14. 15. 16. 1T. 18. 19, Proof: Since n is odd we may write n = 2a + 1, where a is an integer — by Definition 2.8. Then n? = (2a +1)? = 4a? + 4a + 1 = 2(2a? + 2a) + 1, where 2a? + 2a is an integer. So again by Definition 2.8 it follows that n? is odd. Proof: Assume that for some integer n, n? is odd while n is not odd. Then n is even and we may write n = 2a, for some integer a — by Definition 2.8. Consequently, n? = (2a)? = (2a)(2a) = (2-2)(a-a), by the commutative and associative laws of multiplication for integers. Hence, we may write n? = 2(2a), with 2a? an integer — and this means that n? is even. Thus we have arrived at # contradiction since we now have n? both odd (at the start) and even. This contradiction came about from the false assumption that n is not odd. Therefore, for every integer n, it follows that n® odd = n odd. Here we must prove two results — namely, (i) if n? is even, then n is even; and (ii) ifn is even, then n? is even. Proof (i): Using the method of contraposition, suppose that n is not even — that is, n is odd. Then n = 2a+1, for some integer a, and n? = (2a+1)? = 4a?+4a+1 = 2(2a7+2a)+1, where 2a? + 2a is an integer. Hence n? is odd (or, not even). Proof (ii): If n is even then n = 2c for some integer ¢. Son? = (2c)? = (2¢)(2c) = %e(2e)) = 2((c-2)e) = 2((2c)e) = 2(2c?), by the associative and commutative laws of multiplication for integers. Since 2c? is an integer, it follows that n? is even. Proof: (1) Since n is odd we have n = 2a + 1 for some integer a, Then n +11 =(2a41)+11= 2a +12 = 2(a +6), where a +6 is an integer. So by Definition 2.8 it follows that n +11 is even. (2) If +11 is not even, then it is odd and we have n + 11 = 26 +1, for some integer b. So n = (2b+1) - 11 = 2b— 10 = 2( — 5), where b— 5 is an integer, and it follows from Definition 2.8 that n is even — that is, not odd. (3) In this case we stay with the hypothesis — that n is odd — and also assume that n+ 11 is not even — hence, odd. So we may write n +11 = 26+ 1, for some integer b, ‘This then implies that n = 2(b ~ 5), for the integer 6 ~ 5. So by Definition 2.8 it follows that nis even. But with n both even (as shown) and odd (as in the hypothesis) we have arrived at a contradiction. So our assumption was wrong, and it now follows that n+ 11 is even for every odd integer n. Proof: {Here we provide a direct proof] Since m,n are perfect squares, we may write m = @ and n = J, where a,b are (positive) integers. Then by the associative and commutative laws of multiplication for integers we find that mn = (a?)(b*) = (aa)(Bb) = ((aa)b)o = (alab))b = ((ab)a)b = (ab){ab) = (ab)*, so rn is also a perfect square. ‘This result is not true, in general. For example, m = 4 = 2? and n = 1 = 1? are two positive integers that are perfect squares, but m+n = 2?+1? = 5 is not a perfect square.20, 21. 22. 23. 24, Let m = 9 = 3? and n =16=4?. Then m+n = 25 = 5?, so the result is true. Proof: We shall prove the given result by establishing the truth of its (logically equivalent) contrapositive. Let us consider the negation of the conclusion — that is, x < 50 and y < 50, Then with zx < 50 and y < 50 it follows that z + y < 50 +50 = 100, and we have the negation of the hypothesis. The given result now follows by this indirect method of proof (by the contrapositive). Proof: Since 4n +7 = 4n+6+1 = 2(2n +3)+1, it follows from Definition 2.8 that 4n +7. is odd. Proof: If n is odd, then n 2k +1)+8= Mk +748 = 14k $15 = 14k +14 from Definition 2.8 that 7n +8 is odd. To establish the converse, suppose that n is not odd. ‘Then n is even, so we can write n = 2t, for some (particular) integer #, But then 7n +8 = 7(2t) +8 = dt +8 = 2(7t +4), 80 it follows from Definition 2.8 that 7n-+8 is even — that is, 7n-+8 is not odd. Consequently, the converse follows by contraposition. 2k + 1 for some (particular) integer k. Then Tn +8 = = 7k+7) +1. It then follows Proof: If n is even, then n = 2k for some (particular) integer &. ‘Then 3in +12 = 31(2k) + 12 = 62k +12 = 231k +6), s0 it follows from Definition 2.8 that 31n + 12 is even. Conversely, suppose that n is not even. Then n is odd, so n = 2t + 1 for some (particular) integer t, Therefore, 3in-+12 = 31(2t+1)+12 = 62¢+31+ 12 = 62¢-+43 = 2(31t +21) +1, so from Definition 2.8 we have 31n +12 odd - hence, not even. Consequently, the converse follows by contraposition. 33Supplementary Exercises To cocoon nce 5 = e F t than noonnannncol fal a Gono ncen < s S| it T a c Be cooncocnccenccs| [F q tlenonana A : r gleoecconnccccoenn! FF S| ee wjonononononononon| |al tlponnoonnoouncenn| [ilenonens vlocoonuanococnunn| [soounoen RJOOCSTSCOCOCOCOH HAHAH He! BAalococonan (b) If py then q, else r. 54