Tai Lieu Chuyen Dung Cho GC Com

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Ti liu chuyn mn cho k thut vin Trang 1
Khi nim c bn v dng in

Cc khi nim c bn v dng in - Cu trc vt cht , bn cht v chiu dng in, tc dng
ca dng in.
1. Cu trc nguyn t :
hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt c cc nguyn t u
c cu to ln t cc nguyn t v mi nguyn t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn
l
- Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton v cc ht trung ho
in gi l Neutron.
- Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn .
- Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho v in ngha l s Proton ht nhn
bng s electron bn ngoi nhng khi c tc nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st
tnh in, tc ng ca t trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi
qu o trqr thnh cc in t t do.
- Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng b thiu in t v tr thnh
ion dng v ngc li khi mt nguyn t nhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr
thnh ion m.
2 . Bn cht dn in v chiu dng in .
Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch in
- Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nh in t , ion.
- Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in
t - i t m sang dng )
3. Tc dng ca dng in :
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau :

Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t trng xung quanh lm lch hng ca nam chm, khi
i chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li.
- Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v sing nhit nng
- Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra c nng
- Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c tc dng ho nng..
Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng v c nng , tc dng v t
trng v tc dng v ho nng.

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Dng in & in p mt chiu

Cng dng in , k hiu v n v . in p , hiu in th, k hiu, n v ca in p .

1. Cng dng in :
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c trng cho s lng cc
in t i qua tit din ca vt dn trong mt n v thi gian - K hiu l I
- Dng in mt chiu l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng nht nh t dng sang
m theo quy c hay l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng ca cc in t t do.

n v ca cng dng in l Ampe v c cc bi s :
- Kilo Ampe =1000 Ampe
- Mega Ampe =1000.000 Ampe
- Mili Ampe =1/1000 Ampe
- Micro Ampe =1/1000.000 Ampe
2. in p :
Khi mt cc in t tp trung khng u ti hai im A v B nu ta ni mt dy dn t A
sang B s xut hin dng chuyn ng ca cc in tch t ni c mt cao sang ni c mt
thp, nh vy ngi ta gi hai im A v B c chnh lch v in p v p chnh lch chnh l
hiu in th.
- in p ti im A gi l UA
- in p ti im B gi l UB.
- Chnh lch in p gia hai im A v B gi l hiu in th UAB
UAB =UA - UB
- n v ca in p l Vol k hiu l U hoc E, n v in p c cc bi s l
- Kilo Vol ( KV) =1000 Vol
- Mini Vol (mV) =1/1000 Vol
- Micro Vol =1/1000.000 Vol

in p c th v nh cao ca mt bnh nc, nu hai bnh nc c cao khc nhau th
khi ni mt ng dn s c dng nc chy qua t bnh cao sang bnh thp hn, khi hai bnh
nc c cao bng nhau th khng c dng nc chy qua ng dn. Dng in cng nh vy
nu hai im c in p chn lch s sinh ra dng in chy qua dy dn ni vi hai im t
in p cao sang in p thp v nu hai im c in p bng nhau th dng in trong dy dn
s = 0

Mt s nh lut c bn

Cc nh lut cn nh nh nh lut m cho on mch mc ni tip, song song. Cng thc tnh
in nng v cng xut tiu th.
1. nh lut m
nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh Cng dng in
trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in
tr ca on mch .
Cng thc : I = U / R trong
- I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A)
- U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V)
- R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m
2. nh lut m cho on mch
on mch mc ni tip:
Trong mt on mch c nhiu in tr mc ni tip th in p hai u on mch bng tng
st p trn cc in tr .

- Nh s trn th U =U1 +U2 +U3
- Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2,
U3 =I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th I1 =I2 =I3
- St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .
on mch mc song song
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng dng in chnh bng
tng cc dng in i qua cc in tr v st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

- Mch trn c U1 =U2 =U3 =E
- I =I1 +I2 +I3 v U1 =I1 x R1 =I2 x R2 =I3 x R3
- Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr .
3. in nng v cng xut :
* in nng.
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n sng, chy qua ng c =>
lm ng c quay nh vy dng in sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k
hiu l W, trong thc t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi) Cng thc tnh in nng l
:W =U x I x t
- Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J)
- U l in p tnh bng Vol (V)
- I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A)
- t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)
* Cng xut .
Cng xut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng xut c tnh bi cng
thc
P =W / t =(U. I .t ) / t =U .I
Theo nh lut m ta c P =U.I = U
2
/ R =R.I
2

Khi nim v t trng
cc ch nghin cu : Nam chm v t tnh, t trng, cng t trng, t cm, t thng.

1. Khi nim v t trng.
* Nam chm v t tnh .
Trong t nhin c mt s cht c th ht c st gi l nam chm t nhin.
Trong cng nghim ngi ta luyn thp hoc hp cht thp to thnh nam chm
nhn to.
Nam chm lun lun c hai cc l cc bc North (N) v cc nam South (S) , nu cht
thanh nam chm ra lm 2 th ta li c hai nam chm mi cng c hai cc N v S - l
nam chm c tnh cht khng phn chia..
Nam chm thng c ng dng sn xut loa in ng, micro hoc m t DC.
* T trng
T trng l vng khng gian xung quanh nam chm c tnh cht truyn lc t ln cc vt liu
c t tnh, t trng l tp hp ca cc ng sc i t Bc n cc nam.

* Cng t trng
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H n v l A/m
* t cm
L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca t trng, t cm ph thuc vo
vt liu . VD St c t cm mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc
B = .H
Trong B : l t cm
: l t thm
H : l cng t trng
* T thng
L s ng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi cng t trng.

* ng dng ca Nam chm vnh cu.
Nam chm vnh cu c ng dng nhiu trong thit b in t, chng c dng sn xut
Loa, Micro v cc loi M t DC.

Dng in xoay chiu
Ch nghin cu: Chu k v tn s dng xoay chiu, bin in p xoay chiu, gi tr in p
hiu dng v cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu i qua ti.

1. Dng in xoay chiu :
Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i theo thi gian, nhng
thay i ny thng tun hon theo mt chu k nht nh.

trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung nhn.
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian m in xoay chiu lp li v
tr c , chu k c tnh bng giy (s)
Tn s in xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in xoay chiu trong mt giy
k hiu l F n v l Hz
F = 1 / T
Pha ca dng in xoay chiu :
Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2 dng in xoay chiu c
cng tn s .
* Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi im in p cng tng v
cng gim nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha
* Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha : l hai dng in c cc thi im in p tng gim
lch nhau .

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha
* Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : l hai dng in lch pha 180 , khi dng in ny
tng th dng in kia gim v ngc li.

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha
Bin ca dng in xoay chiu
Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi tr in p nh ca dng in.xoay chiu, bin ny
thng cao hn in p m ta o c t cc ng h
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu
Thng l gi tr o c t cc ng h v cng l gi tr in p c ghi trn zc cm
ngun ca cc thit b in t., V d ngun 220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr
hiu dng, thc t bin nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong 300V
Cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu .
Cng xut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v lch pha gia hai i
lng trn , cng xut c tnh bi cng thc :
P = U.I.cos
- Trong U : l in p
- I l dng in
- l gc lch pha gia U v I
=>Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I l = 0 khi cos =
1 v P =U.I
=>Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc t in th lch pha gia U v I l +90
hoc -90, khi cos =0 v P =0 ( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua t in
hoc cun dy l =0 )

Dng xoay chiu qua R, C, L
Ch nghin cu: Dng xoay chiu qua tr thun, qua t in, qua cun dy, khi nim v dung
khng ca t in v cm khng ca cun dy, tng hp hai dng in xoay chiu.

1. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr
Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng pha vi nhau ,
ngha l khi in p tng cc i th dng in qua tr cng tng cc i. nh vy dng
xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng mt chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng
cc cng thc ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i qua in tr
I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm
P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut
2 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in .
Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in th dng in s sm pha hn in p 90

Dng xoay chiu c dng in sm
pha hn in p 90 khi i qua t
* Dng xoay chiu i qua t s b t cn li vi mt tr khng gi l Zc, v Zc c tnh bi
cng thc
Zc = 1/ ( 2 x 3,14 x F x C )
- Trong Zc l dung khng ( n v l Ohm )
- F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)
- C l in dung ca t in ( n v l Fara)
Cng thc trn cho thy dung khng ca t in t l nghch vi tn s dng xoay chiu
(ngha l tn s cng cao cng i qua t d dng) v t l nghc vi in dung ca t ( ngha l
t c in dung cng ln th dng xoay chiu i qua cng d dng)
=>Dng mt chiu l dng c tn s F = 0 do Zc = v vy dng mt chiu khng i
qua c t.
3. Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy.
Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin thin v t trng bin
thin ny li cm ng ln chnh cun dy mt in p cm ng c chiu ngc li , do
cun dy c xu hng chng li dng in xoay chiu khi i qua n, s chng li ny chnh l
cm khng ca cun dy k hiu l ZL
ZL = 2 x 3,14 x F x L
- Trong ZL l cm khng ( n v l Ohm)
- L l h s t cm ca cun dy ( n v l Henry) L ph thuc vo s vng dy qun v
cht liu li .
- F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)
T cng thc trn ta thy, cm khng ca cun dy t l thun vi tn s v h s t cm
ca cun dy, tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh khn => tnh cht ny ca cun
dy ngc vi t in.
=>Vi dng mt chiu th ZL ca cun dy = 0 ohm, d dng mt chiu i qua cun dy
ch chu tc dng ca in tr thun R m thi ( tr thun ca cun dy l in tr o c
bng ng h vn nng ), nu tr thun ca cun dy kh nh th dng mt chiu qua cun dy
s b on mch.
* Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy th dng in b chm pha so vi in p 90
ngha l in p tng nhanh hn dng in khi qua cun dy .

Dng xoay chiu c dng in chm
pha hn in p 90 khi i qua cun dy
=>>Do tnh cht lch pha gia dng in v in p khi i qua t in v cun dy, nn ta
khng p dng c nh lut Ohm vo mch in xoay chiu khi c s tham gia ca L v C
c.
=>>V cng xut th dng xoay chiu khng sinh cng khi chng i qua L v C mc d c
U >0 v I >0.

* Trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha th bin
in p s bng tng hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in cng pha bin s tng.
* Nu trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha th bin
in p s bng hiu hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in ngc pha, bin gim
Hng dn o bng ng h (VOM)
Ch tm hiu: Gii thiu v ng h vn nng, hng dn o in p xoay chiu, cc trng hp
o nhm gy hng ng h.

1. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)

ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin
in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p
AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng
np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong
20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.
2. Hng dn o in p xoay

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in
p cn o mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp
hn in p cn o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc.
* Ch - ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu
=>Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !

nhm thang o dng in, o vo
ngun AC => s hng ng h

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC
=> s hng cc in tr trong ng h
* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng ng h
khng nh hng .

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim
tuy nhin ng h khng hng

Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC
Ch : Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng, cc trng hp sai thang
o, cc trng hp nhm thang o.

1. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.
Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta t que
vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o
mt nc. V d nu o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp hn
in p cn o => kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu cao => kim bo thiu
Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC
* Trng hp sai thang o :
Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang xoay chiu th ng h s
bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng
h cng khng b hng .

sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.
* Trng hp nhm thang o
Ch - ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in
tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Trng hp nhm thang o dng in
khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in
p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!
Hng dn s dng thang o in tr
Cc ni dung cp : Cc tc dng ca thang o in tr, o kim tra in tr than, dng thang
o in tr kim tra phng np v cc h hng ca t in.

1. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt nhiu th.
- o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
- o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
- o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
- o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
- o kim tra s phng np ca t in
- o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
- o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
- o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.
* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn tiu 1,5V bn trong, x dng cc
thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm ta phi lp Pin 9V.
o in tr :
o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng
o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
- Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr nh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm,
nu in tr ln th thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v chnh trit o
kim ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.
- Bc 2 : Chun b o .
- Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o , Gi tr o c =ch s thang o
X thang o
V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l =100 x 27 =2700 ohm =2,7 K ohm
- Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr s s khng chnh xc.
- Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng khng chnh xc.
- Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc
cao nht.
Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in
Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h hng ca t in , khi o t in , nu l
t gm ta dng thang o x1K ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10 ohm.

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm
Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :
- T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o
- T C2 b d =>ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c
- T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln =0 ohm v khng tr v.

Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho
trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l b kh ( gim in
dung) khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t mi c cng in
dung.
- trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta thy
t C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )
- Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem phng np.
o dng in - c ch s Vol, ampe
Hng dn cch o dng in bng ng h vn nng, Cch c gi tr o c khi o dng in,
in p DC v in p AC.

Hng dn o dng in bng ng h vn nng.
Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip vi ti tiu th v ch l ch o c
dng in nh hn gi tr ca thang o cho php, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
- Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht .
- Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu dng, que en v chiu m .
- Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o
- Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, nu thang o thang cao nht th ng h khng
o c dng in ny.
- Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in .
Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC
Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr hn dng mc ni vi ti, in p o c
chia cho gi tr tr hn dng s cho bit gi tr dng in, phng php ny c th o c cc dng in
ln hn kh nng cho php ca ng h v ng h cmg an ton hn.
Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
- Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng t thang 10V th
c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho
gi tr 1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi tr o c nhn vi 100 ln
- Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr
khc th ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi
25V.
- Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in p .
HNG DN SD NG H S DIGITAL
Ch : Gii thiu ng h s Digital, u im v nhc im, hng dn o in p DC, p AC,
o in tr, o dng in, o tn s, o trang thi mch Logic bng ng h Digital.

1. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL
ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l chnh xc cao hn, tr
khng ca ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in
xoay chiu, tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay hng,
kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.

ng h vn nng s Digital
Hng dn s dng :
* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
- que ng h vo l cm " V mA" que en vo l cm "COM"
- Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu.
- Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo
dng thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.
- t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h.
- Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-)
* o dng in DC (AC)
- Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o dng ln.
- Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "A"
- Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC
- t que o ni tip vi mch cn o
- c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh.
* o in tr
- Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
- Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi tr in tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu
kt qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.
- t que o vo hai u in tr.
- c gi tr trn mn hnh.
- Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o mt on dy dn bng thang o tr,
nu thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku
* o tn s
- Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "FREQ" hoc " Hz"
- thang o nh khi o in p .
- t que o vo cc im cn o
- c tr s trn mn hnh.
* o Logic
- o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o
trng thi c in - K hiu "1" hay khng c in "0", cch o nh sau:
- Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "LOGIC"
- t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass
- Mn hnh ch "" l bo mc logic mc cao, ch "" l bo logic mc thp
* o cc chc nng khc
- ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nh o i t, o t in, o Transistor
nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn v o nhanh
hn.
n tr - cch c tr s.
Ni dung cp : Khi nim v in tr, in tr trong thit b in t, quy c mu Quc t,
Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu, 5 vng mu.

1. Khi nim v in tr.
in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin - in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt
vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln,
vt cch in th in tr l v cng ln.
in tr ca dy dn :
in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau:
R = .L / S
- Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu
- L l chiu di dy dn
- S l tit din dy dn
- R l in tr n v l Ohm
2. in tr trong thit b in t.\
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt linh kin quan trng,
chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c
cc loi in tr c tr s khc nhau.

Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.
b) n v ca in tr
- n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M
- 1K =1000
- 1M =1000 K = 1000.000
b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr
- Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt quy c chung ca th
gii.( xem hnh trn )
- Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d
nh cc in tr cng xut, in tr s.

Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip.
3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Quy c mu Quc t
Mu sc Gi tr Mu sc Gi tr
en 0 Xanh l 5
Nu 1 Xanh l 6
2 Tm 7
Cam 3 Xm 8
Vng 4 Trng 9
Nh vng -1
Nh bc -2

in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh xc th k hiu bng 5 vng mu.
* Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu :

Cch c in tr 4 vng mu
- Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nh bc, y l vng ch sai s ca in
tr, khi c tr s ta b qua vng ny.
- i din vi vng cui l vng s 1, tip theo n vng s 2, s 3
- Vng s 1 v vng s 2 l hng chc v hng n v
- Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10.
- Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10
( m vng 3)

- C th tnh vng s 3 l s con s khng "0" thm vo
- Mu nh ch c vng sai s hoc vng s 3, nu vng s 3 l nh th s m ca c s 10 l s m.
-
* Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )

- Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai s c nhiu mu, do
gy kh khn cho ta khi xc inh u l vng cui cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun c khong cch
xa hn mt cht.
- i din vng cui l vng s 1
- Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nhng y vng s 4 l bi s ca c s 10, vng s
1, s 2, s 3 ln lt l hng trm, hng chc v hng n v.
- Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10
( m vng 4)

- C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng "0" thm vo
Thc hnh c tr s in tr
Ni dung : Thc hnh c tr s in tr tu theo k hiu ca cc vng mu, T kim tra kh nng
c tr s ca mnh, Cc gi tr in tr thng dng trn thc t.

1. Thc hnh c tr s in tr.

Cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3
- Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng mu bi s ny thng thay i t
mu nh bc cho n mu xanh l , tng ng vi in tr < 1 n hng M.

Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i .
- hnh trn l cc gi tr in tr ta thng gp trong thc t, khi vng mu s 3 thay i th cc gi
tr in tr trn tng gim 10 ln.
Bi tp - Bn hy on nhanh tr s trc khi p n xut hin, khi no tt c cc tr s m bn on
ng trc khi kt qu xut hin l kin thc ca bn phn ny n ri !

Bi tp - on nhanh kt qu tr s in tr.
2. Cc tr s in tr thng dng.
Ta khng th kim c mt in tr c tr s bt k, cc nh sn xut ch a ra khong 150 loi tr s
in tr thng dng , bng di y l mu sc v tr s ca cc in tr thng dng.

Cc gi tr in tr thng dng.
Cng xut in tr - Bin tr
Ni dung : Phn loi in tr, Cng xut ca in tr, Bin tr , Trit p.

1. Phn loi in tr.
- in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t 0,125W n
0,5W
- in tr cng xut : L cc in tr c cng xut ln hn t 1W, 2W, 5W, 10W.
- in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in tr cng xut , in tr ny c v
bc s, khi hot ng chng to nhit.

Cc in tr : 2W - 1W - 0,5W - 0,25W

in tr s hay tr nhit
2. Cng xut ca in tr.
Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu th mt cng xut P tnh c theo cng thc
P = U . I = U
2
/ R = I
2
.R
- Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr ph thuc vo dng in i qua in tr
hoc ph thuc vo in p trn hai u in tr.
- Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi lp in tr vo mch.
- Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng xut n s tiu th th in tr s b
chy.
- Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut danh nh >= 2 ln cng xut m n s
tiu th.

in tr chy do qu cng xut
- s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tr u c tr s l 120 nhng c cng xut
khc nhau, khi cc cng tc K1 v K2 ng, cc in tr u tiu th mt cng xut l
P =U
2
/ R =(12 x 12) / 120 =1,2W
- Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln hn cng xut tiu th , nn in tr khng chy.
- Khi K2 ng, in tr c cng xut nh hn cng xut tiu th , nn in tr b chy .
3. Bin tr, trit p :
Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu l VR chng c hnh dng nh sau :

Hnh dng bin tr K hiu trn s
Bin tr thng rp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha, cn chnh ca k thut vin, bin tr c
cu to nh hnh bn di.

Cu to ca bin tr
Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b tr pha trc mt my
cho ngi s dng iu chnh. V d nh - Trit p Volume, trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha l trit
ra mt phn in p t u vo tu theo mc chnh.

K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.

Hnh dng trit p Cu to trong trit p
Tr ni tip, song song - ng dng ca R
Ni dung: in tr mc ni tip, in tr mc song song, in tr mc hn hp, ng dng ca
in tr trong mch in

Trong thc t , khi ta cn mt in tr c tr s bt k ta khng th c c , v in tr ch c
sn xut khong trn 100 loi c cc gi tr thng dng, do c mt in tr bt k ta phi u
in tr song song hoc ni tip.
1. in tr mc ni tip .

in tr mc ni tip.
- Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh phn cng li. Rtd
=R1 +R2 +R3
- Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr bng nhau v bng I I =( U1 / R1)
=( U2 / R2) =( U3 / R3 )
- T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni tip t l thun vi gi tr int tr .
2. in tr mc song song.

in tr mc song song
- Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng thc (1 / Rtd) =(1 /
R1) +(1 / R2) +(1 / R3)
- Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th
Rtd =R1.R2 / ( R1 +R2)
- Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch vi gi tr in tr .
I1 =( U / R1) , I2 =( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 )
- in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau
3. in tr mc hn hp

in tr mc hn hp.
- Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .
- V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau mc ni tip vi
in tr 1,5K .
4 . ng dng ca in tr :
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit b in t v nh vy in tr l linh kin quan trng khng th thiu
c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau :
- Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun
12V, ta c th u ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.

u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr.
- Nh hnh trn ta c th tnh c tr s v cng xut ca in tr cho ph hp nh sau: Bng n c
in p 9V v cng xut 2W vy dng tiu th l I = P / U = (2 / 9 ) = Ampe cng chnh l dng in i
qua in tr.
- V ngun l 12V, bng n 9V nn cn st p trn R l 3V vy ta suy ra in tr cn tm l R =U/
I =3 / (2/9) =27 / 2 =13,5
- Cng xut tiu th trn in tr l : P =U.I =3.(2/9) =6/9 W v vy ta phi dng in tr c cng
xut P >6/9 W
- Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo mun t mt in p cho trc.

Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu .
T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in p U1, p U1 ph thuc vo gi tr hai
in tr R1 v R2.theo cng thc .
U1 / U =R1 / (R1 +R2) =>U1 =U.R1(R1 +R2)
Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.
- Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .

Mch phn cc cho Transistor
- Tham gia vo cc mch to dao ng R C

Mch to dao ng s dng IC 555
T IN - Cu to & in dung
Ni dung : Gii thiu v t in, Cu to ca t in, Hnh dng thc t, in dung ca t in,
n v in dung, K hiu ca t trn s .

T in : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in
t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch
to dao ng .vv...
1. Cu to ca t in .
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v t in cng c phn
loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.

Cu to t gm Cu to t ho
2.Hnh dng thc t ca t in.

Hnh dng ca t gm.

Hnh dng ca t ho

3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca t in.
* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca t in, in dung ca t
in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng
thc
C = . S / d
- Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F)
- : L hng s in mi ca lp cch in.
- d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in.
- S : l din tch bn cc ca t in.
* n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc t thng dng cc
n v nh hn nh MicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF).
- 1 Fara = 1000 Fara = 1000.000 n F = 1000.000.000 p F
- 1 Fara = 1000 n Fara
- 1 n Fara =1000 p Fara
* K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.
Cch c tr s - ngha in p
Ni dung : S phng np ca t in , Cch c tr s ca t in, ngha v gi tr in p ghi
trn t.

1. S phng np ca t in .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca t in l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng dn
in xoay chiu.

Minh ho v tnh cht phng np ca t in.
* T np in : Nh hnh nh trn ta thy rng , khi cng tc K1 ng, dng in t ngun U i qua
bng n np vo t, dng np ny lm bng n lo sng, khi t np y th dng np gim bng 0 v
vy bng n tt.
* T phng in : Khi t np y, nu cng tc K1 m, cng tc K2 ng th dng in t cc dng
(+) ca t phng qua bng n v cc m (-) lm bng n lo sng, khi t phng ht in th bng n tt.
=>Nu in dung t cng ln th bng n lo sng cng lu hay thi gian phng np cng lu.
2 . Cch c gi tr in dung trn t in.
* Vi t ho : Gi tr in dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn thn t
=>T ho l t c phn cc (-) , (+) v lun lun c hnh tr .

T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V
* Vi t giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu

T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu.
- Cch c : Ly hai ch s u nhn vi 10
(M s th 3 )

- V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha l
Gi tr = 47 x 10
4
=470000 p ( Ly n v l pic Fara)
=470 n Fara =0,47 F
- Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ca t in .
* Thc hnh c tr s ca t in.

Cch c tr s t git v t gm .
Ch : ch K l sai s ca t .
50V l in p cc i m t chu c.
* T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo s thp phn v ly n v l MicroFara

Mt cch ghi tr s khc ca t giy v t gm.
3. ngh ca gi tr in p ghi trn thn t :
- Ta thy rng bt k t in no cng c ghi tr s in p ngay sau gi tr in dung, y chnh l
gi tr in p cc i m t chu c, qu in p ny t s b n.
- Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gi ngi ta cng lp t in c gi tr
in p Max cao gp khong 1,4 ln.
- V d mch 12V phi lp t 16V, mch 24V phi lp t 35V. vv...
Phn loi t in
Ni dung : T in khng phn cc(T giy, T gm), T in c phn cc ( T ho ), T xoay .

T in c nhiu loi nh T giy, T gm, T mi ca , T ho nhng v tnh cht th ta phn t l
hai loi chnh l t khng phn cc v t phn cc
1. T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc )
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny
thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T gm - l t khng phn cc.
2. T ho ( T c phn cc )
T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F ,
t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh
tr..
T ho - L t c phn cc m dng.
3. T xoay .
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng c lp trong Radio thay i
tn s cng hng khi ta d i.

T xoay s dng trong Radio
Phng php kim tra t in.
Ni dung : Phng php o kim tra t giy v t gm, Phng php kim tra t ho.

1. o kim tra t giy v t gm.
T giy v t gm thng hng dng b d r hoc b chp, pht hin t d r hoc b chp ta quan st
hnh nh sau y .


o kim tra t giy hoc t gm .
- hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v C3 c in dung bng nhau, trong
C1 l t tt, C2 l t b d v C3 l t b chp.
- Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c. ( Lu cc t nh qu < 1nF th kim
s khng phng np )
- Khi o t C2 ( T b d ) ta thy kim ln lng chng thang o v dng li khng tr v v tr c.
- Khi o t C3 ( T b chp ) ta thy kim ln =0 v khng tr v.
- Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h thang x1K hoc x10K, v phi
o chiu kim ng h vi ln khi o.
2. o kim tra t ho
T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nhng chng li hay hng dng b kh ( kh ho cht bn
trong lp in mi ) lm in dung ca t b gim , kim tra t ho , ta thng so snh phng np ca
t vi mt t cn tt c cng in dung, hnh nh di y minh ho cc bc kim tra t ho.

o kim tra t ho
- kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay khng, ta dng t C1 cn mi c
cng in dung v o so snh.
- ng h thang t x1 n x100 ( in dung cng ln th thang cng thp )
- o vo hai t v so snh phng np , khi o ta o chiu que o vi ln.
- Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta thy t C2 phng np km hn
do t C2 trn b kh.
- Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.
Ch : Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht rng mt chn t khi mch in, sau
kim tra nh trn.
T song song, ni tip - ng dng ca t.
Ni dung : T in u ni tip , T in u song song, Mt s ng dng ca t in trong mach.

1 . T in mc ni tip .
- Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t
= (1 / C1 ) +( 1 / C2 ) +( 1 / C3 )
- Trng hp ch c 2 t mc ni tip th C t = C1.C2 / ( C1 + C2 )
- Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng bng tng in p ca cc t cng li. U
t =U1 +U2 +U3
- Khi mc ni tip cc t in, nu l cc t ho ta cn ch chiu ca t in, cc m t trc phi
ni vi cc dng t sau:

T in mc ni tip T in mc song song
2 . T in mc song song.
- Cc t in mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng tng in dung ca cc t cng li .
C =C1 +C2 +C3
- in p chu ng ca t in tng tng bng in p ca t c in p thp nht.
- Nu l t ho th cc t phi c u cng chiu m dng.
3. ng dng ca t in .
T in c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut in v in t, trong cc thit b in t, t in l mt linh
kin khng th thiu c, mi mch in t u c mt cng dng nht nh nh truyn dn tn hiu , lc
nhiu, lc in ngun, to dao ng ..vv...
Di y l mt s nhng hnh nh minh ho v ng dng ca t in.
* T in trong mch lc ngun.

T ho trong mch lc ngun.
- Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh
lu c bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta thy nu khng c t th p DC sau i t l in
p nhp nh, khi c t in p ny c lc tng i phng, t in cng ln th in p DC ny
cng phng.
* T in trong mch dao ng a hi to xung vung.

Mch dao ng a hi s dng 2 Transistor
- Bn c th lp mch trn vi cc thng s cho trn s .
- Hai n bo sng s dng n Led du song song vi cc CE ca hai Transistor, ch u ng
chiu m dng.
Cht bn dn . Ni dung: Gii thiu v cht bn dn, Cht bn dn loi N, Cht bn dn loi P.

1. Cht bn dn.
Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin
bn dn nh Diode, Transistor, IC m ta thy trong cc thit
b in t ngy nay.
Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn
in v cht cch in, v phng din ho hc th bn dn l nhng
cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht
Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si)
T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi to ra hai
loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P, sau ghp cc
ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor.
Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 in t, th
tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo lin kt cng
ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn tinh khit .
2. Cht bn dn loi N
* Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo
cht bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo
lin kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia
lin kt v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn
dn lc ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn
dn N ( Negative : m ).

Cht bn dn N
3. Cht bn dn loi P
Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh
Indium (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt
in t =>tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c gi l cht
bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P
Diode bn dn. Ni dung : Cu to ca Diode bn dn, Phn cc thun v phn cc ngc cho
Diode bn dn, Phng php o kim tra Diode, ng dng ca Diode.

1. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn.
Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai
cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip
gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha
trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo
cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp
Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode .
* hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca
Diode bn dn.

K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn.
2. Phn cc thun cho Diode.
Khi ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in
p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi di tc dng tng
tc ca in p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi
hai cc t 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge )
th din tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn
in. Nu tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh
nhng chnh lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi
mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn
in p thun c gim mc 0,6V

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode
* Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p
phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn
cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua Diode sau dng in qua
Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi gi tr 0,6V .
3. Phn cc ngc cho Diode.
Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn
dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), di s tng tc ca in
p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua
mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln khong
1000V th diode mi b nh thng.

Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V
4. Phng php o kim tra Diode

o kim tra Diode
- t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode,
nu :
- o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt =>kim
ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l =>Diode tt
- Nu o c hai chiu kim ln =0 =>l Diode b chp.
- Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln =>l Diode b t.
- php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b
t
- Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt
cht l Diode b d.
5. ng dng ca Diode bn dn .
* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng
trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc
mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng .
trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu c
dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .
Cc loi Diode Ni dung : Tm hiu cu to v cng dng ca cc loi Diode : Diode n p,
Diode thu quang, Diode pht quang, Diode bin dung, Diode xung, Diode tch sng, Diode nn in.


1. Diode Zener
* Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng
nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener
c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc
thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc
Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi
trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch.
- S trn minh ho ng dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c
in p thay i, Dz l diode n p, R1 l tr hn dng.
- Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun c
nh cho d ngun U1 thay i.
- Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng
ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong 30mA.
- Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 ln Dz
v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc ln nht qua Dz
<30mA.

Nu U1 < Dz th khi U1 thay i p trn Dz cng thay i
Nu U1 > Dz th khi U1 thay i => p trn Dz khng i.
2. Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode )
Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c
mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P - N , dng in
ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode

Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode
3. Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED )
Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc
thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led
khong t 5mA n 20mA
Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo
trng thi c in . vv...

Diode pht quang LED
4. Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung )
Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung
bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc t vo Diode.

n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD )
trong mch cng hng
- hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo
Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca diode thay i => lm
thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
- Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu,
trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng hng bng in p.
5. Diode xung
Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi
dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s
cao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th
thay th vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c
th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn
diode thng nhiu ln.
V c im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi
Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t
nt hoc nh du bng hai vng

K hiu ca Diode xung
6. Diode tch sng.
L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im
v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P - N ti mt im trnh in
dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn
dng tch sng tn hiu.
7. Diode nn in.
L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun
AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.

Diode nn in 5A
TRANSISTOR ( Bng bn dn ) Ni dung cp : Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca
Transistor thun v Transistor ngc.

1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn )
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai
mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c
Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor
ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai
Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor
- Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc
gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng
tp cht thp.
- Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht (
Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector )
vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N
hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau
nn khng hon v cho nhau c.

2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN .

Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot
ng ca transistor NPN
- Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong
(+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc E.
- Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo
hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn
E.
- Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E
c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C
E ( lc ny dng IC =0 )
- Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c
mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R
hn dng =>qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB
- Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy
qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp
nhiu ln dng IB
- Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v
ph thuc theo mt cng thc .
IC = .IB
- Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE
- IB l dng chy qua mi BE
- l h s khuych i ca Transistor
Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng
khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi
xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng
pha tp thp, v vy s in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt
qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn s lng l trng
rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to
thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht v pha cc C di tc
dng ca in p UCE =>to thnh dng ICE chy qua Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP .
S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor
NPN nhng cc tnh ca cc ngun in UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng
IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t E sang B.
K hiu & hnh dng ca Transistor Ni dung : K hiu ca Transistor trn s v trn thn ,
Hnh dng thc t, Cch xc nh chn ca Transistor.

1. K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor

Transistor cng xut nh Transistor cng xut ln
2. K hiu ( trn thn Transistor )
* Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc
sn xut nhng thng dng nht l cc transistor ca Nht bn, M v
Trung quc.
- Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D...
V d A564, B733, C828, D1555 trong cc Transistor k
hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D
l Transistor ngc NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c
cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v
D thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.
- Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N... v d
2N3055, 2N4073 vv...
- Transistor do Trung quc sn xut : Bt u bng s 3,
tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho bit loi bng :
Ch A v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch
th hai cho bit c im : X v P l bng m tn, A v G l
bng cao tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d :
3CP25 , 3AP20 vv..
3. Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor.
- Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B
tu theo bng ca nc no s xut , nhng chn E lun bn
tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh di
- Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828,
A564 th chn C gia , chn B bn phi.
- Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia ,
chn C bn phi.
- Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th khng
theo th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng phng php o
bng ng h vn nng.

Transistor cng xut nh.
- Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu
ht u c chung th t chn l : Bn tri l cc B, gia l
cc C v bn phi l cc E.

Transistor cng xut ln thng
c th t chn nh trn.
* o xc nh chn B v C
- Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E bn
tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v suy ra chn C l chn
cn li.
- ng h thang x1 , t c nh mt que o vo tng chn
, que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li, nu kim ln =nhau th
chn c que t c nh l chn B, nu que ng h c nh l
que en th l Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor
thun..
ng php kim tra Transistor Ni dung : Trnh by phng php o kim tra Transistor xc
nh h hng, Cc hnh nh minh ho qu trnh o kim tra Transistor.

1. Phng php kim tra Transistor .
Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn
nhn, nh hng do nhit , m, do in p ngun tng cao
hoc do cht lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra
Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca chng.

Cu to ca Transistor
- Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode
u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C
v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai
diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc
kim khng ln.
- Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode
u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu
o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng
nh o hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng
hp o khc kim khng ln.
- Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.
- Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim
khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l
chp hay d BE hoc BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.
* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.

Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .
- Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit
c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc chn ca
Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem
li phn xc nh chn Transistor >
- Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1
- Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC =>kim ln .
- Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC =>kim khng
ln.
- Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln
- => Bng tt.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE
- Bc 1 : Chun b .
- Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln =0
- Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln =0
- => Bng chp BE
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Php o cho bit bng b t BE
- Bc 1 : Chun b .
- Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln.
- => Bng t BE
---------------------------------------------------------

Php o cho thy bng b chp CE
- Bc 1 : Chun b .
- Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln =0
- => Bng chp CE
- Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.
Cc thng s KT, S C.Xut Ni dung : Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor, Transistor s
(Digital transistor), S cng xut .

1. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor
- Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor,
vt qua dng gii hn ny Transistor s b hng.
- in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t
vo cc CE , vt qua in p gii hn ny Transistor s
b nh thng.
- Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic
bnh thng, vt qu tn s ny th khuych i ca
Transistor b gim .
- H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln
gp bao nhiu ln dng IBE
- Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn
mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu cng xut ny vt qu
cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor s b hng
.
2. Mt s Transistor c bit .
* Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to
nh Transistor thng nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi
chc K

Transistor s thng c s dng trong cc mch cng tc , mch
logic, mch iu khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c th a trc tip p
lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin n ngt m.

Minh ho ng dng ca Transistor Digital
* K hiu : Transistor Digital thng c cc k hiu l DTA...(
dn thun ), DTC...( n ngc ) , KRC...( n ngc ) KRA...( n
thun), RN12...( n ngc ), RN22...(n thun ), UN...., KSR... .
Th d : DTA132 , DTC 124 vv...
* Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang )
Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S
ngun vv..cc s ny c thit k iu khin b cao p hoc bin
p ngun xung hot ng , Chng thng c in p hot ng cao
v cho dng chu ng ln. Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu)
thng c u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu
Cp ngun v nh thin cho Transistor Ni dung : ng dng ca Transistor, Cp ngun cho
Transistor, nh thin ( phn cc ) cho Transistor hot ng, Mch phn cc c hi tip.

1. ng dng ca Transistor.
Thc ra mt thit b khng c Transistor th cha phi l thit b
in t, v vy Transistor c th xem l mt linh kin quan trng nht
trong cc thit b in t, cc loi IC thc cht l cc mch tch hp
nhiu Transistor trong mt linh kin duy nht, trong mch in ,
Transistor c dng khuych i tn hiu Analog, chuyn trng
thi ca mch Digital, s dng lm cc cng tc in t, lm cc b
to dao ng v v...
2. Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc - in p cung cp )
s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt
ngun in, tu theo mc ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc
tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v v... ngun in
Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun
- Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l
ngun dng (+), nu Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l
ngun m (-)
3. nh thin ( phn cc ) cho Transistor .
* nh thin : l cp mt ngun in vo chn B ( qua tr nh
thin) t Transistor vo trng thi sn sng hot ng, sn sng
khuych i cc tn hiu cho d rt nh.

* Ti sao phi nh thin cho Transistor n mi sn sng hot
ng ? : hiu c iu ny ta hy xt hai s trn :
- trn l hai mch s dng transistor khuych i tn hiu,
mt mch chn B khng c nh thin v mt mch chn B
c nh thin thng qua Rt.
- Cc ngun tn hiu a vo khuych i thng c bin
rt nh ( t 0,05V n 0,5V ) khi a vo chn B( n cha
c nh thin) cc tn hiu ny khng to ra dng IBE (
c im mi P-N pha c 0,6V mi c dng chy qua ) => v
vy cng khng c dng ICE => st p trn Rg = 0V v in
p ra chn C =Vcc
- s th 2 , Transistor c Rt nh thin =>c dng IBE,
khi a tn hiu nh vo chn B =>lm cho dng IBE tng
hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim , st p trn Rg
cng thay i => v kt qu u ra ta thu c mt tn hiu
tng t u vo nhng c bin ln hn.
=> Kt lun : nh thin ( hay phn cc) ngha l to mt dng
in IBE ban u, mt st p trn Rg ban u khi c mt ngun tn
hiu yu i vo cc B , dng IBE s tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng
tng hoc gim => dn n st p trn Rg cng tng hoc gim => v
st p ny chnh l tn hiu ta cn ly ra .
3. Mt s mach nh thin khc .
* Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau .

Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau
* Mach nh thin c in tr phn p
c th khuch i c nhiu ngun tn hiu mnh yu khc
nhau, th mch nh thin thng s dng thm in tr phn p Rpa
u t B xung Mass.

Mch nh thin c in tr phn p Rpa
* Mch nh thin c hi tip .
L mch c in tr nh thin u t u ra (cc C ) n u vo (
cc B) mch ny c tc dng tng n nh cho mch khuych i
khi hot ng.

Mch Khuych i Ni dung cp : Khi nim v mch khuych i, Mch khuych i dng
in, in p, cng xut. Cc ch lm vic: Mch khuych i ch A, ch B, ch AB, ch
C.

1. Khi nim v mch khuyh i .
Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t,
nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn
hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v ...
C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l :
- Khuych i v in p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu
c bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu c
bin ln hn nhiu ln.
- Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt
tn hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s thu c mt
tn hiu cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln.
- Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn
hiu c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu c tn hiu c
cng xut mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i
cng xut l kt hp c hai mch khuych i in p v
khuych i dng in lm mt.
2. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i.
Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch
phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo mc ch s dng m mch
khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB
hoc ch C
a) Mch khuych i ch A.
L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn
hiu ng vo.

Mch khuych i ch A khuych i
c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo
* Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho
in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc.
* Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch
trung gian nh khuych i cao tn, khuych i trung tn, tin
khuych i v v..
b) Mach khuych i ch B.
Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu
k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k dng ta dng transistor
NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch
khuych i ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych
i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo.
* Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc
mch khuch i cng xut y ko nh cng xut m tn, cng xut
mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai
n NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu
k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch khuych i y ko phi c cc
thng s k thut nh nhau :
* Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i
ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2 khuych i
cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m.
c) Mch khuych i ch AB.
Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i
ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho in p UBE sp s 0,6 V,
mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc
hin tng mo giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny
cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko .
d) Mch khuych i ch C
L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc
ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu u vo,
mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch
tch xung ng b trong ti vi mu.

ng dng mch khuych i ch C trong
mch tch xung ng b Ti vi mu.
Ba cch mc Transistor c bn Ni dung cp : Transistor mc theo kiu E chung (mch
khuych i in p), Transistor mc theo kiu C chung (mch khuych i dng in), Transistor
mc kiu B chung.

1. Transistor mc theo kiu E chung.
Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass
hoc u qua t xung mass thot thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu
a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung ,
Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C
Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr
nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p .
c im ca mch khuych i E chung.
- Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho
in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc.
- Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo
nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in p.
- Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng
ng k.
- Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p
tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => dng ICE tng => st p
trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim , v ngc li
khi in p u vo gim th in p chn C li tng =>v
vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo.
- Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu
nht trong thit b in t.
2. Transistor mc theo kiu C chung.
Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng
ngun ( Lu : v phng din xoay chiu th dng ngun tng
ng vi mass ) , Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E ,
mch c s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a
vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
c im ca mch khuych i C chung .
- Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
- Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun
lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao
nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu =>v vy bin tn
hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo .
- Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng
=>th in p ra cng tng, in p vo gim th in p ra
cng gim.
- Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo
nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin tng => dng IBE s
tng =>dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v
ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50
ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA,
dng ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu
u ra c cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn
hiu vo.
- Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i
m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm nhiu nhnh ,
ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn
hiu kho hn . Ngoi ra mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu
trong cc mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau )
3. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.
- Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v
ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass thng qua t.
- Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych
i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in.
Cc kiu ghp tng Ni dung : Khi nim v ghp tng , Ghp tng qua t in, Ghp tng qua
bin p, Ghp tng trc tip.

Khi nim v ghp tng : Mt thit b in t gm c nhiu
khi kt hp li, mi khi li c nhiu tng khuych i c
mc ni tip vi nhau v khi mc ni tip thng s dng mt
trong cc kiu ghp sau :
- Ghp tng qua t in.
- Ghp tng qua bin p .
- Ghp tng trc tip.
Ta hy xt cc trng hp c th :
1. Ghp tng qua t in.
* S mch ghp tng qua t in

Mch khuych i u t - c hai tng khuych
i c ghp vi nhau qua t in.
- trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette,
mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo kiu E chung, cc
tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua t in, ngi ta s dng
cc t C1 , C3 , C5 lm t ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu
i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng
thot thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t
lc ngun.
- u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c s
dng rt nhiu trong thit b in t, nhc im l khng
khai thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do
h s khuych i khng ln.
- trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng
thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F.
- Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr s
nh khong vi nan Fara.
2.Ghp tng qua bin p .
* S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng.
- trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p
ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c ghp qua bin p
i vo tng pha sau.
- u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng
do khai thc c ti u h s khuych i , hn na cun
s cp bin p c th u song song vi t cng hng khi
mch khuych i mt tn s c nh.
- Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy
mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v chim nhiu din tch.
2.Ghp tng trc tip .
* Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch
khuych i cng xut m tn.

Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1
c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v Q3.
Phng php kim tra mt tng K Ni dung: Biu hin ca mt tng khuych i c phn
cc ng, Phn cc sai, Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.

1. Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc
nh th no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng.
- Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch
c
UBE ~0,6V ; UCE ~60% 70% Vcc
- Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin
ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu .
1. Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao .
- Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao )
ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s khuych i ca
mch b gim mnh.
- Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r
hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.
Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.
- Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi
ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun => th tng khuych
i c vn .
- Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) ,
hoc t Rg.
- Nu UCE qu cao ~Vcc th c th t Rt hoc hng
Transistor.
- Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c :
UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc
Chnh lu in xoay chiu Ni dung: Tng qut v b ngun, Mch chnh lu bn chu k,
Mch chnh lu c chu k.

1. B ngun trong cc mch in t .
Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh Radio -Cassette,
mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v... chng s dng ngun mt chiu
DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm ca cc
thit b ny li cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz , nh
vy cc thit b in t cn c mt b phn chuyn i t ngun
xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, b
phn chuyn i bao gm :
- Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp
hn nh 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V v v ...
- Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC.
- Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh lu cho ngun
DC phng hn.
- Mch n p : Gi mt in p c nh cung cp cho ti
tiu th

S tng qut ca mch cp ngun.
2. Mch chnh lu bn chu k .
Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti
tiu th, chu k dng => Diode c phn cc thun do c
dng in i qua diode v i qua ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc
ngc do khng c dng qua ti.

Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k.
2. Mch chnh lu c chu k
Mch chnh lu c chu k thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh
cu (cn gi l mch chnh lu cu) nh hnh di.

Mch chnh lu c chu k .
- chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m)
dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti => qua diode D4 v
u dy m
- chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy
trn m, di dng) dng in i qua D2 => qua Rti =>
qua D3 v u dy m.
- Nh vy c hai chu k u c dng in chy qua ti.
Mch lc ngun, mch chnh lu x2 Ni dung : ngha ca t in trong mch lc ngun ,
Dng in p ca mch chnh lu khng c t lc, Nguyn l mch chnh lu nhn 2.

1. Mch lc dng t in.
Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu
khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c vo cc
mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc t
lc c tr s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh
lu.

Dng in p DC ca mch chnh lu
trong hai trng hp c t v khng c t
- S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v
khng c t lc.
- Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia ,
v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh.
- Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia lc
ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc tng i phng,
nu t C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng
bng phng, t C1 trong cc b ngun thng c tr s khong
vi ngn F .

Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln
th in p u ra cng bng phng.
- Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc
ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k so vi cng xut ca
bin p th in p DC thu c l DC =1,4.AC
3. Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .

S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2
- tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng hai t ho
cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u ca in p xoau
chiu vo im gia hai t =>ta s thu c in p tng gp
2 ln.
- mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh lu
thng thng .
- Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2,
v kt qu l ta thu c in p ra tng gp 2 ln.
Mch n p c nh, IC n p Ni dung : Mch n p c nh dng Diode Zener, Mch n p
dng Transistor khuych i, IC n p LA7805, LA7808, ng dng ca IC n p trong cc mch cp
ngun.

1. Mch n p c nh dng Diode Zener.
.
Mch n p to p 33V c nh cung cp
cho mch d knh trong Ti vi mu
- T ngun 110V khng c nh thng qua in tr hn
dng R1 v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in p c
nh cung cp cho mch d knh
- Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in
tr hn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc i qua Dz phi
nh hn dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l
khi dng qua R2 =0
- Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn
R1 chia cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1 ta c
I1 =(110 - 33 ) / 7500 =77 / 7500 ~10mA
Thng thng ta nn dng ngc qua Dz 25 mA
2. Mch n p c nh dng Transistor, IC n p .
Mch n p dng Diode Zener nh trn c u im l n gin
nhng nhc im l cho dng in nh ( 20mA ) . c th to ra
mt in p c nh nhng cho dng in mnh hn nhiu ln ngi ta
mc thm Transistor khuych i v dng nh s di y.

Mch n p c Transistor khuych i
- mch trn in p ti im A c th thay i v cn gn
xoay chiu nhng in p ti im B khng thay i v tng
i phng.
- Nguyn l n p : Thng qua in tr R1 v Dz gim c nh
in p chn B ca Transistor Q1, gi s khi in p chn E
n Q1 gim => khi in p UBE tng => dng qua n Q1
tng => lm in p chn E ca n tng , v ngc li ...
- Mch n p trn n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt
rng di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC h LA78.. thay
th cho mch n p trn, IC LA78.. c s mch nh phn
mch c mu xanh ca s trn.

IC n p h LA78.. IC n p LA7805
- LA7805 IC n p 5V
- LA7808 IC n p 8V
- LA7809 IC n p 9V
- LA7812 IC n p 12V
Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi
rp IC trong mch th U in >Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy
tc dng.
3. ng dng ca IC n p h 78..
IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh B
ngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu, trong my tnh v v...
ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v
LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD
Ngun n p tuyn tnh Ni dung : Tng qut v mch ngun n p tuyn tnh c hi tip, Phn
tch mch ngun n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi en trng, trong Ti vi Ni a nht.

1. S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .
* Mt s c im ca mch n p c hi tip :
- Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai
trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc dng tiu th ca ti
thay i , tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn.
- Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht lng cao, gim thiu
c hin tng gn xoay chiu.
* Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.
- Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu
phn p to ra ( Ulm : p ly mu)
- Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p c nh (Uc :
p chun )
- Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun
Uc to thnh in p iu khin.
- Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin, sau
a v iu chnh s hot ng ca n cng xut theo hng
ngc li, nu in p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip
iu chnh => n cng xut dn gim =>in p ra gim
xung . Ngc li nu in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi
tip iu chnh => n cng xut li dn tng => v in p ra
tng ln =>>kt qu in p u ra khng thay i.
2. Phn tch hot ng ca mch ngun c hi tip trong Ti vi
en trng Samsung
in p u vo cn gn xoay chiu in p u ra bng phng


Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung en trng .
* ngha cc linh kin trn s .
- T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh, lc in p sau chnh lu
18V , y cng l in p u vo ca mch n p, in p
ny c th tng gim khong 15%.
- Q1 l n cng xut ngun cung cp dng in chnh cho ti ,
in p u ra ca mc n p ly t chn C n Q1 v c gi
tr 12V c nh .
- R1 l tr phn dng c cng xut ln ghnh bt mt phn
dng in i qua n cng xut.
- Cu phn p R5, VR1 v R6 to ra p ly mu a vo chn B
n Q2 .
- Diode zener Dz v R4 to mt in p chun c nh so vi
in p ra.
- Q2 l n so snh v khuych i in p sai lch => a v
iu khin s hot ng ca n cng xut Q1.
- R3 lin lc gia Q1 v Q2, R2 phn p cho Q1
* Nguyn l hot ng .
- in p u ra s c xu hng thay i khi in p u vo
thay i, hoc dng tiu th thay i.
- Gi s : Khi in p vo tng => in p ra tng => in p
chn E n Q2 tng nhiu hn chn B ( do c Dz gim t chn
E n Q2 ln Ura, cn Ulm ch ly mt phn Ura ) do UBE
gim => n Q2 dn gim => n Q1 dn gim => in p ra
gim xung. Tng t khi Uvo gim, thng qua mch iu
chnh => ta li thu c Ura tng. Thi gian iu chnh ca
vng hi tip rt nhanh khong vi giy v c cc t lc
u ra loi b, khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca in
p mt chiu => kt qu l in p u ra tng i phng.
- Khi iu chnh bin tr VR1 , in p ly mu thay i,
dn n Q2 thay i , dn n Q1 thay i => kt qu l
in p ra thay i, VR1 dng iu chnh in p ra theo
mun .
3. Mch ngun Ti vi ni a nht.

S mch ngun n p tuyn tnh
trong Ti vi mu ni a Nht .
- C1 l t lc ngun chnh sau cu Diode chnh lu.
- C2 l t lc u ra ca mch ngun tuyn tnh.
- Cu phn p R4, VR1, R5 to ra in p ly mu ULM
- R2 v Dz to ra p chun Uc
- R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut
Q1
- R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng xut ln .
- Q3 l n so snh v khuch i p d sai
- Khuch i in p d sai
- Q1 n cng xut ngun
- =>Ngun lm vic trong di in p vo c th thay i 10%,
in p ra lun lun c nh .
Bi tp : Bn c hy phn tch nguyn
l hot ng ca mch ngun trn.
Mch to dao ng Ni dung : Khi nim v mch dao ng, Mch to dao ng hnh sin,
Mch dao ng a hi, T lp mch n nhy.

1. Khi nim v mch dao ng.
Mch dao ng c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in
t, nh mch dao ng ni trong khi RF Radio, trong b knh Ti
vi mu, Mch dao ng to xung dng , xung mnh trong Ti vi ,
to sng hnh sin cho IC Vi x l hot ng v v...
- Mch dao ng hnh Sin
- Mch dao ng a hi
- Mch dao ng nght
- Mch dao ng dng IC
2. Mch dao ng hnh Sin
Ngi ta c th to dao ng hnh Sin t cc linh kin L - C
hoc t thch anh.
* Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L - C

Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L - C
- Mach dao ng trn c t C1 // L1 to thnh mch dao ng
L -C duy tr s dao ng ny th tn hiu dao ng c
a vo chn B ca Transistor, R1 l tr nh thin cho
Transistor, R2 l tr gnh ly ra tn hiu dao ng ra ,
cun dy u t chn E Transistor xung mass c tc dng
ly hi tip duy tr dao ng. Tn s dao ng ca mch
ph thuc vo C1 v L1 theo cng thc
f =1 / 2.t.( L1.C1 )
1/2

* Mch dao ng hnh sin dng thch anh.

Mch to dao ng bng thch anh .
- X1 : l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi
trn thn ca thach anh, khi thch anh c cp in th n
t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.thch anh thng c tn s dao
ng t vi trm KHz n vi chc MHz.
- n Q1 khuych i tn hiu dao ng t thch anh v cui
cng tn hiu c ly ra chn C.
- R1 va l in tr cp ngun cho thch anh va nh thin
cho n Q1
- R2 l tr ghnh to ra st p ly ra tn hiu .

Thch anh dao ng trong Tivi mu, my tnh
3. Mch dao ng a hi.

Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung
* Bn c th t lp s trn vi cc thng s nh sau :
- R1 =R4 =1 KO
- R2 =R3 =100KO
- C1 = C2 = 10F/16V
- Q1 = Q2 = n C828
- Hai n Led
- Ngun Vcc l 6V DC
- Tng gi thnh lnh kin ht khong 4.000 VN
* Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp ngun , gi s n
Q1 dn trc, p Uc n Q1 gim => thng qua C1 lm p Ub n
Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc n Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p
Ub n Q1 tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt ,
sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C1 khi in p ny
>0,6V th n Q2 dn => p Uc n Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy
cho n khi Q2 dn bo ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li v
to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2 v R2,
R3.
Thit k mch dao ng = IC Ni dung : IC to dao ng h XX555, Thit k mch dao ng
to ra xung vung c tn s v rng bt k.

1. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v
v ...

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555
- Bn hy mua mt IC h 555 v t lp cho mnh mt mch to
dao ng theo s nguyn l nh trn.
- Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V , ng
mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu en di cng l m
ngun.
- T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th
b qua ( khng lp cng c )
- Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu
c dao ng c tn s v rng xung theo mun theo
cng thc.
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f =
1.4
(R1 + 2R2) C1
T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s)
f =Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz)
R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm (O )
R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( O )
C1 =T in tnh bng Fara ( O )
T = Tm + Ts T : chu k ton phn
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao
Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in
mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
- T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung
vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k.
- Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T =Tm +Ts v f =
1/ T
* Th d bn thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y.

Mch to xung c Tm = 0,1s , Ts = 1s
Bi tp : Lp mch dao ng trn vi cc thng s :
- C1 = 10F = 10 x 10
-6
=10
-5
F
- R1 =R2 =100KO =100 x 10
3
O
- Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ?
Bi lm :
- Ta c Ts =0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.10
3
x 10
-5
=0,7 s
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 +R2 ) x C1 =
=0,7 x 200.10
3
x 10
5
=1,4 s
- =>T =Tm +Ts =1,4s +0,7s =2,1s
- =>f =1 / T =1/2,1 ~0,5 Hz
Dao dng nght ( Blocking) Ni dung : Nguyn l hot ng ca mch dao ng nght, Dao
ng nght hi tip m, hi tip dng.

1. Mch dao ng nght ( Blocking OSC )
Mh dao ng nght c nguyn tc hot ng kh n gin, mch
c s dng rng ri trong cc b ngun xung ( switching ), mch
c cu to nh sau :

Mch dao ng nght
Mch dao ng nght bao gm :
- Bin p : Gm cun s cp 1-2 v cun hi tip 3-4, cun th
cp 5-6
- Transistor Q tham gia dao ng v ng vai tr l n cng
xut ngt m to ra dng in bin thin qua cun s cp.
- Tr nh thin R1 ( l in tr mi )
- R2, C2 l in tr v t in hi tip
C hai kiu mc hi tip l hi tip dng v hi tip m, ta xt
cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca tng mch.
* Mch dao ng nght hi tip m .

- Mch hi tip m c cun hi tip 3-4 qun ngc chiu vi
cun s cp 1-2 , v in tr mi R1 c tr s nh khong
100KO , mch thng c s dng trong cc b ngun cng
xut nh khong 20W tr xung
- Nguyn tc hot ng : Khi cp ngun, dng nh thin qua
R1 kch cho n Q1 dn kh mnh, dng qua cun s cp 1-2
tng nhanh to ra t trng bin thin =>cm ng sang cun
hi tip, chiu m ca cun hi tip c a v chn B n
Q thng qua R2, C2 lm in p chn B n Q gim <0V =>
n Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt, sau khong thi
gian t dng in qua R1 np vo t C2 lm p chn B n Q
tng => n Q dn lp li chu k th hai => to thnh dao
ng .
- Mch dao ng nght hi tip m c u im l dao ng
nhanh, nhng c nhc im d b xc in lm hng n Q
do mch thng khng s dng trong cc b ngun cng
xut ln.
* Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng .
- Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng c cun hi tip 3-4
qun thun chiu vi cun s cp 1-2, in tr mi R1 c tr
s ln khong 470KO
- V R1 c tr s ln, ln dng nh thin qua R1 ban u nh
=> n Q dn tng dn => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm
ng ln cun hi tip => in p hi tip ly chiu dng hi
tip qua R2, C2 lm n Q dn tng => v tip tc cho n
khi n Q dn bo ho, Khi n Q dn bo ho, dng in qua
cun 1-2 khng i => mt in p hi tip => p chn B n
Q gim nhanh v n Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt,
chu k th hai lp li nh trng thi ban u v to thnh dao
ng.
- Mch ny c u im l rt an ton dao ng t t khng b
xc in, v c s dng trong cc mch ngun cng xut
ln nh ngun Ti vi mu.
* Xem li l thuy v cm ng in t :

Th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t trong bin p.
th nghim trn ta thy rng , bng n ch lo sng trong thi
im cng tc ng hoc ngt , ngha l khi dng in chy qua cun
s cp bin i, trong trng hp c dng in chy qua cun s cp
nhng khng i cng khng to ra in p cm trn cun th cp
Transistor trng - Mosfet Ni dung: Gii thiu v Mosfet, Cu to, k hiu v nguyn tc
hot ng ca Mosfet.

1. Gii thiu v Mosfet
Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor c bit c
cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit,
Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra
dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hn cho
khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu trong
cc mch ngun Monitor, ngun my tnh .

Transistor hiu ng trng Mosfet
2. Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet.

K hiu v s chn tng ng
gia Mosfet v Transistor
* Cu to ca Mosfet.

Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N
- G : Gate gi l cc cng
- S : Source gi l cc ngun
- D : Drain gi l cc mng
- Mosfet kn N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn
dn N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi lp SiO2 hai
ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn
dn N c ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra
thnh cc G.
- Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi
cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S ph
thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS )
- Khi in p UGS =0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS >
0 =>do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in
p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh.
3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet
Mch in th nghim.

Mch th nghim s hot ng ca Mosfet
- Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D
vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho Mosfet
ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng
in i qua cc DS khi chn G khng c cp in.
- Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in
p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D sng.
- Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn
duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c dng in i qua
cc GS.
- Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 =>
UGS=0V => n tt
- =>T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G
khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor thng thng m
in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim
xung .
Kim tra Mosfet - ng dng Mosfet Ni dung : Phng php o xc nh Mosfet cn tt,
Mosfet b hng. ng dng ca Mosfet trong thc t, Kim tra Mosfet trong mch in.

1. o kim tra Mosfet
- Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng gia G vi S v
gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng ( kim khng ln c hai
chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D v
S phi l v cng.
Cc bc kim tra nh sau :

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt.
- Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1KO
- Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que
vo S hoc D )
- Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S (
que en vo D que vo S ) =>kim s ln.
- Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G.
- Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o li DS nh bc 3
kim khng ln.
- => Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp
- Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1KO
- o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln =0 O l chp
- o gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln =0 O l chp D
S
2. ng dung ca Mosfet trong thc t
Mosfet trong ngun xung ca Monitor

Mosfet c s dng lm n cng xut ngun Monitor
Trong b ngun xung ca Monitor hoc my vi tnh, ngi ta
thng dng cp linh kin l IC to dao ng v n Mosfet, dao
ng to ra t IC c dng xung vung c a n chn G ca
Mosfet, ti thi im xung c in p > 0V => n Mosfet dn, khi
xung dao ng = 0V Mosfet ngt => nh vy dao ng to ra s iu
khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin
lin tc chy qua cun s cp => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng
ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra.
* o kim tra Mosfet trong mch .
Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1O v o
gia D v S =>Nu 1 chiu kim ln o chiu o kim khng ln =>
l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln =0 O l Mosfet b
chp DS.
Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng Ni dung : Bng danh sch tra cu cc loi Mosfet thng dng
trn th trng Vit Nam

1. Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng
Hng dn :
- Loi knh dn : P-Channel : l Mosfet thun , N-
Channel l Mosfet ngc.
- c im k thut : Th d: 3A, 25W : l dng D-S
cc i v cng xut cc i.
STT K hiu Loi knh dn c im k thut
1 2SJ 306 P-Channel 3A , 25W
2 2SJ 307 P-Channel 6A, 30W
3 2SJ 308 P-Channel 9A, 40W
4 2SK1038 N-Channel 5A, 50W
9 2SK1794 N-Channel 6A,100W
16 2SK2333 N-FET 6A,50W
29 BUZ90 N-Channel 5A,70W
30 BUZ90A N-Channel 4A,70W
31 BUZ91 N-Channel 8A,150W
32 BUZ 91A N-Channel 8A,150W
33 BUZ 92 N-Channel 3A,80W
36 IRF 510 N-Channel 5A,43W
55 IRF 9610 P-Channel 2A,20W
59 IRFI 510G N-Channel 4A,27W
73 IRFI 9620G P-Channel 2A,30W
76 IRFS 520 N-Channel 7A,30W
86 IRFS 820 N-Channel 2A-30W
89 IRFS 9620 P-Channel 3A-30W
92 J 177(2SJ 177) P-Channel 0.5A-30W
93 J 109(2SJ 109) P-Channel 20mA,0.2W
94 J 113(2SK113) P-Channel 10A-100W
95 J 114(2SJ 114) P-Channel 8A-100W
96 J 118(2SJ 118) P-Channel 8A
97 J 162(2SJ 162) P-Channel 7A-100W
98 J 339(2SJ 339) P-Channel 25A-40W
99
K30A/2SK304/
2SK30R
N-Channel 10mA,1W
100 K214/2SK214 N-Channel 0.5A,1W
101 K389/2SK389 N-Channel 20mA,1W
102 K399/2SK399 N-Channel 10-100
103 K413/2SK413 N-Channel 8A
104 K1058/2SK1058 N-Channel
105 K2221/2SK2221 N-Channel 8A-100W
106 MTP6N10 N-Channel 6A-50W
Thyristor - cu to & ng dng Ni dung : Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor,
phng php kim tra Thyristor, ng dng ca Thyristor.

1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor

Cu to Thyristor K hiu ca Thyristor S tng tng
Thyristor c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to thnh hai
Transistor mc ni tip, mt Transistor thun v mt Transistor
ngc ( nh s tng ng trn ) . Thyristor c 3 cc l Anot,
Katot v Gate gi l A-K-G, Thyristor l Diode c iu khin , bnh
thng khi c phn cc thun, Thyristor cha dn in, khi c mt
in p kch vo chn G =>Thyristor dn cho n khi in p o
chiu hoc ct in p ngun Thyristor mi ngng dn..
Th nghim sau y minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor

Th nghim minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor.
- Ban u cng tc K2 ng, Thyristor mc d c phn cc
thun nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua, n khng
sng.
- Khi cng tc K1 ng, in p U1 cp vo chn G lm n
Q2 dn => ko theo n Q1 dn => dng in t ngun U2 i
qua Thyristor lm n sng.
- Tip theo ta thy cng tc K1 ngt nhng n vn sng, v khi
Q1 dn, in p chn B n Q2 tng lm Q2 dn, khi Q2 dn
lm p chn B n Q1 gim lm n Q1 dn , nh vy hai n
nh thin cho nhau v duy tr trang thi dn in.
- n sng duy tr cho n khi K2 ngt => Thyristor khng
c cp in v ngng trang thi hot ng.
- Khi Thyristor ngng dn, ta ng K2 nhng n vn khng
sng nh trng hp ban u.

Hnh dng Thyristor
o kim tra Thyristor

o kim tra Thyristor
t ng h thang x1O , t que en vo Anot, que vo Katot
ban u kim khng ln , dng Tovit chp chn A vo chn G =>thy
ng h ln kim , sau b Tovit ra => ng h vn ln kim => nh
vy l Thyristor tt .
ng dng ca Thyristor
Thyristor thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu nhn i
t ng ca ngun xung Ti vi mu .
Th d mch chnh lu nhn 2 trong ngun Ti vi mu JVC 1490 c
s nh sau :

ng dng ca Thyristor trong mch chnh lu
nhn 2 t ng ca ngun xung Tivi mu JVC
S khi Radio - Cassette Ni dung : Phn tch s khi ca Radio - Cassette, cc biu hin
khi h hng cc khi chc nng.

1. S khi ca Radio - Cassette .

S khi ca Radio - Cassette
Phn tch s khi ca Radio - Cassette
1. Khi ngun ( Power) : Khi ngun c nhim v cung cp
ngun mt chiu t 9 n 12V cho tng cng xut Audio v
p DC6V cho cc tng Graphic Equalizer, Radio v tng
khuych i u t (Head amply ) , mch Regu l mch n p
c nh, to in p 6V
2. Tng khuch i cng xut m tn ( Audio Amply ) :
Khuch i tn hiu m tn t khi Equalizer a sang cho
mnh ri a ra loa pht ra m thanh, khi ny s dng ngun
DC t 9 n 12V
3. Tng Graphic Equalizer ( chnh m sc ) : Tng ny gip
ngi s dng iu chnh sc thi m thanh nh iu chnh
tn s, iu chnh Bass -Treec, iu chnh m lng .
4. Tng khuch i u t ( Head Amply) : Tn hiu m tn
thu c t u t rt yu c tng ny khuch i ln bin
ln trc khi a sang tng Equalizer .
5. Tng Radio : Tng Radio thu sng t cc i pht sau tch
sng ly ra tn hiu m tn cung cp cho tng Equa lizer.
6. Chuyn mch Function : L chuyn mch la chn Radio
hay Cassette, chuyn mch bao gm chuyn mch tn hiu v
chuyn mch ng cp ngun cho cc tng Radio v
Khuych i u t.

Radio - Cassette SONY
Cc biu hin ( bnh c trng ) khi hng cc tng ca my.
- Hng khi ngun : My khng c n bo, khng vo in,
bng khng quay.
- Hng loa : Mt m thanh hoc m thanh b d.
- Hng tng cng sut ( Audio amply ) : Khng c m thanh
hoc m thanh ni nh v nght mi.
- Hng Equalizer : Khng c m thanh hoc m thanh ni nh
- Hng mch n p (Regu) : C n bo ngun, bng c quay
nhng khng c m thanh , c Radio v Cassette u mt.
- Hng u t : Radio ni bnh thng , cassette ni nh v ch
cn ting trm , mt ting thanh.
- Hng tng khuch i u t (Head amply ) : Radio ni bnh
thng nhng khng c m thanh Cassette.
- Hng tng Radio : Cassette ni bnh thng, nhng Radio
khng c m thanh.
c th sa c cc bnh trn, cc bi sau chng ti s gip bn
tm hiu nguyn l hot ng chi tit ca mi khi , v phng php
kim tra sa cha ca tng bnh c th.
Khi cp ngun Radio - Cassette Ni dung : Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca khi cp
ngun, Phng php kim tra s cha khi cp ngun.

1. Khi cp ngun ca Radio - Cassette.
a) Chc nng cc linh kin trong mch cp ngun v cc
tng tiu th ngun

S mch cp ngun ca Radio - Cassette
- Bin p ngun : C nhim v i in p AC 220V 50Hz
xung in p AC 12V.
- Cu Diode D1 - D4 : Chnh lu in p AC50Hz thnh in
p DC , T C1 lc phng in p DC, C1 l t lc ngun
chnh c gi tr khong 2200F
- Function : L chuyn mch chn Radio hay Cassette, khi
ng sang Radio, in p t ngun cp thng vo tng cng
xut, ng thi gim xung 6V thng qua mch n p sau
qua chuyn mch i ti cp ngun cho mch Radio ; Khi
ng sang Cassette, nu trn b c Stop th ngun dng li
chuyn mch, nu bm Play trn b c, in p ngun s i
qua cng tc SW trn b c vo cp in cho M t quay
ng thi cp in cho tng cng xut v gim p xung 6V
cung cp cho tng khuch i u t.
- Tng khuch i cng xut : c cp ngun trong hai
trng hp - Chuyn mch Function ng sang Radio hoc
bm nt Play trn b c.
- Mch n p : c cp ngun song song vi tng cng xut ,
mch n p cung cp in p 6V cho cc tng Equalizer,
Radio v khuch i u t.
- Tng khuch i u t : c cp ngun khi chuyn mch
Function ng sang Cassette v nt Play c bt.
- Tng Radio : c cp ngun khi chuyn mch Function
ng sang Radio.
- M t : c cp ngun khi cc phm trn b c c nhn,
khi cng tc kp SW trn b c ng li..
b) Minh ho s hot ng ca mch cp ngun trong cc
trng hp : Tt my - M Radio - M Cassette .

S minh ho ng ngun Vcc cho cc tng trong
ba trng hp : Tt my - M Radio - M Cassette
- Khi tt my : B ngun vn hot ng, in p vn tn ti
trn cu Diode v t lc ngun chnh C1, v i ti ch trn
chuyn mch Function v cng tc SW trn b c, lc ny
chuyn mch Function ng sang Cassette.
- Khi m Radio : in p ngun i qua chuyn mch Function
vo cp ngun cho tng cng sut ng thi gim xung 6V
thng qua n n p v tip tc i qua chuyn mch vo cp
ngun cho tng Radio, lc ny cng tc SW trn b c ngt ,
v vy M t khng quay.
- Khi m Cassette : in p ngun i qua cng tc kp SW
trn b c, mt nhnh i vo M t, mt nhnh i xung my
cp ngun cho tng cng sut, ng thi i qua n n p h
xung 6V sau tip tc i qua chuyn mch vo cp ngun
cho tng khuch i u t .
=> Nm vng nguyn l ca mch cp ngun trong Radio -
Cassette , s gip bn tm Pan v sa cha Radio - Cassette tr ln
n gin v a s h hng ca Radio - Cassette u c lin quan n
mch cp ngun.
=> Nguyn l hot ng ca bin p ngun, mch chnh lu,
mch lc, mch n p c nh chng ti gii thiu cc chng
trc, hiu c phn ny , nht thit bn phi tm hiu v phn
linh kin trong cc chng trn.
c) Phng php kim tra sa cha khi cp ngun .

H hng khi cp ngun thng c biu hin my khng vo
in, khng c n bo ngun, bng khng quay.
Kim tra :
- ng h thang x1O , o vo hai u cun s cp
bin p 220V AC, nu kim ng h ln mt cht l bin
p vn bnh thng, Nu kim khng ln l t cu ch (
ngay sau lp v nha - trong bin p - trng nh con t
gm ) hoc bin p b chy, trng hp chy bin p bn
cn thay mt bin p khc c cng cng xut.
- Nu bin p tt, bn cp ngun v o in p xoay chiu
( thang AC 50V ) trn hai u dy th cp mu xanh .
- Chuyn sang thang o DC v o trn hai u t lc, nu
in p thp hoc cha c , bn cn kim tra cu Diode,
Nu c in p ra => B ngun hot ng tt.
- Lu : Khi kim tra ngun bn tm thi tho rc cm
in t b ngun sang my c lp b ngun.
Tng K cng sut - Audio Amply Ni dung : Tng khuch i cng xut dng Transistor,
Phn tch nguyn l hot ng, Tng khuch i cng xut s dng IC, c im v tr khng v
in p trn cc chn IC, Phng php xc nh IC v cc chn quan trong, Phng php o kim tra
loa v tng khuch i cng xut.

1. Tng khuych i cng sut dng Transistor
S tng khuych i cng sut s dng Transistor
Nhim v ca cc linh kin :
- Q3 : l Transistor tin khuch i v o pha tn hiu.
- Q4 : l Transistor cng sut khuch i bn chu k m
- Q5 : l Transistor cng sut khuch i bn chu k dng
- Volume : l Trit p iu chnh m lng
- C8 : l t ni tng cho tn hiu m tn qua, ngn p mt
chiu li
- C9 : l t ra loa
- R9 v R10 l in tr nh thin cho n Q3, ng thi l
mch hi tip m, hi tip tn hiu u ra tr li u vo,
nhm tng cng tnh n nh cho mch cng sut
- R8 l in tr gnh ca n Q3 , ng thi nh thin cho
n cng sut Q5
- C7 : l t lc ngun cho tng cng sut
- C6 : l t lc ngun cho cc tng pha sau
- R7 : l in tr cp ngun cho cc tng pha sau
- D1 v D2 c phn cc thun to ra s st p khong
1,2V phn cc cho hai n cng sut

Tng khuych i cng sut dng Transistor
Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca tng cng sut
- Tn hiu m tn ra khi mch Equalizer c a vo u trit
p Volume, tn hiu ly ra im gia trit p c bin thay
i tu theo mc iu chnh ca ngi s dng => tn hiu
c a qua t C8 i vo n Q3 khuch i, Q3 l n
khuch i v bin in p, Q3 c nh thin sao cho
UCE ca Q3 ~ 0,5Vcc ( t c gi tr ny ngi ta iu
chnh R10 )
- Hai n cng sut c mc y ko khuch i cho hai
na chu k ca tn hiu, tn hiu vo B ra E do hai n
cng sut khuch i v cng dng in
- Tn hiu ly ra t chn E ca hai n cng sut c cng
mnh c ghp qua t C9 a ra loa
- Ngun nui ca mch trn c th thay i t 6V n 12V, khi
thay i ngun nui ta ch vic thay i R10 thu c UCE
ca hai n cng sut cn bng.
- Cc bn c th lp mch trn theo cc thng s ghi trong
phn t lp Cassette.
2. Tng khuch i cng sut dng IC
Khi nim v IC cng sut : IC l vit tt ca t Intergated Circuit
ngha l mch tch hp : l mch in t gm nhiu linh kin tch
hp trong mt khi duy nht thc hin mt hay nhiu chc nng ,
th d IC cng sut m tn th lm chc nng khuch i cng sut m
tn, IC tng trong Ti vi mu c th thc hin hng chc cc chc
nng khc nhau.

IC khuch i cng sut m tn trong Cassette
Vi mch s dng IC khuch i cng sut ta cn nm c
cc im chnh sau :
- Chn cp ngun Vcc cho IC
- Chn nhn tn hiu vo Audio in
- Chn a tn hiu ra loa Audio out
c im v in p v tr khng ca cc chn IC
- IC cng sut m tn thc cht l mt t hp Transistor c
mc theo kiu trc tip, trong hai n cng sut c mc
y ko v vy in p u ra loa ( Chn s 2) lun c gi tr
=1/2 Vcc
- Nu ta o tr khng ( bng thang x1O) gia chn cp ngun
vi Mass th chiu o thun ( que en vo +Vcc, que vo
mass) phi c tr khng ln , khi o li => c tr khng nh.
- Khi cp ngun, nu dng tay cm Tvt chm vo chn Audio
in phi c ting loa.
- =>Tri vi cc c im trn l du hiu ca IC cng sut b
hng
Phng php x nh IC cng sut v cc chn quan trng
- IC cng sut l IC c to nhit .
- L IC c ng lin lc ra loa.
- Chn cp ngun Vcc l chn ni vi cc dng ca t lc
ngun (t ho to nht khu vc cng xut )
- Chn ra loa : xc nh chn ra loa, ta phi d ngc t Loa
v qua t ra loa .
- Chn Audio in : Ta c th xc nh chn ny bng cch d t
im gia ca trit p Volume qua t i vo chn Audio in
ca IC

IC khuch i cng sut m tn
Phng php kim tra loa v tng khuch i cng sut
Hng loa : Biu hin ca hng loa l khng c ting hoc ting b
d.

Kim tra : ng h thang x1O qut qut vo hai u mi hn
trn loa, nu c ting st st v o thy tr khng bo t 4O - 8O l
loa cn tt .
Trng hp loa b d => thng do loa b chm cn, ta th bng
cch n nh tay ln mng loa, nu loa b chm cn th nghe c ting
st ct..
Hng IC cng xut : IC cng sut thng hng hai trng hp :
- Chp chn cp ngun ( c th lm hng theo b ngun )
- in p chn ra loa b lch.( thng thng chn ra loa =1/2
Vcc )
- Biu hin => Mt ting ra loa hoc ting b nght mi.
Cc bc kim tra tng cng sut :
- Xc nh ng IC cng sut (l IC duy nht c to nhit trong
my)
- Xc nh ng chn cp ngun Vcc cho IC cng sut ( da
vo t lc to nht cnh IC cng sut, in p Vcc i qua cc
dng ca t lc.
- ng h thang x1O, o tr khng gia chn Vcc vi mass,
nu c hai chiu o kim ng h ln =0O l IC b chp.
- Nu chiu o thun (que en vo dng , que vo mass)
kim ln mt cht, o chiu que o, kim khng ln =>l IC
c tr khng bnh thng.
- Nu IC c tr khng bnh thng th cp ngun v kim tra
in p.
- o chn Vcc so vi mass phi c 9 - 12V ( bng in p quy
nh ca my ), nu chn Vcc khng c in th kim tra li
ngun, chuyn mch Function, cng tc SW trn b c.
- Nu chn Vcc c in p, ta kim tra chn ra loa ( ti IC
) phi c in p = 50% Vcc, th d Vcc = 12V th chn ra loa
phi c 6V, nu in p ny lch qu 10% l hng IC.
- Tt c cc in p o u bnh thng th ta tng Volume ln
v dng t vt nh g vo im gia trit p Volume phi c
ting ra loa =>Nu khng c ting ng cng l hng IC
Mch chnh m sc - Equalizer Ni dung : Nhim v ca mch Graphic Equalizer, Mch iu
chnh Bass - Treec, Mch Equalizer 5 cn gt, Phng php kim tra sa cha tng Equalizer

1. Nhim v ca mch Graphic Equalizer
Equalizer l mch iu chnh s cn bng tn hiu gia cc tn s
trong gii tn m thanh, cn gi l mch iu chnh m sc, n gin
nht ca mch Equalizer l mch Bass Treec vi hai nm chnh,
thng thng mch Equa lizer c 5 cn gt chnh cho 5 vng tn s l
100Hz, 300Hz, 1KHz, 3KHz v 10KHz.
T kin thc vt l PTTH ta bit rng, m thanh con ngi nghe
c c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v gi l tn hiu m tn, tn s
nh hn 20Hz gi l h tn, tn s t 20KHz n 30KHz gi l sng
siu m, cn tn s trn 30KHz l sng cao tn.
Gii tn m thanh m con ngi c th cm nhn t 20Hz n 20
KHz nhng cc thit b m thanh thng b hn ch v mt tn s.
Th d i Cassette thng ch truyn t c gii tn t 50Hz n
10 KHz, in thoi di ng ch truyn t c gii tn t 300Hz n
3KHz, cc thit b cho di tn tt l u a CD, my nghe nhc k
thut s.

Di tn s m con ngi s dng trong lnh vc in t.
2. Mch iu chnh Bass - Treec

Vng tn s ca nm chnh Bass - Treec
- Gii tn m thanh con ngi nghe c l minh ho bng
ng mu tm t 20Hz n 20KHz.
- Gii tn m thanh m Radio - Cassette c th t c minh
ho bng ng mu , t khong 50Hz n khong 12KHz
- Nm Bass l chnh li cho vng tn s khong 100Hz., y
l vng tn s ca cc m trm nh ting trng, ting m m..
- Nm Treec l chnh li cho vng tn s khong 10KHz ,
y l vng tn s ca cc m bng nh ting xng ..
- Vng tn s t 1KHz n 3KHz t thay i khi ta chnh Bass
treec, y l vng tn s ca ging ht ca s, ging pht m
ca con ngi.
S mch iu chnh Bass - Treec

S nguyn l ca mch iu chnh Bass - Treec
- Tn hiu m tn t tng Radio hoc tng Khuch i u t
a sang i vo tng Equalizer theo ng Audio Input
- Cc tn s cao i qua t 1nF i vo trit p Treec, cc tn s
thp b t cn li, nh vy tn hiu i vo trit p Treec ch c
thnh phn tn s cao, T 10nF sau trit p Treec gi li tn
s thp u ra khng b u tt xung mass.
- Mt phn tn hiu i qua R22KO i vo trit p Bass, cc tn
s cao thot qua t 0,1F v khng i vo trit p Bass, nh
vy tn hiu i vo trit p Bass ch c thnh phn tn s thp.
- Tn hiu u ra ly t im gia ca hai trit p c tp
trung li v a sang trit p chnh m lng Volume, sau
c a sang tng cng sut khuych i .
- Bn c th t lp mch Bass - treec nh cc thng s ca s
trn, Cc trit p Bass - Treec bn mua loi 100KO nh
hnh di

Trit p 100K dng lp mch
Bass treec v trit p Volume
3. Mch Equalizer c 5 cn gt.
c th iu chnh c nhiu vng tn s hn , ngi ta thng
lp mch Equalizer c 5 cn gt .

Di tn iu chnh ca mch Equalizer 5 cn gt.

S mch Equalizer 5 cn gt s dng IC
Bn c th thit k mch Equalizer 5 cn gt nh cc thng s ca
s trn, sau bn c th s dng vo tng m hoc b kch cho
loa thng.., ngun in nui Vcc cho IC l 6V DC.
4. Phng php kim tra sa cha tng Equalizer
Khi hng tng Equaizer thng sinh ra cc hin tng nh . Mt
m thanh ra loa trong khi bng vn quay, hoc m thanh ni nh,
hoc iu chnh cc cn gt t tc dng.
Kim tra :
- Khi kim tra Equalizer bn cn kim tra Loa v tng khuch
i cng sut trc, v chc chn rng tng cng sut hot
ng tt
- Dng xng hoc l RP7 st vo cc trit p Bass -Treec hoc
cc cn gt, loi tr bnh khng tip xc.
- o kim tra Vcc cho IC mch Equalizer, thng thng IC ny
nm ngay cnh cc cn gt iu chnh tn s, chn Vcc l
chn c t ho 47F hoc t 100F lc ngun, in p ny
phi c 6V DC
- Nu mt Vcc cho IC Equalizer bn cn d ngc li theo
ng in p ny v pha IC cng sut tm ra mch n p
gm 1 n v 1 diode zenner, bn hy kim tra n v Diode
zener ny .
- Cui cng nu in p c th bn hy u tt t u tn hiu
vo Audio in n u ra Audio out ca mch Equalizer, nu
c m thanh th l do hng IC Equalizer.

S mch cp ngun cho tng Equalizer
Nguyn l pht sng AM, FM Ni dung : Khi nim v tn hiu m tn, Cao tn, sng in t,
Qu trnh iu ch sng AM v x l tn hiu i pht, u nhc im ca sng pht thanh AM,
Qu trnh iu ch FM v x l pht sng FM, u v nhc im ca pht thanh trn sng FM

1. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng AM
a) Khi nim v tn hiu m tn ( Audio ) :
Tn hiu m tn l tn hiu ca sng m thanh sau khi c i
thnh tn hiu in thng qua Micro.
Sng m thanh l mt dng sng c hc truyn trong khng gian,
khi sng m thanh va chm vo mng Micro lm cho mng Micro
rung ln, lm cho cun dy gn vi mng Micro c t trong t
trng ca nam chm dao ng, hai u cun dy ta thu c mt
in p cm ng => chnh l tn hiu m tn .

Micro i sng m thanh thnh tn hiu m tn (Audio)
Tn hiu m tn c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v khng c kh
nng bc x thnh sng in t truyn trong khng gian, do
truyn tn hiu m tn i xa hng trm, hng ngn Km. Ngi ta phi
gi tn hiu m tn cn truyn vo sng cao tn gi l sng mang, sau
cho sng mang bc x thnh sng in t truyn i xa vi vn tc
nh sng.
b) Khi nim v tn hiu cao tn v sng in t.
Tn hiu cao tn l cc tn hiu in c tn s trn 30KHz, tn hiu
cao tn c tnh cht bc x thnh sng in t. Th d trn mt dy
dn c tn hiu cao tn chy qua , th dy dn c mt sng gy can
nhiu ra xung quanh, chnh l sng in t do dng in cao tn
bc x ra khng gian.
Sng in t : L sng truyn dn trong khng gian vi vn tc
bng vn tc nh sng, c tn s t 30KHz n hng ngn MHz, cong
ngi s dng sng in t trong cc lnh vc thng tin , v tuyn
in , truyn thanh, truyn hnh, trong Radio l lnh vc truyn
thanh chim gii tn t 30KHz n khong 16MHz vi cc sng iu
ch AM, v t 76MHz n 130MHz vi cc sng iu ch FM.
c) Qu trnh iu ch AM ( Amplitude Moducation : iu ch
bin )
iu ch AM l qu trnh iu ch tn hiu tn s thp( nh tn
hiu m tn, tn hiu video ) vo tn s cao tn theo phng thc =>
Bin i bin tn hiu cao tn theo hnh dng ca tn hiu m tn
=>Tn hiu cao tn thu c gi l sng mang.

Tn hiu vo v ra ca mch iu ch AM
Tn hiu m tn c th ly t Micro sau khuch i qua mch
khuch i m tn, hoc c th ly t cc thit b khc nh i
Cassette, u a CD ..
Tn hiu cao tn c to bi mch to dao ng, tn s cao tn l
tn s theo quy nh ca i pht.
Tn hiu u ra l sng mang c tn s bng tn s cao tn, c bin
thay i theo tn hiu m tn.
d) Qu trnh pht tn hiu i pht .

Qu trnh pht sng Radio AM
Tn hiu sau khi iu ch thnh sng mang c khuch i ln
cng xut hng ngn Wat sau c truyn ra Anten pht .
Sng in t pht ra t Anten truyn i trong khng gian bng vn
tc ca nh sng, sng AM c th truyn i rt xa hng ngn Km v
chng truyn theo ng thng, v cng c cc tnh cht phn x,
khc x nh nh sng.
e) ng truyn t i pht n my thu cch na vng tri
t.
Vi cc i pht xa cch chng ta na vng tri t nh i BBC
pht t Anh Quc, sng in t truyn theo ng thng gp tng
in ly chng phn x xung tri t ri li phn x ngc ln nhiu
ln mi n c my thu, v vy tn hiu i ti my thu rt yu v
sng khng n nh
c th truyn tn hiu i xa, cc i pht thng pht bng
sng ngn c tn s sng mang t 4 MHz n khong 23 MHz .

ng truyn sng ca cc i pht
xa my thu
f) u v nhc im ca pht thanh trn sng AM
u im : ca sng AM l c th truyn i xa ti hng nghn Km
Nhc im : ca sng AM l d b can nhiu, di tn m thanh b
ct sn do c im ca mch tch sng iu bin, do cht lng
m thanh b hn ch.
2. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng FM
FM l vit tt ca ( Fryquency Moducation : iu ch tn s ) l
iu ch theo phng thc lm thay i tn s ca tn hiu cao tn
theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khong tn s bin i l 150KHz
Sng FM l sng cc ngn i vi tn hiu Radio, sng FM
thng pht di tn t 76MHz n 108MHz
a) Mch iu ch FM

iu ch FM ( Fryquency Moducation : iu ch tn s )
Vi mch iu ch tn s th sng mang c bin khng i,
nhng tn s thay i theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khi bin tn
hiu m tn tng th tn s cao tn tng, khi bin m tn gim th
tn s cao tn gim. Nh vy sng mang FM c tn s tng gim
theo tn hiu m tn v gii hn tng gim ny l +150KHz v -
150KHz , nh vy tn s sng mang iu tn c di thng l
300KHZ.
Th d nu i ting ni vit nam pht trn sng FM 100MHz th n
truyn i mt di tn t 99,85 MHz n 100,15 MHz.
b) Qu trnh pht sng FM
Qu trnh pht sng FM tng t nh pht sng AM, sng mang
sau khi iu ch cng c khuch i ri a ra An ten pht x
truyn i xa
c) u v nhc im ca sng FM .
Sng FM c nhiu u im v mt tn s, di tn m thanh sau khi
tch sng iu tn c cht lng rt tt, cho m thanh trung thc v
c th truyn m thanh Stereo , sng FM t b can nhiu hn s vi
sng AM.
Nhc im ca sng FM l c ly truyn sng ngn, ch truyn
c c ly t vi chc n vi trm Km , do sng FM thng
c s dng lm sng pht thanh trn cc a phng.
Nguyn l thu Radio AM, FM Ni dung : Nguyn l thu sng Radio AM, Phn tch s khi
Radio bng AM, mch K trung tn AM, mch tch sng AM, Nguyn l thu sng bng FM,
Phng php kim tra sa cha khi Radio.

1. Nguyn l thu sng Radio bng AM
a) S khi ca Radio bng AM :

S khi mch Radio bng AM
Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch.
Xung quanh my thu thanh c v s cc sng in t t cc i
pht khc nhau gi ti, nhim v ca my thu l chn ly mt tn s
ri khuych i , sau tch sng ly ra tn hiu m tn. Mch thu
sng Radio AM c cc mch nh sau :
- Mch cng hng v khuch i cao tn (RF Amply) thu
tn hiu t mt i pht bng nguyn l cng hng, sau
khuch i tn hiu cho mnh cung cp cho mch i tn .
- Mch dao ng ni ( OSC ) to dao ng cung cp cho
mch i tn .
- Mch i tn ( Mixer ) trn hai tn hiu RF v tn hiu OSC
to ra tn hiu trung tn IF, IF l tn hiu c tn s c nh
bng 455KHz
- Mch khuch i trung tn ( IF Amply ) : Khuch i tn
hiu IF ln bin ln cung cp cho mch tch sng .
- Mch tch sng ( Detect ) Tch tn hiu m tn ra khi sng
mang cao tn .
b) Mch cng hng cao tn, dao ng ni v i tn.

Mch cng hng RF, dao ng OSC & i tn Mixer
Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch.
Ch thch :
- Mch cng hng cao tn (RF Amply) bao gm : T xoay
C1 u song song vi cun dy L1 qun trn thanh ferit to
thnh mnh mch dao ng LC, mch thu sng theo nguyn l
cng hng, c rt nhiu sng mang c tn s khc nhau t
cc i pht cng i ti my thu, khi tn s dao ng ca
mch trng vi sng mang ca mt i pht th tn hiu sng
mang ca i pht c cng hng v bin tng ln
gp nhiu ln, tn hiu ny c thu vo thng qua cun th
cp ca cun dy v c khuch i qua n Q1, sau a
sang mch i tn, C1 l t xoay c th thay i gi tr, khi ta
chnh nm Tuning chnh l chnh t xoay C1 lm tr s C1
bin i => tn s cng hng ca mch thay i .
- Mch OSC gm t xoay C2 u song song vi cun L2 to
thnh mch dao ng, t xoay C2 c gn chung vi t C1
v hai t ny c chnh thay i gi tr ng thi, dao
ng ni c tn s lun lun thp hn tn s cng hng RF
mt lng khng i.
- Mch i tn : n Q2 lm nhim v i tn, tn hiu cao tn
RF c a vo cc B, tn hiu dao ng ni c a vo
cc E , tn hiu ly ra trn cc C gi l IF ( tn hiu trung tn)
c gi tr khng i bng 455KHz
IF =RF - OSC
c) Mch chuyn bng
Bng sng AM thng c chia ra lm hai hoc ba bng l
- Bng sng trung MW c di tn t 526,5KHz n 1606,5KHz
- Bng sng ngn 1 : SW1 c di tn t 2,3MHz n 7,3MHz
- Bng sng ngn 2 : SW2 c di tn t 7,3MHz n 22MHz
Di y l s mch chuyn bng, khi ta chuyn gia cc bng
sng, t xoay s tip vo cc im c u vi cun dy c s vng
dy khc nhau =>lm cho tn s cng hng thay i.

Chuyn bng gia cc bng sng Radio AM
d) Mch khuch i trung tn ( IF Amply)

Mch khuch i trung tn IF Amply
a tr chut vo s xem ch thch
Sau khi i tn, tn hiu IF c khuch i qua hai tng khuch
i c cng hng, cc bin p trung tn T1, T2, T3 cng hng tn
s 455KHz ng thi lm nhim v ni tng v phi hp tr khng .
cc bin p ny c vt iu chnh nhm iu chnh cho bin p cng
hng ng tn s .
e) Mach tch sng AM

Mch tch sng AM
Sau khi tn hiu IF c khuch i qua hai tng khuch i trung
tn, tn hiu IF c a sang mch tch sng
Mch tch sng bao gm Diode D1 tch ly bn k dng ca tn
hiu sau c mch lc RC ( R1, C1, C2) lc b thnh phn cao
tn , u ra ta thu c tn hiu m tn l ng bao ca tn hiu
cao tn.
Chnh mch lc RC ca mch tch sng AM loi b mt cc
thnh phn tn s cao ca tn hiu m tn, do cht lng m thanh
b gim.
2. Nguyn l thu sng Radio bng FM

Mch Radio s dng IC x l cho c hai bng
sng AM (mu ) v FM( mu xanh)
Bng sng FM c mch RF v OSC tng t bng sng AM , tuy
nhin tn s ca bng FM cao hn rt nhiu bng sng AM v vy cc
cun dy cng hng cho bng sng FM thng khng c li ferit,
mch IF ca bng FM s dng thch anh cng hng tn s 10,7
MHz
3. Phng php sa cha khi Radio .
Mt pan bnh c th kt lun hng tng Radio l thng thng m
phn Casset vn hot ng bnh thng, khi chuyn sang Radio c
th khng c ting hoc ting nh hoc khng thu c bng FM
Cc bc sa cha khi Radio :
- Xc nh ng hin tng l h hng thuc khi Radio (
Thng thng sa mch Radio sau khi m bng casset c
m thanh nhng Radio b hng )
- Xc nh mch Vcc ( ng in p nui ) cho khi Radio :
xc nh mch Vcc ta da vo t ho lc ngun to nht
khu vc, ngun Vcc i qua cc dng ca t.
- Xc nh t xoay, cc thch anh cng hng trung tn cho
bng FM.

nh chp khi Radio
Bn a tr chut vo linh kin xem ch thch.
Kim tra khi Radio:
- Trc khi sa khi Radio cn chc chn rng cc khi
Equalizer, cng xut hot ng bnh thng ( nu
Equalizer v cng xut tt th g tvit vo u vo khi
Equalizer s c ting ra loa )
- o Vcc cho khi Radio xem c 6V khng ? ( o trn t ho
lc ngun to nht trong khu vc Radio)
- Nu c in p Vcc th g tvit vo chn t xoay xem c
ting ku to loa khng.
- Nu g vo t xoay m c ting ku to loa th cn kim tra
cun dy qun trn thanh ferit xem c b t khng, thay th
cc thch anh 455MHz mch trung tn .
- Nu g vo t xoay m khng c ting ku ( c Vcc) th
thng do hng IC.
- Nu mt Vcc cho khi Radio , ta ln ngc theo mch in v
pha chuyn mch Function kim tra, kim tra tr khng
ca khi Radio bng cch o bng thang x1O vo hai u t
lc, nu 1 chiu o ln kim, 1 chiu o khng ln kim =>l
tr khng bnh thng, c hai chiu kim ln =0O l b chp,
thng thng l chp IC, ( Hy xem li s cp in ca
mch ngun)
Nguyn tc ghi & pht bng Cassette Ni dung : Ngun tc ghi, xo v pht bng Cassette,
Cu to v hot ng ca u t, Mch khuch i u t, Phng php kim tra v thay th u t

1. Tm lc cc nguyn tc hot ng ca Cassette
a) Nguyn tc ghi bng Cassette

B c v bng t
Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch.
H c ko bng trong hp cassette di chuyn vi tc u ngang
qua hai u t, hai u t p st vo bng t, bng t di chuyn qua
u xo trc ri mi qua u ghi.
C hai loi u t xo l u xo bng nam chm vnh cu v u
xo s dng dng cao tn xo, sau khi xo bng xong u ghi mi
phng t thng ln mt bng t ho lp oxyt st v ghi bng di
dng t d, u ghi trong qu trnh ghi cn nhn thm dng cao tn
phn cc bng, mc ch lm cho tn hiu ghi khng b mo dng
sinh ra sai ging.

Mch khuch i u t ch ghi m t Micro, tn hiu t
Micro i qua chuyn mch ghi v c khuch i qua tng Head
Amply sau i qua chuyn mch Function tip nhn thm tn
hiu t Radio, sau vng tr li qua chuyn mch ghi a v u t
Ghi/c ghi ln bng t.

Minh ho qu trnh ghi bng t Micro
b) Nguyn tc pht bng

Bng ghi, trn mt bng b t ho s gm nhng nam chm nh
li ti xp nm ni tip nhau, khi pht bng nhng nam chm phng t
thng vo khe st ca u c, t thng tp trung vo li st non ca
u t to ra trn cun dy sc in ng cm ng tc l tn hiu m
tn, tn hiu ny i qua chuyn mch ghi vo tng khuch i u t
v qua cc tng Equalizer, khuch i cng xut ri a ra loa.
c) Nguyn tc xo bng.
C th xo bng ( lm mt cc vt t ho trn mt bng) theo ba cch
- Dng mt nam chm vnh cu lm u xo .
- Dng in mt chiu a vo cun dy ca u xo.
- Dng dng cao tn t 30KHz n 160KHz a vo u xo.
2. u t v mch khuch ai u t ( Head & Head Amply)

Cu to ca u t
C 3 loi u t : Ghi - Pht v u t xo , nhng cu to th
ging nhau cng gm Cun dy, li st non v khe st m ng
cho t thng vo hoc ra khi li st.
u ghi v u pht thng chung nhau, ring u xo phn bit
vi u ghi - pht do b rng khe st rng hn.

Nguyn l hot ng ca u t Hnh dangh thc t
Mch khuch i u t :

Mch khuch i u t
Tn hiu c ra t u t thng rt yu cn c khuch i nng
bin ln ln trc khi a sang tng K cng xut, mch
khuch i u t c th s dng hai n 3 tng K bng Transistor,
hoc s dng IC, mch K u t lm hai nhim v : Ki tn hiu
t u t trong qu trnh pht bng v Ki tn hiu t Micro trong
qu trnh ghi m.
3. H hng thng gp ca u t v mch khuch i u t .
u t mn :
Sau mt thi gian s dng khong 1000 gi pht bng th u t ht
tui tho do b mi mn bi bng t trong qu trnh pht bng, biu
hin ta thy trn b mt u t mn thnh mt dnh rng bng si
bng, khi pht bng m thanh nh v trm, khi ta cn thay mt u
t mi.

Thay u t :
Hin nay c rt nhiu loi u t khc nhau, tt nht khi mua u t
bn nn mang theo u t c so snh, hoc bn nh chng loi
my .
Khi thay u t, bn cn chnh li c chnh phng v, l c bt u
t c m l so, sau khi thay bn m cho bng chy v chnh li c
phng v thu c ting nghe thanh nht.
Hng tng khuch i u t :
Khi kim tra tng khuch i u t, bn cn kim tra cc tng pha
sau trc v chc chn rng t tng Equalizer hot ng tt.
Bt Play v g vo chn u t, nu c ting to loa l tng
khuch i u t vn bnh thng, nu khng c ting l hng tng
khuch i u t.
Sa tng khuch i u t :
- Dng xng hoc du RP7 lau chuyn mch ghi
- Kim tra ngun Vcc cho tng K u t ( o trn t lc )
- Thay IC K u t ( nu c )
B c v M t ko bng Ni dung : Cc chi tit trn b c Cassette, Phng php kim tra v
sa cha b c, M t v mch n tc, phng php kim tra v thay th m t

1. B c v m t.
a) Cc chi tit trn b c
a tr chut vo cc chi tit xem ch thch.

Pha trc b c
a tr chut vo cc chi tit xem ch thch

Pha sau b c .
b) Cc h hng thng gp ca b c .
Bnh 1 : My c in vo, Radio vn hot ng, m bng khng
quay
Nguyn nhn :
- Hng M t
- t dy culoa
- Cng tc trn b c khng tip xc
Khc phc :
- Kim tra v thay dy culoa nu b trng
- o in p cp cho M t, nu c in m m t khng quay
th thay m t.
- Kim tra v lm v sinh cng tc trn b c nu khng c
ngun cp vo Mt
Bnh 2 : Bng thng xuyn b ri, hoc trc thu bng khng quay
Nguyn nhn :
- t hoc b trng dy culoa ph ko bnh trung gian
- Bnh rng trong gian b mn, b st mt s rng hoc b d
Khc phc :
- Kim tra v thay dy culoa ph ko trc qun bng
- Kim tra v thay cc bnh rng trung gian
Bnh 3 : Ting b mo nghe d r lc nhanh lc chm
Nguyn nhn:
- Mt b hng mch n tc
- Dy culoa b trng
- Bnh t p bng b kt
Khc phc :
- Kim tra v thay cc dy culoa
- Kim tra v thay bnh t cao su
- Thay M t ny dy culoa v bnh t tt.
Bnh 4 : Bng b nh qun mp
Nguyn nhn :
- Bnh t cao su b trai khng cn s n hi
Khc phc :
- Lau sch b mt bnh t cao su bng cn
- Thay bnh t cao su mi
Bnh 5 : m thanh nghe trm v nh
Nguyn nhn :
- u t c b bn , hoc u t c b mn.
- u t chnh sai c phng v.
Khc phc :
- Lau sch u t bng cn nu bn
- Chnh li c phng v ( c bt u t c l so )
- Thay u t mi.
2) M t v mch n tc.
- M t l ng c ko bng trong qu trnh Play v tua i tua li
- Hin nay c nhiu loi 6V, 9V , 12V , M t quay ngc k hiu
trn thn ch L, m t quay thun k hiu ch R.
- Khi thay m t bn cn thay ng in p v ng chiu quay.
- Chnh li c chnh tc pha sau M t nu tc quay cha
ng.
Mch n tc
Mch n tc c nhim v gi cho tc quay bng khng i trong
qu trnh Play, mch n tc c gn sau m t, tc m t ph
thuc vo in p cung cp cho mt, v vy mch n tc chnh l
mch n p tuyn tnh.

Mch n tc cho m t.
- Q1 l n cng xut
- Q2 l n s sai
- R1 v Dz to ra p chun a vo chn E
- R2 v VR1 to ra p ly mu
- VR1 l bin tr chnh tc
- Hng Mt ch yu l do hng mch n tc, biu hin l
bng quay nhanh nh tua v chnh tc khng tc dng hoc
bng khng quay mc d ngun cung cp c.
- Nguyn l hot ng ca mch n tc tng t nguyn l hot
ng ca mch n p tuyn tnh.( Xem li phn mch n p )
Thc hnh lp rp Cassette Ni dung : Hng dn chi tit cc bc lp hon chnh mt chic
Cassette n gin, S mch v cc thng s linh kin, a ch mua linh kin ng gi .

T lp Cassette
Bn c hy t lp mt chic Cassette theo s mch di y,
sau khi lp thnh cng bn s t rt ra cho mnh c nhiu kinh
nghim b ch.
S mch di y tc gi lp v chy th nghe rt hay, nu
bn lp m m thanh nh hoc b d th cn i chiu li vi s
cho chnh xc gi tr cc linh kin, tng gi thnh ca mch ht
khong 50.000VN (cha k loa v bng th)
Sau khi lp xong , nu bn thay u t bng mt chic Micro th bn
s c mt chic tng m nho nh, v bn cng hiu rng Amply cng
xut ln cng c nguyn l tng t, ch khc l ngun cung cp cao
hn, tng cng xut lp cc n c cng xut ln hn m thi.

S Cassette n gin - Ngun 12V DC
Bn a tr chut vo s bt thm thng tin
Bng thng s v gi thnh cc linh kin ca s mch trn

K hiu Tn linh kin / Tr s Gi tin VN
Q1 Transistor C828 300
Q4 Transistor B562 1.000
Q5 Transistor D468 1.000
R1 in tr 1,5 KO 30
R2 in tr 3,3 KO 30
R3 in tr 100 KO 30
R4 in tr 470 KO 30
R5 in tr 4,7 KO 30
R6 in tr 100 KO 30
R7 in tr 470 KO 30
R8 in tr 4,7 KO 30
R9 in tr 470 O 30
R10 in tr 100 O 30
R11 in tr 100 KO 30
VR1 Trit p 50 KO 1.000
D1 Cu Diode dt 1.000
D2 Diode tch sng 200
D3 Diode tch sng 200
C1 T ho 2200F/25V 1.500
C2 T ho 100F/16V 500
C3 T ho 4,7 F 200
C4 T ho 4,7 F 200
C5 T ho 4,7 F 200
C6 T ho 4,7 F 200
C7 T ho ra loa 470 F/16V 800
Bin p Bin p ngun 1A 14.000
B c B c c sn u t v mt 21.000
Mch in Mch in hn linh kin 2.000
Khc Thic hn +dy ni 3.000
Tng cng 50.000 VN
Tng cng ht nm mi ngn ng
Tnh theo gi linh kin ca Ca hng Lnh kin in t IC s Giang
Loan : s 21 Trn cao vn - Ch Ho Bnh ( Ch ri ) - H Ni
TCH : (04)8.218.098 ; TNR (04)9.439.657 ;
D : 0903.478.737
Nguyn l truyn hnh, Ng l pht Ni dung : Nghin cu c im ca mt ngi trong lnh
vc truyn hnh, Nguyn l truyn hnh nh ng, Tn hiu truyn hnh, iu ch tn hiu i
truyn hnh .

1. c im ca mt ngi.
Trc khi xy dng ln ngnh cng nghip truyn hnh, ngi ta
phi nghin cu nhng c im ca mt ngi, nghin cu cc gc
c lin quan n k thut truyn hnh ch khng i su vo cu to
ca mt, mt ngi c mt s c im sau :
a) c tnh ph :
Cc bc x in t nm trong khong tn s rt rng t vi trc
KHz n hng triu MHz, ton b gii tn gi chung l ph in
t, nh sng mt ngi thy c ch chim mt min rt nh trong
ph in t, c tn s t 3,9.10
14
Hz n 7,9.10
14
Hz tng ng
vi bc sng 760nm n 380nm, tn s cao hn nh sng l cc tia
cc tm , tia X, tia gama, thp hn tn s nh sng l tia hng ngoi,
sng Radio...

Ph in t v khong tn s nh sng thy c.
Trong khong nh sng thy c l tp hp ca nhiu mu sc :
- Cam - Vng - Lc - Lam - Trm - Tm , v nhy ca mt vi cc
mu sc cng khng u, mt nhy cm nht vi mu lc v gim dn
vi cc mu xung quanh

Mt c nhy cao nht vi mu lc
Vi mi mu sc ( nh c trng) u c 3 thng s l : Sc mu,
bo ho mu, v chi ca mu.
Th d khi v mt bc tranh , ta phc ho bc tranh bng nt bt
ch s cho ta bc nh en trng => bc nh ny mang thng tin v
chi, sau ta dng mu t =>cho ta sc mu , ta t mu
tht m cho ta bo ho mu cao, nu t mu nht th bo ho
mu thp.
Truyn hnh en trng ch truyn i thng tin v chi, cn truyn
hnh mu th truyn y cc thng tin ca nh.
b) nhy tng phn .
Mt bc nh c nhiu chi tit nh v cc chi tit nh c chi khc
nhau, tng phn l t l gia chi cao nht so vi chi
thp nht, t l ny cng ln th tng phn cng cao, ngoi t
nhin th chnh lch ny l khong 10.000 ln nhng trong truyn
hnh (Ti vi) th thay i ny l khong trn 100 ln, trong mn
hnh my tnh th thay i l 256 ln.

nh c tng phn cao nh c tng phn thp
Mt ngi c kh nng phn bit c hai im sng c tng
phn hn km nhau khong 0,02 ln.
c) Kh nng phn gii ca mt .
l kh nng mt ngi phn bit c hai im ring bit khi
nhn t mt gc hp.

Mt ngi nhn hai im A, B theo mt gc hp
Mt ngi ch c kh nng phn bit c hai im A, B trn khi
nhn t mt gc > 1,5' , nu gc < 1,5' th mt ngi khng c kh
nng phn bit c hai im ring r, da vo c im ny trong
truyn hnh ngi ta ch pht li cc im nh ri rc sao cho t mt
ngi nhn vo cc im nh vi mt gc nhn nh ta khng
thy c l hai im phn bit.
=>T nghin cu trn ngi ta tnh c trn mt mn hnh,
ngi ta khng cn pht li tt c cc im nh m ngi ta ch pht
li khong 600 im nh theo chiu dc v 800 im nh theo chiu
ngang, mn hnh c phn gii cng cao th s im nh cng ln.
d) Qun tnh ca mt .
Khi ta nhn mt bc nh, nu bc nh vt tt th hnh nh vn
tn ti trong con ngi khong 0,1 giy, l hin tng lu nh
trong vng mc hay cn gi l qun tnh ca mt.
=>Li dng tnh cht ny, nu ta cho bc nh xut hin ri rc
khong 10 ln trong 1 giy th ta c cm nhn l mt bc nh lin
tc.
=>Trong truyn hnh, ngi ta truyn i 25 bc hnh / giy, do
hnh nh ta cm nhn l lin tc.
Th d di y cho thy cng mt bc nh nhng c cc tc
xut hin khc nhau :

nh xut hin 1 ln / giy nh xut hin 5 ln / giy
2. Nguyn l truyn hnh.
* Cc tham s ca hnh nh .
- chi trung bnh : Mi im nh u c chi ring
cu thnh ton b nh, trong truyn hnh en trng ngi ta
truyn i tn hiu c trng cho chi ca mi im nh.
- Mu sc : Mu sc ca cc phn t nh, tham s ny ch cn
thit vi truyn hnh mu.
- Hnh phng : Truyn hnh l truyn bc hnh phng theo
khng gian hai chiu, truyn tng im nh ln lt theo
chiu ngang v chiu dc, chiu ngang gi l qut dng, chiu
dc gi l qut mnh.
- nh ng Truyn hnh l truyn i cc bc nh ng , mt
ngi cm nhn s chuyn ng l lin tc th cn truyn i
s bc nh sao cho mt khng thy c s nhp nhy ca
nh.
- Th d bc nh IC trn c tc l 5 hnh / giy, ta cm
thy hnh nhp nhy, nhng nu ta tng ln ti 25 hnh/ giy
th ta s thy bc nh l lin tc.
* Nguyn l truyn hnh nh .
Ngi ta khng truyn ton b bc hnh m truyn ln lt tng
dng t trn xung di nh ta c mt quyn sch.
Mt bc hnh c chia lm 625 dng qut t trn xung di, sau
truyn i tn hiu ca tng dng qut n my thu vi tc
15625 dng / giy, my thu ti to li c hnh nh c th cng
phi qut li 625 dng cho mt mn nh v cng phi qut vi tn s
15625 dng / giy, qu trnh ny gi l ng b gia tn hiu thu v
pht.
* Nguyn l qut .

Nguyn l qut nh.
Bc nh trn minh ho c qut vi tc 10 dng / giy v ch
qut c 8 dng cho mt lt t trn xung di, trong truyn hnh
cng c nguyn l qut tng t nhng c tc qut l 15625 dng/
giy, v qut 312,5 dng cho mt lt t trn xung ( mt bc hnh
chia lm 625 dng v c qut lm hai lt, mt lt qut cc dng
chn v mt lt qut cc dng l )
3. Tn hiu truyn hnh.
* S to thnh tn hiu th tn ( Video ) .

Camera i hnh nh thnh tn hiu Video
truyn hnh nh i xa trc tin hnh nh phi c i thnh
tn hiu in - gi l tn hiu Video , hnh nh c thu vo qua ng
knh v hi t trn mt lp phin c bit, sau ta dng nguyn l
qut chuyn t thng tin hnh nh thnh tn hiu in.

Dng tia in t qut trn lp phin to thnh tn hiu Video
Lp phin l mt mng kim loi c bit c in tr thay i theo
cng sng, khi c tia in t qut qua, cc im sng ti c tr
khng khc nhau to thnh dng in mnh yu khc nhau i qua, tn
hiu in ly ra t lp phim c dng in bin i t l vi thng tin
v sng ca hnh nh, tn hiu ny c a vo mch iu ch
to thnh tn hiu Video ng ra ca Camera.
* Thnh phn ca tn hiu truyn hnh y

Tn hiu truyn hnh y bao gm tn hiu th
tn (mu xanh), xung ng b dng (mu ),
xung ng b mnh ( mu tm)
- Thi gian qut thun t t1 n t2 l 54s
- Thi gian qut ngc dng t t2 n t3 l 10s
- Thi gian qut ngc mnh t t4 n t5 l 25s
- Xung ng b dng v mnh c chn vo tn hiu video
trong thi gian tia in t qut ngc.

Tia qut ngc dng mu tm, tia qut ngc mnh
mu xanh l , tia qut dng thun l tia mu trng
Tn hiu truyn hnh y bao gm :
- Tn hiu th tn : thu c t nguyn l qut nh nh trn
cn gi l tn hiu video ( on tn hiu t t1 n t2 )
- Xung ng b dng H.Syn (Horyontal Synsep : ng b
dng): l xung chn vo tn hiu video trong thi gian tia in
t qut ngc (on t2 n t3 ) xung ny c gii sang my
thu ng b tn s qut dng.
- Xung ng b mnh V.Syn (Vertical Synsep) l xung chn
vo tn hiu Video khi qut xong mt mn hnh t trn xung
di (on t4 n t5) xung ny c gi sang my thu
ng b tn s qut mnh.
4. iu ch tn hiu pht i truyn hnh .
Tn hiu ting c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz rt hp so vi ton
b di tn ca tn hiu hnh t 0 n 6MHz , v vy bo ton tn
hiu ting khi pht chung vi tn hiu hnh, ngi ta phi iu ch tn
hiu ting vo sng mang tn s t 4,5MHz n 6,5MHz theo
phng php iu tn thnh sng FM ri mi trn vi tn hiu hnh
to thnh tn hiu video tng hp .

iu ch tn s tn hiu ting
Nh vy tn hiu video tng hp bao gm (Video +H.syn +V.syn +
FM)
pht ton b tn hiu ny i xa, i pht ngi ta tin hnh
iu ch tn hiu video tng hp trn vo tn s siu cao tn di
VHF t 48MHz n 230MHz hoc di UHF t 400MHz n
880MHz theo phng php iu bin. v chia lm nhiu knh, mi
knh chim mt gii tn khong 8MHz.

Ph tn hiu ca mt knh truyn hnh.

Nguyn l pht ca i truyn hnh.
Sau khi tn hiu Video tng hp c iu ch vo mt knh sng :
Th d knh 9 (nm ph tn hiu t 199,25MHz n 205,75MHz) ta
c sng mang , sng mang tip tc c khuch i cng xut
hng chc KW ri a ra Anten pht pht thnh sng in t
truyn i trong khng gian vi vn tc nh sng.
Phn tch s khi My thu hnh Ni dung : Phn tch s khi ca my thu hnh en trng,
M t s hot ng ca i truyn hnh.

1. S khi Ti vi en trng.

S khi my thu hnh en trng .
My thu hnh en trng l hi t tt c nhng kin thc c bn ca
k thut truyn hnh, hiu my thu hnh en trng l c s tip cn
vi my thu hnh mu v my thu hnh k thut s.
My thu hnh en trng bao gm cc khi chnh sau :
- B knh : C nhim v thu tn hiu sng mang t cc i pht
sau i tn v tn hiu IF, cung cp cho mch khuch i
trung tn.
- Khi trung tn : Khuch i tn hiu trung tn v tch sng
th tn tch tn hiu Video tng hp ra khi sng mang , tn
hiu thu c sau tch sng gm c tn hiu Video, xung
H.syn, xung V.syn v tn hiu FM.
- Tng khuch i th tn : T tn hiu Video tng hp, tn
hiu video c tch ra i vo tng khuch i th tn, tng
K th tn khuch i tn hiu video ln bin mnh ri
a vo Katt n hnh iu khin dng pht x, ti to li
hnh nh trn mn hnh.
- n hnh : Chuyn i tn hiu truyn hnh thnh hnh nh
quang hc, khi phc li nh ging pha pht.
- Khi ng b : Hai xung ng b c gi sang my thu t
pha pht c nhim v iu khin khi qut dng v qut
mnh ca my thu qut cng tn s nh bn pht khi phc
li hnh nh, hai xung ny c tch ra sau tch sng th tn
v c khuch i qua khi ng b, sau xung H.syn i
ti iu khin mch dao ng dng, xung V.syn i ti iu
khin mch dao ng mnh.
- Khi qut dng : Nhim v ca khi qut dng l to ra cc
mc in p cao cung co cho n hnh hot ng, ng thi
cung cp xung dng cho cun li ngang li tia in t qut
theo chiu ngang.
- Khi qut mnh : Nhim v ca khi qut mnh l to ra
xung mnh cung cp cho cun li tia, li tia in t dn theo
chiu dc
- Khi ng ting : Khuch i tn hiu iu tn FM, sau
tch sng iu tn ly ra tn hiu m tn v khuch i qua
tng cng xut ri a ra loa.
M t s hot ng ca i truyn hnh


Bui truyn hnh trc tip Cat Singer
B knh v hin tng hng knh Ni dung : Nhim v, Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca
b knh, Mch cng hng cao tn, dao ng ni, mch i tn trong b knh, Phn tch h hng ca
b knh v phng php kim tra sa cha.

1. S khi ca b knh.

S khi ca b knh
- Mch vo : C nhim v chn knh theo nguyn l cng
hng sng, ti anten c nhiu sng mang t cc i pht
khc nhau i ti, sng mang no c tn s trng vi tn s dao
ng ca mch vo s c chn i vo mch khuch
i.cao tn.
- Mch K cao tn : Khuch i sng mang t i pht sau khi
c thu vo qua mch cng hng .
- Mch dao ng : C nhim v to dao ng ni a vo
mch trn tn.
- Mch trn tn : C nhim v trn tn s dao ng vi tn
hiu cao tn ly ra tn s trung tn IF
IF =F0 - RF
F0 : L tn s dao ng ni
RF : L tn hiu cao tn ( sng mang )
IF : L tn s trung tn, tn s IF c
di tn c nh t 31,5MHz n 38MHz
2. Mch vo & K. i cao tn.
Mch vo thc cht l mt by cng hng, khi ta chuyn knh,
cc cun dy c cm khng khc nhau c tip xc vo mch cng
hng lm thay i tn s cng hng, nu tn s cng hng trng
vi tn s sng mang th tn hiu sng mang c thu vo v c
khuch i qua tng Q1 , u ra tng K cao tn Q1 c thm mt
mch cng hng na nng bin tn hiu ln mc cao nht.

B chuyn knh c kh trong my thu hnh en trng.
3. Mch dao ng ni .

Mch to dao ng
Mch to dao ng cung cp dao ng ni cho mch i tn, khi ta
chuyn knh, cun L1 c thay th to ra mch cng hng c tn
s thay i
4. Mch i tn

Mch i tn
Mch i tn c tn hiu RF v tn s dao ng ni OSC cng
c a vo cc B ca n i tn, tn hiu trung tn IF ly ra trn
cc C c gi tr bng hiu hai tn s u vo
IF = OSC - RF
Nu tn s RF tng th tn s dao ng OSC cng tng tng ng
m bo tn s IF lun lun khng i, tn s trung tn IF chim
mt gii tn t 31,5MHz n 38MHz

Gii tn ca tn hiu IF
5. Hin tng khi hng b knh
Khi hng b knh ta thy mn hnh c cc biu hin nh sau :
Bnh 1 ) Mn nh ch c nhiu, khng c hnh.

Mn nh c nhiu, khng c hnh.
Phn tch nguyn nhn : Nhiu bt ngun t mch khuch i
trung tn, mn nh c nhiu chng t t mch khuch i trung tn
cho ti n hnh hot ng tt, khng c hnh tc l khng thu
c tn hiu t i pht =>Suy ra hin tng ny l do hng b
knh hoc t Anten.
Hng sa cha :
- Kim tra in p Vcc cho b knh
- Kim tra in p t iu khuch AGC c khong 6V
- Kim tra Anten
- Cc yu t trn tt th ta thay th b knh.
Bnh 2 ) Mn nh c hnh nhng rt nhiu, ting r.

Mn nh c hnh nhng rt nhiu ting r.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn hon ton tng t nh bnh 1,
nhng mc hng nh hn, cc bc kim tra v sa cha tng t
Bnh 1
Mch khuch i trung tn IF Ni dung : Phn tch s nguyn l ca mch khuch i
trung tn v mch tch sng th tn, hin tng khi hng trung tn v cc bc kim tra sa cha .

1. S mch khuch i trung tn

Mch khuch i trung tn s dng IC
IC Khuch i trung tn bao gm cc mch .
- IF AMPLY l mch khuch i tn hiu trung tn t b knh
a sang, sau cung cp tn hiu cho mch tch sng.
- Detector L mch tch sng, tch tn hiu Video tng hp ra
khi sng mang ca i pht, bin p T2 cng hng cho
mch tch sng.
- Vdeo Amply L mch khuch i tn hiu Video trc khi
a ra ngoi
- IF AGC (Auto Gain Control ) L mch to in p t iu
chnh khuch i cho mch trung tn
- RF AGC L mch to in p t iu chnh khuch i cho
mch RF Amply ca b knh
- Mch trung gian gia b knh v tng khuch i trung tn l
b lc gii thng, mch ny c nhim v cho tn hiu trung tn
thuc gii 31,5MHz n 38MHz i qua v loi b cc tn s
ln cn, mch ny bao gm cc linh kin, C1,L1,C2,C3, L2,
T1 to thnh cc mch cng hng nng cao bin tn
hiu trong di sng trung tn, tn hiu vo c a vo cc
chn 8 v 9 ca IC
- Tn hiu ra chn s 3 l tn hiu Video tng hp bao gm
Tn hiu th tn (Video), xung H.syn, xung V.syn, tn hiu
iu tn FM.

Cc thnh phn trong tn hiu Video tng hp
2. Biu hin khi hng trung tn.
Trung tn l ngun sinh ra nhiu trn mn hnh ng thi cng l
mch khuch i tn hiu thu t b knh, v vy khi hng trung tn
mn hnh thng c biu hin khng c nhiu, khng c hnh, khng
c ting, ch cn mn nh sng min .

Ti vi hng trung tn, ch cn mn sng mn, khng c nhiu.
3. Cc bc sa cha mch trung tn.
- Xc nh ng nguyn nhn l h hng mch trung tn : da
vo biu hin nh trn , mn nh sng mn khng c nhiu,
khng c hnh, khng c ting.
- Xc nh v tr ca mch trung tn trn v my : L khu vc c
cc bin p cng hng trung tn bng hp st vung c li
ferit chnh c
- Kim tra ngun nui Vcc 12V cho IC : in p ny o trn t
ho lc ngun cnh IC
- Thay IC trung tn
Khi khuch i th tn - Video Ni dung : Nhim v ca mch khuch i th tn, phn tch
s mch khuch i th tn, Phn tch h hng v phng php kim tra sa cha.

1. Tn khuch i th tn (Video)
Nhim v ca mch khuch i th tn :
- Khuch i tn hiu Video sau tch sng ln bin
ln =>cung cp cho n hnh ti to li hnh nh.
- Tip nhn xung dng v xung mnh a v xo tia
qut ngc
- Thc hin cc chc nng iu chnh tng phn,
sng.

Tng khuch i th tn my Samsung 359R
Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch :
- C1 : L t ni tng
- CF1 : L thch anh, lc tn hiu ting khng cho ting nh
hng sang ng hnh
- n Q khuch i tn hiu th tn, R2 l in tr nh thin,
R3 l tr ghnh, R4 l tr n nh nhit , R5 l in tr phn
p.
- Trit p Contras iu chnh bin tn hiu ra => L trit p
chnh tng phn trn mn hnh
- Xung dng H.P (Horyontal Pull ) i qua R6 v D1, xung mnh
V.B (Vert Blanking) i qua R7 v D2 : hai xung cng i qua
t C3 vo cc E n K th tn lm nhim v xo tia qut
ngc
- T C4 a tn hiu th tn vo Katt n hnh v ngn in p
mt chiu
- Trit p Bright lm thay i in p mt chiu trn Katt =>
L trit p chnh sng mn hnh
Phn tch cc h hng ca tng khuch i th tn :
1) Trng hp tng khuch i th tn khng hot ng :
n K th tn khng hot ng khi
- Mt ngun Vcc 110V
- Hng n K th tn
- t in tr nh thin
- t in tr ghnh
Biu hin trn mn hnh l : Mn nh ch c mn sng mn ,
khng hnh, c tia qut ngc.

Biu hin khi hng tng khuch i th tn.
Phng php kim tra tng khuch i th tn :
- Kim tra ngun Vcc cho tng khuch i th tn phi c 110V
- Kim tra ch in p trn n Q phi c UBE ~ 0,6V v
UCE ~ 2/3 Vcc ~ 70V
2) C hnh nhng c tia qut ngc xen vo
C hnh : Chng t tng K th tn vn hot ng bnh thng
C tia qut ngc : L do mt xung mnh a v n K th tn
xo tia qut ngc.=> Cn kim tra mch a xung mnh t cng
xut mnh v tng K th tn kim tra.
Cu to v hot ng ca n hnh Ni dung : Tm hiu cu to ca n hnh en trng,
Nguyn tc hot ng ca n hnh, Hin tng ca n hnh gi, n hnh hng.

1. Cu to v hot ng ca n hnh

Cu to v hot ng ca n hnh
Cu to ca n hnh :
n hnh l mt bu thu tinh ht chn khng v c cc cc chnh l
:
- Cc Ant : c cung cp in p HV ( Height Vol : 10KV )
to ra sc ht cc tia in t bay v m hnh.
- Katt : L cc pht x ra dng tia in t bay v pha mn
hnh, tia in t bt ra khi b mt Katt th Katt phi
c nung nng nh si t, Tn hiu th tn c a vo
Katt iu khin dng tia in t pht x, ti to li hnh
nh trn mn hnh .
- Li G1 cn gi l li khin c u Mass, khi tt my G1
c cung cp in p -100V chn li tia in t cn d
trn n hnh, trnh hin tng xut hin m sng khi tt
my.
- Li G2 gi l li gia tc : c cung cp in p +110V
tng tc tia in t
- Mn hnh : c ph mt lp Phospho ng nht, khi c tia
in t bn vo th lp Phospho pht sng, cng sng t
l vi cng dng tia in t.
- Cun li tia : Nm ngoi c n hnh, gm hai cun li dng
v li mnh, c nhim v li tia in t qut t tri sang phi,
t trn xung di, nu khng c hai cun li tia th tia in t
i thng v pht sng thnh mt im trn mn hnh.
Hot ng ca n hnh : n hnh hot ng ( cho hnh nh )
trc ht ta cn phn cc cho n hnh sng ln , sau a tn hiu
th tn vo Katt iu khin dng tia in t pht x to li hnh
nh .
n hnh pht sng th ta cn cung cp cho n hnh 4
iu kin sau :
- C in p HV = 10KV cung cp cho Ant
- C in p 110V cung cp cho li G2
- C in p 12V cung cp cho si t
- Katt c thot xung mass
2. H hng thng gp ca n hnh :
n hnh thng hng dng tia pht x b yu i , lm cho
sng mn hnh gim hoc mt nh sng.
Kim tra n hnh :
kim tra n hnh, ngi ta kim tra ccin p phn cc cho n
hnh, nu cc in p ny vn y m n hnh khng sng =>l
n hnh hng, nu mn hnh sng yu => l mn hnh b gi.
Khi qut dng v cao p Ni dung : Nhim v ca khi qut dng, phn tch s khi qut
dng, H hng thng gp ca khi qut dng, nguyn nhn v phng php kim tra sa cha .

1. Nhim v ca khi qut dng
Nhim v chnh ca khi qut dng l to ra cc mmc in p
cao phn cc cho n hnh hot ng, ngoi ra khi qut dng cn
cung cp xung dng cho cun li ngang li tia in t qut theo
chiu ngang mn hnh.
2. Phn tch s khi qut dng .

S khi ca khi qut dng
- Mch so pha : So snh gia hai tn s l xung H.syn t i
pht gi ti vi xung AFC t cao p hi tip v to ra in
p iu khin, nu tn s AFC bng H.syn th p iu khin
khng i => tn s qut dng khng i, nu tn s AFC >
tn s H.Syn th mch so pha to ra in p iu khin gim
=>lm tn s dao ng dng gim v ngc li. ( AFC l
vit tt ca Auto Frequency Control : T ng iu chnh tn
s dng, H.syn l vit tt ca Horyontal Synsep : Xung ng
b dng )
- Mch to dao ng dng : To ra xung dng c tn s bng
15625Hz , tn s ny c gi c nh nh in p iu khin
t mch so pha, trng hp hng mch so pha hoc mt xung
H.syn hay xung AFC th tn s dng bi sai =>sinh hin tng
mt ng b => nh b xin hoc tri ngang.
- Tng kch dng : khuch i xung dng cho mnh sau
a ti iu khin n cng xut ng m
- Tng cng xut : Hot ng ch ngt m iu khin
bin th cao p hot ng .
- B cao p : L bin th hot ng tn s cao 15625Hz cung
cp cc mc in p cao cho n hnh, nh p HV = 10.000V,
p G2 =110V, v cung cp xung dng iu khin cun li
ngang.
3. S chi tit khi qut dng my Samsung 359R

S khi qut dng my Samsung 359R
Phn tch s chi tit :
- R1, R2, D1, C1 l mch so pha, mch ny so snh xung
H.syn v xung AFC ( mu tm ) to ra in p iu khin i
qua R3 v R4 vo iu khin n dao ng Q1
- R3, C2 l mch lc tch phn loi b thnh phn xung xoay
chiu , gi li thnh phn mt chiu
- Q1 l n to dao ng, t C4 v cun L1 to thnh mch dao
ng LC, t C3 hi tip dng, tn s dao ng ph thuc vo
cc t C3, C4, v cun dy L1, nm chnh H.Hold chnh l
iu chnh li cun dy L1 => lm cm khng L1 thay i =>
lm tn s dao ng thay i, tn s c n nh nh in p
iu khin t mch so pha a sang , dao ng c ly trn
chn E i qua R8 a sang tng kch dng.
- Q2 l n kch dng, khuch i xung dng ln mnh sau
ghp qua bin p kch T1 sang iu khin n cng xut
Q3
- Q3 l n cng xut, hot ng ngt m nh mt cng tc
in t => to ra dng in xoay chiu chy qua cao p T2, t
C5 l t b, C6 v D3 l t v Diode nht, D4 v C7 l mch
chnh lu in p B2 =110V cung cp cho G2, C8 v D5 to
ra in p m a vo G1 khi tt my, in p HV ly trn
cun th cp khong 10KV in p ny dng v n hnh lm
cc m ca t lc v vy v n hnh phi lun lun c tip
mass .

Tng dao ng dng
4. H hng thng gp ca khi qut dng.
1) My c vo in nhng khng ln mn sng .

My c vo in nhng khng ln mn sng
Nguyn nhn : C hai nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l
- Hng khi qut dng =>cao p khng hot ng
- Hng n hnh.
Kim tra :
- Kim tra in p B2 ( o p B2 trn t C7 bng 110V )
xc nh xem cao p c hot ng hay khng ? nu p B2 =
0V l cao p khng hot ng .
- Kim tra in p cung cp cho cc tng cng xut, tng kch,
tng dao ng xem c khng ?
- o ch in p UBE v UCE trn cc n Q1 v Q2, thng
thng in p ny c UBE ~ 0,6V v UCE ~ 2/3 Vcc
2) Mt ng b dng, hnh nh b hnh sc da

Hnh nh b hnh sc da do mt ng b dng
Nguyn nhn : Hin tng trn l do sai tn s dng c th do hng
- Hng mch so pha
- Mt xung ng b H.syn t mch tch xung ng b a sang
mch so pha
- Mt xung AFC t cao p a v so pha
- Chnh sai nm H.Hold
Kim tra :
- Chnh li trit p H.Hold ( trit p chnh dao ng dng )
- Kim tra cc linh kin trong mch so pha R1, R2, D1, C1
- Kim tra mch cung cp xung ng b H.syn
- Kim tra t , tr dn xung dng AFC v mch so pha .
Khi qut mnh Ni dung : Nhim v ca khi qut mnh, Phn tch s khi, Phn tch cc
h hng v phng php kim tra sa cha khi qut mnh.

1. Nhim v ca khi qut mnh :
Nhim v ca khi qut mnh l li tia in t qut theo chiu dc,
khi qut mnh bao gm :
- Mch to dao ng : To ra xung mnh c tn s 50Hz
cung co cho tng cng xut
- Mch tin K : Khuch i xung mnh cho kho hn
trc khi a vo tng cng xut.
- Tng cng xut : Khuch i xung mnh cho ln ri
a n cun li mnh li tia tia in t dn theo chiu
dc.
- Xung ng b : iu khin cho mch dao ng , dao
ng ng tn s.

S khi - khi qut mnh.
2. S chi tit khi qut mnh s dng n bn dn :

S chi tit khi qut mnh dng n bn dn.
Phn tch s mch :
- Q1 l tng dao ng, hot ng theo nguyn l dao ng
nght, L1 l cun dy to dao ng, VR1 l trit p iu chnh
tn s cn gi l trit p V.Hold
- VR2 l trit p a xung dao ng sang tng tin Ki, khi
chnh VR2 s lm thay i bin dao ng ra => VR2 l
trit p chnh chiu cao mn hnh.
- VR3 l trit p chnh tuyn tnh, khi chnh VR3 th dng xung
thay i => tuyn tnh mnh thay i, tuyn tnh l dn u
gia cc im nh theo chiu dc.
- Q2 l tng tin khuch i , K o pha tn hiu trc khi a
vo hai n cng xut.
- Q3 v Q4 l hai n Ki cng xut, mc theo kiu y ko
- L2 l cun li mnh gn trn c n hnh
- Mch hi tip qua C1 c tc dng sa mo tuyn tnh .
- Xung ng b mnh c a vo mt u ca cun dy L1
3. S khi qut mnh dng IC trong Ti vi Samsung 359R

S khi qut mnh dng IC trong Ti vi Samsung 359R
Phn tch s trn :
- Trong IC c tch hp ba mch : To dao ng : V.OSC,
tng tin Ki V.Amply v tng cng xut V.OUT, cc linh
kin in tr, t in c a ra ngoi.
- Xung ng b V.SYN i qua mch lc tch phn R1, C1 sau
i qua t vo chn s 5 => i vo mch dao ng gim c
nh tn s mnh.
- Trit p V.HOLD chn 6 c tc dng iu chnh thay i tn
s mnh.
- Trit p V.SIZE chn 4 c tc dng iu chnh thay i
kch thc dc mn hnh.
- Trit p V.LIN t sau cun li tia c tc dng thay i in p
hi tip => Lm thay i tuyn tnh dc mn hnh, C3, C4 l
cc t hi tip .
4. Cc h hng thng gp ca khi qut mnh.
1) Mn hnh ch cn mt vch sng ngang

Mn nh cn mt vch sng ngang
Nguyn nhn :
- Mt in p cung cp cho khi qut mnh
- Hng IC cng xut mnh
- Hng cc linh kin R, C xung quanh IC
Kim tra :
- Xc nh ng IC cng xut mnh ( d ngc t zc li mnh
v )
- Kim tra Vcc cho IC ( vi my en trng l 12V vi Ti vi mu
l 24V) o Vcc trn t lc ngun to nht cnh IC
- Thay IC cng xut mnh nu cc ch in p c .
2) Mn nh b mo tuyn tnh dc, co di chn, dn trn u :

Mn nh b mo tuyn tnh dc
Nguyn nhn :
- Chnh sai trit p V.LIN
- Kh cc t ho trn mch hi tip sa mo tuyn tnh.
- Hng IC
Khc phc :
- Chnh li trit p V.LIN
- Thay cc t ca mch hi tip nh t C3, C4 s trn (
Cc t hi tip l t ho thng c tr s nh t 1F n
22F nm xung quanh khu vc IC cng xut mnh.)
- Thay IC nu cc nguyn nhn trn c loi tr .
3) Hnh b tri theo chiu dc

nh b tri theo chiu dc
Nguyn nhn :
- Chnh sai trit p V.Hold => lm sai tn s dao ng mnh.
- Mt xung ng b V.SYN
Kim tra :
- Chnh li trit p V.Hold
- Kim tra mch cung cp xung ng b mnh V.SYN cho
mch dao ng mnh.
Khi khuch ai xung ng b Ni dung : Nhim v ca cc xung ng b, phn tch s
mch khuch i v tch xung ng b, cc h hng ca khi ng b.

1. Mch khuch i v tch xung ng b
Xung ng b bao gm xung ng b dng H.SYN v xung ng
b mnh V.SYN c gi sang my thu hnh cng vi tn hiu
Video, hai xung ng b ny c nhim v iu khin khi qut
dng v qut mnh qut ng tn s nh bn pht, iu ny rt
quan trng cho vic khi phc li hnh nh, nu bn my thu b sai
tn s qut dng s sinh mt ng b dng =>hnh b xin, nu
sai tn s qut mnh s sinh mt ng b mnh =>hnh b tri theo
chiu dc.
S khi ca khi ng b :

S khi ca khi ng b
- Mch tch xung ng b : Tch tn hiu ng b chung ra
khi tn hiu Video tng hp .
- Mch khuch i : Khuch i bin xung ng b
chung
- Mch tch phn : Cho tn hiu ng b mnh V.SYN i
qua
- Mch vi phn : Cho tn hiu ng b dng H.SYN i qua
S mch chi tit :

Khi ng b trong Ti vi Samsung 359R
- R1, C1, R2, C2 l mch tch xung ng b, tch hai xung
V.SYN v H.SYN ra khi tn hiu Video tng hp
- n Q1 l tng khuch i hai xung ng b trn
- R7, C3 v R8, C4 l hai mt lc tch phn , cho tn s thp
V.SYN i qua v lc b tn s cao
- C5, R9 l mt lc vi phn cho tn s cao H.SYN i qua v
ngn tn s thp li .
- Xung V.SYN sau mch lc tch phn i ti mch dao ng
mnh
- Xung V.SYN sau mch vi phn i ti mch so pha
2. H hng ca khi ng b :
1) Mt tn hiu ng b chung => mn hnh va , va tri

nh va b , va b tri
Nguyn nhn :
- Do kh t ca mch tch xung ng b
- Do hng tng khuch i xung ng b chung
Kim tra :
- Kim tra t C1 ca mch tch xung ng b
- Kim tra mch khuch i xung ng b chung Q1
Khi ngun nui Ni dung : Nhim v ca khi cp ngun, s tng qut, mch chnh lu v
mch lc, Mch n p tuyn tnh, Cc h hng thng gp ca khi cp ngun v phng php kim
tra sa cha.

1. Khi ngun nui
Nhim v ca khi cp ngun l cung cp ngun 1chiu 12V n
nh cho my hot ng, in p vo l ngun xoay chiu 220V AC
khng n nh.

S khi - khi ngun nui
- Bin p c nhim v i in 220V AC xung in p 18V
AC
- Mch chnh lu cu v lc chnh lu in p xoay chiu AC
thnh in p mt chiu DC
- Mch n p tuyn tnh : c nhim v gi cho in p ra c
nh v bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th .
Mch gim p, chnh lu v mch lc .

Bin p v mch chnh lu cu, mch lc
- Bin p ngun : in p vo =220V 50Hz , in p ra =
18V
- D1, D2, D3, D4 l mch chnh lu cu , chnh lu in AC
thnh DC
- T C1 : 2200F/25V l t lc ngun chnh

Bin p v mch chnh lu cu, mch lc trong thc t.
Mch n p tuyn tnh :
Nhim v : Mch n p tuyn tnh c nhim v => To ra in p
u ra n nh v bng phng, khng ph thuc vo in p vo ,
khng ph thuc vo dng in tiu th
S tng qut

S tng qut mch n p tuyn tnh
- in p vo l ngun DC khng n nh v cn gn xoay
chiu.
- in p ra l ngun DC n nh v bng phng
- Mch ly mu l ly ra mt phn in p u ra, in p ly
mu tng gim t l vi in p u ra .
- Mch to p chun : l to ra mt in p c nh
- Mch d sai : so snh in p ly mu vi in p chun
pht hin s bin i in p u ra v khuch i thnh
in p iu khin quay li iu chnh m ca n cng
xut, nu in p gim th p iu khin , Khin cho n
cng xut dn mnh, v ngc li .
- n cng xut : khuch i v dng in v gi cho in p ra
c nh .
S chi tit ca mch n p tuyn tnh my Samsung

Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung 359R
- Mach to p ly mu gm R5, VR1, R6 , in p ly mu
c a vo cc B n Q2 .
- Mch to p chun gm Dz v R4, in p chun a vo cc
E n Q2
- Q2 l n d sai , so snh hai in p ly mu v in p
chun to ra in p iu khin a qua R3 iu khin
hot ng ca n cng xut Q1
- Q1 l n cng xut
- R1 l in tr phn dng
- T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh .
Nguyn tc n p nh sau : Gi s khi in p vo tng hoc dng
tiu th gim => in p ra tng ln => in p chun tng nhiu hn
in p ly mu => lm cho in p UBE n Q2 gim => n Q2 dn
gim => dng qua R3 gim => n Q1 dn gim ( v dng qua R3 l
dng nh thin cho n Q1 ) => kt qu l in p ra gim xung,
vng iu chnh ny din ra trong thi gian rt nhanh so vi thi gian
bin thin ca in p, v vy in p ra c c tuyn gn nh bng
phng.
Trng hp in p ra gim th mch iu chnh theo chiu hng
ngc li.
2. H hng thng gp ca khi cp ngun
1) Khng c in vo my, khng c ting, khng c mn sng.

My khng mn sng, khng hnh, khng vo in
Nguyn nhn :
- Chy bin p ngun, hoc t cu ch.
- Chy cc Diode ca mch chnh lu
Kim tra :
- Kim tra bin p ngun : ng h thanh x1O v o vo
hai u phch cm in AC, nu kim ng h khng ln =>l
bin p ngun b chy, nu kim ln vi chc ohm l bin p
bnh thng.
- o kim tra trn cc Diode chnh lu cu
- Cui cng ta cp in v o trn hai u t lc ngun chnh
phi c 18V DC
2) Hnh nh b un o, c ting loa .

Hnh nh b un o
Nguyn nhn :
Bn cht ca hin tng trn l do in p cung cp cho my
b nhim xoay chiu 50Hz v vy nguyn nhn l :
- Hng t lc ngun chnh 2200F/25V
- Hng mt trong s cc Diode chnh lu cu
- Hng mch n p tuyn tnh
Kim tra :
- Kim tra cu Diode, nu cu Diode bnh thng th o st p
trn 4 Diode phi bng nhau, nu in p ny lch l c 1
hoc 2 trong s 4 Diode b hng
- o in p DC trn t lc ngun chnh phi c 18V DC, nu
in p ny gim < 18V l t lc ngun b kh .
- Kim tra in p DC u ra ca ngun n p tuyn tnh c
khong 11V => 12V, v iu chnh bin tr ngun (VR1) in
p u ra phi thay i, nu in p ra qu cao khong 15V
hoc qu thp khong 7V v iu chnh bin tr VR1 khng
tc dng l hng mch n p tuyn tnh.
Khi ng ting Ni dung : Phn tch s khi ng ting, phn tch mch trung tn ting,
phn tch h hng thng gp v phng php kim tra sa cha .

1. S khi ng ting

S khi ng ting
Tn hiu iu tn FM i cng tn hiu Video tng hp c tch qua
t giy => i qua mch cng hng u vo i vo tng khuch i
trung tn ting => sau khi K ln bin ln tn hiu a sang
mch tch sng iu tn ly ra tn hiu m tn => sau tn hiu
m tn c khuch i qua mch cng xut ri a ra loa pht li
m thanh.
2. Mch trung tn ting dng Transistor

Mch trung tn ting dng Transistor
- T301 l bin p trung tn cng hng u vo , cng hng
tn s 6,5MHz
- Q1 l n khuch i trung tn
- T302 l bin p trung tn tch sng, sau bin p T302 l mch
tch sng iu tn
- n Q2 l mch khuch i tn hiu m tn .
3. Khi ng ting dng IC

Khi ng ting trong Tivi Samsung 359R
- CF1 l thch anh cng hng u vo, cng hng tn s
6,5MHz
- IF Amply l tng K trung tn ting
- FM DET l mch tch sng iu tn
- CF2 l thch anh cng hng u ra
- Tn hiu m tn sau tch sng c a n trit p Volume
sau a sang tng cng xut AUDIO OUT khuch i v
a ra loa.
4. Hin tng h hng khi ng ting
1) My c hnh, khng c ting.
Nguyn nhn :
- Hng loa
- Mt in p Vcc cung cp cho khi ng ting
- Hng IC cng xut ting
- Hng mch trung tn ting
Kim tra :
- Kim tra loa : ng h thang x1O o vo hai u dy
loa, nu c m thanh st sot loa l loa bnh thng, nu
kim khng ln v khng c ting ng l loa hng.
- o kim tra Vcc cho IC cng xut
- Thay IC ting nu cc iu kin trn tt.
2) C ting r km theo ting ni , ting ni nh.
Nguyn nhn :
- Do mch trung tn cng hng sai tn s, thch anh cng
hng khng ng h .
Kim tra :
- Kim tra mch trung tn, kim tra cc thch anh cng hng,
nu thu cc i trong nc th thch anh l 6,5MHz.

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