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CE 632 Bearing Capacity PDF
CE 632 Bearing Capacity PDF
Sudden or catastrophic failure Well defined failure surface Bulging on the ground surface adjacent to foundation Common failure mode in dense sand
Settlement
Common in sand or clay with medium compaction Significant settlement upon loading Failure surface first develops p right g below the foundation and then slowly extends outwards with load increments Foundation movement shows sudden jerks first (at qu1) and then after a considerable amount of movement the slip surface may reach h th the ground. d A small amount of bulging may occur next to the foundation.
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Common in fairly loose sand or soft clay Failure surface does not extends beyond the zone right beneath the foundation Extensive settlement with a wedge shaped soil zone in elastic equilibrium beneath the foundation. Vertical shear occurs around the edges of foundation. Aft reaching After hi f failure il l load-settlement d ttl t curve continues ti at t some slope l and mostly linearly.
4
Vesic (1973)
1.0 10
General shear
2 BL B = B+L
*
Circular Foundation
Punching shear
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qu
Assumption L/B ratio is large plain strain problem Df B Shear resistance of soil for Df depth is neglected General shear failure Shear strength is governed by Mohr-Coulomb Criterion
Ca B.tan d
Pp = Pp + Ppc + Ppq
Pp = due to only self weight of soil in shear zone Ppc = due to soil cohesion only (soil is weightless) Ppq = due to surcharge only
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Pp
Pp
B. ( 0.5 B.N )
Surcharge term
B.c.N c
B.q.N q
Terzaghis bearing capacity equation
N c = ( N q 1) cot
2 cm = c 3
1 2 m = tan tan 3
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Case II: Df Dw (Df + B) Surcharge, q = .DF In bearing capacity equation replace by-
B Li it of Limit fi influence fl
d w = Dw D f
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Df N c = 6 1 + 0.2 with limit of N c 9.0 B Df B + N c = 5 1 + 0.2 1 0.2 for D f 2.5 B L B N c = 7.5 1 + 0.2 for D f > 2.5 L
qu = c.N c + q
Net ultimate bearing capacity,
qnu = qu .D f
qu = c.N c
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ex =
ey =
My FV
Mx FV
B
B=B-2ey
AF=BL
L=L-2ey ex ey
In case of I f Horizontal H i t l Force F at t some height but the column is centered on the foundation
M y = FHx .d FH
M x = FHy .d FH
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N q = tan 2 45 + .e .tan 2
N c = ( N q 1) cot
[By [ y Hansen(1970): ( ) [By Vesic(1973):
N = ( N q 1) tan (1 1.4 4 )
N = 1.5 ( N q 1) tan ( ) N = 2 ( N q + 1) tan ( )
qu = c.N c .sc .dc .ic .gc .bc + q.N q .sq .d q .iq .g q .bq + 0.5 .B.N .s .d .i .g .b
Ground factor Base factor
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15
B 2 sc = 1 + 0.2 tan 45 + 2 L
for 10o
sq = s = 1 + 0.1
for lower value
B tan 2 45 + L 2
sq = s = 1
Depth Factors
d c = 1 + 0.2 tan 45 + L 2
Df
d q = d = 1 + 0.1 tan 45 + L 2
Df
for lower value
for 10o
d q = d = 1
Inclination Factors
ic = iq = 1 90
o
i = 1
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Depth Factors
For D f < B
2 Df d q = 1 + 2 tan . (1 sin ) B
For D f > B Df 2 1 d q = 1 + 2 tan . (1 sin ) tan B B for > 0 L s = 1 0.4 0 4i . ( B L ) sc = 0.2 (1 2ic ) .
d = 1
Shape Factors
sc = 0.2ic .
B L
for = 0
sq = 1 + iq . ( B L ) sin i
qu = c.N c . (1 + sc + d c + ic ) + q
Notes:
1. Notice use of effective base dimensions B, L by H Hansen b but t not t by b Vesic. V i 2. The values are consistent with a vertical load or a vertical load accompanied by a horizontal load HB. 3. With a vertical load and a load HL (and either HB=0 or HB>0) you may have to compute two sets of shape and depth factors si,B, si,L and di,B, di,L. For i,L subscripts use ratio L/B or D/L. 4. Compute qu independently by using (siB, diB) and (siL, diL) and use min value for design.
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Notes:
1. Use Hi as either HB or HL, or both if HL>0. 2. Hansen (1970) did not give an ic for >0. The value given here is from Hansen (1961) and also used by Vesic. 3. Variable ca = base adhesion, on the order of 0.6 to 1.0 x base cohesion. 4. Refer to sketch on next slide for identification of angles and , footing depth D, location of Hi (parallel and at top of base slab; usually also produces eccentricity) eccentricity). Especially notice V = force normal to base and is not the resultant R from combining V and Hi..
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N t Note:
1. When =0 (and 0) use N = -2sin( ( ) in N term. 2. Compute m = mB when Hi = HB (H parallel to B) and m = mL when Hi = HL (H parallel to L). If you have both HB and HL use m = (mB2 + mL2)1/2. Note use of B and L L, not B B,L L. 3. Hi term 1.0 for computing iq, i (always).
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Suitability of Methods
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IS:6403-1981 Recommendations
Net Ultimate Bearing capacity: For cohesive soils
N c = 5.14 5 14
Shape Factors
For rectangle,
sc = 1 + 0.2
B L
sq = 1 + 0.2
B L
s = 1 0.4
B L
Depth Factors
for
10o
Inclination Factors
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24
qnu =
Dw
Dw Rw = 0.5 1 + Df Dw D f = 0.5 1 + Rw Df
[ Rw 1
1 [ Rw
Df B B Limit of influence
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qnu qc
B 1.5B to 2.0B qc value is taken as average for this zone
0.1675
0.1250
Df
0.0625
0.5
=1
Schmertmann (1975):
N N q
qc 0.8
in
kg cm 2
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Find average c and and use them for ultimate bearing capacity calculation
B tan 45 4 + B 2 2
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g Capacity y of Footing g on Layered y Bearing Soil: Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil
Depth H is relatively small Punching shear failure in top layer General shear failure in bottom layer
Depth H is relatively large Full failure surface develops in top layer y itself
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Bearing Capacity of Footing on Layered F ti L d Soil: S il Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker ea e So Soil
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Bearing Capacity of Footing on Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Weaker St S il Underlying U d l i W k Soil S il
Bearing capacities of continuous footing of with B under vertical load on the surface of homogeneous thick bed of upper and lower soil
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Bearing Capacity of Footing on Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil
For Strip Footing:
2 D f K s tan 1 H 2ca 2 qu = qb + + 1H 1 + 1 H qt B H B
Where, qt is the bearing capacity for foundation considering only the top layer to infinite depth
B 2c H qu = qb + 1 + a L B
Special p Cases:
B 2 D f K s tan 1 2 1 H qt + 1H 1 + L 1 + H B
1. Top layer is strong sand and bottom layer is saturated soft clay
= 0 2 = 0 c1
2. Top layer is strong sand and bottom layer is weaker sand
=0 c1
=0 c2
2 Top layer is strong saturated clay and bottom layer is weaker saturated clay 2.
1 = 0
2 = 0
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e=
qmax = Q 6M + 2 BL B L Q 6M BL B 2 L
M Q
qmax = qmin = Q 6e 1 + BL B Q 6e 1 BL B
qmin =
For
of foundation from the soil beneath and stresses will be redistributed. Use
B = B 2e L = L
for
sc , sq , s , and B, L for d c , d q , d
to obtain qu
Qu = qu . A
The effective area method for two way eccentricity becomes a little more complex than what is suggested above. It is discussed in the subsequent slides
34
Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded (Highter 1985) L d d foundations f d ti (Hi ht and d Anders, A d
C Case I I:
eL 1 e 1 and B L 6 B 6
B1 eB
3 3eB B1 = B 2 B 3 3e L1 = L L 2 L
A = 1 L1 B1 2
eL
L1
L = max ( B1 , L1 ) A L
B =
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Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded foundations (Highter and Anders, Anders 1985)
Case II:
L2
L B
1 ( L1 + L2 ) B 2 L = max ( B1 , L1 ) A =
B =
A L
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Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded foundations (Highter and Anders, Anders 1985)
Case III: eL < 1 and 0 < eB < 0.5
B1
eB eL L B B2
A =
1 L ( B1 + B2 ) A 2 B = L L = L
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Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded foundations (Highter and Anders, Anders 1985)
Case IV:
eB eL L B B2
A = L2 B +
L = L
1 ( B1 + B2 )( L + L2 ) 2 A B = L
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Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded foundations (Highter and Anders, Anders 1985)
eR
L =
A B
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Meyerhofs (1953) area correction based on empirical correlations: (American Petroleum Institute, l ti (A i P t l I tit t 1987)
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qu = cN cq + 0.5 0 5 BN q
Granular Soil
c = 0
qu = 0.5 BN q
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= 0
qu = cN cq
Ns =
H
c
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Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Graham et al. (1988), Based on method of characteristics
1000
For
Df
100
=0
10
10
20
30
40
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Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Graham et al. (1988), Based on method of characteristics
1000
For
Df
100
=0
10
10
20
30
40
44
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes G h Graham et t al. l (1988), (1988) Based B d on method th d of f characteristics h t i ti
For
Df B
= 0.5
45
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes G h Graham et t al. l (1988), (1988) Based B d on method th d of f characteristics h t i ti
For
Df B
= 1.0
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Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes B l (1997): Bowles (1997) A simplified i lifi d approach h
B f Df e 45/2 d g qu a
= 45+/2 /2
ro b' b
c' c
= Nc . Nc
b' c'
Labd e Labde
Aaef g Aaefg
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45/2
d'
= Nq . Nq
Use of soil compressibility factors in general bearing capacity equation. These correction factors are function of the rigidity of soil
Ir =
Gs tan c + vo
B 3.30 0.45 L tan 45 2
B B/2
I rc = 0.5.e
I r I rc
cc = cq = c = 1
cq = c = e
= .( D f + B / 2) vo
For
I r < I rc
B + 0.60.log I r L
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N q tan