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MT VI PHNG PHP GII BI TP DI TRUYN HC QUN TH SINH HC 12 Phn I : L do chn ti . Trong chng trnh sinh hc 12 phn bi tp qun th l rt kh i vi hc sinh. V trong chng trnh ch trang b l thuyt, khng c tit rn luyn bi tp, ngay c trong sch bi tp sinh hc 12 dng ton qun th t phi cng nh qun th giao phi khng c mt bi tp no. M trong nhng nm gn y,phn ton qun th B gio dc o to thng hay ra thi tt nghip, thi i hc, thi hc sinh gii.. do hc sinh rt d gp kh khn, lng tng khi gp nhng bi tp ny, c bit i vi hc sinh cc trng THPT vng su, vng xa, phn ln hc sinh phn ln hc sinh c lc trng bnh yu th vic gio vin hng dn gii bi to v cng vt v nhng hiu qu t c khng cao. Nhiu hc sinh vn dng l thuyt gii bi tp mt cch m h, lng tng, khng c s khoa hc. lm r nhng im cn lu trong qu trnh gii bi tp, hc sinh yn tm, t tin hn trong qu trnh lm bi, ti mnh dn a ra mt s phng php v gii phn bi tp qun th t phi v qun th giao phi cho hc sinh yu v hc sinh trung bnh trng THPT . Mc d c nhiu c gng song chc chn c nhiu thiu st, rt mong c s gp chn thnh ca cc bn ng nghip. Phn II Ni dung. A. Qun th t phi. 1. C s khoa hc : Phn bi tp qun th t ph l dng bi tp hon ton mi, i hi hc sinh phi hiu r c s khoa hc ca n vn dng vo gii bi tp. Trong khi hc sinh trng vng su, vng xa nhn thc v l thuyt cha vng, chnh v vy phi c mt s phng php gii bi tp ny cho hc sinh d hiu, d nh, vn dng v pht huy c kh nng c lp suy ngh ca mnh trong qu trnh hc tp. 2. Ni dung c th : 2.1. Kinh nghim gii bi tp t phi. * gii c bi tp phn ny yu cu hc sinh phi nm vng l thuyt, khi nim qun th t phi, qun th giao phi, th ng hp tri, th ng hp ln, th d hp, kiu gen, kiu hnh, alen, kin thc di truyn. * Vn dng l thuyt trn gii mt s bi tp v qun t phi. 2.2. Cc phng php gii. Nu gi x l th ng hp tri (AA). Nu gi y l th d hp (Aa) Nu gi z l th ng hp ln (aa) Gi n l s th h t phi Cu trc di truyn ca qun th c dng : xAA: yAa : zaa ( vi x + y + z = 1 ) a) Dng th I : Qun th ban u ch c mt kiu gen : * Nu qun th ban u ch c mt kiu gen th c 3 loi. - Loi kiu gen AA : Khi t th phn cho ra dng thun chng tri - Loi kiu gen aa : Khi t th phn cho ra dng thun chng ln. - Loi kiu gen Aa : + Nu qun th t phi ban u ch c mt kiu gen d hp th : 1 n T l d hp = ( ) 2 1 n T l ng hp = 1 - ( ) 2 n: l s th h t phi VD1 : mt qun th thc vt ti th h P0 c 100% th d hp v kiu gen Aa nu bt buc t t t qua 3 th h th c t l d hp v th ng hp l bao nhiu. Gii

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1 n p dng cng thc : T l d hp l ( ) 2 1 n T l ng hp l : 1 - ( ) 2 Vy t l th d hp, ng hp, cc th h theo bng sau: T l Th h P0 T l % th ng hp (Aa) T l % th d hp (AA+aa)

% 1 ( ) 0 .100% = 100% 2 P1 1 1 ( )1 .100% = 50% 1 ( )1 .100% = 50% 2 2 P2 1 1 ( ) 2 .100%= 25% 1 ( ) 2 .100% = 75% 2 2 P3 1 1 3 ( ) 3 .100% = 12,5% 1 ( ) .100% = 87,5% 2 2 b) Dng th 2 : Nu qun th ban u c kiu gen AA v Aa hoc AA; Aa, aa hoc Aa v aa th ta a v dng tng qut: xAA : yAa : zaa = 1 nu t phi qua n th h th : 1 y th d hp (Aa) = ( ) 2 1 y ( )n .y Th ng hp tri (AA)= x + 2 2 1 y ( )n .y Th ng hp ln (aa) = z + 2 2 VD1 : Mt qun th thc vt c s lng c th vi t l ng hp tri (AA) . Chim 50%, t l d hp (Aa) chim 50%. Nu cho t th qua 3 th h th t l d hp tri, ng hp tri, v th ng hp ln l bao nhiu %. GII 1 3 1 3 - T l d hp Aa = ( ) . y = ( ) .50% = 6,25% 2 2 1 1 3 50% ( ) 3 .50% = 71,75% - T l ng hp tri AA = x + y - ( ) . y = 50% + 2 2 2 1 50 ( ) 3 .50% = 21,875% 2 2 VD 2 : Mt qun th th ng vt c 70% l th d hp ( Aa), 20% l th ng hp ln (aa) nu cho t ph phn qua 5 lp th h th t l % th ng hp tri, th d hp, ng hp ln l bao nhiu %. 1 3 - T l ng hp ln aa = z + y - ( ) . y = 0 + 2 GII

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1 1 y ( )5 . y 70% ( )5 .70% - T l th ng hp tri AA = x+ 2 2 =0+7 = 33,90625% 2 1 5 1 5 - T l d hp Aa = ( ) . y = ( ) .70% = 2,1875% 2 2 1 1 y ( ) 5. y 70% ( ) 5 .70% - T l th d hp aa = z + + 63,90625% 2 2 = 30% = 2 2 VD3: Mt qun th thc vt th h ban u c 25% kiu gen AA,50% kiu gen AA, 50% kiu gen Aa, 25% kiu gen ln aa nu cho t th phn bt buc qua 3 th h th t l th d hp, th ng hp tri, ng hp ln l bao nhiu %. Gii 1 3 - T l th d hp Aa = ( ) .50% = 6,25% 2 1 50% ( ) 3 .50% - T l th ng hp tri AA = 25% + = 46,875% 2 2 1 3 50% ( ) .50% - T l th ng hp ln aa = 25% + 2 = 46,875% 2 B. Dng bi tp giao phi t do ngu nhin. I. C s khoa hc. Dng ny trong sch gio khoa sinh hc 12 v bi tp sinh hc 12 hon ton khng c cng thc hay 1 bi tp no v trong tit phn phi chng trnh cng khng c 1 tit no dng luyn tp gii dng bi tp ny. M trong nhng nm gn y, khi thi tt nghip, hay thi i hc B gio dc u cho ra bi tp phn ny, m i vi hc sinh trng THPT vng su, vng xa ca chng ti a phn l hc sinh yu, chnh v th vic gio vin hng dn gii bi tp dng ny thng gp kh khn m hiu qu li khng cao, v vy phi c phng php gii bi tp dng ny cho hc sinh d hiu, d nh, d vn dng v pht huy c kh nng t lc c lp t duy sng to ca mnh trong lnh hi tri thc. II. Ni dung c th . 1.Kinh nghim ging dy phn bi tp qun th giao phi i vi loi bi tp ny yu cu hc sinh phi nm vng cc khi nim qun th t phi, qun th giao phi c trng v mt di truyn ca qun th, nh lut Haci - Vanbc, phng php chng minh nh lut, cc kin thc di truyn hc. 2. Cc phng php gii. * Mt s quy c . Gi P l tn s ca alen A vi p+q = 1 (PA + qa)2 = 1. Gi q l tn s ca alen a. mt qun th giao phi khi trng thi cn bng di truyn th ph hp vi cng thc : P2Aa: q2aa = 1. Gi N l tng s c th trong qun th . Gi D l t l s c th ng hp tri : AA Gi H l t l s c th ng hp ln : aa Gi R l t l s c th d hp : Aa 2.1 Dng th 1 : Cch tnh tn s ca cc alen trong qun th : * tnh tn s alen trong qun th khi bit c t l kiu hnh v t l kiu gen dng s ln ta nn a v dng t l phn trm hoc dng thp phn d tnh v p dng cng thc tng qut : P2 AA : 2pqAa = 1

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2D + R 2N 2 H +R q= 2N a) Hai alen nm trn NST thng a.1 Tri hon ton: Th d A l tri hon ton so vi a. Nu hai alen l tri hon ton th nhng c th c kiu gen ng hp AA hay d hp Aa u c kiu hnh tri. Nh vy khng th tnh c s c th tri c kiu gen l AA hay Aa. M ch c th mang tnh trng ln mi bit chc chn kiu gen l aa do cn c trn cc c th man tnh trng ln tnh tn s ca gen. Nu qun th c s cn bng kiu gen th. Tn s ca kiu gen aa l q2 q = aa p = 1-q. VD. Trong mt qun th thc vt khi cn bng di truyn c 20.000 cy trong c 450 cy thn thp. Bit A quy nh cy cao, a quy nh cy thp. Hy xc nh tn s tng i ca cc alen. Bi gii 450 La thn thp c kiu gen l aa = x 100% = 0,0225. 20000 Vy q2(aa) = 0,0225 q(a) = 0,0225 = 0,15 P(A) = 1-0,15 = 0,85. a.2 Tri khng hon ton : Dng ny ch cn bit t l kiu hnh th ta bit c t l kiu gen, khi tnh tn s ta p dng cng thc trn. VD : b, kiu gen AA quy nh b lng en, aa quy nh b lng trng, Aa quy nh b lng lang trng en. Mt qun th b gm c 108 con lng en, 48 con lng trng, 144 con lng lang trng en. Tnh tn s ca cc alen A v a ca qun th b ni trn. Gii Cu trc di truyn ca qun th b l : P : 108 AA : 144Aa : 48 aa= 300 0,36AA : 0,48Aa : 0,16aa= 1. 2 D + R 2 x0,36 + 0,48 = = 0,6 2 2 p dng cng thc P(A) = 2 H + R 2 x0,16 + 0,48 = = 0,4 q(a) = 2N 2 b. Hai alen nm trn NST gii tnh. b.1 Tri ln hon ton. * a s cc loi ng vt con c u l tao t ch mang mt alen trn NST X l biu hin thnh tnh trng do ch cn cn c trn s c th, ci trong qun th tnh tn s ca cc gen (vi iu kin tn s ca cc alen 2 gii c ci nh nhau ). VD : rui gim gen A quy nh mt tri hon ton so vi a quy nh mt trng, gen ch lin kt vi nhim sc th gii tnh X khng c alen trn Y . Mt qun th rui gim c : 250 con rui c mt trng, 250 con con c mt , 250 con ci mt thun chng, 250 con ci mt d hp tm tn s alen ca qun th trn. Gii Theo gi thit ta c : - 250 con c mt trng c kiu gen Xa Y c 250alen Xa A a - 250 con ci mt d hp c kiu gen A X c 250 alen XA v 250 alen Xz Cch tnh tn s p,q : p=

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- 250 con c mt c kiu gen XAY c 250 alen XA -250 con ci mt thun chng c kiu gen XA XA c 500 alen XA Vy tng s alen ca qun th l : 500alen Xa +1000alen XA =1500 Tn s alen a ca qun th l : 500/1500 = 0,03 Tn s alen A ca qun th l : 1000/1500 = 0,67. b.2 Tri khng hon ton. Dng ny thng c nhiu kiu gen v kiu hnh v mt s gen ch lin kt trn NST gii tnh X khng c alen trn Y nn con c ch cn mt alen biu hin thnh kiu hnh. VD : loi mo nh, cp gen D,d quy nh mu lng nm t rn nhim sc th gii tnh X (DD : lng en; dd; lng vng;Dd : tham th ). Trong mt qun th mo lun n ngi ghi c s liu v cc kiu hnh nh sau: Loi en Vng Tham th Tng s Mo c 311 42 0 353 Mo ci 277 7 54 338 Tnh tn s alen trong iu kin cn bng Gii Quy c gen : XDXD: Lng en Mo c XDY : Lmg en Mo ci XDXd : Tam th XdY : Lng vng XdXd : Lng vng Gi p l tn s ca alen D,q l tn s ca alen d : p = 2 x S mo ci en + S mo ci + tam th + s mo c en 2 x s mo ci + s mo c p= 2x s mo ci vng + s mo ci tam th + s mo c vng 2x s mo ci + s mo c. Tng s alen D trong kiu gen ca mo ci en v mo c en : 311+ 2(227) + 54 = 919 T s alen trong qun th : 353 + 2(338)= 1029 Do : Tn s ca alen D : 919 : 1029 = 0,893 Tn s ca alen d : 1-0,893 = 0,107. 2.2. Dng th 2 : + Bit tn s tng i ca cc alen, xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th, t l kiu hnh : + Chng minh cu trc ca qun th cn bng hay cha cn bng di truyn / Cch gii : + Lp bng t hp gia giao t c v ci theo tn s tng i cho ta suy ra kt qu v tn s di truyn v tn s kiu hnh. + Trng thi cn bng ca qun th c biu th 2 Pq 2 ) qua tng quan : p2p2 = ( 2 + iu kin qun th t trng thi cn bng di Truyn : Cho ngu phn n lc tn s tng i ca alen khng i. V d 1 : Trong mt qun th giao phi : A quy nh qu ngt, a quy nh qu chua. Vit cu trc di truyn ca qun th xc nh t l kiu hnh v cho bit trng thi cn bng di truyn ca mi qun th trong cc trng hp sau : a) Qun th 1 : c A= 0,9, a = 0,1 b) Qun th 2 : c a = 0,2 Gii 2 a) P1 (pA + qa) x (PA + qa) F1 : P (AA) + 2pq(Aa) + q2(aa) =1 0,81AA+ 0,18Aa + 0,1aa= 1.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Sch gio khoa sinh hc 12. 2. Sch bi tp sinh hc 12 ca tc gi L Th Tho ( NXB GD ) 3. Bi tp t lun v trc nghim sinh hc 12 ca Hunh Quc Thnh (NXBGD). 4. Mt s nghi tt nghip cc nm.

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MC LC

Phn I : Phn II : Phn III :

t trang 1 n trang 1 t trang 1 n trang 8 t trang 8n trang 8