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Charts & Figures: Normal Blood Flow of the Heart and Lungs
The nursing process is depicted schematically in this circle. Starting from the innermost circle, nursing assessment, the process moves outward through the formulation of nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems; planning, with setting of goals and priorities in the nursing plan of care; implementation and documentation; and, finally, the ongoing process of evaluation and outcomes.
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Cardiac Tamponade Cardiac tamponade is a compression of the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the myocardium (heart muscle) and the pericardium (outer covering sac of the heart). Causes/risk factors In this condition, blood or fluid collects in the pericardium. This prevents the ventricles from expanding fully. The excess pressure from the fluid prevents the heart from functioning normally. Cardiac tamponade can occur due to: Dissecting aortic aneurysm (thoracic) End-stage lung cancer Heart attack (acute MI) Heart surgery Pericarditis caused by bacterial or viral infections Wounds to the heart
Other potential causes include: Heart tumors Hypothyroidism Kidney failure Placement of central lines Radiation therapy to the chest Recent invasive heart procedures
Symptoms Anxiety, restlessness Chest pain Radiating to the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen Sharp, stabbing Worsened by deep breathing or coughing
Difficulty breathing Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward Fainting, light-headedness Pale, gray, or blue skin Palpitations Rapid breathing Swelling of the abdomen or other areas
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)