmawG?
aoG;csKed JYtaygif;yga&m*gtkypf k? tJ'gawGay:rlwnf NyD;awmh uReaf wmf
wdkYu aq;awGudk twkd;tavQmhvkyaf y;zdkY txl;vdktyfygw,f/
'gaMumifh q&m0efeJY yHkrSefjyozkdY wkdufwGef;vkdygw,f/
vlemwpfa,muftaeeJY olcHpm;ae&wJha&m*gtajctaeudk
olYbufuaeaumif;aew,fvdkY xifvifhupm;? q&m0ef&JUIaxmifh?
aq;ynmtjrifeJY Munfh&if raumif;wJhtcsuaf wG awGUEikd o
f vkd jyKjyif
p&m vdktyfaewJhtcsuaf wGukdvnf; jyKjyifay;zkdY vkt
d yfygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh aoG;csKad &m*gonf vlemawGtaeeJY wwfuRrf;em;vnfwJh
q&m0efeJY yHkrSejf yoaezdkY vkdtyfygw,f/ 'grS aoG;csKx
d ed ;f odr;f rItydki;f
rSm aumif;rGeyf gr,f/
aq;0g;awGuvnf; wpfaeYwjcm; trsK;d pHak y:aeovdk &S&d if;pGJ
aq;awG&JU qk;d usK;d ? aumif;usK;d awGukd okawoDawGu tNrJazmfxkwf
ay; aeMuwmawG awGU&ygw,f/ 'DuaeY taumif;qHk;qkw
d ahJ q;&,f
vdkY vufcx
H m;wJhaq;[m reufjzefusawmh vlawGukd qk;d usK;d ay;Ekid f
wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f/
q&m&JU t,ltqrqk;d ygbl;/ 'DMum;xJ acwfrDaq;0g;awGeJY
rukbJ aq;NrD;wkad wGeu
YJ kaewJh vlawGvnf; &Sad o;w,f/ a&m*guRr;f rS
a&mufvmwJh vlemawGvnf; pdwfraumif;p&m tNrJawGUae&w,f/
uJ...aq;0g;taMumif; qufajymMupdkU/
aoG;csKad &m*gtwGuf tckrSpxkww
f Jh aq;0g;awGtaMumif;?
'Daq;awGukd yxrqHk;rsKd;qufaq;0g; - aemuf
ydki;f xkwv
f mwJh 'kw,
d rsK;d qufaq;0g; NyD;awmh
wwd,rsKd;qufaq;0g; qkdNyD; xyfNyD; cGJxm;
ygw,f/ a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh aq;awGtm;vHk; tmedoiftaeeJY
twlwyl gyJ/ aemufay:vmwJhaq;awGu ydkNyD;awmh tmedoif ydkaumif;
vmygw,f/


b,faq;0g;rqkd ol&JUaumif;wJhtcsuf? raumif;wJh tcsuf
awG &Syd gw,f/ ay;wJhq&m0efonf aomufwJhvlemtwGuf tJ'gawG
udk tm;vHk;csed fqNyD; ay;&ovkd vlemtaeeJY q&m0efnTeMf um;csuf
twkid ;f aomufMuzkYd vkdygw,f/
'gaMumifh vlemwkid f;onf q&m0efeJYtNrJjyzkYd vdktyfygw,f
vkYd xyfajymcsifygw,f/

udk ajymjyygOD;q&m/

aq;0g;tkypf k&UJ tm;omcsu?f tm;enf;csuf

aq;0g;tkyfpk[m apmapmuajymcJhovdk
aumif;wmu aoG;xJuoMum;"mwfukd xde;f ay;Ekid o
f vdk raumif;wm
uawmh aq;aomufNyD; tpmrpm;&if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG
usoGm;wwfygw,f/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGusoGm;wJhtcgrSm touf
tE&m,fukd xdcu
kd af vmufatmif? jyif;xefwaJh &m*gawG jzpfvmwwf
ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aq;0g;tkypf kaMumifh aoG;xJrmS
oMum;"mwfusqif;jcif;a&m*gudk tav;teufxm; ukoay;zdkY vdktyf
ygw,f/
'Daq;aomufNyD; tpmrpm;bl;/ 'Daq;udk ydkaomuf rdw,f?
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf vkw
d mxufyku
d somG ;Ekid yf gw,f/ oMum;"mwf
awGusoGm;&if uwkeu
f &ifjzpfr,f? rl;r,f? rdkurf ,f? acR;awG xGuf
r,f? Aku
d x
f rJ Sm qmvmr,fq&kd if vlemtaeeJY oufqikd &f maq;cef;udk
oGm;jyoifhw,f/ aq;cef;u csucf si;f *vl;udpkY af umufx;kd ay;vku
d &f if
aumif;oGm;rSmygyJ/
aumif;oGm;ayr,fvYkd jyemu bmvJqakd wmh
vdkYac:wJh (24)em&DMumrS jyefNyD;awmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfxyfenf;
Ekid fwJh tusKd;qufawG &Sad eygw,f/
Oyrmjy&&if eJY aq;udk

- - -
vltrsm;pkk 0,faomufaeMuygw,f/ 'Daq;&JU tmedoifu aoG;xJu
oMum;"mwfukd usapEkid Nf yD; cEmudk,fxJ aq;a&mufNyD; oMum;"mwf
u tonf;uaeNyD; - vkyaf y;vdkuv
f Ykd xGuv
f mwJ"h mwfjyK
ypn;f awGu udk,fxJu oMum;"mwfudk usqif;atmif qufvuf
vkyaf y;EdkifpGrf;&Syd gw,f/
'Daq;awGaomufvYkd aoG;xJoMum;"mwfusqif;wJh a&m*g&NyD
qkd&if tenf;qk;H vlemudk (24)em&Duae (48)em&D aq;Hkwifukoay;
zdkY vkdtyfygw,f/ vlemu oMum;"mwfusoGm;r,f? q&m0efu
aq;aumufxkd;ay;vkdufr,f/ csufcsif;aumif;oGm;wmeJY tdrfjyef
rvTwo
f ifhygbl;/ aemuf(24)em&D twGi;f jyefNyD;
&NyD; wpfzefjyefNyD; oMum;"mwfusqif;wJha&m*g &wwf
w,fqkdwmudk vlwkid f;odzdkY txl;vdktyfygw,f/
aq;Hkwifxm;wJhtcsdefrSmvnf; taMumxJukd *vl;udkYpf
awmufavQmufoGif;ay;xm;zdkY vkdtyfygw,f/
oMum;"mwfusqif;wJha&m*gtjyif 'Daq;tkyfpk&JU
- awGudk odcsifygw,f/
'Daq;tkyfpkaMumifh wcsKdUaomvlemawGrSm ,m;,HwJh tzk
tuGufawG xGuv
f mwwfygw,f/ tcsKdUaomvlawGrSm tom;0g
a&m*g jzpfapEkid fygao;w,f/ wcsKUd usawmh t&ufaomufvYkd rsuEf Sm
BuD;eDjref;ovdkrsKd;vnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh t&ufjzwf
wJha&m*gvuPmrsK;d cHpm;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Daq;aomufvYkd
dk if udk,u
hf kd ukoay;wJq
h &m0efukd tjrefqk;H owif;ydzkY dkY
- &NyDq&
vdktyfygw,f/
[kwfuJhygq&m/ - aq;0g;tkyfpk taMumif;
quf v uf a qG; aEG; ay;apvk d y gw,f /
'D - aq;0g;tkypf krSm t"dutm;jzifh aq; (2)rsKd;


&Sdygw,f/ wpfckuawmh
ac:wJhaq;? aq;qkdifawGrSm
awmh qkNd yD; 0,fvkY&d ygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ olYusawmh emrnfrsKd;
pHkeJY 0ifygw,f/ qdkNyD;
awmh 0,f,lvkdY&ygw,f/ olvnf;
emrnfrsKd;pHkeJY 0ifaeygw,f/
'Daq;0g;tkyfpk0if aq;(2)
rsKd;pvHk;[m udk,w
f Gi;f rSm &SdwJh tif
qlvifawG&JU pGrf;tm;udkydkNyD;awmh
jrifhrm;apwm awGU&Sdxm;ygw,f/
tonf;xJuaeNyD; awmh oMum;
"mwf xkwfay;rIudkvnf; wm;ay;
w,fvkYd vufcHxm;ygw,f/
- - ud k
vnf; wufapygw,f/ 'Daq;u
aoG;csKda&m*gr&SdwJh omrefval wGaomuf&if oMum;"mwftvGet
f rif;
usqif;wJha&m*g rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkad wmh udk,fxJu
tifqv
l ifawG ydkNyD;xGuv
f matmif vkyaf y;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tif r&Sv
d kydY gyJ/
'ghjyif 'Daq;u t"du u uk,
d fxJrSm
tvGefrsm;vmjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ cEmudk,f&JU aoG;eJYaoG;t&nf
MunfawG[m tufppf"mwfawG jzpfay:vmNyD; awG jzpfvm
wwfygw,f/ jzpfvmNyDqk&d if cEmudk,f&JUqJvf-awG?
udk,t
f *Fgtpdwftydki;f awG&JU vkyfaqmifrIawGvnf; usqif;oGm;wwf
ygw,f/ u awmfawmfav;udk touftE&m,feJY eD;pyfyg
w,f/ - qkw
d hJ tkypf k0ifaq;awGukd aomufcv
hJ &Ykd &dS if
awG ydkNyD;awmh jzpfapEkid fygw,f/

- - -
txl;ojzifh ausmufuyf raumif;wJholawG? tonf;
raumif;wJo
h al wGukd 'Daq;ay;vdkY r&ygbl;/ eJ
Y
aq;0g;tkypf kESpfckrSm u ykdNyD;awmh --
udk jzpfapEkid fygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifrh kYd Ekid if w
H umrSmqk&d if qkw
d ahJ q;
udk roHk;awmhbJ vHk;0wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm atmuf
vrf;u aeNyD;awmh 'Daq;awG 0ifaewm awGU&w,f/ EkdifiHwumrSm
vlemawGtE&m,frsm;vkYd roHk;awmhbJ wm;jrpfxm;wJhaq;udk uReaf wmf
wdkYEkid fiH&JU tpm;taomufeJY aq;0g;BuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwDuvnf;
todtrSwrf jyKygbl;/ 'gayrJh tcsKUd aomolawG oHk;pGJaeqJ awGUae&yg
w,f/
cGijhf yKcsuv
f nf;r&Sd w&m;r0ifwahJ q;udk vlemawG oHk;pGMJ u&if
tE&m,fu ESpq
f wkd;oGm;Ekdiw
f mayghaemf q&m/
wcsKUd q&m0efawGu 'D aq;0g;awGukd nTeMf um;aewke;f
ygyJ/ q&m0efunTe;f awmh vlemawGvnf; 0,faomufaeMuw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ajymcsiw
f mu eJYtkypf k0if aq;awGukd
q&m0efawGtydki;f uvnf; vHk;0roHk;oifhawmhygbl;/ vlemawG tae
eJYvnf; 'Daq;udk 0,f,lroHk;pGJMuzkYd owday;vkyd gw,f/

ovm;q&m/

tkypf 0k ifaq;awGua&m vlawGukd 'kua y;Ekid yf g

t0vGefwJh aoG;csKda&m*g&SifawGtwGuf ydkNyD;

toHk;wnfhwm awGU&ygw,f/ tar&duefvkdEikd fiHrSm 'Daq;u a&yef;
pm;ygw,f/ olu &SdNyD;om;tifqlvif&JU tmedoifudk ydkNyD;awmh
aumif;atmif vkyaf y;Ekid pf rG f;&Sdygw,f/ - - vdkY ac:
ygw,f/ &Sw
d ht
J medoifukd ydkaumif;atmif vkyaf y;Edkiyf gw,f/ b,fvkd
aumif;atmifvkyfay;EkdifovJqkdawm - -- udk


usapjcif;tm;jzifh tifqlvif&JU tmedoifukd ydkaumif;atmif vkyaf y;
Ekid fygw,f/ t0vGeu
f JNyD; aoG;csKdtrsKd;tpm;(2)a&m*gonfrSm
- -- jzpfapwmaMumifh u tJ'DvlemrsKd;rSm
ydkNyD;awmh toHk;0ifygw,f/
wpfck&w
dS mu aq;udkaomuf&if tpmrpm;csib
f J
cHwiG ;f ysuw
f wfygw,f/ tpmrpm;csiv
f Ykd tpm;taomufukd avQmhpm;
wJt
h wGuaf Mumifhvnf; aoG;csKad &m*gudk ydkNyD;oufomoGm;Ekid yf gw,f/
tvGeftrif;cHwGif;ysuf tpm;taomufrpm;Ekid b
f l;qkd&ifawmh vlem
twGuf raumif;ygbl;/ aemufNyD; 'Daq;aomuf&if Adkuef mwwfyg
w,f/ avxk;d NyD; 0rf;aysmhaysmhoGm;wJh tmedoifudkvnf; jzpfapEkid f
ygw,f/
'D aq;[m aoG;csKda &m*gonf w k d if ;eJYa &m
wnfhyg ovm;/
wcsKdUaomvlemawGu 'Daq;aomuf&if rl;wwfygw,f/
'Daq;udk tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csi;f aomufzv
kYd kt
d yfygw,f/ 'Daq;udk ay;oifh
wJhvl &Sdovdk ray;oifhwJhvlvnf; &Sdygw,f/ ay;wJhq&m0efu
csifhcsed fNyD; ay;zdkYvkdtyfygw,f/ vlemtaeeJY q&m0efrnTeMf um;bJ
udk,fhoabmeJYukd,f vHk;0 raomufoifhygbl;/ raomufoifhbJ
aomuf&if a&m*gawG &wwfovkd ydkq;dk 0g;wJh a&m*gawGvnf; jzpfEikd f
ygw,f/

-- aq;0g;tkyp
f kawG

taMumif;

vnf; qufaqG;aEG;ay;ygOD;q&m/
qD;csKad &m*geJYywfoufwJh wwd,aq;0g;tkyfpkjzpfwJh
-- tkyp
f k0ifaq;awG[m tpmacstifZikd ;f udk wm;jrpfay;wJh
aq;0g;tkypf kjzpfygw,f/ 'Daq;u upD"mwfvkdYac:wJh umAk[
d ku
d f
'&dwu
f kd t"duacszsuw
f Jh tifZkdif;"mwfudk wm;jrpfay;ygw,f/

- - -
t"dutm;jzifh 'DtifZkdif;u b,frSm&SdovJqkd&if tlodrf&JU
twGif; tajr;yg;rSm uyfNyD;&Sad eygw,f/ udk,x
f Jukd upD"mwf 0if
oGm;NyD; tpmtdrfuae tpmacszsufNyD; tlxJudk a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
tlxJa&mufvmwJhtcsdefusawmh apmapmuajymwJh -
- tmedoifu aoG;xJpkyv
f Yv
kd G,w
f JhyHkpHa&mufatmif -
yHkpHajymif;vJay;Ekdifygw,f/
tifZdkif;udk qefYusifwJhaq;ay;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh tlord fudk
a&mufvmwJh upD"mwfawGukd tpmacszsujf cif;tqifhukd ydwyf ifvku
d f
&ma&mufoGm;ygw,f/ tlxJa&mufvmwJh upD"mwfawG[m tlord f
tOD;ydkif;u rpkyfEkdiaf wmhbJ tlord af emufydki;f udk a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
tqifhqifh"mwfjyKrIawGjzpfNyD; aoG;xJudk pkyf,lwJhtqifh jzpfoGm;yg
w,f/
q&m/

'Daq;0g;tkyfpk&JU taumif;qHk;tmedoifu bmawGrsm;vJ

'Daq;0g;awG&JUaumif;wJhtmedoiftaeeJYajym&&if pm;vdkuf
w,f? csucf si;f upD"mwfawGwufjcif;udk umuG,Ef kid yf gw,f/ tpm
acswt
hJ qifu
h aemufusoGm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh aoG;xJukd oMum;"mwf
csucf si;f wufvmwJhtqifu
h kd edru
hf somG ;apygw,f/ 'Daq;0g;tkypf ku
tpm;taomufpm;NyD;wmeJY csufcsif;wufvmwJh -
vdkY ac:wJh aoG;csK"
d mwfwufvmjcif;udk umuG,f
ay;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gu aq;&JU aumif;wJhtmedoifyg/
raumif;wJt
h medoifu bmvJqakd wmh tlord w
f pf0u
kd rf mS upD
"mwfawGukd acszsu&f r,f? pky,
f l&r,f? aq;aMumifh rpky,
f lEikd w
f hJ
tcgrsK;d usawmh tl&UJ aemufykid ;f udk a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f/ tlaemuf
ydki;f udk a&mufomG ;wJu
h pD"mwfawG[m tlord x
f u
J rpkyEf ikd v
f Ykd tlr
BuD;xJ a&mufoGm;ygw,f/ tlrBuD;xJukd upD"mwfawGa&mufomG ;&if
tlrBuD;xJrSm yHkreS t
f m;jzifhq&kd if AufwD;&D;,m;ydk;awG &Sad ewwfygw,f/


&SdaewJh AufwD;&D;,m;ydk;rTm;awGaMumifh upD"mwfawG tcsOaf zmufwm
jzpfEkdifygw,f/ tcsOfazmufNyDqk&d if "mwfaiGUawGxGuv
f mwwfyg
w,f/ tJ'D"mwfaiGUaMumifh vlem[m 0rf;ysufNyD; AdkufBuD;awG wif;
aewwfygw,f/ 'gu rvkv
d m;tyfwJhaq;&JU qkd;usKd;awGygyJ/
'Daq;awGukd tpmrpm;cif em&D0ufBudKaomuf&ygw,f/
'Daq;tkypf k0if b,fESrsK;d &SdovJqkd&if - qkw
d Jh
aq;udk 0,fvkdY&ygw,f/ aemufwpfrsKd;uawmh-qdkwJh
- qkdwm 0,fvdkY&ygw,f/ aq;&JUtmedoifawGuawmh twlwl
ygyJ/ ukrPDyJ uGmjcm;ygw,f/
w,f /

'Daq;awG&JUaemufqufwGJ qk;d usK;d av;awGudk odcsiyf gao;

vlemawGukd q&m0efawGtaeeJY 'Daq;0g;tkypf kukd trsm;BuD;

ay;vkdY r&ygbl;/ yxrwpfywfrSm (50) rDvD*&rf (1)vHk;ay;vdkuf
r,f/ wpfywftwGi;f tpmacszsufraI wG? 0rf;oGm;wmawG? 0rf;u,f
wmawG rjzpfbl;qkrd S (2)vHk;xyfwkd;ay;&ygr,f/ aemufwwd,
tywfusrS (3)vHk;wk;d ay;vdku?f pwkw tywfusawmhrS (100)tm;udk
wk;d NyD;awmh jrihaf y;&ygr,f/ wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh wk;d jrihaf y;&r,fvdkU
nTefMum;rIawG&ySd gw,f/ uRefawmfhtawGUtMuHKt& jrefrmvlrsKd;awG
u 'Daq;&JUtmedoifawGukd ydkNyD;cHEikd &f nfpGr;f tm;&Sdwm awGU&ygw,f/
'Daq;ay:wmawmh MumygNyD/ ay:pwke;f u ynm&SifawGu
'Daq;udk odyfNyD;awmh tm;udk;ygw,f/ aomufwJhtcgusawmh
taemufEdkiif HawGu vltawmfrsm;rsm;[m 0rf;avQm? 0rf;a,mif?
Adkuu
f ,frIawG cHpm;Mu&ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wpfvHk;csi;f ? wpfywf
csif; auR;&r,fvdkY nTeMf um;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmrSmusawmh 'Daq;&JU raumif;wJh tmedoifawG[m
rjzpfbJ cHEdki&f nf&w
Sd mawGU&ygw,f/ uRefawmfapmapmu ajymcJhovdk
wpfywfrSm wpfvHk;? aemufwpfywfrSmESpv
f Hk;? tJovdkwk;d ay;p&m

- - -
awmif rvkt
d yfwm awGU&ygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf jznf;jznf;csif;
wkd;ay;&r,fqkdwJh tMuHPfav;awmh ay;vkyd gw,f/
jrefrmvlrsK;d awGu aq;0g;awG&UJ tmedoifukd cHEikd &f nfuawmh
a'gifa'gifjrnfygyJ/
bmyJajymajym taemufEkdiif HuvlawGxufpm&if 'Daq;awG
&JU tmedoifukd jrefrmawGu cHEkdi&f nfydkjrifhwmawmh aocsmygw,f/
'Daq;u aoG;csK"d mwfudk tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csi;f rwufatmifvkyaf y;Ekdif
ygw,f/ aoG;csKd"mwfqkdwm pm;vkdufNyD;&if oMum;"mwf wufyHku
tqifhESpfqifh&Sdygw,f/ pm;vkdufwJhupD"mwfawGu tpmtdrfu
wpfqifh tlodrfudka&muf? tlodrfucsufcsif;? tpmacszsufNyD;awmh
pkyf,lvu
kd w
f JhtwGuf csufcsi;f wufEikd yf gw,f/ tckpm; tckcsufcsi;f
wufEkid fygw,f/ - - -- vdkY ac:ygw,f/ ckpm;
ckcsufcsi;f oMum;"mwfawG wufvmygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh
tonf;uaeNyD; oMum;"mwfawG xGufvmjcif;ygyJ/ ukd,cf EmxJrSm
(24)em&DvHk;vHk; oMum;"mwfawGwufaezdkY tqifh(2) qifh&ydS gw,f/
wpfqifhu csufcsif;pm;? csufcsif;wufw,f/ aemufwpfqifhu
jznf;jznf;csif; oMum;"mwfxGufvmygw,f/
'Daq;tkyfpku yifuk,
d ftm;jzifh tmedoifjyif;wJh aq;0g;awG
xJrSmawmh rygygbl;/ a&m*g
vuPmjyif;xefwJhvlemawG
udkawmh 'Daq;wpfrsKd;wnf;
ay;HkeJY rvHkavmufygbl;/
wjcm;aq;0g;tkyfpkeJY wGJNyD;
ay;rSom &ygw,f/


a&m*gtqiht
f vku
d f 'Daq;udkvnf; jznf;jznf;csi;f rSeu
f efpmG
ay;zkdY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ rSeu
f efwJh yrmPukv
d nf; ay;Ekdizf Ykd vdktyf
ygw,f/ wwfodem;vnfwJh q&m0efawGu ay;rSomvQif rSefuefwJh
aq;0g;eJYrSefuefwJhtmedoif &Ekid fpGrf;&SdwmrdkY vlemtaeeJY q&m0efeJY
jyzdkUu t"duta&;BuD;ygw,f/ q&m0efawGtaeeJYvnf; 'Daq;&JU
tmedoifudk csifhcsdefNyD; wjznf;jznf;csif;ay;zdkY txl;vkdtyfygw,f/
aq;wkid f;rSm qk;d usKd;aumif;usKd;awGu tNrJ'eG w
f GJ aewmyg
yJaemfq&m/ 'geJU aemufq;kH tkypf kjzpfwJh aemufqk;H ay: aq;0g;tkypf kawG
taMumif;vnf; aqG;aEG;ay;apvkyd gw,f/
urmrSm aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfEIef;jrifhwufvmwmrdkY aq;odyH
ynm&Siaf wG? aq;0g;ukrPDawG[m aoG;csKdeJY ywfoufNyD; tBuD;
tus,f okawoevkyaf evdkY aq;0g;opfawGvnf; tNrJxGufae
ygw,f/
aoG;csKad &m*gukxHk;eJYywfoufNyD; aq;0g;awGtrsm;BuD; &Syd g
w,f/ prf;oyfqJ aq;0g;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;ygyJ/
aq;0g;opfawGeYJ ywfoufNyD; - rSm rESpw
f ke;f
u - - - qkNd yD; aoG;csKad &m*g enf;ynm
opfaqG;aEG;yGJrSm - - acgif;pOfeYJ uRea
f wmf us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefYaqG;aEG;zl;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwkYq
d DrSm aoG;csKda&m*geJYywfouf&if apmapmydki;f u
uRefawmfajymcJhwJh aq;awGavmufyJ toHk;jyKMuygw,f/ wu,f
wrf;usawmh aoG;csKu
d koaq;awG trsm;BuD; &Syd gw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
qHk;ay:aq;awGxJu jrefrmjynfrSm &Ekid fwJhaq;awGukyd J ajym&r,f
qk&d if wpfcku vdkY ac:wJh aq;tkypf k? aps;uGurf Smawmh
trnfeJY 0,fvY&
kd ygw,f/
'Daq;u aq;aomufvku
d fwmeJY cEmukd,f&JU aoG;xJudk
a&mufwmeJYcsucf si;f yefu&d,xJa&mufomG ;NyD; tifqv
l if csucf si;f

- - -
xGuyf gw,f/ tifqlvif jrefjrefxGuaf pwJh aq;0g;tkyfpkrSm
vnf; yg0ifygw,f/ - - vdk aq;0g;
tkypf kxJrSm yg0ifygw,f/ olu aoG;xJrSm tpm"mwf&rdS Som tmedoif
&ygw,f/ qkv
d kdwmu tpmpm;NyD; csufcsif;aomuf ukd,fxJu
csufcsi;f tifqlvifxGufvmygw,f/
'gaMumifhrkYd tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csif; wufvmwJh aoG;csKd"mwfudk
csucf si;f xdef;ay;Ekid fygw,f/
'Da q;udk b,fvkd enf;eJU aomuf &rSm vJq&m/
tpmwpfcgpm;&if olYukd wpfBudrfaomufzYv
kd ykd gw,f/ tpm
(2)cgpm;&if olYudk (2)Budraf omufzdkY vkdygw,f/ tpm(3)cgpm;&if
(3)Budraf omufzYv
kd kdtyfygw,f/ tpmrpm;&if vHk;0aomuf p&mrvkd
ygbl;/
- - vkdY qdkygw,f/
aemufqk;H ay:aq;qkad wmh aps;uawmhBuD;w,f/ olUukv
d nf;
b,fvkv
d lrsKd;awGrSm b,fvkad y;&r,fqkdwm em;vnfwwfuRrf;wJh
q&m0efawGuaeNyD;awmh csifhcsed Nf yD;ay;&r,fh aq;tkyfpkxJrSm yg0if
ygw,f/
aemufwpfck jrefrmjynfrSm 0,fvkdY&wJhaq;u - vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ jzpfygw,f/ 'kw,
d rsKd;qufopfrSm ay:wJh
aq;ygyJ/ 'Daq;tkypf kukd vdakY c:ygw,f/ yxrpay:wke;f
u emrnfyg/ t*Fvefu q&m0efBuD;awGu 'Daq;ukd awmfawmf
av;tm;udk;cJhygw,f/ tvm;tvm odyaf umif;w,fqkdNyD; a[majym
yGJawG vkyw
f ,f/ aqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfcJhMuygw,f/ olu bmvkyaf y;
ovJq&kd if - - udk,x
f rJ Sm&Sad ewJh tifqv
l iftmedoif
udk ydkNyD;aumif;atmif vkyfay;Edkifygw,f/
tifqlviftmedoifusaewJh - -- &SdwJh vl
awGrSm olu tmedoifydkaumif;r,fvkdY arQmfvifhcJhMuygw,f/ olwkdY


Ekid fiHu aoG;csKdorm; (60%)ausmfu t0vGefuJwJh aoG;csKd a0'em
&Siaf wG jzpfaew,f/ 40%aomvlawGu uk,
d ftav;csdef yHkrSef(odkY)
yHkrSex
f uf avsmah ewJv
h el mawG rsm;ygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD;
[dktpydki;f wkef;u uRefawmf ajymcJNh yD;NyD/ tJ'Dt0vGeu
f JwJholawG[m
tifqlvif&JU tmedoifusoGm;wJh "mwfowd&w
Sd Jh twGuaf MumifhrdkY
olwrYkd mS aoG;csKad &m*gjzpf&w,fvYkd ,lqxm;Muygw,f/ t0vGeu
f JNyD;
- -- rsm;wJo
h al wGrmS 'Daq;udak y;vku
d v
f Ukd&&dS if tmedoif
ydkaumif;NyD;awmh aoG;csKad &m*gudk ykx
d ed ;f vdkY vG,rf ,fvYkd t&rf;arQmfvifh
csuf xm;cJhMuygw,f/
arQmfreS ;f ovdk 'Daq;&JUtmedoifu wu,fyJ tpGr;f xufyg
ovm; q&m/
olwkdY okawoevkyNf yD;? prf;oyfoHk;pGJNyD; odyrf MumcifrSmyJ
yxrqHk;ay:vmwJhaq;eJYywfoufNyD; bmawGawGUcJhovJqk&d if vl
wcsKdUrSm tonf;a&mifwJha&m*gjzpfwm awGU&ygw,f/ wpfOD; ESpOf D;
tonf;a&m*geJY aoqHk;oGm;wmudk awGUch&J ygw,f/ 'Dvkd tajctaersK;d
jzpfvmawmh olwkYd wxdwfwvefY jzpfoGm;w,f/
tJovkjd zpfNyD; rMumcif 'Daq;udk owdeJYoHk;&r,fvkYd yxr
tBudrf aMunmcJhygw,f/ aemufykdif;rSm vHk;0 roHk;&awmhbl;qkdNyD;
aps;uGuu
f ae zsufodr;f cHcJh&ygw,f/ tmedoifaumif;ayr,fh
tonf;a&mifa&m*gjzpfapEkid w
f t
hJ wGuf tE&m,f&w
Sd ahJ q;vkYd owfrw
S f
cJhwmyg/
tJ'Daemufykid f;rSm 'kwd,rsKd;qufopf aq;awGxyfNyD; xkwf
vmMuygw,f/
tar&duefEkdifiHu 'kw,
d rsKd;qufopfaq;0g;awGjzpfwJh
eJY - aq;awGukd vuf&w
Sd iG w
f iG u
f s,u
f s,f
oHk;aeMuygw,f/ 'kw,
d rsKd;qufopf aq;awGuawmh tonf;
a&mif&rf;jcif;? tonf;udk ysufpD;apjcif; pwJh qkd;usKd;awGawmh

- - -
ckxd rawGU&ao;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifhvnf; qufNyD;oHk;pGJaeMuygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYqD 0ifvmwJhaq;u *syefaq;ukrPDu wifoGif;wJh
aq;yg/ odyf us,fus,fjyefYjyefYroHk;ao;awmh tawGUtMuHK enf;yg
ao;w,f/
'gqkd 'kwd,rsKd;qufopfaq;0g;awG[mvnf; wpfaeYrSm
tE&m,f&SdEkdiw
f myJ q&m/ tNrJowdxm;apmifhMunfh&r,fh yHkpHrsKd;
jzpf a ew,f /
'Daq;udkvnf; olrsm;EkdifiHawGu b,favmufyJ aumif;
w,fajymajym yif&if;jzpfwhJ yxrrsK;d qufopfrmS wke;f u tonf;a&mif
wmawGjzpfcJhawmh 'Daq;udkoHk;vkYd&Sd&if ckcsufcsi;f bmrSrjzpfao;
ayr,fh aemufwpfcsdefbmjzpfr,fqkdwm uRefawmfwkdYcefYrSef;vdkY r&
ao;ygbl;/ tE&m,fjzpfrjzpfqw
kd m uRefawmfwkdY apmifhMunfhzYkd vdkyg
ao;w,f/
'Daq;udkoHk;&if tonf;a&m*g&SdwJhvlawGawmh roHk;oifh
ygbl;/ tmedoifuawmh wu,fyJtvm;tvmaumif;wJh aq;yg/
aemufqufwGJjyemawGukd rsufjcnfrjywfapmifh Munhf&r,fh aq;
awGxJrSm ygaeygw,f/
aemufqk;H ay: aq;0g;rsm;qkv
d Ykd tifqv
l iftrsKd ;tpm;opfawG
ay:aeygNyD/ - vdakY c:ygw,f/ xk;d vdku&f if udk,x
f J
a&mufNyD; em&D0ufMumrSm tmedoifp&wJh tifqv
l if r[kwyf gbl;/
tckxk;d ? tckcsucf si;f tmedoif&ygw,f/ tpmudk em&D0ufBudKNyD;
apmifhpm;p&m rvkad wmhygbl;/ uRefawmfawGUzl;wJh oli,fcsif;
wpfa,mufq&kd if oifwef;awGwufw,f? q&m0efygyJ/ olvkd ud,
k v
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ygyJ/ a&m*gonfreS ;f awmif rod&ygbl;/
aeYv,fpmpm;zdkY pm;yGJ0ikd f;xkdiw
f meJY pum;pjrnfajymaewke;f
pm;awmhr,fqkd&if olu AdkufudkvSeNf yD; pGyfceJ tifqlvifxkd;NyD;
pm;vkdufwmygyJ/ em&D0ufapmifhp&mrvdkawmhygbl;/ olwYu
kd tpm;


taomufudk wGufcsupf m;avh&Sdygw,f/
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b,f v k d t if q l v if y rmP xk d ; &r,f
qkdwm &Syd gw,f/ olu olpm;r,ft
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yrmPud k MunfhNyD; aq;ud k twkd;
tavQmhvkyNf yD; xkd;vkdufwmyg/ aoG;csKd
udk xdef;wm vHk;0 aumif;rGefygw,f/
'gu aemufqHk;ay:wJh tifqlvifrSm
yg0ifygw,f / - vdkY
ac:w,f/ uRefawmfwkYd qDrSmawmh r&
ao;ygbl;/ EkdifiHjcm;rSmawmh t&rf;udk
oHk;pGJaeMuygNyD/
aemufay:aewJhaq;xJrSm qdkwJh aq;vnf;
yg0ifygw,f/ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGrSmawmh oHk;aeNyD/ uRefawmfwkdYqD
udkawmh ra&mufao;ygbl;/ oluawmh aq;vdkyJ
tmedoif&ydS gw,f/ tmedoif&zkYd vkyaf qmifrI enf;enf;yJ uGmygw,f/
tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkajym&&if aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfvmvdkY&&Sd if tif
qlvifx;kd zdkYvdktyf&if tifqlvifxkd;rSmyJ oufomr,f/ tifqlvif
xdk;zkdY rvkt
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d dkygw,f/ tNrJwrf; (3)veJY
(6)vtwGi;f uRefawmfwYkd arQmfrSef;wJhaoG;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;rI tqifh
twef;udk a&mufrvmbl;qk&d if uRefawmfwkdYu a,bk,stm;jzifh
aoG;csKdaomufaq;awGukd pwifNyD; ay;ygw,f/
qkv
d w
kd mu qD;csKad &m*gtrsK;d tpm;(1)yJjzpfap? trsK;d tpm;(2)
yJjzpfjzpf t"duukxHk;uawmh tpmtm[m&eJY xde;f odrf;jcif;ygyJ/
aemufwpfcku udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIavhusifhcef;awGvkyfjcif;? 'DtpD
tpOf (2)ckuawmh b,fukxHk;rSmrqkd r&Srd jzpfygzdkY vdktyfygw,f/

- - -
aoG;csKdtrsKd;tpm;ay:rlwnfNyD; pm;aq;eJYay;&rSmvm;? tif
qlvifyJ xkd;&rvm;qkdwmudk aoaocsmcsmqHk;jzwfzdkYawmh vdktyf
ygw,f/ b,fvku
d kxHk;eJUyJukuk? ta&;BuD;wmu aoG;csKda&m*g
ukxHk;atmifjrifzdkYtwGufuawmh q&m0eftaeeJY tMuHPfaumif;
ay;HkeYJ rvHkavmufygbl;/ vlemuvnf; q&m0efneT Mf um;onft
h wkid ;f
vku
d femzkYd eHygwf(1) ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
eHygwf(2)uawmh q&m0efnTeMf um;wJhtwkid f; aq;0g;awGukd
oHk;pGJwJhtcg vlemtaeeJY wdwdususvkdufemzkdYvdktyfovkd tpm;
taomufeJY ywfoufvUkd vnf; txl;Muyfrwf pm;aomufzYdk ta&;BuD;
ygw,f/
aoG;csKda&m*gaumif;jcif;? raumif;jcif;eJYywfoufvkdY ta&;
BuD;wmuawmh uRefawmfwYkd q&m0efawGrSm wm0ef&Sdovkyd J vlemrSm
vnf; wm0ef&ySd gw,f/ aoG;csKda&m*gonfeJY twlaerdom;pkrSmvnf;
wm0ef&Sdygw,f/
t"duuawmh vlem&JUtcef;u@ygyJ/ udk,faumif;csif&if
ukd,fhbmomudk,f xdef;odrf;zdkY? tpm;taomufudk owdxm;zdkY
vdktyfygw,f/ 'gu aomufaq;awGeyYJ wfoufvUkd aqG;aEG;csuyf gyJ/
aus;Zl;yJq&m/ usew
f mav;awGudkvnf; aqG;aEG;zdkY arwm
&yfcHcJhyg&ap/
ZD0u? trSwf 86? rwfv? 2002 ckESp/f
ZD0u? trSwf 87? {NyDv? 2002 ckESp/f

- -
-
'DuaeUrSm qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifhjzpfwJh aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gawGtaMumif;? tJ'aD emufqufwaJG &m*gawG jzpfvmcJ&h if b,fvkd
ukorIawG cH,loifhw,fqkdwJhtaMumif; aqG;aEG;zkdY uRefawmfpDpOf
xm;ygw,f/


aumif;ygw,fq&m/ qD;csKad &m*gwpfckwnf;jzpf HkeaYJ wmif
vlwpfa,muftaeeJY vlrIb0 qHk;I;H Ekid pf Gr;f &S&d if? aemufqufwJaG &m*g
awGjzpfvm&if tajctaet&yf&yfu ydkq;kd Ekid af wmh 'gawGukd rjzpfcif
BudKwifumuG,frIawG? jzpfNyDqkd&ifvnf; xda&mufwJh ukorIawG
cH,lwwfatmif ]]ynmay;rI}} tcef;u@[m odyfta&;ygw,fvdkY
xifxm;ygw,f q&m/ 'gudk av;av;eufeufjynfhjynfhpHkpHkav;
aqG ;aEG;ay;apcsif y gw,f /
BudK;pm;NyD;awmh trsm;em;vnfatmif uRefawmfaqG;aEG;ygh
r,f/ tajctaet& apmapmuajymcJhwJh taMumif;t&mawG xyfyg
vmEkid pf &m&Sad eygw,f/ 'guvnf; rajymrjzpf ajym&r,fh taMumif;
t&mawGrkYd xyfajym&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*g&JU aemuf
qufwGJa&m*gawGeJYywfouf&if uRefawmfapmapmydkif;awGrSm ajymcJh
ovdk? tMurf;tm;jzifh tkypf k(2)pkcGJNyD; ajymzkdYvdktyfygw,f/ tJ'gu-a&wkdumvtwGi;f jzpfay:vmwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*grsm;
-

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f mvrSm jzpfay:vmEdkiw
f Jh aemufqufwGJ a&m*grsm;
- qkdNyD; tkyfpk(2) rsKd;&Sdaeygw,f/
a&wku
d mvrSm jzpfay:vmEdkifwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG
[m &ufwu
kd mvtwGi;f rSm jzpfay:vmEkid Nf yD; (4)rsKd; jzpfEikd fygw,f/
1/[kdufydkuvkdifpD;rD;,m; vdkYac:wJhaoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;vGef;wJha&m*g/
2/uDwkt
d ufqpf vdkYac:wJh tufqpf"mwfawG aoG;xJrSm
rsm;vmwJh - -- a&m*g/
3/udk,fwGi;f rSm vufwpftufqpf rsm;vmwJh
-- vufwpftufqpfrsm;wJha&m*g/
4/cEmudk,fxJrSm "mwfawGrrsm;bJ aoG;awGyspfcJNyD;
aoG;aMumawGyw
d w
f Jha&m*g -
qkdNyD; (4)rsKd; jzpfEki
d fygw,f/

-
[ku
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d vdkipf ;D rD;,m; a&m*g taMumif;?
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rsm;ygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;udk us,u
f s,jf yefYjyefY odcsiyf gw,f q&m/
vdkYac:wJh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusqif;
vGe;f wJah &m*g[m tjzpfrsm;ygw,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*g jzpfvUkd
tifqv
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aq;awGeJYyJ uko aeonfjzpfap? wpfcsdefr[kwf wpfcsdecf sdefrSm
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armif;w,f/ &Ju zrf;vkdufw,f/ olYudk bmaMumifh zrf;vkdufovJ
qkd&if t&ufaomufvmNyD; rl;aew,fxifvkYdukd &Ju zrf;vkdufjcif;
jzpfygw,f/zrf;NyD;awmh yg;pyfuxGuv
f mwJh avxJrmS t,fvu
f kad [m


b,favmufygovJwkdif;wJhpufawGeJY wkdif;vkdufwJhtcgusawmh
t,fvfukda[mu rsm;raebl;/ rrsm;wJhtcgusawmh &Ju aoG;udk
xyfppfw,f/ tJovdk ppfvku
d fwJhtcgusawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;
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f s
qif;oGm;&if? yxrtpydki;f rSm t&uform;awG t&ufr;l aewJo
h Pmef
jzpfEkdifygw,f/ pOf;pm;csufawG? qHk;jzwfcsufawG av;vHxkid f;rIdif;
oGm;NyD;awmh? wvGJwacsmf qHk;jzwfcsufawG csvmwwfygw,f/
'DvuPmawGu odyNf yD;awmh El;nHo
h rd farGUw,f/ owdxm;
NyD; MunfhrS awGUwwfygw,f/
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d ajc
taersKd;a&mufoGm;Ek difygovJ q&m/
ckeu uRefawmfajymcJhwJh a&m*gvuPmawGxufykdNyD; qkd;
vmNyDqkd&ifawmh avjzwfjcif; tao;pm; awG jzpfay:
vmEdkiyf gw,f/ avjzwfvu
kd ?f jyefaumif;oGm;vkdu?f rdepfykdi;f twGi;f ?
em&Dykdi;f twGif; jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ vdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/
- - tJovkd avjzwfjcif; tao;
pm;uwpfqifh aemufqufwGJjzpfoGm;Ekdifwmuawmh
vdkYac:wJh avjzwfjcif; tBuD;pm;awGtxd wpfqifhwd;k jzpfoGm;Ekdifyg
w,f/
avjzwfjcif;tBuD;pm;qkdwmuawmh ukd,w
f pfjcrf; aooGm;
w,f/ jyefukvdkY aumif;csifrS jyef
aumif;ygr,f/ tJovdk tajctae
rsKd;xd a&mufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ tao;
trTm;avjzwfjcif;uae tBuD;pm; av
jzwfrItxd jzpfoGm;Ekid fygw,f/ 'gu
owdxm;oifhwJh tcsufwpfcsufygyJ/

-
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awGUzl;ygw,f/ qD;csKda0'em&SiftaeeJU ]twuf}a&m*g0ifvm&if
aemufq ufw GJ bmawGrsm; jzpfEkdifygovJq&m/
twufa&m*g - bmaMumifhjzpfovJqdk&if? OD;aESmufeJY
tmHkaMumawG&JU aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusoGm;vdkY&d&S if twuf
a&m*g- jzpfvmwwfygw,f/ aemufwpfck &NyD; vHk;0
owdvpfoGm;wmawG jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ tJovkd OD;aESmufeJY tmHk
aMumxdcu
kd v
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H zl kYd
vkt
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OD;aESmuftmHkaMumawG ysufpD;,kd,Gi;f rIawG jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKda0'emonfawGtaeeJY jzpfcJh
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tus,f OD;aESmufysupf ;D oGm;wJhtxd jzpfomG ;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifrh dkY
'Da&m*gvuPmawGukd tNrJwap owdxm;apmifhMunfhzUkd txl;vdk
tyfygw,f/ jzpfvmcJh&ifvnf;yJ tjrefqHk;ukorIcH,lzdkY txl;vkd
tyfygw,f/
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tydkif;awGudk xdckdufEkdifygao;ovJ q&m/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGusvkYd aemufxyfbmawG jzpf
vmEkid fovJqkdawmh ESvHk;eJY ESvHk;aoG;aMumawGukd xdckdufapEdkifyg
w,f/ ESvkH;ckefrrSew
f Jha&m*gawG? ESvHk;<uufom;awG aoqHk;oGm;
wJha&m*geJY ESvkH;aoG;aMumydww
f Jha&m*gawGvnf; jzpfoGm;Ekid fygw,f/
ESvHk;tjyifaemufxyf rsupf &d UJ tjrifvTmtwGi;f rSm&Sw
d Jh aoG;
aMumrQifawGaygufNyD; aoG;awGxGufvmEkdiyf gw,f/ rsufpt
d jrifvTm
uGmxGufjcif; jzpfEdkiyf gw,f/ rsufpt
d jrif
qHk;I;H oGm;Ekid yf gw,f/ aemuf uk,
d cf Em&JUtylcsed [
f m aoG;xJrSm oMum;
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ygw,f/
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ovkd OD;aESmufeJYtmHkaMumrSm pOf;pm;awG;ac: qHk;jzwfrIawG rSm;,Gi;f
wwfwmaMumifh? um;armif;ae&if; rawmfwq ,mOfwu
kd rf aI wGjzpfNyD;
olUtwGuv
f nf; touftE&m,fukd pk;d &drf&ygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gonfawGtaeeJY [kduyf u
dk vdkipf D;rD;,m;&cJh&if tE&m,ftrsKd;rsK;d
MuHKawGUEkid yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Da&m*g&JU vuPmawGukd owdxm;NyD;
awmh tcsderf D uko&rSmjzpfygw,f/
'Da&m*gvuPmawG0ifvm&if b,fvkdapmifh a&SmufrIawG
aqmif&Gu foifhygovJ q&m/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGet
f rif;usqif;wJh a0'emcHpm;&
NyDq&kd if? udk,[
hf mudk,f oMum;"mwfpm;&ifpm;? rpm;Ekid &f if wpfpHk
wpfa,mufaomolu oMum;"mwfjyefwufvmatmif ulnDNyD;awmh
tcsK"d mwf&atmif wku
d af y;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ 'Dvkd wjcm;vl wpfO;D OD;
u ulnD&NyDq&dk if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;jcif;
&,fvY dk uRefawmfwYkd owfrw
S yf gw,f/ tJ'v
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tajctaersKd; rjzpfatmifvdkY qD;csKd? aoG;csKda0'em&Siaf wGtaeeJY
qD;csKad &m*gtaMumif; twwfEikd q
f k;H em;vnfxm;zkYd vdktyfygw,f/
udk,rhf Sm qD;csKad &m*g&SdaMumif; rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;awGukv
d nf;
ajymjyxm;zkYd vdktyfygw,f/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKq
d ikd &f m A[kow
k <u,f0
av aumif;avygyJ/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfusqif;jcif;aMumifh
toufaoqHk;rIxd jzpfEkid yf gw,f/
txl;ojzifh tifqlvifxkd;ae&wJh qD;csKdorm;qkd&if
aMumifh (2)okYdr[kwf (4)&mckdifEIef;xd aoqHk;rIawG
jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'DvkdaoqHk;rI b,fvdktcsdefrsKd;rSm jzpfwwfovJ

-
qk&d if ntdyaf ysmaf ewJhtcsed ftwGif;rSm bmrS rodvu
kd fbJ kww
f &uf
aoqHk;oGm;&wmawG[m aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;
oGm;vkdY r[kwfygbl;vkdY ajymvdkY r&ygbl;/
qkdvkdwmu 'gvnf; bmudkjyovJqkdawmh aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfvGeu
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tdyaf e&if;u toufxu
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ajc&Sad wmh qD;csKo
d rm;wkid ;f [m [ku
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kd vdkipf ;D rD;,m;0ifch&J if rjzpfrae
uko&r,fqkw
d m txl;owdcsyfapvdkygw,f/
q&mhtqku
d kd uRefawmfaxmufcpH um;ajymvdkygw,f/ tJ'g
bmvJqkad wmh uRefawmfuse;f rma&;XmerSmvkyfchJwkef;u av;pm;&wJh?
cifrifwJhq&mBuD; wpfOD;&Scd Jhygw,f/ olYrSm qD;csKad &m*g&SdcJhygw,f/
wpfnrSm wynfhwpfa,muf&JU r*FvmaqmifrSm ,rumenf;enf;
aomufjzpfygw,f/ tdru
f kad &mufNyD; ntdyw
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vku
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0efawG&JU aq;ppfcsuft&awmh ESvkH;aoG;aMumydwv
f dkY aoqHk;&w,f
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oyfMunfh&if q&majymcJo
h vdk uRefawmfhq&m aoqHk;&rI[m aoG;xJ
rSm oMum;"mwf tvGeftrif;usqif;oGm;vkYd aoqHk;&jcif;jzpfw,fvYkd
,lqEkid yf gw,f/ apmapmydkif;u &&if ESvHk;aoGm;aMumydwf
a&m*g&Ek difw,fvdkY q&m ajymcJhvdkYyg/
jzpfEkid fajc&Sdygw,f/ tJovkd bkrodbrod aoqHk;oGm;&wJh
qD;csKad &m*gonfawG trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ aemufwpfck wpfqufwnf; ajym
&&if [ku
d yf ku
d vkid fpD;rD;,m;&cJh&if vlem&JU tvkyftudkif? um;armif;
w,fq&kd if um;armif;wJt
h &nftcsi;f awG? vlem[m tm;upm;vIy&f mS ;
rItNrJ vkyw
f Jholqkd&ifvnf; olU&JUpGrf;aqmifrI pGrf;yum;awG ysufpD;
,k,
d iG ;f apEkid yf gw,f/ tJ'Dawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf yHkrSe&f aSd tmif
xdef;odrf;jcif;om ta&;BuD;aMumif; xif&Sm;ygw,f/


[dkifykduvdkifpD;rD;,m;&&if wjcm;b,fvkd vuPmawG
jzpf w wf y gao;vJ q &m/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;vmNyDqkd&if
ysKUdr,f? tefr,f? vlutvkv
d kad e&if; EHk;csnhv
f mr,f acgif;udkurf ,f?
tJ'gawGjzpfNyD;&if acR;awGt&rf;xGufr,f? vlu uwkefu,ifeJY
t&ufrl;orm;vkd jzpfvmr,f/ aemufwpfck ESvHk;ckefEIe;f jrefvmr,f?
qmavmifvmr,f? pkd;&drfaMumifhMurIawG jzpfay:vmwwfygw,f/
tJovkd a&m*gvuPmawG jzpfvmNyDqkd&if uk&ifuk? ruk&if
OD;aESmuftmHkaMumawG xdckdufwJha&m*gvuPmawG jzpfvmEkdif
ygw,f/
OD;aESmufu oMum;"mwftvHktavmufr&&if vlem[m
Za0Z0gjzpfvmr,f/ aMumifawmifawmifjzpfvmEkdifw,f/ tdyif ku
d fNyD;
rSdef;aewwfygw,f/ olUudkMunfhvku
d &f if tdyfcsifovkd jzpfaewwf
ygw,f/ pum;ajym&ifvnf; omrefvlwpfa,mufvkd oGuo
f Guf
vufvuf rajymEdkiaf wmhygbl;/ yvHk;yaxG;eJYajymr,f? pum;ajym
ryDoawmhygbl;/ aemuf bmjzpfEkid fovJqd&k if tvkyw
f pfckcktay:
tmHkpl;pdkufvkYd r&EdkifrIawG jzpfvmygw,f/ pdwfawG wnfNidrfrIr&Sd
awmhbJ bmrS wdwdusus a&a&&m&m pOf;pm;vkdYr&wJh tajctae
rsKd;xd jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/
'gaMumifh OD;aESmufwGi;f oMum;"mwfusqif;rIa&m*g
vuPmawG ay:vmNyDqk&d if? tcsdefrDukorIcH,lzkdY vdktyfygw,f/
ruko&if OD;aESmufysupf D;oGm;wJhtxd jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/
b,fvdk ppfaq;csut
f ay:rlwnfNyD; a0'em&Siw
f pfO;D [ku
d yf kd
uvkdifpD;rD;,m;&aeNyDvkdY owfrSwfEdkifygovJ q&m/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf tvGet
f rif;usqif;wJha&m*g &ae
NyDvkYd b,fvkt
d ajctae? b,ftcsdefrsKd;rSm uRefawmfwkdY owfrSwf
ovJq&kd if ckeuajymcJw
h Jh a&m*gvuPmawGtjyif aoG;oMum;"mwf

-
udk wkid f;Munfhvku
d f? aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfyrmP xufenf;
aeNyD qk&d if? aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
tvGeftrif;usqif;wJha&m*g omrefvl
wpfOD;rSm &aeNyDvdkY ajymvkY&d ygw,f/
'gayrJh qD;csKda&m*gonfawG
taeeJYusawmh ra&muf
cifrSmudkpNyD;awmh a&m*gvuPmawG
jywwfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh qD;csKda&m*g
onfawG[m ESp&f Snv
f rsm; aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfawG rsm;aecJhwJhtwGuf
aMumifh olwkdY&JU cEmukd,?f olYwdkY&JU
OD;aESmuf? tmHkaMumawGu aoG;xJrSm
oMum;"mwfrsm;aewmudk tavhtusihf
&aewwfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd oMum;"mwf
rsm;aewJhtajctaeuae enf;enf;av;ydkusoGm;NyDqkdwmeJY a&m*g
vuPmawG pNyD;ay:vmwwfygw,f/
xl;qef;wmwpfckuawmh qD;csKad 0'em&Siw
f csKUd [m qD;csKo
d uf
&ifhvmwmeJUtrQ apmapmuajymcJhwhJ a&m*gvuPmawGudk rodawmh
bJ? xHkxkid ;f oGm;wJha&m*gwpfckvnf; jzpfay:vmwwfygw,f/ tJ'v
D kd
xHkxdkif;oGm;wJha&m*g -- --
0ifvm&if uwkefu,ifjzpfr,f? rl;r,fqkw
d Jh a&m*gvuPmawG
vHk;0ray:wwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwf tvGet
f rif;
usaewwfygw,f/ tJ'Dvjkd zpf&if b,fvkdtE&m,frsK;d &ovJqakd wmh
ckeu a&m*gvuPmawG ay:vmw,fqkdwmudk vlUcEmudk,fu
vlukdowday;vku
d fwm/ tJ'DvuPmay:vmNyDqk&d if owdaumif;
wJhvlu uk,
d fh[mukd,f tcsKd"mwfwpfckck aumufpm;vkduf/ qkv
d dk
wmu tcsKd"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;roGm;&atmifvkYd owday;wJh


vuPmawGom jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd owday;vuPmawGukad wmif
rS rodavmufatmifjzpfaer,fqkd&ifawmh qD;csKda&m*g a0'emonf
taeeJY oMum;"mwf tvGeftrif;usqif;NyD;awmh ESvHk;eJY ESvHk;aoG;
aMuma&m*gawG? avjzwfrIawG? rsufpdtjrifvTm ysufpD;oGm;wm
awGtxd jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
vlemtaeeJY [ku
d fydkuvdkifpD;rD;,m;&JU a&m*gvuPmawG
jzpfc&hJ if tJ'aD &m*gjzpfapwJh taMumif;t&if;awGukd uReaf wmfwt
kYd aeeJY
z,f&Sm;ay;zkdY vdktyfygw,f/
[kw fu Jhygq&m/ quf vufa qG;aEG;ay;yg/
ta&;BuD;wmu tpmpm;&r,fhtcsdefrSm rpm;bJ vGwo
f Gm;
wmrsKd;? 'grSr[kwf pm;&r,fhtcsdefumvxuf aemufusNyD; pm;jzpf
oGm;wmrsKd;? 'grSr[kwf pm;awmhpm;w,f? pm;oifhpm;xkdufwmudk
tvkyfrtm;vkdYbJjzpfjzpf? rqmvdkYbJjzpfjzpf avQmhNyD;awmh pm;vku
d f
wmrsKd;? aq;vnf;aomufvku
d fNyD? tifqlvif vkt
d yfwJhvlqdv
k nf;
tifqv
l ifx;kd NyD;aeNyD/ tJovdkjzpf&if aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfusaewm
usaerSmygyJ/ tJ'DrSm tpm;taomufrpm;jcif; odkYr[kwf rSm;jcif;?
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;
rIawG ay:vmrSmygyJ/
aemufwpfck qD;csKdorm;awGtaeeJY vkyaf vhvkyx
f r&SdwJh
avhusifhcef;awG odkYr[kwf tm;pkdux
f kwrf IawG tjyif;txefvkyrf dvdkY
&S&d ifvnf;yJ udk,w
f iG ;f u oMum;"mwfawG[m udk,cf EmvIy&f mS ;rIrsm;
wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh? aoG;xJu oMum;"mwfawGukd oHk;pGJvu
kd w
f t
Jh wGuf
aMumifh? oMum;"mwfawG tvGeftrif;usqif;rIawG jzpfvmEkdifyg
w,f/
tJ'gaMumifh qD;csKdorm;awG udk,fvufavhusifhcef;awG
tvGeftrif;rvkyfrdzkdY txl;vdktyfygw,f/ tpm;taomufudkvnf;
yHkrSepf m;aeustwkdif;pm;zkdY txl;vkt
d yfygw,f/ ta&;BuD;wJhtcsuf

-
wpfcsufuawmh qD;csKda&m*gonfawGtaeeJY t&ufaomufjcif;udk
a&SmifzkdYygyJ/ t&ufaomufjcif;aMumifh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG
tvGeftrif;usqif;oGm;Ekdifygw,f/
ukxHk;eJYvlem&JUaeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rIyHkpH rudkun
f DcJh&ifvnf; aoG;
xJrSm oMum;"mwf tvGet
f rif;usqif;rIawG jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
Oyrmqkyd gpkY/d nydki;f rSm Oykoaf pmifhxm;wJhvel mwpfa,muf?
'grSr[kwf bke;f awmfBuD;awG? r,fov
D &Siaf wG/ tJovdk yk*Kd vfrsK;d qk&d if
nydki;f usawmh tpm;rpm;wJhval wGukd qD;csKad q;awG? tifqv
l ifawGukd
aeYv,favmuf? 'grSr[kwf nydkif;rSmay;ae&if tpm;rSrpm;wm?
aq;xk;d vdkuaf wmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG tvGet
f rif;usqif;
oGm;NyD;awmh 'kua&mufHkyJ &SdEdkifygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vlwpfOD;pD&JU
aexkid fvIy&f Sm;rI[ef eJY vku
d favsmnDaxGukxHk;awGukd
ay;zkdY vGepf GmrS ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
aemufwpfck aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGxyfNyD;usEkid fwmu
bmvJqkdawmh uRefawmfwdkUtaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh pm;vkduw
f Jh
tpm;tpmawGukd uk,
d fcEmxJu rpkyEf ikd ?f rajczsufEdik w
f Jh a&m*gawG
cHpm;ae&ifvnf;yJ pm;awmhpm;w,f/ tpmajct*FgawGu rpkyEf kdif
wJhtwGuaf Mumifh oMum;"mwf tvGeftrif;usqif;rIawG jzpfvmEkdif
ygw,f/
aemuft aMumif;&if ;wpfckuawmh apmapmuajymcJhwJh
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGusNyDqk&d if? oMum;"mwf csufcsi;f jyef
wufvmatmif owday;wJha&m*gvuPmawGukdow
d Jh cEmudk,f&JU
wHkYjyefrIawG aysmufaevdkY&d&S ifvnf;yJ oMum;"mwfu aoG;xJrSm
ydkusoGm;Ekid yf gw,f/ tJovkd tcsed rf sK;d rSm vlu bmrSrpm;raomufbJ
aecJh&if owdvpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
oMum;"mwfawG usapEkid fwJh taMumif;ajym&r,fqkd&if
trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ vlxktwGuaf wmh uReaf wmfaqG;aEG;cJw
h hJ taMumif;&if;
awG[m ta&;BuD;wmawGyg/ jyefcsKyfNyD; ajym&&if tpm;taomufukd


tcsdefrSerf pm;wm? tpm;taomufudk aemufusNyD;rSpm;wm? qD;csKd
aq;aomufae&if;eJY t&ufaomufwm? aq;xk;d rIrsm;oGm;wm/ qkyd g
awmh tifqlvifxkd;&rSmu (10),lepf? 'Dxufrsm;NyD; ydkxdk;rdwm?
aomuf&wJhaq;uvnf; 'Dtwkdi;f yJ/ rsm;NyD; arhNyD; ydkaomufrw
d m/
'Dvkt
d aMumif;&if;awGaMumifh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;
usqif;wmawG jzpfEkdifygw,f/
owdxm;MuzdkU wu,fudk vkt
d yfygw,f/
usqif;oGm;wJh oMum;"mwfudk jyefwufvmatmif b,fvkd
tcsKdrsKd;awG pm;oHk;oifhygovJ q&m/
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwftvGeftrif;usqif;oGm;&if ta&;
BuD;wmu csKdwJhtpm;tpmawGukd jyefpm;vkdufzkdYygyJ/ csKdwJhtpm;
tpmawG jyefpm;vku
d fw,fq&kd mrSm uRefawmfwUkd u tcsK&d nfyJjzpfjzpf?
oMum;ygwJhtpm;tpmawGukd pm;zdkYvkdtyfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm owdxm;
p&mwpfcku a&m*gvuPmjzpfcgp uwkeu
f ,ifav;jzpfNyD;awmh?
acR;xGufwmavmufupodvkduw
f JhtcsdefrSm t&rf;udk aMumufNyD;
awmh tcsK&d nfawGukd trsm;BuD;aomufvu
kd rf ,ht
f pm;? upD"mwfygwJh
tpm;tpm? xrif;yJjzpfjzpf? aygifrek Uf yJjzpfjzpf aumufpm;vku
d rf ,fq&kd if
aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfusqif;wmudk jyefwufapEkid yf gw,f/ jyefwuf
wJhEIef;xm;uvnf; jznf;jznf;
csif ; jyef w uf v mwJh t wGu f
aMumifh qD;csKda&m*g xdef;odr;f rI
udkvnf; rxdckdufapEdkifygbl;/
uwk e f u ,if j zpf N yD ;
acR;xGufNyDqkw
d meJU tcsKd&nft
rsm;BuD;aumufaomufvku
d f&if?
bmjzpfwwfovJqk&d if aoG;csKd
"mwf u avmavmq,fawmh

-
aumif;oGm;r,f/ trsm;BuD; aomufvku
d fwJhtwGuf aoG;csKd"mwfu
t&rf;jrifw
h ufwm jzpfvmjyefa&m/ apmapmusaew,f? cPaetrsm;
BuD;jyefwufvmr,fqkd&if uswJhEIe;f eJY wufwJhEIef;yrmPawG t&rf;
uGm[rIawG jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh udk,fjzpfwJha&m*gvuPmawGtay:rl wnfNyD;
awmh tcsK"d mwfyrmPukd csifhcsdefNyD; jyefpm;zdkYawmh vkt
d yfygw,f/
[kwu
f Jhygq&m/ wu,fvkYrd sm; qD;csKv
d lem&Sit
f aeeJY udk,f
wkdifuk,
d fus pm;aomufEdkifwJh tajctaersKd; r&Sd&ifawmh b,fol
awGu b,fvkdusef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIudk ay;oifhygovJq&m/
vlemtaeeJY tpm;aumif;aumif;rpm;Ekdifawmhbl;qkd&if
q&m0ef? q&mrawGtaeeJY xkd;aq;? *vl;udkYpf? taMumaq;awG
xk;d ay;vdku&f if qD;csKd"mwf jyefaumif;oGm;Edkifygw,f/
Ekid fiHjcm;rSmqkd&if aoG;csKd"mwfusoGm;NyDqkd&if oleJY twlae
rdom;pk? tJ'Drdom;pk0ifawGukd bmay;xm;ovJqdk&if
xkd;aq;ay;xm;wwfygw,f/
olu aq;ykdurf Sm aq;[m tqifoifhxnfhNyD;om;yg/ ta&
jym;ay:rSmyJ xkd;xkd;? tom;xJyJxkd;xkd;? taMumxJudkyJ xk;d xkd;
BudKufovdk xk;d Edkiyf gw,f/ qD;csKda&m*g&Sw
d Jhvlem? acR;awGxGuNf yD;
awmh uwkeu
f ,ifjzpfvmr,f/ yHkpHrrSefwJh tjyKtrlawGukd jrifawGU
wmeJY twlaerdom;pkudk 'Daq;xk;d ay;zdkY oifMum;jyoxm;ygw,f/
bmjzpfvYkd 'Dvakd y;xm;&ovJq&kd if aMumifh jzpfay:
vmEkdiw
f Jh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG tvGet
f uRHrjzpf&atmif BudKwif
umuG,fwJhtaeeJY ay;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
taumif;qHk;uawmh &&if oifhavsmfwJh
tcsKdwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk pm;NyD;awmh q&m0efeJY jyefjyzdkY vkdtyfygw,f/
q&m0efudkjyckid f;&wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
usqif;oGm;wJh taMumif;&if;udk a&m*g&SmazGazmfxkwfEikd af tmifvYykd g/


'grSr[kwf q&m0eftaeeJY jyefr&atmif
ay;xm;wJhaq;awG rsm;aewmrsKd; jzpfae&if aq;awGukd pepfwus
jyefavQmhay;&ygr,f/ pm;aomufrIyHkpHawGukdvnf;yJ vuf&Sdtajc
taeeJUoifhavsmaf tmif pm;aomufwwfatmif q&m0eftaeeJU vlemudk
tMuHay;Ekdifygw,f/
'gaMumifh &&if eD;pyf&m q&m0efeJY jyefjy
Muyg/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf tvGeftrif;usaewJh vuPm
wpfckMuHK&if? uk,
d fh[mudk,f tcsKd"mwfwpfrsK;d rsKd;udk pm;vdkufHkeJY
jyefaumif;oGm;rSmygqkNd yD; ayghayghwefwefraeMuzkYd uRefawmfhtaeeJU
tMuHjyKvkdygw,f/
wu,fvkdUrsm; qD;csKdaomufaq;wcsKdUaMumifh vlemtaeeJU
&cJ&
h if bmqufvyk o
f ifyh govJq&m/ aomufaq;wcsKUd aMumifh
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf tvGef t rif;usqif;oGm;Edk if ygw,f vk dY
q&mapmapmydkif;u aqG;aEG;wJht xJrSm ygoGm;ygw,f/
aomufaq;wcsKdUaMumifh &Edkifygw,f/
Oyrm aq;0g;tkypf k? tJ'Daq;awGaMumifh
aoG;oMum;"mwf tvGeftrif;usqif;oGm;r,fqkd&if jzpfEkdif&if
q&m0eftaeeJY csufcsif;taMumaq;? *vl;ukdYpfawG xkd;ay;? xkd;ay;
NyDqkd&if tenf;qHk; (24)em&Duae (48) em&DtwGif; aq;HkwifNyD;
apmifhMunfzh kYd vdktyfygw,f/ aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG tvGet
f rif;
usqif;rIukd csucf si;f aq;xk;d ay;? csucf si;f jyefaumif;oGm;vkYd csucf si;f
vlemudk jyefcikd f;vdkurf ,fq&kd if aemufem&Dtenf;i,ftMumrSm aoG;
oMum;"mwf xyfusoGm;NyD; tE&m,fjzpfoGm;Ekid yf gw,f/
vdkY ac:ygw,f/
aq;0g;tkyfpk? vlemu aomufvkdufvkdY
cEmuk,
d fxJa&mufoGm;NyD; tonf;uwpfqifh "mwfjyKypn;f awG
- jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ wcsKdUaom aq;0g;tkyfpkawGusawmh

-
tJ'aD q;udk aomufNy;D cgp? tJ'aD q;awGaMumifh aoG;xJrmS oMum; "mwfudk
usapwJt
h jyif? olwzYkd suq
f D;NyD; xGuv
f mwJh "mwfawG -
uvnf;yJ qufNyD; awmh aoG; xJ rSm oMum;"mwf usatmif
vkyfay;jyefygw,f/ ck aomufvu
kd w
f ,f/ tmedoifu aoG;xJrmS
oMum;"mwfusoGm;w,f/ aq;awGu cEmudk,f&JU tpmtdrf?
tonf;xJrmS ajczsuNf yD;awmh xGuv
f mwJah b;xGuyf pn;f awGuvnf;
cEmudk, fxJucsuf csif;xGufroGm;bJ oMum;"mwfus atmif
xyfvk yfvk dufvdkY&Sd&if apmapmuajymcJhwJh oMum;"mwfxyfNyD;
usqif;rIjzpfapEkdifygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tJ'gaq;0g;tkyfpkaMumifh
udk,w
f iG ;f oMum;"mwfusqif;rIjzpfc&Jh if tenf;qHk;wpf&ufEpS &f ufawmh
apmifhMunfzh Ykd vdktyfygw,f/ jzpfEikd &f if *vl;udkYpyf kvif;BuD;awG csw
d f
NyD;awmh wpf&ufavmuf apmifhMunfhzYkd vdt
k yfygw,f/ 'gu tifrwef
ta&;BuD;wJh tcsuyf gyJ/ rMumcPvnf; awGUwwfygw,f/
'Davmufqdk eJUywfoufvUkd vHkavmufygNyD/
ajymr,fqkd&if taMumif;&if;awGtrsm;BuD; &Sdygao;w,f/ trsm;pk
twGuf 'gqkd vHkavmufygw,f/
'gqkd - -- taMumif; qufaqG;aEG;
ay;apcsif ygw,f/
- -- qkw
d m qD;csKdqyd w
f ufwJh
a&m*gygyJ/ 'Da&m*gudkvnf; q&m0efawGtaeeJY owdxm; oifhyg
w,f/ vlemawGtaeeJYvnf; owdxm;oifhygw,f/ 'Da&m*g[m
rMumcPqko
d vkd aq;HkawGrSm awGUae&wJh a&m*gwpfcyk gyJ/ 'Da&m*g
bmaMumifjh zpf&ovJq&kd if tifqv
l ifeYJ ukorIc,
H al e&wJhvel mjzpfap?
aq;0g;aomufaq;awGeJY ukowJhvlemjzpfap? aq;0g;ukorIu
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh avsmu
h somG ;vdkYyjJ zpfjzpf? &yfomG ;vdykY Jjzpfjzpf
jzpfwht
J csed rf mS t"du -- awG 0ifvmcJhv&Ykd &dS if
a&m*gjzpfvmwwfygw,f/


- -- a&m*g

jzpfvm&if vlem[m qD;awGtrsm;BuD;

oGm;r,f/ a&awGtrsm;BuD;iwfvmr,f/
ydecf sKH;NyD; ta&jym;cef;ajcmufrIawG jzpf
vmr,f/ aemuf toufSLrIEIef;awG jref
vmr,f/ toufSLxkwfvkduw
f JhteHYu
tufpDwkef;vdkYac:wJh teHY? vufonf;
qk;d aq;awGzsu&f if oHk;wJh tufpDwke;f teHU
rsKd;&r,f/
wcsKdUvlemawGusawmh qD;oGm;
wmrsm;vGef;&if aoG;aygifusr,f/ aemuf
owdvnf; vpfoGm;EkdifNyD; toufqHk;IH;
wJhtxd jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f/ 'Da&m*gjzpfvm
NyDq&kd if vl&JUcEmudk,fxJrSm t"duaoG;csKd
"mwfawG rsm;vmwwfwJhtjyif vdkYac:wJh
-- awG rsm;vmygw,f/ aoG;xJrSm tufppf"mwfawG jzpfvmyg
w,f/ yHkrSeu
f vlY&JUaoG;qkdwm tufppf"mwfrjzpf&ygbl;/ t,f
umvkid f;yJ jzpf&ygr,f/ uDwkef;awG rsm;vmwJhtwGufaMumifh udk,f
xJrSm tufppf"mwfawGrsm;vmNyD;awmh cEmudk,fxJrSm&SdwJh -
awG&JU vkyaf qmifrI awGu tm;vHk;ysufpD;,kd,Gi;f usqif;vm
wwfygw,f/ t"du txdckdufqHk;uawmh ESvHk;&JUuvmyfpnf;awG
ygyJ/
apmapmu uRefawmfajymcJo
h vkd jzpf&jcif; taMumif;
&if;u tifqlvifyJjzpfjzpf? aomufaq;yJjzpfjzpf vlemudk taMumif;
trsK;d rsK;d aMumifh aq;awG&yfypfvu
kd v
f ykYd J jzpfjzpf? 'grSr[kwf tifqlvif
jzpfap? aomufaq;jzpfap? aomufae xdk;ae&if;eJY qD;csKda&m*g
xdef;odrf;rIu vufcHEikd fzG,fr&Sw
d Jh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawGrsm;
aewJhtcsed frSm t"du -- awG0ifvm&if jzpfvm

-
wwfygw,f/ -- qkw
d muawmh OyrmtaeeJU temyqkyv
f kd
aygufr,f/ 'grSr[kwf ud,
k x
f rJ mS taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh erd;k eD;,m;
tat;rdNyD; tqkwfawGcJoGm;r,f? ydk;u tqkwfxJrSm tacgif;
BuD;awG jzpfatmifxd a&m*gpGJuyfaer,f/ tJovdk awG
0ifvm&ifvnf; jzpfoGm;Ekdiyf gw,f/ 'grSr[kwfvkYd tBuD;pm; cGJpw
d f
ukorIawGvkycf Jh&ifvnf; jzpfvmEkdifygw,f/ NyD;awmh ESvHk;
aoG;aMumydwfw,f? OD;aESmufaoG;aMumydwfw,f? avjzwfrIawGjzpf
vm&ifvnf; jzpfvmEkdifygw,f/
0ifoGm;&if b,fvu
kd korIawG ay;oihfygovJ q&m/
- -- ukoa&;tydkif;usawmh ta&;BuD;
wm q&m0efawGtydki;f yg/ umuG,af &;tydki;f usawmh vlemawGtaeeJY
'Da&m*gtaMumif; wwfEkdiforQ odxm;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh tifqlvifxkd;ae&wJhvlemyJjzpfjzpf? aomufaq;
aomufaewJhvlemyJ jzpfjzpf? trsm;pku bmvkyfwwfovJqdk ae
raumif;vmvdkY&&Sd if tpmpm;rIenf;w,fqNkd yD;awmh aq;awGjzwfvu
kd f
w,f/ wcsKdUvnf; aq;awGudk avQmhvku
d fw,f/ tJovdk aq;awG
jzwfwm? aq;awGavQmhwm vlemwifrubl;? wcsKUd aom q&m0efawG
uvnf; aq;awGavQmhxdk;wmwkdY? aomufaq;awG&yfypfwmrsKd;
vkyw
f wfwmawGU&ygw,f/ vlemudk aumif;aumif;apmifhMunfhjcif;
r&SdbJeJY aq;awGukd&yfypfvku
d rf ,fqkd&if apmapmuajymcJhwJh a&m*g
awGvnf; 0ifaer,f/ tifqlvifawG aomufaq;awGvnf; aumif;
aumif;r&bl;qkd&if aoG;csKd"mwfuvnf; rsm;vmNyD; aemufqHk;
a&m*g jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh ta&;BuD;wmu zsm;NyD? emNyD? aeraumif;wm
awmifrS tifqlvifawG? aomufaq;awGukd yHkrSeaf omufaezkYd vdktyf
ygw,f/ 'gu odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ukoa&;tykid ;f taeeJYuawmh
tjyifaq;cef;rSm b,fvkrd S ukovkYd roifhwJh a&m*grsKd;yg/ touf


tE&m,fvnf; &Sdygw,f/ vlemudk prf;oyfppfaq;rIawGvnf;
trsm;BuD;vdkygw,f/ ay;wJh aq;awGuvnf; tjyif;txef taMum
aq;awG xk;d &r,f/ '&pfawG trsm;BuD;ay;&r,fqkdawmh aq;kHwuf
NyD; uko&r,fh vlemrsKd;yg/ uko&r,fh ukxHk;awGukdawmh uRefawmf
tao;pdwf rajymawmhygbl;/ q&m0eftrsm;pkuawmh oabmayguf
ygw,f/
a&wkdaemufqufwGJ a&m*gawGxJu --
taMumif ;udk vnf ;yJ quf vuf a qG;aEG; ay;apvkd ygw,f/
-- qkdwm udk,fxJrSm "mwfawG
rsm;vm wJh a&m*gwpfckyg/ awGbmaMumifhrsm;ovJq&kd if
qD;csKd xdef;odrf;rI raumif;vkdYygyJ/ aemufwpfcku t"dutm;jzifh
udk,fxJ rSm&SdwJh tonf;? ausmufuyf? tqkwaf wG aumif;aumif;
tvkyf rvkyw
f JhvlawG/ tJovkv
d lrsKd;awGrSm ay;&r,fh aq;awGu
vnf; ray;oifhwJhaq;0g;awGudk ay;xm;rd&if --
awG jzpf wwfygw,f/
aomufaq;jzifh qD;csKd? aoG;csKdudk xdef;odrf;jcif;tydkif;rSm
uRefawmfajymcJhovdk - vdkYac:wJh aq;0g;tkyfpkxJu
vdk aq;rsKd;ay;cJhvkdY&Sd&if? apmapmu tonf;raumif;
wJhvl? ausmufuyfraumif;wJhvlawGrSm "mwfawG
rsm;vmwwfygw,f/ olvnf; - -- a&m*gvkyd gyJ/
aoG;xJrSm tufqpf"mwfawG rsm;vmwJhtcgusawmh cEmudk,f&JU
uvmyfpnf;awG? vkyaf qmifrIawGu ,k,
d Gi;f vmr,f? usqif;vmyg
w,f/ tJ'rD Sm ESvkH;uvmyfpnf;awGu trsm;qHk;xdcu
kd Nf yD;awmh olu
aoG;aygifawGusr,f? owdawGvpfr,f? touftE&m,fawmif qHk;I;H
rI jzpfoGm;Edkiyf gw,f/
tJ'Dawmh -- jzpfcJhvdkY&S&d ifawmh vl&JU t"du
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG rsm;aewJhtjyif? "mwfawGukd

-
wkdi;f wmppfaq;Munfh&if tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;aewm awGU&ygr,f/
vlemtaeeJUuawmh toufIrIawG jrefaer,f? toufSLwJhtcg
oufjyif;BuD;csr,f? toufudk jyif;jyif;SLdIufwJhyHkpHrsKd;? tJ'DrSm
aoG;xJrmS oMum;"mwfawG? tufqpf"mwfawG rsm;vm&ifjzpfwwfwJh
toufSLrIrsKd;awG ay:vmygw,f/ toufSLrIawGjrefNyD; toufSL
wmvnf; oufjyif;csNyD; Iu
d fIdufSLwmrsKd; awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ olwkYd
u apmapmutydki;f rSm a&m*grsK;d rSm toufLS wJt
h eH?Y xGuv
f mwJh
teHY tufqDwke;f teHYrsKd; r&ygbl;/
'Da&m*grsKd;0ifvmwJhvlemudk b,fvkdae&mrsKd;rSm ukorI
cH, lo if h ygovJ /
-- qkw
d Jha&m*g 0ifvmwJhvlemudk aq;HkwifNyD;
apmifhMunfhuko&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'Da&m*gaMumifh aq;Hkwif uko&if
awmif aoaysmufrEI eI ;f xm;u ydkNyD;rsm;ygw,f/ vl (100)rSm (50%)
xd aoapEkid w
f Jh twkdi;f twm&Sad wmh a&m*grjzpfatmif umuG,fwm
[m taumif;qHk;ygyJ/
umuG,frItydkif;rSm wpfckxyfajymcsiw
f mu -
aq;0g;tkypf kxJu eJU aq;(2)rsK;d pvHk;[m
-- udk &apEkdifygw,f/ tJ'DxJrSm a&SUuajymcJhovdk
uRefawmfwkdYEkdii
f HrSm vdk 0,fvkdY&aewJh tJ'Daq;
[m Ekdiif HwumrSm tE&m,f&Sd aq;0g;qkdNyD; ydwfyifxm;wJhaq;
jzpfaeygw,f/ bmaMumifh ydwfyifovJqdk&i --
jzpfapEkid w
f ht
J wGuaf Mumifh jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfwEkdY ikd if rH Sm taMumif;
aMumif;aMumifh aps;uGux
f JrSm 'Daq;awG &Sad eygw,f/ q&m0efawG
taeeJY tvG,w
f ul 0,fvkdY&w,f? aps;oufomw,fqkNd yD; roHk;rdzYkd
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ vlemawGtaeeJY q&m0ef&JU nTefMum;csufr&bJ
tvG,w
f ul 0,f,lNyD;awmh rdrb
d momoHk;pGJjcif;rjyKzdkY tMuHjyKvkdyg
w,f/


useaf ewJh - taMumif;
udkv nf; tcsdef enf;enf ;ay;NyD; aqG;aEG;ay;apvkd ygw,f/
'gudk twkad umuf vdakY c:ygw,f/ aoG;xJrmS oMum;
"mwfawG tvGeftrif;rsm;vmr,f? aemufNyD;aoG;awG yspfcJvmr,f/
aoG;aMumawGyw
d fvmr,f/ aoG;aMumawGyw
d fNyD;awmh avjzwfEikd fwJh
a&m*gwpfrsKd;yg/
'Da&m*g[m tifqlvifrrDScdkwJh trsKd;tpm;(2)qD;csKda&m*g
onfawGrSm t"dujzpfygw,f/ toufcyfBuD;BuD;? pm;aq;eJY ukae
wJh vlemrsK;d rSm taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh qD;csKx
d ed ;f odr;f rIu ysu,
f Gif;
vm&if? aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfawG odyfrsm;NyD;awmh a&m*g
&wwfygw,f/ 'Da&m*g&JU t"du
a&m*gvuPmawGuawmh tod
w&m;awG csKUd,Gi;f vmr,f/ owd
vufvGwjf zpfvmr,f/ aemuf udk,f
wpfjcrf;aowJah &m*grsL;d ykrd sm;ygw,f/
'DvlemrsLd;us&if aoG;cJae
wmukd yspcf jJ cif;usomG ;atmif t"du
rlwnfNyD;ukoay;&ygw,f/ 'Da&m*g
[mvnf; aq;Hkwufuk&r,fvYkd uRefawmfajymcJhw,f/ qD;csKda&m*g
&SdwJh vlwpfa,muftaeeJY owdcRwf,Gif;r,f/ aumif;aumif;
owd r&awmhb l; qkd &if aq;Hk uk d y dk Yv k d uf w mu taumif ; qH k; ?
toifhawmf qHk;jzpfr,fvkdY xifygw,f/
'gawGtm;vHk;[m qD;csKdaMumifh a&wkdjzpfwJh aemufqufwGJ
a&m*gawGygyJ/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKad Mumifjh zpfwJh aemufqufwaJG &m*gawG&UJ tydki;f
u@rSm a&wkdNyD;awmh a&&SnfjzpfEkdifwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG
taMumif;udkvnf; a,bk,stMurf;zsOf; aqG;aEG;ay;apvkdygw,f/

-
a&&Snf aemufqufwGJa&m*gtaMumif;udkawmh uRefawmfh
taeeJY tusO;f csKyfaqG;aEG;ajymcsifygw,f/ t"dua&&Snrf SmjzpfwJh
a&m*gawGuawmh aoG;aMumBuD;awGyw
d w
f aJh &m*geJY aoG;aMumi,fawG
ydww
f Jha&m*g&,fvkdY ESpfrsKd;&Syd gw,f/ aoG;aMumi,fawGyw
d fwJha&m*g
taeeJUajym&&if rsufpt
d jrifvTmrSm&SdwJh aoG;aMumi,frsm;ydwfjcif;?
ausmufuyfrSm&Sw
d Jh aoG;aMumi,frsm;ydwfjcif;? tmHkaMumawGrSm&Sw
d Jh
aoG;aMumi,frsm;ydwjf cif;qkNd yD; (3)rsK;d jzpfEkdiyf gw,f/ aoG;aMumBuD;
awG ydw&f ifawmh avjzwfjcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwjf cif;ESihf ajcvuf
awGukdoGm;wJh aoG;aMumrsm;ydwf ndKrnf;ykyw
f wfjcif;rsm; jzpfyg
w,f/
a&&Snaf emufqufwGJa&m*gawG umuG,af &;rSm ta&;BuD;
wmuawmh aoG;csKda&m*gudk rSefrSeu
f efuefeJY xde;f odrf;ukojcif;?
aoG;csKda&m*g&JU taygif;tyga&m*grsm;jzpfwJh aoG;wk;d ? aoG;xJrSm
tqD"mwfawG rsm;jym;wJah &m*g aoG;wk;d ? aoG;xJrmS tqD"mwfawG
rsm;jym;wJah &m*g? aemufNyD;awmh aq;vdyaf omufjcif;awGukyd g wpfNydKif
wnf; xde;f odr;f zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
wjcm;aemufqufwGJa&m*g&Ekid fwmuawmh tema&m*gjzpf
yGm;vG,jf cif;? qD;csKad &m*gonfawG[m tema&m*gawGvnf; jzpfv,
G f
wwfygw,f/ jzpfNyDq&kd ifvnf; aysmufcyJ gw,f/ tJovkd bmaMumifh
jzpfovJqakd wmh t"duuawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfrsm;aevdkYyJ
jzpfygw,f/ t"du 'gawGaysmufcsi&f ifawmh aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwf
rrsm;atmif? aoG;csKad &m*gudk xda&mufpmG ukozkUd vkt
d yfovkd roifh
awmfwt
hJ pm;tpmawG rpm;bJ udk,ef w
JY nfw
h hJ tpm;taomufawGukd
a&G;cs,pf m;aomufzkYd vkt
d yfygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh tema&m*gp
jzpfNyDqw
kd meJU qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gudk xdef;odrf;wJh oufqkdif&m
uRr;f usiw
f hJ q&m0efawGejYJ yoNyD;awmh rvGecf if? ruRHcifuwnf;u
ukozku
Yd ta&;BuD;qHk;ygyJ/


[kwu
f yhJ g q&m/ uReaf wmfr&Si;f vdYk xyfar;csiw
f m wpfc&k ydS g
w,f/ apmapmydki;f u@awGrmS wpfpeG f;wpfpygawmh ygoGm;NyD;ygNyD/
'guawmh udk,0f efaqmifrdcifawG jzpfwwfwJh qD;csKda&m*geJY olU&JU
aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gvnf; ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ rdcifeJYuav; usef;rma&;[m
uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH&JU usef;rma&;pDrHcsufawGxJu t"duu@BuD;
wpfckjzpfygw,f/ udk,f0efaqmifrdcifawGrSm qD;csKda&m*gjzpfvm&if
owdjyKp&mwpfcsufuawmh bmeJY qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*gudk xde;f odrf;
rvJ qkw
d mygyJ/
OD;qH;k uReaf wmfwkYd tpm;tpmeJUxed ;f odr;f Munfyh gw,f/ tpmeJY
xdef;vdkYr&&ifawmh tifqv
l ifxkd;aq;eJY xdef;odrf;ukoay;&ygw,f/
a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh aomufaq;awGeJY ukojcif; r&Syd gbl;/ wcsKUd
aomEkid if HawGrSm? wcsKUd aom aq;HkawGrmS udk,f0efaqmif rdcifawGukd
aomufaq;eJYukowJh ukxHk;? okawoevkyfaewJh pmwrf;awG
wpfapmifESpaf pmifawmh xGufvmwm &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh trsm;pk
uawmh tifqv
l ifx;kd aq;eJY xk;d NyD;awmh ukoay;&ygw,f/
udk,f0efaqmifqD;csKdvlemrdcifudk bmaMumifh aomufaq;eJY
ukorIrjyKwmvnf; qkw
d mudkvnf;yJ odcsifygw,f/
qD;csKad &m*gonf rdcifavmif;awGukd aomufaq;awGeYJ xde;f
NyD;uko&if tJ'Daomufvku
d fwJhqD;csKad &m*guk aomufaq;awGu
tcsif;uwpfqihf aoG;xJudkjzwfNyD;awmh uav;uk,
d fxJa&mufNyD;
trd0rf;wGif;u uav;rSmvnf; aoG;csKd"mwfawGodyfusNyD;awmh
uav;udkxcd u
kd Ef ikd w
f ,fvYkd trsm;pku vufcx
H m;Muygw,f/ yxr
OD;qHk;uawmh tpmtm[m&eJY xde;f odr;f oifyh gw,f/ r&&if tifqv
l if
xk;d aq;eJY ukoay;& ygr,f/ ta&;BuD;wmuawmh ud,
k 0f efaqmif
rdciftaeeJY aoG;csKjd zpfNyDq&dk ifawmh oufqikd &f mq&m0efeJY wwfuRr;f
em;vnfwJhq&m0efeJYjyoNyD; ukorIcH,lzkdY vdktyfygw,f/

-
udk,f0efaqmifrcd ifrSm qD;csKjd zpf&if rD;,yfom;zGm; q&m0ef
wpfOD;wnf;eJY xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufwmxuf ydkaumif;wmuawmh
rD;,yfom;zGm;q&m0efeJYtwl orm;awmfwpfOD;OD;eJY yl;aygif;NyD; uko
jcif;jzpfygw,f/ arG;zGm;awmhr,f qkd&ifvnf; uav;txl;uk
q&m0efyg yl;aygif;Munfhay;oifhwJh a&m*gyg/ wpfenf;ajym&&if
aq;ynm&Sifrsm; yl;aygif;uko&wJha&m*gjzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
wwfuRrf;em;vnfwJhq&m0efrsm;eJY ukozkdY wkdufwGef;vkdygw,f/
ajc? vufawGrSm qD;csKdaMumifh temjzpfrIawG[m qD;csdK
a&m*gaMumifhjzpfw Jh a&&Snfa emufq uf w GJa &m*gawGvm; q&m/
[kwfygw,f/ 'gudk txl;*kpdkufNyD;uko&r,fh a&m*gxJ
rSm yg0ifygw,f/ - vdkYac:ygw,f/ ajcawG? vuf
awGrSm txl;ojzifh ajcaxmufawGrSm temrsm;jzpfvG,fjcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHawGrSmqk&d if xdckduf'Pf&m&jcif;aMumifh
r[kwb
f JeJY ajcjzwf&jcif; awGteuf -
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gaMumifh temrsm;jzpfNyD;awmh ajcjzwf&jcif;[m
t"dutaMumif;&if;yJ jzpfygw,f/
- jzpf& wJ h taMumif;&if;uawmh ajcawG
vufawGukdoGm;wJh aoG;aMumawGu usOf;aewJhtwGufaMumifhrkYd
ajcaxmufawGrmS &SdwhJ uvmyfpnf;awG? wpfoQL;awGu atmufqD*sif
"mwfeJY tm[m&"mwfawG aumif;aumif;r&wmu taMumif;&if;
wpfcsufygyJ/
'kw,
d taMumif;&if;uawmh ajcawGvufawGuko
d Gm;wJh emhAf
aMumawGu aumif;pGmtvkyrf vkyfEikd w
f t
Jh wGuf ajcawG? vufawGu
xHkxikd ;f NyD; xdvYkd xdrSe;f rod? tyludkukid v
f kdY ylrSe;f rodqw
kd Jh tmHkaMum
awGtaeeJY ysufpD;,kd,Gi;f aewJh taMumif;&if;uvnf; aemufxyf
taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygw,f/


aemufta&;BuD;wJh taMumif;&if;wpfckuawmh xHkvYkd xHkrSe;f
rod? xdvYx
kd rd Se;f rodawmh 'DajcawG? vufawG xdcu
kd f 'Pf&m&zkYd
vG,u
f lygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh xdcdkuf'Pf&m&cJhNyDq&kd if tJ'Dajcaxmuf
awG? vufawGrmS uGJoGm;r,f/ vufxyd fav;awG uGJoGm;r,f/ajcxdyf
uav;awG uGJoGm;r,f/ 'gav;awGjzpfr,fqkd&if qD;csKda&m*g
onfawGu qkw
d Jh a&m*gydk;awGukd &vG,fwmuvnf;
- jzpfv,
G w
f Jh taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygw,f/
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ajcawGvufawG rnf;w,f? ykyw
f ,f? ajcaxmufawG jzwf&r,fqw
kd hJ
tjzpfqdk;awGuaeNyD;awmh a&SmifMuOfEkdifr,fh enf;vrf;uawmh um
uG,fa&;ukd t"du OD;pm;ay;zdkYygyJ/
ajcykyfvufykyfrjzpfatmif ajcawGjzwfawmuf&NyD; 'kudw
awG rjzpfatmif b,fvu
kd muG,fa&;tykdi;f udk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&u
G f
oifhygovJ q&m/
tJ'DajcawGvufawGrSm temjzpfvkdY rJwm? ykyw
f m? jzwfypf
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kd awmh ajcaxmufawGukd aeYpOf yHkrSefMunfhI
jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY&JUq&mBuD;awGu oifMum;avh&Sd wm
wpfckuawmh vlwpfa,mufonf rSefxJrSm rsufEmS udk wpfaeY wpfcg
Munfhv kdU&Sd&if qD;csKda&m*gvlemtaeeJY tenf;qHk;wpfaeYwpfcg
awmh ajcawG? vufawGukd MunfhIppfaq;oifhw,fvkdY vrf;nTezf l;
ygw,f/
'gudk uk,
d &fh JUrsufESmudk oefY&Sif;wmeJY wef;wl xyfwlxyfrQ
ta&;BuD;wmu xdckduf'Pf&m&jcif; &Sdr&Sd tjrefqHk;? tapmqHk;odzkYd
ta&;BuD;wJt
h csuu
f kd q&mBuD;awGu OD;pm;ay;NyD; oifMum;ajymqkjd cif;
jzpfygw,f/ ajcaxmufrmS 'Pf&m&cJNh yDq&kd ifawmh oufqikd &f m q&m0ef
rsm;eJY ta&;wBuD; ukorIcH,lzdkY vkt
d yfygw,f/

-
uRefawmfawGYzl;wmuawmh wcsKdUaomqD;csKda&m*g vlem&Sif
awG[ m temawGu d k aq;NrD; wkd eJ Y trsm;tm;jzif h uko Muwm
awGU&yg w,f/
tJ'g jyemwpfckyJaygh/ temav;u ao;ao;av;ygqkNd yD;
ayghayghqqeJY [kt
d &Guu
f yf? 'Dtjrpfvl;? aq;NrD;wkdawGeJY ukocJhvYkd
temao;uaeNyD; temBuD;awGjzpfoGm;
r,f / temBuD ; uaeNyD; awmh ajc
axmufrnf;? ajcaxmufyyk w
f t
Jh xd jzpf
oGm;r,f/ aemufqHk; aoG;csKda&m*gudk
vnf; xdef;vdkYr&? ajcaxmuftem
vnf; xdef;vdkYr&bJeJY a&SUydkif; a&wkd
aemufqufwGJrSmajymcJhwJh -- vdkYac:wJ h aoG;xJrSm
tufppf"mwfawGrsm;wJh a&m*gvnf;
jzpfEkid fygw,f/ aemuf ajcaxmufawG
rnf;w,f? ykyw
f JhtwGufaMumifhrkYd ajc
axmufukd jzwf&wJhtxdvnf; jzpfEkdif
ygw,f/
umuG,fjcif;rSm ta&;BuD;wJh
tcsufwpf csufudk ajymvk dygw,f /
uRefawmfwkdYu Ak'bmomjrefrmvlrsKd;awGyDyD? ausmif;uefbk&m;udk
oGm;avhoGm;x&SdMuygw,f/ aeYv,faeYcif;rSm aeylxJrSm bk&m;
ausmif;uefoGm;wJhtcg zdeyfcRwfNyD; oGm;&wmrsK;d &Sdygw,f/ xdrIord I
tmHkaMumaumif;wJhvlawGusawmh &ifjyifylylay:rSm zdeyfrygbJ
vrf;avQmufvdkY&&Sd if ajcaxmufukcd svkduw
f meJU ckeq
f Gckeq
f G avQmuf
w,f/ 'gu ajcaxmufudk 'Pf&mr&atmif cEmudk,fu umuG,f
jcif; wpfrsKd;vkdY ,lqvkdY&ygw,f/ ajcaxmufylwmeJY csufcsi;f ckef
vdkuw
f ,f/ 'Dawmh ylwJhatmufcHrsufESmjyifeJY ajcaxmuf MumMum


rxdawmhbl;/ rxdwJhtcgusawmh ajcaxmufudk tylavmifjcif;rS
umuG,frI&w,f/
qD;csKad &m*gonfawGuawmh xdjcif;? odjcif;qkdwJh tmHk
aMumawG enf;yg;aew,f? xHkxikd ;f aewJhtwGuaf Mumifh ylwmudkvnf;
ylreS ;f rodbl;/ tJ'Dawmh pdraf jyeajyeJY &ifjyifawmfay:rSm vrf;avQmuf
w,f/ tJ'Dvkdvrf;avQmufawmh ajcaxmufonf omrefxuf vGeu
f hJ
tylcsed u
f kd xdawGUae&wJhtwGuaf Mumifh tay:,Hu ta&jym;awG
ysufp;D rIjzpfNyD;awmh rD;avmifzkvkd tzkBuD;awG xGuv
f mEdkifygw,f/
tJ'u
D ae a&m*gydk;awG p0ifvmygw,f/ 'ghtjyif ajcaxmuf
jzwf&wJhtxd tE&m,frsm;Ekdifygw,f/ qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gonf
rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh aeylxJ zdeyfrygbJ vrf;avQmufjcif;rsK;d udk
wwfEkid forQ a&SmifzkdYvdkygw,f/
ajcaxmufawG jzwf&wJhtxd rjzpfvmatmif vlemtaeeJU
b,fvkdumuG,frIawG vkyfoifhygovJ q&m/
ajcaxmufukd aeYpOfppfaq;yg/ b,faomtcgrS zdeyfrpD;bJ
tjyifrSm vrf;ravQmufygeJY/ aemufwpfcku ajcaxmufrmS ajconf;
ikyrf ,f? ajcpG,fikyrf ,fqkd&if trSwfwrJh ayghayghqqeJY ajcpG,af zmf
wm rsKd;r[kwfbJeJY tav;teuf*kjyKNyD; tom;udk rxdatmif vkyf
xm;NyD;awmhrS ajcpG,fikyfwmudk azmfzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ taMumif;
aMumif;aMumifh ajcxdy?f vufxyd af wGrSm &Srdxdrw
d ,fqdk&if pjzpfjzpf
csif;tav;xm;NyD;awmh csufcsif; *kwpdkufukzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
qD;csK?d aoG;csKd vlemawGtaeeJY zdeyfawGp;D wJt
h cgrSm usyv
f eG ;f
wJhzdeyf? acsmifvGe;f wJhzdeyfrsKd;udk rpD;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/ usyv
f Gef;?
acsmifvGef;&if ajcaxmufawG aygufvG,?f yGef;vG,f? yJhvG,yf gw,f/
tJ'D aygufNyJyeG ;f wmuae a&m*gydk;awG0ifNyD;awmh ajcaxmuf
awGrnf;w,f? ykyw
f wfygw,f/ aemufqHk;usawmh ajcaxmufawG
qHk;IH;&wJhtxd jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/

-
t"du qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*gonfawG ajcaxmufawG? vuf
awG qHk;IH;&wmuawmh trIdufupNyD; jymom'frD;avmifwmygyJ/
tJ'Dawmh apmapmu uRefawmfajymcJhwJhtcsufawGukd owdxm; um
uG,fr,fqkd&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKd vlemawGtaeeJY ajcawG? vufawG
qHk;IH;rItE&m,fu twkdif;twmwpfckxd enf;yg;oGm;r,fvkYd ,lq
vdkY &ygw,f/
'gaMumifh qD;csKdvlem&JU ajcaxmuf[m olUtwGuf tzdk;
rjzwfEikd fwJh vlUb0&yfwnfrItwGuf ta&;ygwJh t&mwpfckqw
kd mudk
tNrJowdxm;yg/ ajcaxmufudk txl;*kjyKjcif;jzifh tvGeftoHk;0if
aom ajcaxmufudk xdef;odrf;yg/
qD;csKdorm;awG&JU ajcaxmufydkif;qkdif&m cHpm;rItykdif;[m
qD;csKda&m*gr&SdwJholawGeJY EIid f;,SO&f if tm;enf;wwfw,f qkdwmudk
awmh em;vnfxm;zkdY txl;vkdtyfygw,f/
aus;Zl;txl;yJ wifygw,fq&m/ qD;csK?d aoG;csKda&m*geJU
ywfoufvkdY ckvkd ususee ajzqkad y;cJhwJhtwGuf q&mhukd uReaf wmhf
taeeJY txl;yJ aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvkyd gw,f/
ZD0u? trSw9f 2? pufwifbmv? 2002 ckESp/f

- -
-
qD;csKd? aoG;csKda&m*geJUywfoufvkdY jzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;
awG? umuG,fukojcif; taMumif;&if;awG? ukxHk;awGtaMumif;
tawmfuav; jynfhjynfhpHkpHkajymNyD;NyDqkdawmh? 'DtywfaqG;aEG;apcsif
wmu 'DuaeU urmrSm aoG;csKda&m*geJYywfoufNyD; bmawGrsm;
&SmazGawGU&SdNyD;? bmawGrsm;vkyfudkifaqmif&GufaeMuovJqkdwm&,f?
jrefrmEkdifiHrSma&m qD;csKda&m*geJYywfoufvkdY b,ftwkdif;twmxd
vkyfaqmifaeMuw,fqkdwmudk rdwfqufoabmrsK;d &Si;f vif;aqG;aEG;
ay;apvdkygw,f /


qD; csKd ? aoG; csKd a &m*gqk d w m
urmrSmtjzpfrsm;qHk; a&m*gwpfckxJrSm
yg0ifaeygw,f/ zGHUNzKd;qJa&m zGHUNzdK;NyD;
EdkifiHawGrSma&m tjzpfEIef;rsm;wJh a&m*g
wpfckyg/ aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfcJh&ifvnf;
tifrwefaps;BuD;NyD; ukefusp&dwfrsm;wJh
a&m*gwpfck jzpfygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*geJY
qifhyGm;aemufqufwGJa&m*g jzpfay:vm
wJhtwGuf a0'em&Siaf wGtaeeJY touf
tE&m,fawGvnf; qHk;IH;Ekdifygw,f/
rusef ; rmrI a wG rsm;ovk d
aoqHk;rIawGvnf; rsm;Ekdifygw,f/ ao
qHk;rI? emrusef;rIawG rsm;EkdifwJh twGuf
aMumifhrY?kd wpfurmvHk;twkid ;f twmt&
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rsm;pGm urmhEikd fiHtoD;oD;rSm olUtwkdif;twmeJYol aqmif&u
G faeMuyg
w,f/ tJ'DtxJu ,aeYvuf&Sd jzpfay:jcif;taMumif;t&mawGeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh uReaf wmfwYkd aemufqk;H ay:awGU&cdS sut
f csKUd ukd aqG;aEG;
csifygw,f/
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tJovkd okawoeaygif;rsm;pGmukd aeYpOfeJYtrQ aqmif&u
G f
aeMuwJhtxJu okawoeawGU&cSd supf mwrf;(2) apmiftaMumif;udk
uReaf wmftusO;f csKyf aqG;aEG;vdkygw,f/ tJ'o
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xJu wpfckuawmh -
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d &m*g ukoxde;f
odr;f a&;eJyY wfoufvYkd ay:vGix
f if&Sm;NyD; qD;csKad &m*gukxk;H rSm rSww
f ikd f
pku
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f &l wJh okawoejyKcsuw
f pfckvnf; jzpfygw,f/

- - -
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f aeNyD;awmh 1989 ckESpf
txd 6ESpaf usmf? 7 ESpfausmu
f mvtwGi;f txd uae'geJY tar&duef
Ekid fiHrSm&Sw
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oejyKcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
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tpm;uawmh vdkYac:wJh tifqlvifrSDcdkwJh qD;csKd? aoG;csKd
a&m*gorm;awGom jzpfygw,f/ okawoevky&f wJh t"du &nf&G,f
csuu
f awmh aoG;csKad &m*gukd EdkiEf ikd ef if;eif;eJY ukoxde;f odr;f Ekid cf hv
J &Ydk &dS if?
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twmxd umuG,af y;Ekid rf ,f? b,ftwkid ;f twmxd aysmufuif;atmif
vkyEf ikd w
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ua&m umuG,v
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xyfrwkd;atmif umuG,v
f kYd &ovm;/ 'Dtcsuf (2)ckudk t"du
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b,f vdk xl;jcm;wJha wGU&SdrIawG &cJhygovJq&m/
'DokawoerSm yg0ifwhJ vlaygif; (1441)OD;udk tkypf kawG
cGNJ yD;awmh omrefuk k;d ukpOf ukxk;H awGeJY ukowJt
h kypf k? aoG;csKad &m*gudk
aoG;xJrSm&Sw
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tkypf k(2)ck cGu
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tJ'D okawoeuae ta&;BuD;wJh awGU&Scd suaf wGukd awGU&SdchJ
ygw,f/ a&SUydki;f rSmvnf; xyfcgwvJvJajymcJNh yD;jzpfwJh aoG;aMum
i,frsm;ukd xdcu
kd w
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eJY ywfoufvkdY jcHKiHkNyD; ajym&&if
qD;csKda&m*gvlemawG&JU aoG;xJrSm&Sw
d Jh oMum;"mwfukd vlaumif;
wpfa,mufeD;yg; xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdirf ,fq&kd if? qkv
d dkwmu aoG;csKd
"mwfukd txl;yJ xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid rf ,f? wif;wif;usyu
f syu
f kd xde;f odr;f


xm;Edkirf ,fqk&d if aoG;aMumi,frsm;xdwJh aemufqufwJaG &m*gawGukd
twkid ;f twmwpfcktxd rjzpfcifuvnf; umuG,v
f &kdY w,f/ jzpfNyD;
om; vlq&kd ifvnf;yJ MuyfMuyfrwfrwfukojcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g quf
rwkd;atmif umuG,fvkYd&w,fqkdwmudk tJ'Dokawoeu awGU&SdcJh
ygw,f/
udef;*Pef;eJY twdtusajym&r,fqkd&if rsufpt
d jrifvTm xd
cku
d jf cif;? csKUd ,iG ;f jcif; rSm rjzpfao;wJh vlemwpfa,muf
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ysupf ;D jcif;udk (34%)xd rjzpfcif umuG,af y;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'grSr[kwf
vufawG? ajcawGukd oGm;wJh tmHkaMumawG xdckdufjcif;
udk (69%)xd rjzpfcif umuG,fay;vkYd&ygw,f/
wcsKUd aomvlemawGusawmh aemufusrS aq;ukorI cH,lMu
awmh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG&daS eNyD;om; jzpfEkdifyg
w,f/ tJ'Dvkv
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xJrSm oMum;"mwfudk xde;f odr;f Ekdicf Jhvk&dY &Sd if? rsufpt
d jrifvTm xdckduf
jcif;udk jzpfNyD;om;ayr,fh a&m*gqufrwkd;atmif 54&mckdiEf Ie;f
umuG,af y;vdkY&ygw,f/ ausmufuyfxNd yD;om;qkd&ifvnf; 43
&mckid fEIef;xyfNyD; ausmufuyfrysufpD;atmif xde;f odrf;Ekdifygw,f/
tmHak Mum xdcu
kd Nf yD;om; vlawGukd vnf; ydrk qk;d atmif 50&mckid Ef eI ;f xd
xdef;odrf;ay;Ekdifygw,f/ 'g[m ta&;BuD;wJh okawoejyK &SmazG
awGU&Sdcsufwpfck jzpfygw,f/
qD; csKd ? aoG; csKd a &m*grS m
aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG jzpf &wJh
taMumif;&if;u aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfrsm;aevkdYqkdwm okawoejyK
csufaygif;rsm;pGmeJY oufaoom"u
awG jycJhNyD;om;yg/ tJ'DrSm aoG;csKd
a&m*gudk EkdifEkdief if;eif; xdef;vdkY&d&S if

- - -
aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGukd xdxad &mufa&muf umuG,Ef ikd fw,f qkd
wmudk 'Dpmwrf;u yxrqHk; om"ujycJhwJh okawoewpfckvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ okawoetm;jzifh vkycf JhwJhumvuvnf; twkdif;
twmwpfckxd Mumjrifhw,f/ yg0ifwJhvlOD;a& ta&twGuu
f vnf;
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toHk;uscJhygw,f/
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xyfNyD; awGU&SdcJhygovJ q&m/
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aemufqufwaGJ &m*gawGukd aoG;xJ oMum;"mwfaumif;atmif ukorI
wpfckwnf;eJY umuG,x
f ed f;odr;f Ekdiw
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awGukd auseyfavmufz,
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w,f? qufrwk;d atmifvkyaf y;Ekid w
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qkw
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uae awGU&Scd Jhygw,f/
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aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD; q&m/
aoG;csKad &m*gxdef;odrf;rI&JU oleJU aemufqufwJaG &m*gawGudk
qufpyfreI JYywfoufvYkd okawoejyKpmwrf;awG trsm;BuD;&SdwJhtxJ
u aemufxyf uRefawmfwifjyvdkwJh? aqG;aEG;vdkwJh pmwrf;wpfapmif


uawmh vdkYac:wJh -
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a&m*gpjzpfwJh a&m*gpodcgp aoG;csKda0'em&SifawG jzpfygw,f/
aoG;csKda&m*gjzpfvkYd vGefaewJh? uRrf;aewJh vlemaygif; (5000)
ausmfukd pNyD;okawoevkycf Jhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
qD;csKdxdef;odrf;a&; okawoexJrSmawmh vltrsm;qHk;eJY
umvt&SnfqHk;vkyfcJhwJh okawoevkyif ef;wpfck jzpfygw,f/
b,fvdk&nf&G, fcsufeJU okawoe vkyfief;udk
aqmif&GufcJhwmygvJ q&m/
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onfawGukd aq;0g;awGeYJ ukowJt
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aoG;xJu oMum;"mwfawG uswmeJY vlemawGrSm wu,fyJ tusKd;&Sd
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jzpfwJha&m*gawGukd wu,fyJ avQmhcsay;Ekdifovm;? umuG,fEkdif
ovm;? tJ'gawGukd t"duodcsiv
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jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku trsKd;tpm;(2) qD;csKda&m*grSmukwJh
qdkwhJ qD;csKdaq;&,f? aemufwpfrsK;d - vdkY
ac:wJh aq;0g;tkypf kawG&,f? aemuf tifqlvif xkd;aq;awG&,f?
b,faq;0g;tkypf kawGursm; aoG;csKad &m*gonfawGtwGuf ydkaumif;
ovJqw
kd Jh &SmazGcsiw
f Jh &nf&G,fcsuef JY okawoevkyif ef;udk taumif
txnfazmfjcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufNyD; aoG;csKda&m*gonfawGrSm aemufqufwGJa&m*g
taygif;tygjzpfwJh aoG;wk;d a&m*gukd ukocJh&if qD;csKad &m*gonfrsm;

- - -
twG u f b,f a vmuf t wk d i f ; twm
wpf c k t xd tusKd ; &S d o vJ q k d w muk d
vnf; &SmazGokawoevkycf Jhygw,f/
aemuf q H k ; wpf c k u awmh
aoG;wkd;a&m*gudk xdef;odrf;wJhtcgrSm
vdka
Y c:wJh aq;0g;awGeJY ay; wm
aumif;ovm;? vdkYac:wJh
aq;0g;tkyfpk&,f? aemuf tifqlvif
xdk;aq;awG&,f? b,faq;0g;tkyfpk
awG u rsm; aoG; csKd a &m*gonf a wG
twGuf ydkaumif;ovJqkdwJh &SmazGcsif
wJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU okawoevkyfief;
udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhjcif; jzpfyg
w,f/
aemufNyD; aoG;csKda&m*gonf
awGrSm aemufqufwGJa&m*g taygif;
tygjzpfwJh aoG;wkd;a&m*gukd ukocJh&if qD;csKad &m*gonfrsm;twGuf
b,favmuftwkdi;f twmwpfcktxd tusKd;&SdovJqkdwmukv
d nf;
&SmazG okawoevkycf Jhygw,f/
aemufqHk;wpfckuawmh aoG;wkd;a&m*gudk xde;f odrf;wJhtcg
rSm vdakY c:wJh aq;0g;awGeaJY y;wm aumif;ovm;?
vdkYac:wJh aq;0g;awGeJYay;wm b,f[mu ydkaumif;ovJqkdNyD;
tMurf;tm;jzifh &nf&G,fcsufav;csufeJY okawoejyKvkyfcJhjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'DokawoejyKcsufawGudk tao;pdwfrajymcsifayr,fh
aemufqHk;awGU&SdcsuftaeeJYajym&&if tifqlvifrrSDckw
d Jh trsKd;tpm;
(2)rSmvnf; qD;csKda&m*gudk vlaumif;eD;yg; aomufaq;awGeJY
xde;f odr;f Ekid v
f kY&d &Sd if aoG;aMumi,frsm;xdwhJ aemufqufwGJa&m*gawG?


rsuf p d t jrif xd c k d u f j cif ; ?
ausmufuyf xdckdujf cif;? tmHk
aMumrsm; xd ckd ufjcif ;qkdwJh
aemuf q uf w G J a &m*gawGu d k
twk d i f ; twmwpf c k x d um
uG,fay;Ekdifw,fqkdNyD; &SmazG
awGU&SdcJhygw,f/
olwkdY&JUawGU&Sdcsut
f &
awmh trsKd;tpm;(2) qD;csKd
a&m*gonfawGrSm aoG;aMum
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awGukd 25&mckid fEIe;f avQmhcsay;Ekdifw,fvkdY t"du awGU&dcS Jhygw,f/
tJ'DrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJhtcsufuawmh okawoe
pmwrf;vdkyJ aoG;csKda&m*gukd ukojcif;wpfckwnf;eJYawmh aoG;aMum
BuD;awGrmS jzpfwJh a&m*gawGudk rumuG,Ef ikd b
f l;/ aoG;csKad &m*g xde;f
odrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;eJU rvHkavmufbl;vdkY oluvnf; xyfNyD; awGU&Sd
&ygw,f/
aoG;aMumBuD;awGrSmawGUwJha&m*gawGvnf; qD;csKda&m*g
oufom&if twkdif;twmwpfckxdawmh oufomw,f/ 'gayr,fh
auseyfavmufatmif avQmhrcsEdkib
f l;qkdwm olwkYdvnf; awGU&SdcJhMu
ygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh aoG;csKad &m*gvlemawGrSm aoG;aMumi,frsm; xdwhJ
aemufqufwaJG &m*gawGu vlwef;aphaeEkid af tmif? a0'emcHpm;&rIrsm;
atmifvkyaf y;Ekid w
f Jh a&m*gawGjzpfayr,fv
h kYd aoEIe;f rsm;apwmuawmh
aoG;aMumBuD;rsm;udkxw
d hJ aemufqufwGJa&m*gawGomjzpfw,fqw
kd m
udef;*Pef;awGt& awGU&Sd&ygw,f/
'geJYywfoufNyD; ajym&r,fqkd&if qD;csKda&m*gonfawG&JU
aoaysmufrI[m a&m*gr&SdwJhvlawGxuf 5.4 &mckdifEIef; ESpfpOfydkNyD;

- - -
aoEIe;f rsm;ygw,f/ aoG;csKda&m*gudk aumif;rGepf Gm rxdef;cJhvdkY&S&d if
aoG;csKda&m*g&Sw
d Jhvl[m? omrefoufwrf;&JU 5ESpfuaeNyD; 10 ESpf
txd ydkNyD;awmh toufwykd gw,f/ toufw&kd jcif;&JU t"dutaMumif;
t&if;uvnf; ESvHk;a&m*gaMumifh trsm;qHk; aoEIe;f rsm;w,fqw
kd m
&SmazGawGU&SdcJhygw,f/
pm&if;Z,m;awGukd jyefqef;ppf&if trsKd;tpm;(2) aoG;csKd
a&m*gonfrsm;wGif aoG;aMumBuD;awGrSm aoG;aMumawG rmNyD; ydww
f Jh
a&m*gaMumifh aoG;csKad &m*gonfawG&JU aoaysmufEeI ;f 70&mckid Ef eI ;f udk
jzpfapygw,f/ ausmufuyfaMumifh aoaysmufrI 10&mckid Ef Ie;f &Sw
d ,f/
a&m*gyk;d aMumifh ao&wJh aoaysmufEeI ;f uawmh 6&mckid Ef eI ;f
yJ&dyS gw,f/ a&m*gaMumifh wpf&mckdifEIef;aoygw,f/
'Dudef;*Pef;awGudk jyefMunfh&if qD;csKd? aoG;csKad &m*gonf
trsm;pk aoqHk;&wJha&m*gonf aoG;aMumBuD;awG xdckdufwJhtwGuf
aMumifhrkdY aoqHk;rItrsm;qHk;jzpfr,fqkdwm uRefawmfwkdY awGU&Sd&yg
w,f/
'DokawoejyKcsut
f ay: q&m&JU aumufEw
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od yg&ap/
ok awoepmwrf;&JU t"du awGU&S dc sufu awmh
aoG;aMumBuD;xdvkYjd zpfwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*gaMumifh aoqHk;rIEeI ;f udk
qD;csKda&m*gxdef;odrf;wm wpfckwnf;eJY r&Ekid fbl;qkdwm t"duawGU
&SdcJhygw,f/
'Dokawoepmwrf;t& ESvHk;a&m*geJY ESvHk;aoG;aMum ydwf
jcif;? OD;aESmufaoG;aMumydwfjcif;aMumifh aoaysmufrIEIe;f [m aoG;
aMumi,fav;xdvkdY aoaysmufrIEIe;f xuf tq 70 ydkNyD; rsm;wm
awGU&cSd JhMuygw,f/ aoG;aMumi,frsm;rSm jzpfwJh aemufqufwGJa&m*g
awGukd umuG,cf sif&if aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfudk vlaumif;eD;yg;
xdef;HkoufoufeJY awmfawmfav; vHkavmufygw,f/ qD;csKda&m*g


onf a wG t"d u aoqH k ; &jcif ;
taMumif;&if;udak wmh aoG;xJu oMum;
"mwfudk xdef;HkeJY rvHkavmufbl;vdkY
okawoepmwrf;u axmufcHxm;yg
w,f/
'Dokawoepmwrf;uyJ bm
tcsuu
f kd axmufjyovJq&kd if aoG;csKd
a&m*gonfawGudk t"duaoqHk;apwJh
aoG; aMumBuD;awG yg0ifwJha &m*g
ukd umuG,fcsif&if aoG;csKda&m*g
xde;f kHwif rubJ aoG;csKad &m*gonf
awGrSm awGUavhawGUx&SdwJh aoG;wkd;
a&m*g? udkvufpxa&mvfvkd tqD
"mwfawG rsm;wJha&m*g? aq;vdyf
aomufjcif;qdkwJh a&m*gawGukd EkdiEf ikd f
eif;eif; xdef;odr;f EdkifrSom aoG;csKad &m*gawG&JU aoaysmufrEI eI ;f xm;udk
avQmhcsay;Ekid fr,fvkYd uRefawmfwkdY okawoepmwrf; uaeNyD;awmh
awGU&SdcJhygw,f/
eJU okawoe pmwrf;ESpfapmif&JU qD;csKd
a&m*g xdef;odr;f a&;eJY ywfoufNyD; awGU&cSd sufawGukd uRefawmfhtaeeJY
aumufcsucf s&r,fq&kd if aoG;csKad &m*guif;atmif? aoG;xJu oMum;
"mwfawGaumif;atmif ukozkYd ta&;BuD;wmeJUtwl xyfwlxyfrQ
ta&;BuD;wmuawmh aoG;csKad &m*gonfawGeJY taygif;tyga&m*gawG
jzpfwJh t0vGejf cif;? aq;vdyfaomufjcif;? aoG;wkd;jcif;? aoG;xJrS
tqD"mwfrsm;jcif;awGukv
d nf; Ekid Ef ikd ef if;eif; xde;f odr;f Ekid rf o
S m a&m*g
a0'em cHpm;rIawGukd avQmhcsEkdifvkd aoaysmufEIe;f udk avQmhcsEkdirf ,f
qkdwJhtcsufudk aumufcsucf sNyD;awmh ajymcsiyf gw,f/

- - -
'gu aoG;csKda&m*gukxHk;awGeJYywfoufNyD; okawoe
pmwrf;awG trsm;BuD;&SdwJhteufu wu,fhrSwfwkdifpdkufxl&wJh
tifrwefta&;ygwJh okawoetBuD;BuD;ESpfckuae aumufEIwf
aqG;aEG;csufyJ jzpfygw,f/
okawoevkyEf kdiaf vav a&m*gumuG,af &;? xde;f odrf f;a&;
twGuf taxmuftuljyKavygyJaemf q&m/ 'geJY aoG;csKda&m*g
eJYywfoufvkdY aemufxyfajymif;vJrIawG &Sdygao;ovm;q&m/
aoG;csKda&m*geJYywfoufNyD;awmh aemufxyfajymif;vJrIawG
taeeJUajym&&if qD;csKad &m*gowfrw
S jf cif; -- eJU ywfoufvUdk
aoG;xJrSm oMum;"mwfyg0ifrIEIe;f ? tajymif;tvJ&w
Sd mukd aemufykid ;f
rSm awGU&SdvmcJhMuygw,f/
urmrSm aoG;csKad &m*gukxHk;awGukd t"dunTefMum;ay;aewJh
tzGUJ tpnf;BuD; ESpcf k&dyS gw,f/ wpfckuawmh tar&duef qD;csKt
d oif;
yg/ &JU okawoejyKcsuaf wGtay: rlwnfNyD;awmh aoG;csKd
a&m*gawG&JU ukxHk;awGeJUywfoufNyD; vdkYac:wJh tMuH
jyKcsufawG? nTeMf um;csufawG xkwjf yefavh&Syd gw,f/olU&JU MoZm
uawmh urmhEkid fiHtawmfrsm;rsm;udk a&mufaeygw,f/
aemufwpfcku urmu
h se;f rma&;tzGJU yg/ &JU
qD;csKad &m*gonfawGrmS a&m*g&SmazGjcif;eJU ukojcif;tydki;f eJY ywfouf
NyD;awmh nTeMf um;csuf? tMuHjyKcsufawG trsm;BuD;xkwfjyefygw,f/
t"duqD;csKda&m*geJYywfouf&if eJY &JU nTeMf um;csuf?
tMuHjyKcsufawGukd uRefawmfwkdY vkdufemusifhoHk;ygw,f/
qD;csKda&m*gonfawGudk a&m*g&SmazGjcif; --
tydki;f rSm u 1997ckESpu
f pNyD;awmh qD;csKad &m*gowfrw
S jf cif;?
aoG;xJrSm&SdwJh oMum;"mwfowfrSwfjcif;udk t&ifueJY rwlbJ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJNyD;awmh owfrSwfcJhygw,f/


u b,fvdktMuHjyKcsufawG xkwjf yefcJhygovJ q&m/
tar&duef qD;csKt
d oif;BuD;&JU a&m*g&SmazGjcif;topf t&
vdkYac:wJh aoG;xJrSm tpmrpm;bJ azmufwJhaoG;csK&
d JU tenf;
trsm;udk 'grSr[kwf txd owfrSwcf hyJ g
w,f/ [dkwke;f uqk&d if 1997ckESprf wkid frDu udk
'grSr[kwf ausmrf SomvQif uRefawmfwkdYu qD;csKda&m*g
qkNd yD; owfrSwfcJhygw,f/
'gu t&ifuxuf uGmjcm;oGm;wmukd ajymwmyg/ &JY
a&m*g&SmazGowfrw
S jf cif;EIe;f xm;ay:vmwJt
h csed x
f d urmhuse;f rma&;
tzGJUu aoG;csKo
d wfrSwjf cif;udk qk&d if 'grSr[kwf
yJ vufcx
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azmufppfwJh aoG;csKd"mwfudk 'grSr[kwf
txd owfrSwcf Jhygw,f/
uRefawmfwYkd &JU a&m*gowfrSwcf suef JY tar&duef
qD;csKt
d oif;&JU a&m*gowfrSwcf sufu? txl;ojzifh tpmrpm;cif
azmufwJh aoG;csKd"mwfu tawmfav;uGm[aeygw,f/ eJY
qdkawmh awmif rsm;aeygw,f/ tJ'geJY ywfoufNyD;awmh uRefawmf
wkdYEkdifiHtaeeJY &JU nTefMum;csufudkyJ vdkuef mcJhawmh
udkyJ twnf,lEki
d cf Jhygw,f/
'gayrJ h v nf ;
u 1999ck E S p f r S m
qD;csKda&m*geJY ywfoufNyD;
a&m*gowfrw
S jf cif;? a&m*g
trsKd ; tpm; cGJj cm;jcif; eJY
ywfoufNyD;pmwrf;wpfapmif
topfxGu fv mcJhygw,f /

- - -
tJ'Dpmwrf;&JU nTeMf um;csufeJY owfrSwfcsuft&qk&d if olwdkYuvnf;
aoG;csKad &m*gukd tpmrpm;cif aoG;azmufjcif;rSm aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwfudk 'grSr[kwf txd qif;NyD;awmh
a&m*gudk owfrSwcf Jhygw,f/ tpmpm;NyD;rS ESpfem&DMumrS azmufwJh
aoG;csKd"mwfudkawmh t&ifuowfrSwfwJh twkdif;yJ
'grSr[kwv
f dkY owfrSwfcJhygw,f/
1999 ckESpfusrS eJY &JU a&m*g owfrSwfcsuf
awG oGm;wly gw,f/ tJ'Dt opf xk wf xm;wJh &JY qD; csKd
a&m*g owfrSwfjcif; pmwrf;topft& a&m*gtrsKd;tpm;udkvnf;
,cifuuJo
h kYd tifqv
l ifrDcS kw
d Jh aoG;csKad &m*g&,fvYkd vHk;0 rac:awmhbJ
trsKd;tpm;(1) qD;csKda&m*g? trsKd;tpm;(2) qD;csKda&m*geJY tjcm;
qD;csKda&m*grsm;qkdNyD; tkyfpkcGJNyD;xGufvmygw,f/
u xkwfjyefwJh pmwrf;trnfav; odyg&ap/
&JU qD;csKdowfrSwfjcif;? trsKd;tpm;cGJjcif;? aemuf
qufwGJa&m*grsm; -- --
- - - - qkdw Jh pmwrf;yg/
'Dpmwrf;t& uRefawmf ckeuajymcJhovdk trsK;d tpm;(1) qD;csKad &m*g?
trsKd; tpm;(2) qD;csKda&m*g? tjcm;qD;csKda&m*grsm; tkyfpkeJY ukd,f
0efaqmifpOfumv jzpfay:vmwJh qD;csKda&m*g&,fvkYd tkyfpk(4)rsKd;
cGJygawmhw,f/
t&ifu oHk;cJhwhJ qD;csKad &m*gtrsK;d tpm;eJY t"dutm;jzifah wmh
trsK;d tpm;owfrSwjf cif;u tawmfav;udk uGjJ ym;jcm;em;oGm;ygw,f/
tao;pdwfudkawmh uRefawmf rajymvdkawmhygbl;/
t"duajymcsifwmu qD;csKda&m*gowfrSwfjcif;
-- ajymif;vJoGm;wJh aoG;csKda&m*g tenf;trsm;udkom trsm;pk
odatmif aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/


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oejyKcsuf a wG? a&m*gowf r Sw f c suf a wGt aMumif ; Mum;&wm
A[kokw wu,fhudk &ygw,f/ a&m*g&So
d la&m? vlem&JU aqG;rsK;d
om;csi;f rsm;twGuaf &m tjcm;a&m*gr&Sad omolrsm;twGuyf g wu,f
ukd tusK;d &Syd gw,f/ tckvdk qD;csK?d aoG;csKad &m*gtaMumif; jynfjh ynfh
pHkpHk pdw&f n
S &f n
S t
f csed af y;Ny;D aqG;aEG;ay;wJh a'gufwmOD;wifah qGvwf
udk txl;yifaus;Zl;wiftyfaMumif;? ZD0ur*Zif;&JUuk,
d pf m; uReaf wmf
uyJ ajymMum;vdkygw,f/
[kwfuJh? uRefawmfhtaeeJYvnf; uRefawmfajymorQudk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHkazmfjyay;wJh ZD0ur*Zif;udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
ZD0u trSwf 93? atmufwkb
d mv? 2002ckESp/f

armifa rmifxG e f ; atmif ( usef ; rma&;)